1
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Alalawy AI. Key genes and molecular mechanisms related to Paclitaxel Resistance. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:244. [PMID: 39003454 PMCID: PMC11245874 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is commonly used to treat breast, ovarian, lung, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic cancer, and neck cancer cells. Cancer recurrence is observed in patients treated with paclitaxel due to paclitaxel resistance emergence. Resistant mechanisms are observed in cancer cells treated with paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel including changes in the target molecule β-tubulin of mitosis, molecular mechanisms that activate efflux drug out of the cells, and alterations in regulatory proteins of apoptosis. This review discusses new molecular mechanisms of taxane resistance, such as overexpression of genes like the multidrug resistance genes and EDIL3, ABCB1, MRP1, and TRAG-3/CSAG2 genes. Moreover, significant lncRNAs are detected in paclitaxel resistance, such as lncRNA H19 and cross-resistance between taxanes. This review contributed to discovering new treatment strategies for taxane resistance and increasing the responsiveness of cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Shokrollahi M, Stanic M, Hundal A, Chan JNY, Urman D, Jordan CA, Hakem A, Espin R, Hao J, Krishnan R, Maass PG, Dickson BC, Hande MP, Pujana MA, Hakem R, Mekhail K. DNA double-strand break-capturing nuclear envelope tubules drive DNA repair. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01286-7. [PMID: 38632359 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Current models suggest that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can move to the nuclear periphery for repair. It is unclear to what extent human DSBs display such repositioning. Here we show that the human nuclear envelope localizes to DSBs in a manner depending on DNA damage response (DDR) kinases and cytoplasmic microtubules acetylated by α-tubulin acetyltransferase-1 (ATAT1). These factors collaborate with the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex (LINC), nuclear pore complex (NPC) protein NUP153, nuclear lamina and kinesins KIF5B and KIF13B to generate DSB-capturing nuclear envelope tubules (dsbNETs). dsbNETs are partly supported by nuclear actin filaments and the circadian factor PER1 and reversed by kinesin KIFC3. Although dsbNETs promote repair and survival, they are also co-opted during poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition to restrain BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cells and are hyper-induced in cells expressing the aging-linked lamin A mutant progerin. In summary, our results advance understanding of nuclear structure-function relationships, uncover a nuclear-cytoplasmic DDR and identify dsbNETs as critical factors in genome organization and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Shokrollahi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mia Stanic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anisha Hundal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet N Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Defne Urman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris A Jordan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderic Espin
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Centre in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Hao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rehna Krishnan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp G Maass
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manoor P Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miquel A Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Centre in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Temerty Centre for AI Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Xie P. A model of microtubule depolymerization by kinesin-8 motor proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 141:87-122. [PMID: 38960488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The dimeric kinesin-8 motors have the biological function of depolymerizing microtubules (MTs) from the plus end. However, the molecular mechanism of the depolymerization promoted by the kinesin-8 motors is still undetermined. Here, a model is proposed for the MT depolymerization by the kinesin-8 motors. Based on the model, the dynamics of depolymerization in the presence of the single motor at the MT plus end under no load and under load on the motor is studied theoretically. The dynamics of depolymerization in the presence of multiple motors at the MT plus end is also analyzed. The theoretical results explain well the available experimental data. The studies can also be applicable to other families of kinesin motors such as kinesin-13 mitotic centromere-associated kinesin motors that have the ability to depolymerize MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, P.R. China.
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4
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Sosnovski KE, Braun T, Amir A, BenShoshan M, Abbas-Egbariya H, Ben-Yishay R, Anafi L, Avivi C, Barshack I, Denson LA, Haberman Y. Reduced LHFPL3-AS2 lncRNA expression is linked to altered epithelial polarity and proliferation, and to ileal ulceration in Crohn disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20513. [PMID: 37993670 PMCID: PMC10665440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of intestinal epithelial functions is linked to Crohn disease (CD) pathogenesis. We identified a widespread reduction in the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) including LHFPL3-AS2 in the treatment-naïve CD ileum of the RISK pediatric cohort. We validated the reduction of LHFPL3-AS2 in adult CD and noted a further reduction in patients with more severe CD from the RISK cohort. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown in Caco-2 cells robustly affected epithelial monolayer morphogenesis with markedly reduced confluency and spreading, showing atypical rounding, and clumping. mRNA-seq analysis of LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown cells highlighted the reduction of genes and pathways linked with apical polarity, actin bundles, morphogenesis, and the b-catenin-TCF4 complex. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown significantly reduced the ability of cells to form an internal lumen within the 3-dimensional (3D) cyst model, with mislocalization of actin and adherent and tight junction proteins, affecting epithelial polarity. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown also resulted in defective mitotic spindle formation and consequent reduction in epithelial proliferation. Altogether, we show that LHFPL3-AS2 reduction affects epithelial morphogenesis, polarity, mitotic spindle formation, and proliferation, which are key processes in maintaining epithelial homeostasis in CD. Reduced expression of LHFPL3-AS2 in CD patients and its further reduction with ileal ulceration outcome, emphasizes its significance in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya E Sosnovski
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzipi Braun
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amnon Amir
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina BenShoshan
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haya Abbas-Egbariya
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rakefet Ben-Yishay
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Anafi
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Camilla Avivi
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lee A Denson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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5
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Thomas-Wilson A, Schacht JP, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Santos FJR, Glaser K, Caffo A, Wentzensen IM, Henderson LB, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Di Corleto E, da Silva Costa F, Vink R, Alkhunaizi E, Russell L, Buckley MF, Roscioli T, Pereira EM, Ganapathi M. Biallelic variants in TUBGCP6 result in microcephaly and chorioretinopathy 1: Report of four cases and a literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2023. [PMID: 37031378 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive microcephaly and chorioretinopathy-1 (MCCRP1) is a rare Mendelian disorder resulting from biallelic loss of function variants in Tubulin-Gamma Complex Associated Protein 6 (TUBGCP6, MIM#610053). Clinical features of this disorder include microcephaly, cognitive impairment, dysmorphic features, and variable ophthalmological anomalies including chorioretinopathy. Microcephaly can be recognized prenatally and visual impairment becomes evident during the first year of life. The clinical presentation resembles the findings in some acquired conditions such as congenital toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections; thus, it is important to recognize and diagnose this syndrome in view of its impact on patient health management and familial reproductive plans. To date, only seven molecularly confirmed patients from five unrelated families have been reported. We report an additional four unrelated patients with TUBGCP6 variants including one prenatal diagnosis and review the clinical phenotypes and genotypes of all the known cases. This report expands the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of TUBGCP6 and includes additional prenatal findings associated with MCCRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thomas-Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P Schacht
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Chitayat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly Glaser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Alesky Caffo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Futao Zhang
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen Di Corleto
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fabricio da Silva Costa
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vink
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Russell
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael F Buckley
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Maria Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mythily Ganapathi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Mouron S, Bueno MJ, Lluch A, Manso L, Calvo I, Cortes J, Garcia-Saenz JA, Gil-Gil M, Martinez-Janez N, Apala JV, Caleiras E, Ximénez-Embún P, Muñoz J, Gonzalez-Cortijo L, Murillo R, Sánchez-Bayona R, Cejalvo JM, Gómez-López G, Fustero-Torre C, Sabroso-Lasa S, Malats N, Martinez M, Moreno A, Megias D, Malumbres M, Colomer R, Quintela-Fandino M. Phosphoproteomic analysis of neoadjuvant breast cancer suggests that increased sensitivity to paclitaxel is driven by CDK4 and filamin A. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7529. [PMID: 36477027 PMCID: PMC9729295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology research is challenging outside the contexts of oncogenic addiction and/or targeted therapies. We previously showed that phosphoproteomics is a powerful approach to reveal patient subsets of interest characterized by the activity of a few kinases where the underlying genomics is complex. Here, we conduct a phosphoproteomic screening of samples from HER2-negative female breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant paclitaxel (N = 130), aiming to find candidate biomarkers of paclitaxel sensitivity. Filtering 11 candidate biomarkers through 2 independent patient sets (N = 218) allowed the identification of a subgroup of patients characterized by high levels of CDK4 and filamin-A who had a 90% chance of achieving a pCR in response to paclitaxel. Mechanistically, CDK4 regulates filamin-A transcription, which in turn forms a complex with tubulin and CLIP-170, which elicits increased binding of paclitaxel to microtubules, microtubule acetylation and stabilization, and mitotic catastrophe. Thus, phosphoproteomics allows the identification of explainable factors for predicting response to paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mouron
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Bueno
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Lluch
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Manso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Calvo
- Medical Oncology Department MD, Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cortes
- International Breast Cancer Center Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Garcia-Saenz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gil-Gil
- Medical Oncoogy Department Institut, Catala d'Oncologia-IDIBELL L'Hospitalet de, Llobregat, Spain
| | - N Martinez-Janez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - J V Apala
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Gonzalez-Cortijo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Murillo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Bayona
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Cejalvo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Gómez-López
- Bioinformatics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sabroso-Lasa
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Malats
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Martinez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Moreno
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Colomer
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Endowed Chair of Personalized Precision Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) - Fundacion Instituto Roche, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Quintela-Fandino
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- Endowed Chair of Personalized Precision Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) - Fundacion Instituto Roche, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Zheng Y, Yang M, Chen X, Zhang G, Wan S, Zhang B, Huo J, Liu H. Decreased tubulin-binding cofactor B was involved in the formation disorder of nascent astrocyte processes by regulating microtubule plus-end growth through binding with end-binding proteins 1 and 3 after chronic alcohol exposure. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:989945. [PMID: 36385945 PMCID: PMC9641617 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.989945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a neurological disease caused by excessive drinking during pregnancy and characterized by congenital abnormalities in the structure and function of the fetal brain. This study was proposed to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of FAS by revealing the possible mechanisms of alcohol-induced astrocyte injury. First, a chronic alcohol exposure model of astrocytes was established, and the formation disorder was found in astrocyte processes where tubulin-binding cofactor B (TBCB) was decreased or lost, accompanied by disorganized microtubules (MT). Second, to understand the relationship between TBCB reduction and the formation disorder of astrocyte processes, TBCB was silenced or overexpressed. It caused astrocyte processes to retract or lose after silencing, while the processes increased with expending basal part and obtuse tips after overexpressing. It confirmed that TBCB was one of the critical factors for the formation of astrocyte processes through regulating MT plus-end and provided a new view on the pathogenesis of FAS. Third, to explore the mechanism of TBCB regulating MT plus-ends, we first proved end-binding proteins 1 and 3 (EB1/3) were bound at MT plus-ends in astrocytes. Then, through interference experiments, we found that both EB1 and EB3, which formed in heterodimers, were necessary to mediate TBCB binding to MT plus-ends and thus regulated the formation of astrocyte processes. Finally, the regulatory mechanism was studied and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway was found as one of the main pathways regulating the expression of TBCB in astrocytes after alcohol injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoli Zhang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Wan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingqiu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiechao Huo
- Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Liu
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8
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Imasaki T, Kikkawa S, Niwa S, Saijo-Hamano Y, Shigematsu H, Aoyama K, Mitsuoka K, Shimizu T, Aoki M, Sakamoto A, Tomabechi Y, Sakai N, Shirouzu M, Taguchi S, Yamagishi Y, Setsu T, Sakihama Y, Nitta E, Takeichi M, Nitta R. CAMSAP2 organizes a γ-tubulin-independent microtubule nucleation centre through phase separation. eLife 2022; 11:77365. [PMID: 35762204 PMCID: PMC9239687 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers consisting of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. The initial polymerization process, called microtubule nucleation, occurs spontaneously via αβ-tubulin. Since a large energy barrier prevents microtubule nucleation in cells, the γ-tubulin ring complex is recruited to the centrosome to overcome the nucleation barrier. However, a considerable number of microtubules can polymerize independently of the centrosome in various cell types. Here, we present evidence that the minus-end-binding calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 2 (CAMSAP2) serves as a strong nucleator for microtubule formation by significantly reducing the nucleation barrier. CAMSAP2 co-condensates with αβ-tubulin via a phase separation process, producing plenty of nucleation intermediates. Microtubules then radiate from the co-condensates, resulting in aster-like structure formation. CAMSAP2 localizes at the co-condensates and decorates the radiating microtubule lattices to some extent. Taken together, these in vitro findings suggest that CAMSAP2 supports microtubule nucleation and growth by organizing a nucleation centre as well as by stabilizing microtubule intermediates and growing microtubules. Cells are able to hold their shape thanks to tube-like structures called microtubules that are made of hundreds of tubulin proteins. Microtubules are responsible for maintaining the uneven distribution of molecules throughout the cell, a phenomenon known as polarity that allows cells to differentiate into different types with various roles. A protein complex called the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is necessary for microtubules to form. This protein helps bind the tubulin proteins together and stabilises microtubules. However, recent research has found that in highly polarized cells such as neurons, which have highly specialised regions, microtubules can form without γ-TuRC. Searching for the proteins that could be filling in for γ-TuRC in these cells some evidence has suggested that a group known as CAMSAPs may be involved, but it is not known how. To characterize the role of CAMSAPs, Imasaki, Kikkawa et al. studied how one of these proteins, CAMSAP2, interacts with tubulins. To do this, they reconstituted both CAMSAP2 and tubulins using recombinant biotechnology and mixed them in solution. These experiments showed that CAMSAP2 can help form microtubules by bringing together their constituent proteins so that they can bind to each other more easily. Once microtubules start to form, CAMSAP2 continues to bind to them, stabilizing them and enabling them to grow to full size. These results shed light on how polarity is established in cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Additionally, the ability to observe intermediate structures during microtubule formation can provide insights into the processes that these structures are involved in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Imasaki
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikkawa
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saijo-Hamano
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoyama
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mitsuoka
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Aoki
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakamoto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinya Taguchi
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamagishi
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomiyoshi Setsu
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakihama
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eriko Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Nitta
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
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9
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So C, Menelaou K, Uraji J, Harasimov K, Steyer AM, Seres KB, Bucevičius J, Lukinavičius G, Möbius W, Sibold C, Tandler-Schneider A, Eckel H, Moltrecht R, Blayney M, Elder K, Schuh M. Mechanism of spindle pole organization and instability in human oocytes. Science 2022; 375:eabj3944. [PMID: 35143306 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human oocytes are prone to assembling meiotic spindles with unstable poles, which can favor aneuploidy in human eggs. The underlying causes of spindle instability are unknown. We found that NUMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus protein)-mediated clustering of microtubule minus ends focused the spindle poles in human, bovine, and porcine oocytes and in mouse oocytes depleted of acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). However, unlike human oocytes, bovine, porcine, and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes have stable spindles. We identified the molecular motor KIFC1 (kinesin superfamily protein C1) as a spindle-stabilizing protein that is deficient in human oocytes. Depletion of KIFC1 recapitulated spindle instability in bovine and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes, and the introduction of exogenous KIFC1 rescued spindle instability in human oocytes. Thus, the deficiency of KIFC1 contributes to spindle instability in human oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Menelaou
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Uraji
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarina Harasimov
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonas Bucevičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Eckel
- Kinderwunschzentrum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Patra JK, Singh YD, Panda MK, Das G, Adetunji CO, Michael OS, Sytar O, Polito L, Živković J, Cruz-Martins N, Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Ekiert H, Choudhary MI, Ayatollahi SA, Tynybekov B, Kobarfard F, Muntean AC, Grozea I, Daştan SD, Butnariu M, Szopa A, Calina D. Paclitaxel: Application in Modern Oncology and Nanomedicine-Based Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3687700. [PMID: 34707776 PMCID: PMC8545549 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3687700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a broad-spectrum anticancer compound, which was derived mainly from a medicinal plant, in particular, from the bark of the yew tree Taxus brevifolia Nutt. It is a representative of a class of diterpene taxanes, which are nowadays used as the most common chemotherapeutic agent against many forms of cancer. It possesses scientifically proven anticancer activity against, e.g., ovarian, lung, and breast cancers. The application of this compound is difficult because of limited solubility, recrystalization upon dilution, and cosolvent-induced toxicity. In these cases, nanotechnology and nanoparticles provide certain advantages such as increased drug half-life, lowered toxicity, and specific and selective delivery over free drugs. Nanodrugs possess the capability to buildup in the tissue which might be linked to enhanced permeability and retention as well as enhanced antitumour influence possessing minimal toxicity in normal tissues. This article presents information about paclitaxel, its chemical structure, formulations, mechanism of action, and toxicity. Attention is drawn on nanotechnology, the usefulness of nanoparticles containing paclitaxel, its opportunities, and also future perspective. This review article is aimed at summarizing the current state of continuous pharmaceutical development and employment of nanotechnology in the enhancement of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of paclitaxel as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, 791102 Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013 Odisha, India
| | - Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, PMB 04, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Samuel Michael
- Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra 94976, Slovakia
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jelena Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bekzat Tynybekov
- Department of Biodiversity of Bioresources, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Covilca Muntean
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Grozea
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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11
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Fong KK, Davis TN, Asbury CL. Microtubule pivoting enables mitotic spindle assembly in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211686. [PMID: 33464308 PMCID: PMC7814349 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assemble a bipolar spindle, microtubules emanating from two poles must bundle into an antiparallel midzone, where plus end–directed motors generate outward pushing forces to drive pole separation. Midzone cross-linkers and motors display only modest preferences for antiparallel filaments, and duplicated poles are initially tethered together, an arrangement that instead favors parallel interactions. Pivoting of microtubules around spindle poles might help overcome this geometric bias, but the intrinsic pivoting flexibility of the microtubule–pole interface has not been directly measured, nor has its importance during early spindle assembly been tested. By measuring the pivoting of microtubules around isolated yeast spindle poles, we show that pivoting flexibility can be modified by mutating a microtubule-anchoring pole component, Spc110. By engineering mutants with different flexibilities, we establish the importance of pivoting in vivo for timely pole separation. Our results suggest that passive thermal pivoting can bring microtubules from side-by-side poles into initial contact, but active minus end–directed force generation will be needed to achieve antiparallel alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Fong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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12
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Buijs RR, Hummel JJA, Burute M, Pan X, Cao Y, Stucchi R, Altelaar M, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC. WDR47 protects neuronal microtubule minus ends from katanin-mediated severing. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109371. [PMID: 34260930 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons and dendrites are long extensions of neurons that contain arrays of noncentrosomal microtubules. Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) bind to and stabilize free microtubule minus ends and are critical for proper neuronal development and function. Previous studies have shown that the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin interacts with CAMSAPs and limits the length of CAMSAP-decorated microtubule stretches. However, how CAMSAP and microtubule minus end dynamics are regulated in neurons is poorly understood. Here, we show that the neuron-enriched protein WDR47 interacts with CAMSAPs and is critical for axon and dendrite development. We find that WDR47 accumulates at CAMSAP2-decorated microtubules, is essential for maintaining CAMSAP2 stretches, and protects minus ends from katanin-mediated severing. We propose a model where WDR47 protects CAMSAP2 at microtubule minus ends from katanin activity to ensure proper stabilization of the neuronal microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Buijs
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica J A Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mithila Burute
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yujie Cao
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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13
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Jaiswal S, Kasera H, Jain S, Khandelwal S, Singh P. Centrosome: A Microtubule Nucleating Cellular Machinery. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Yang DW, Choi KW. Suppression of Patronin deficiency by altered Hippo signaling in Drosophila organ development. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:233-250. [PMID: 32737445 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network is crucial for cell structure and function. Patronin is a conserved protein involved in protecting the minus end of microtubules. Conversely, Klp10A is a kinesin-like microtubule depolymerase. Here we report the role of Drosophila Patronin and Klp10A for cell survival in developing organs. Loss of Patronin reduces the size of organs by activation of a caspase in imaginal discs. Reduced wing by Patronin RNAi is suppressed by knockdown of Spastin (Spas) but not Katanin 60, suggesting that Patronin is inhibitory to the severing function of Spas at the minus end. Patronin RNAi phenotype is also recovered by overexpressing Death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (Diap1), a Yorkie target gene. Heterozygote mutations in Hippo pathway genes, including hippo and warts (wts), suppress the Patronin RNAi wing phenotypes. Furthermore, Patronin physically interacts with Merlin and Expanded while reducing their function. Patronin and Klp10A antagonistically regulate their levels. Wing phenotypes of Patronin RNAi are rescued by knockdown of Klp10A, consistent with their antagonistic interaction. Klp10A overexpression also causes organ size reduction that is partially suppressed by Diap1 overexpression or wts heterozygote mutation. Taken together, this study suggests that the antagonistic interaction between Patronin and Klp10A is required for controlling cell survival and organ size by modulating microtubule stability and Hippo components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Wook Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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15
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Banerjee A, Kulkarni S, Mukherjee A. Herpes Simplex Virus: The Hostile Guest That Takes Over Your Home. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:733. [PMID: 32457704 PMCID: PMC7221137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha (α)-herpesviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), like other viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites. They hijack the cellular machinery to survive and replicate through evading the defensive responses by the host. The viral genome of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) contains viral genes, the products of which are destined to exploit the host apparatus for their own existence. Cellular modulations begin from the entry point itself. The two main gateways that the virus has to penetrate are the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. Changes in the cell membrane are triggered when the glycoproteins of HSV interact with the surface receptors of the host cell, and from here, the components of the cytoskeleton take over. The rearrangement in the cytoskeleton components help the virus to enter as well as transport to the nucleus and back to the cell membrane to spread out to the other cells. The entire carriage process is also mediated by the motor proteins of the kinesin and dynein superfamily and is directed by the viral tegument proteins. Also, the virus captures the cell’s most efficient cargo carrying system, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi vesicular transport machinery for egress to the cell membrane. For these reasons, the host cell has its own checkpoints where the normal functions are halted once a danger is sensed. However, a cell may be prepared for the adversities from an invading virus, and it is simply commendable that the virus has the antidote to these cellular strategies as well. The HSV viral proteins are capable of limiting the use of the transcriptional and translational tools for the cell itself, so that its own transcription and translation pathways remain unhindered. HSV prefers to constrain any self-destruction process of the cell—be it autophagy in the lysosome or apoptosis by the mitochondria, so that it can continue to parasitize the cell for its own survival. This review gives a detailed account of the significance of compartmentalization during HSV pathogenesis. It also highlights the undiscovered areas in the HSV cell biology research which demand attention for devising improved therapeutics against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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16
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Rolls MM, Thyagarajan P, Feng C. Microtubule dynamics in healthy and injured neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:321-332. [PMID: 32291942 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most neurons must last a lifetime and their microtubule cytoskeleton is an important contributor to their longevity. Neurons have some of the most stable microtubules of all cells, but the tip of every microtubule remains dynamic and, although requiring constant GTP consumption, microtubules are always being rebuilt. While some ongoing level of rebuilding always occurs, overall microtubule stability can be modulated in response to injury and stress as well as the normal developmental process of pruning. Specific microtubule severing proteins act in different contexts to increase microtubule dynamicity and promote degeneration and pruning. After axon injury, complex changes in dynamics occur and these are important for both neuroprotection induced by injury and subsequent outgrowth of a new axon. Understanding how microtubule dynamics is modulated in different scenarios, as well as the impact of the changes in stability, is an important avenue to explore for development of strategies to promote neuroprotection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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17
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Wieczorek M, Urnavicius L, Ti SC, Molloy KR, Chait BT, Kapoor TM. Asymmetric Molecular Architecture of the Human γ-Tubulin Ring Complex. Cell 2020; 180:165-175.e16. [PMID: 31862189 PMCID: PMC7027161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is an essential regulator of centrosomal and acentrosomal microtubule formation, yet its structure is not known. Here, we present a cryo-EM reconstruction of the native human γ-TuRC at ∼3.8 Å resolution, revealing an asymmetric, cone-shaped structure. Pseudo-atomic models indicate that GCP4, GCP5, and GCP6 form distinct Y-shaped assemblies that structurally mimic GCP2/GCP3 subcomplexes distal to the γ-TuRC "seam." We also identify an unanticipated structural bridge that includes an actin-like protein and spans the γ-TuRC lumen. Despite its asymmetric architecture, the γ-TuRC arranges γ-tubulins into a helical geometry poised to nucleate microtubules. Diversity in the γ-TuRC subunits introduces large (>100,000 Å2) surfaces in the complex that allow for interactions with different regulatory factors. The observed compositional complexity of the γ-TuRC could self-regulate its assembly into a cone-shaped structure to control microtubule formation across diverse contexts, e.g., within biological condensates or alongside existing filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wieczorek
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Linas Urnavicius
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Ti
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Mao BP, Ge R, Cheng CY. Role of microtubule +TIPs and -TIPs in spermatogenesis – Insights from studies of toxicant models. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 91:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Kuo YW, Trottier O, Howard J. Predicted Effects of Severing Enzymes on the Length Distribution and Total Mass of Microtubules. Biophys J 2019; 117:2066-2078. [PMID: 31708162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers whose growth and shrinkage are highly regulated as eukaryotic cells change shape, move, and divide. One family of microtubule regulators includes the ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes spastin, katanin, and fidgetin, which sever microtubule polymers into shorter fragments. Paradoxically, severases can increase microtubule number and mass in cells. Recent work with purified spastin and katanin accounts for this phenotype by showing that, in addition to severing, these enzymes modulate microtubule dynamics by accelerating the conversion of microtubules from their shrinking to their growing states and thereby promoting their regrowth. This leads to the observed exponential increase in microtubule mass. Spastin also influences the steady-state distribution of microtubule lengths, changing it from an exponential, as predicted by models of microtubule dynamic instability, to a peaked distribution. This effect of severing and regrowth by spastin on the microtubule length distribution has not been explained theoretically. To solve this problem, we formulated and solved a master equation for the time evolution of microtubule lengths in the presence of severing and microtubule dynamic instability. We then obtained numerical solutions to the steady-state length distribution and showed that the rate of severing and the speed of microtubule growth are the dominant parameters determining the steady-state length distribution. Furthermore, we found that the amplification rate is predicted to increase with severing, which is, to our knowledge, a new result. Our results establish a theoretical basis for how severing and dynamics together can serve to nucleate new microtubules, constituting a versatile mechanism to regulate microtubule length and mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Olivier Trottier
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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20
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Strothman C, Farmer V, Arpağ G, Rodgers N, Podolski M, Norris S, Ohi R, Zanic M. Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2841-2853. [PMID: 31420452 PMCID: PMC6719460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end-directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Strothman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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21
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Mao BP, Li L, Ge R, Li C, Wong CKC, Silvestrini B, Lian Q, Cheng CY. CAMSAP2 Is a Microtubule Minus-End Targeting Protein That Regulates BTB Dynamics Through Cytoskeletal Organization. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1448-1467. [PMID: 30994903 PMCID: PMC6530524 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells confers blood-testis barrier (BTB) function, but the regulators and mechanisms that modulate MT dynamics remain unexplored. In this study, we examined the role of calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein (CAMSAP)2 (a member of the CAMSAP/Patronin protein family), and a minus-end targeting protein (-TIP) that binds to the minus-end (i.e., slow-growing end) of polarized MTs involved in determining MT length, in Sertoli cell function. CAMSAP2 was found to localize at discrete sites across the Sertoli cell cytosol, different from end-binding protein 1 (a microtubule plus-end tracking protein that binds to the plus-end of MTs), and colocalized with MTs. CAMSAP2 displayed a stage-specific expression pattern, appearing as tracklike structures across the seminiferous epithelium in adult rat testes that lay perpendicular to the basement membrane. CAMSAP2 knockdown by RNA interference was found to promote Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) barrier function, illustrating its role in inducing TJ remodeling under physiological conditions. To further examine the regulatory role of CAMSAP2 in BTB dynamics, we used a perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)-induced Sertoli cell injury model for investigations. CAMSAP2 knockdown blocked PFOS-induced Sertoli cell injury by promoting proper distribution of BTB-associated proteins at the cell-cell interface. This effect was mediated by the ability of CAMSAP2 knockdown to block PFOS-induced disruptive organization of MTs, but also F-actin, across cell cytosol through changes in cellular distribution/localization of MT- and actin-regulatory proteins. In summary, CAMSAP2 is a regulator of MT and actin dynamics in Sertoli cells to support BTB dynamics and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-ping Mao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- Correspondence: C. Yan Cheng, PhD, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065. E-mail:
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22
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Wu Y, Wei F, Tang L, Liao Q, Wang H, Shi L, Gong Z, Zhang W, Zhou M, Xiang B, Wu X, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Xiong F, Guo C. Herpesvirus acts with the cytoskeleton and promotes cancer progression. J Cancer 2019; 10:2185-2193. [PMID: 31258722 PMCID: PMC6584404 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a complex fibrous reticular structure composed of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. These components coordinate morphology support and intracellular transport that is involved in a variety of cell activities, such as cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, the cytoskeleton also plays an important role in viral infection. During an infection by a Herpesvirus, the virus utilizes microfilaments to enter cells and travel to the nucleus by microtubules; the viral DNA replicates with the help of host microfilaments; and the virus particles start assembling with a capsid in the cytoplasm before egress. The cytoskeleton changes in cells infected with Herpesvirus are made to either counteract or obey the virus, thereby promote cell transforming into cancerous ones. This article aims to clarify the interaction between the virus and cytoskeleton components in the process of Herpesvirus infection and the molecular motor, cytoskeleton-associated proteins and drugs that play an important role in the process of a Herpesvirus infection and carcinogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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Feng C, Thyagarajan P, Shorey M, Seebold DY, Weiner AT, Albertson RM, Rao KS, Sagasti A, Goetschius DJ, Rolls MM. Patronin-mediated minus end growth is required for dendritic microtubule polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2309-2328. [PMID: 31076454 PMCID: PMC6605808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feng et al. describe persistent neuronal microtubule minus end growth that depends on the CAMSAP protein Patronin and is needed for dendritic minus-end-out polarity. Microtubule minus ends are thought to be stable in cells. Surprisingly, in Drosophila and zebrafish neurons, we observed persistent minus end growth, with runs lasting over 10 min. In Drosophila, extended minus end growth depended on Patronin, and Patronin reduction disrupted dendritic minus-end-out polarity. In fly dendrites, microtubule nucleation sites localize at dendrite branch points. Therefore, we hypothesized minus end growth might be particularly important beyond branch points. Distal dendrites have mixed polarity, and reduction of Patronin lowered the number of minus-end-out microtubules. More strikingly, extra Patronin made terminal dendrites almost completely minus-end-out, indicating low Patronin normally limits minus-end-out microtubules. To determine whether minus end growth populated new dendrites with microtubules, we analyzed dendrite development and regeneration. Minus ends extended into growing dendrites in the presence of Patronin. In sum, our data suggest that Patronin facilitates sustained microtubule minus end growth, which is critical for populating dendrites with minus-end-out microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Dylan Y Seebold
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard M Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kavitha S Rao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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24
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Pavlova GA, Razuvaeva AV, Popova JV, Andreyeva EN, Yarinich LA, Lebedev MO, Pellacani C, Bonaccorsi S, Somma MP, Gatti M, Pindyurin AV. The role of Patronin in Drosophila mitosis. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 31284878 PMCID: PMC6469034 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) belong to a conserved protein family, which includes members that bind the polymerizing mcrotubule (MT) minus ends and remain associated with the MT lattice formed by minus end polymerization. Only one of the three mammalian CAMSAPs, CAMSAP1, localizes to the mitotic spindle but its function is unclear. In Drosophila, there is only one CAMSAP, named Patronin. Previous work has shown that Patronin stabilizes the minus ends of non-mitotic MTs and is required for proper spindle elongation. However, the precise role of Patronin in mitotic spindle assembly is poorly understood. Results Here we have explored the role of Patronin in Drosophila mitosis using S2 tissue culture cells as a model system. We show that Patronin associates with different types of MT bundles within the Drosophila mitotic spindle, and that it is required for their stability. Imaging of living cells expressing Patronin-GFP showed that Patronin displays a dynamic behavior. In prometaphase cells, Patronin accumulates on short segments of MT bundles located near the chromosomes. These Patronin “seeds” extend towards the cell poles and stop growing just before reaching the poles. Our data also suggest that Patronin localization is largely independent of proteins acting at the MT minus ends such as Asp and Klp10A. Conclusion Our results suggest a working hypothesis about the mitotic role of Patronin. We propose that Patronin binds the minus ends within MT bundles, including those generated from the walls of preexisting MTs via the augmin-mediated pathway. This would help maintaining MT association within the mitotic bundles, thereby stabilizing the spindle structure. Our data also raise the intriguing possibility that the minus ends of bundled MTs can undergo a limited polymerization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-019-0189-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera A Pavlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alyona V Razuvaeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Julia V Popova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lyubov A Yarinich
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Lebedev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Claudia Pellacani
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alexey V Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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25
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Jiang K, Faltova L, Hua S, Capitani G, Prota AE, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A. Structural Basis of Formation of the Microtubule Minus-End-Regulating CAMSAP-Katanin Complex. Structure 2018; 26:375-382.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Schneeberger K, Roth S, Nieuwenhuis EES, Middendorp S. Intestinal epithelial cell polarity defects in disease: lessons from microvillus inclusion disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/2/dmm031088. [PMID: 29590640 PMCID: PMC5894939 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly organized tissue. The establishment of epithelial cell polarity, with distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, is pivotal for both barrier formation and for the uptake and vectorial transport of nutrients. The establishment of cell polarity requires a specialized subcellular machinery to transport and recycle proteins to their appropriate location. In order to understand and treat polarity-associated diseases, it is necessary to understand epithelial cell-specific trafficking mechanisms. In this Review, we focus on cell polarity in the adult mammalian intestine. We discuss how intestinal epithelial polarity is established and maintained, and how disturbances in the trafficking machinery can lead to a polarity-associated disorder, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Furthermore, we discuss the recent developments in studying MVID, including the creation of genetically manipulated cell lines, mouse models and intestinal organoids, and their uses in basic and applied research. Summary: Microvillus inclusion disease serves as a useful model to enhance our understanding of the intestinal trafficking and polarity machinery in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Roth
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Atherton J, Jiang K, Stangier MM, Luo Y, Hua S, Houben K, van Hooff JJ, Joseph AP, Scarabelli G, Grant BJ, Roberts AJ, Topf M, Steinmetz MO, Baldus M, Moores CA, Akhmanova A. A structural model for microtubule minus-end recognition and protection by CAMSAP proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:931-943. [PMID: 28991265 PMCID: PMC6134180 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CAMSAP and Patronin family members regulate microtubule minus-end stability and localization and thus organize noncentrosomal microtubule networks, which are essential for cell division, polarization and differentiation. Here, we found that the CAMSAP C-terminal CKK domain is widely present among eukaryotes and autonomously recognizes microtubule minus ends. Through a combination of structural approaches, we uncovered how mammalian CKK binds between two tubulin dimers at the interprotofilament interface on the outer microtubule surface. In vitro reconstitution assays combined with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography suggested that CKK preferentially associates with the transition zone between curved protofilaments and the regular microtubule lattice. We propose that minus-end-specific features of the interprotofilament interface at this site serve as the basis for CKK's minus-end preference. The steric clash between microtubule-bound CKK and kinesin motors explains how CKK protects microtubule minus ends against kinesin-13-induced depolymerization and thus controls the stability of free microtubule minus ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M. Stangier
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Yanzhang Luo
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jolien J.E. van Hooff
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Agnel-Praveen Joseph
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Scarabelli
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Barry J. Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony J. Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A. Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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28
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Jiang K, Rezabkova L, Hua S, Liu Q, Capitani G, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A. Microtubule minus-end regulation at spindle poles by an ASPM-katanin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:480-492. [PMID: 28436967 PMCID: PMC5458804 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ASPM (known as Asp in fly and ASPM-1 in worm) is a microcephaly-associated protein family that regulates spindle architecture, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that ASPM forms a complex with another protein linked to microcephaly, the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin. ASPM and katanin localize to spindle poles in a mutually dependent manner and regulate spindle flux. X-ray crystallography revealed that the heterodimer formed by the N- and C-terminal domains of the katanin subunits p60 and p80, respectively, binds conserved motifs in ASPM. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that ASPM autonomously tracks growing microtubule minus ends and inhibits their growth, while katanin decorates and bends both ends of dynamic microtubules and potentiates the minus-end blocking activity of ASPM. ASPM also binds along microtubules, recruits katanin and promotes katanin-mediated severing of dynamic microtubules. We propose that the ASPM-katanin complex controls microtubule disassembly at spindle poles and that misregulation of this process can lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu Z, Wu S, Chen Y, Han X, Gu Q, Yin Y, Ma Z. The microtubule end-binding protein FgEB1 regulates polar growth and fungicide sensitivity via different interactors in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1791-1807. [PMID: 28028881 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In yeasts, the end-binding protein 1 (EB1) homologs regulate microtubule dynamics, cell polarization, and chromosome stability. However, functions of EB1 orthologs in plant pathogenic fungi have not been characterized yet. Here, we observed that the FgEB1 deletion mutant (ΔFgEB1) of Fusarium graminearum exhibits twisted hyphae, increased hyphal branching and curved conidia, indicating that FgEB1 is involved in the regulation of cellular polarity. Microscopic examination further showed that the microtubules of ΔFgEB1 exhibited less organized in comparison with those of the wild type. In addition, the lack of FgEB1 also altered the distribution of polarity-related class I myosin via the interaction with the actin. On the other hand, we identified four core septins as FgEB1-interacting proteins, and found that FgEB1 and septins regulated conidial polar growth in the opposite orientation. Interestingly, FgEB1 and FgKar9 constituted another complex that modulated the response to carbendazim, a microtubule-damaging agent specifically. In addition, the deletion of FgEB1 led to dramatically decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Taken together, results of this study indicate that FgEB1 regulates cellular polarity, fungicide sensitivity and DON biosynthesis via different interactors in F. graminarum, which provides a novel insight into understanding of the biological functions of EB1 in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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30
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Kent IA, Lele TP. Microtubule-based force generation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27562344 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are vital to many important cell processes, such as cell division, transport of cellular cargo, organelle positioning, and cell migration. Owing to their diverse functions, understanding microtubule function is an important part of cell biological research that can help in combating various diseases. For example, microtubules are an important target of chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel because of their pivotal role in cell division. Many functions of microtubules relate to the generation of mechanical forces. These forces are generally either a direct result of microtubule polymerization/depolymerization or generated by motor proteins that move processively along microtubules. In this review, we summarize recent efforts to quantify and model force generation by microtubules in the context of microtubule function. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1428. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1428 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Kent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanmay P Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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31
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Hori A, Toda T. Regulation of centriolar satellite integrity and its physiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:213-229. [PMID: 27484406 PMCID: PMC5219025 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Centriolar satellites comprise cytoplasmic granules that are located around the centrosome. Their molecular identification was first reported more than a quarter of a century ago. These particles are not static in the cell but instead constantly move around the centrosome. Over the last decade, significant advances in their molecular compositions and biological functions have been achieved due to comprehensive proteomics and genomics, super-resolution microscopy analyses and elegant genetic manipulations. Centriolar satellites play pivotal roles in centrosome assembly and primary cilium formation through the delivery of centriolar/centrosomal components from the cytoplasm to the centrosome. Their importance is further underscored by the fact that mutations in genes encoding satellite components and regulators lead to various human disorders such as ciliopathies. Moreover, the most recent findings highlight dynamic structural remodelling in response to internal and external cues and unexpected positive feedback control that is exerted from the centrosome for centriolar satellite integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hori
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK.,Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toda
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK. .,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.
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32
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Muroyama A, Seldin L, Lechler T. Divergent regulation of functionally distinct γ-tubulin complexes during differentiation. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:679-92. [PMID: 27298324 PMCID: PMC4915192 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation induces the formation of noncentrosomal microtubule arrays in diverse tissues. The formation of these arrays requires loss of microtubule-organizing activity (MTOC) at the centrosome, but the mechanisms regulating this transition remain largely unexplored. Here, we use the robust loss of centrosomal MTOC activity in the epidermis to identify two pools of γ-tubulin that are biochemically and functionally distinct and differentially regulated. Nucleation-competent CDK5RAP2-γ-tubulin complexes were maintained at centrosomes upon initial epidermal differentiation. In contrast, Nedd1-γ-tubulin complexes did not promote nucleation but were required for anchoring of microtubules, a previously uncharacterized activity for this complex. Cell cycle exit specifically triggered loss of Nedd1-γ-tubulin complexes, providing a mechanistic link connecting MTOC activity and differentiation. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that distinct γ-tubulin complexes regulate different microtubule behaviors at the centrosome and show that differential regulation of these complexes drives loss of centrosomal MTOC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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33
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Kwon HJ, Park JE, Song H, Jang CY. DDA3 and Mdp3 modulate Kif2a recruitment onto the mitotic spindle to control minus-end spindle dynamics. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2719-25. [PMID: 27284004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active turnover of spindle microtubules (MTs) for the formation of a bi-orientated spindle, chromosome congression and proper chromosome segregation is regulated by MT depolymerases such as the kinesin-13 family and the plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs). However, the control mechanisms underlying the spindle MT dynamics that are responsible for poleward flux at the minus end of MTs are poorly understood. Here, we show that Mdp3 (also known as MAP7D3) forms a complex with DDA3 (also known as PSRC1) and controls spindle dynamics at the minus end of MTs by inhibiting DDA3-mediated Kif2a recruitment to the spindle. Aberrant Kif2a activity at the minus end of spindle MTs in Mdp3-depleted cells decreased spindle stability and resulted in unaligned chromosomes in metaphase, lagging chromosomes in anaphase, and chromosome bridges in telophase and cytokinesis. Although they play opposing roles in minus-end MT dynamics, acting as an MT destabilizer and an MT stabilizer, respectively, DDA3 and Mdp3 did not affect the localization of each other. Thus, the DDA3 complex orchestrates MT dynamics at the MT minus end by fine-tuning the recruitment of Kif2a to regulate minus-end MT dynamics and poleward MT flux at the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kwon
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyu Song
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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34
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Kent IA, Rane PS, Dickinson RB, Ladd AJC, Lele TP. Transient Pinning and Pulling: A Mechanism for Bending Microtubules. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151322. [PMID: 26974838 PMCID: PMC4790857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules have a persistence length of the order of millimeters in vitro, but inside cells they bend over length scales of microns. It has been proposed that polymerization forces bend microtubules in the vicinity of the cell boundary or other obstacles, yet bends develop even when microtubules are polymerizing freely, unaffected by obstacles and cell boundaries. How these bends are formed remains unclear. By tracking the motions of microtubules marked by photobleaching, we found that in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells local bends develop primarily by plus-end directed transport of portions of the microtubule contour towards stationary locations (termed pinning points) along the length of the microtubule. The pinning points were transient in nature, and their eventual release allowed the bends to relax. The directionality of the transport as well as the overall incidence of local bends decreased when dynein was inhibited, while myosin inhibition had no observable effect. This suggests that dynein generates a tangential force that bends microtubules against stationary pinning points. Simulations of microtubule motion and polymerization accounting for filament mechanics and dynein forces predict the development of bends of size and shape similar to those observed in cells. Furthermore, simulations show that dynein-generated bends at a pinning point near the plus end can cause a persistent rotation of the tip consistent with the observation that bend formation near the tip can change the direction of microtubule growth. Collectively, these results suggest a simple physical mechanism for the bending of growing microtubules by dynein forces accumulating at pinning points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Kent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Parag S. Rane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Dickinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. C. Ladd
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tanmay P. Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Noordstra I, Liu Q, Nijenhuis W, Hua S, Jiang K, Baars M, Remmelzwaal S, Martin M, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Control of apico-basal epithelial polarity by the microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP3 and spectraplakin ACF7. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4278-4288. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton regulates cell polarity by spatially organizing membrane trafficking and signaling processes. In epithelial cells, microtubules form parallel arrays aligned along the apico-basal axis, and recent work has demonstrated that the members of CAMSAP/Patronin family control apical tethering of microtubule minus ends. Here, we show that in mammalian intestinal epithelial cells, the spectraplakin ACF7 specifically binds to CAMSAP3 and is required for the apical localization of CAMSAP3-decorated microtubule minus ends. Loss of ACF7 but not of CAMSAP3 or its homologue CAMSAP2 affected the formation of polarized epithelial cysts in 3D cultures. In short-term epithelial polarization assays, the knock-out of CAMSAP3, but not of CAMSAP2 caused microtubule re-organization into a more radial centrosomal array, redistribution of Rab11 endosomes from the apical cell surface to the pericentrosomal region and inhibition of actin brush border formation at the apical side of the cell. We conclude that ACF7 is an important regulator of apico-basal polarity in mammalian intestinal cells and that a radial centrosome-centered microtubule organization can act as an inhibitor of epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Baars
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Remmelzwaal
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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CAMSAP3 orients the apical-to-basal polarity of microtubule arrays in epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:332-7. [PMID: 26715742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520638113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells exhibit a characteristic array of microtubules that are oriented along the apicobasal axis of the cells. The minus-ends of these microtubules face apically, and the plus-ends face toward the basal side. The mechanisms underlying this epithelial-specific microtubule assembly remain unresolved, however. Here, using mouse intestinal cells and human Caco-2 cells, we show that the microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP3 (calmodulin-regulated-spectrin-associated protein 3) plays a pivotal role in orienting the apical-to-basal polarity of microtubules in epithelial cells. In these cells, CAMSAP3 accumulated at the apical cortices, and tethered the longitudinal microtubules to these sites. Camsap3 mutation or depletion resulted in a random orientation of these microtubules; concomitantly, the stereotypic positioning of the nucleus and Golgi apparatus was perturbed. In contrast, the integrity of the plasma membrane was hardly affected, although its structural stability was decreased. Further analysis revealed that the CC1 domain of CAMSAP3 is crucial for its apical localization, and that forced mislocalization of CAMSAP3 disturbs the epithelial architecture. These findings demonstrate that apically localized CAMSAP3 determines the proper orientation of microtubules, and in turn that of organelles, in mature mammalian epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are intrinsically polarized, with two structurally and functionally distinct ends, the plus end and the minus end. Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown that microtubule plus-end dynamics play an important role in many vital cellular processes and are controlled by numerous factors, such as microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs). In contrast, the cellular machinery that controls the behavior and organization of microtubule minus ends remains one of the least well-understood facets of the microtubule cytoskeleton. The recent characterization of the CAMSAP/Patronin/Nezha family members as specific 'minus-end-targeting proteins' ('-TIPs') has provided important new insights into the mechanisms governing minus-end dynamics. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how microtubule minus ends are controlled and how minus-end regulators contribute to non-centrosomal microtubule organization and function during cell division, migration and differentiation.
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38
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Control of microtubule organization and dynamics: two ends in the limelight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:711-26. [PMID: 26562752 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have fundamental roles in many essential biological processes, including cell division and intracellular transport. They assemble and disassemble from their two ends, denoted the plus end and the minus end. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) such as end-binding protein 1 (EB1), XMAP215, selected kinesins and dynein. By contrast, information on microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins (-TIPs), such as the calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) and Patronin, has only recently started to emerge. Here, we review our current knowledge of factors, including microtubule-targeting agents, that associate with microtubule ends to control the dynamics and function of microtubules during the cell cycle and development.
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39
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Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26137480 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
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40
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Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26137480 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
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41
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Kampan NC, Madondo MT, McNally OM, Quinn M, Plebanski M. Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:413076. [PMID: 26137480 PMCID: PMC4475536 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a class of taxane with microtubule stabilising ability, has remained with platinum based therapy, the standard care for primary ovarian cancer management. A deeper understanding of the immunological basis and other potential mechanisms of action together with new dosing schedules and/or routes of administration may potentiate its clinical benefit. Newer forms of taxanes, with better safety profiles and higher intratumoural cytotoxicity, have yet to demonstrate clinical superiority over the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Chandralega Kampan
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mutsa Tatenda Madondo
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Orla M. McNally
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Quinn
- Gynaeoncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
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42
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Yukawa M, Ikebe C, Toda T. The Msd1-Wdr8-Pkl1 complex anchors microtubule minus ends to fission yeast spindle pole bodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:549-62. [PMID: 25987607 PMCID: PMC4442821 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Msd1–Wdr8 are delivered by Pkl1 to mitotic spindle pole bodies, where the Msd1–Wdr8–Pkl1 complex anchors the minus ends of spindle microtubules and antagonizes the outward-pushing forces generated by Cut7/kinesin-5 in fission yeast. The minus ends of spindle microtubules are anchored to a microtubule-organizing center. The conserved Msd1/SSX2IP proteins are localized to the spindle pole body (SPB) and the centrosome in fission yeast and humans, respectively, and play a critical role in microtubule anchoring. In this paper, we show that fission yeast Msd1 forms a ternary complex with another conserved protein, Wdr8, and the minus end–directed Pkl1/kinesin-14. Individual deletion mutants displayed the identical spindle-protrusion phenotypes. Msd1 and Wdr8 were delivered by Pkl1 to mitotic SPBs, where Pkl1 was tethered through Msd1–Wdr8. The spindle-anchoring defect imposed by msd1/wdr8/pkl1 deletions was suppressed by a mutation of the plus end–directed Cut7/kinesin-5, which was shown to be mutual. Intriguingly, Pkl1 motor activity was not required for its anchoring role once targeted to the SPB. Therefore, spindle anchoring through Msd1–Wdr8–Pkl1 is crucial for balancing the Cut7/kinesin-5–mediated outward force at the SPB. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into the spatiotemporal regulation of two opposing kinesins to ensure mitotic spindle bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yukawa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Chiho Ikebe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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43
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly conserved polar polymers that are key elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for various cell functions. αβ-tubulin, a heterodimer containing one structural GTP and one hydrolysable and exchangeable GTP, is the building block of MTs and is formed by the sequential action of several molecular chaperones. GTP hydrolysis in the MT lattice is mechanistically coupled with MT growth, thus giving MTs a metastable and dynamic nature. MTs adopt several distinct higher-order organizations that function in cell division and cell morphogenesis. Small molecular weight compounds that bind tubulin are used as herbicides and as research tools to investigate MT functions in plant cells. The de novo formation of MTs in cells requires conserved γ-tubulin-containing complexes and targeting/activating regulatory proteins that contribute to the geometry of MT arrays. Various MT regulators and tubulin modifications control the dynamics and organization of MTs throughout the cell cycle and in response to developmental and environmental cues. Signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of versatile MT functions are being characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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44
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Abstract
Mitosis depends upon the action of the mitotic spindle, a subcellular machine that uses microtubules (MTs) and motors to assemble itself and to coordinate chromosome segregation. Recent work illuminates how the motor-driven poleward sliding of MTs - nucleated at centrosomes, chromosomes and on pre-existing MTs - contributes to spindle assembly and length control.
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Yau KW, van Beuningen SFB, Cunha-Ferreira I, Cloin BMC, van Battum EY, Will L, Schätzle P, Tas RP, van Krugten J, Katrukha EA, Jiang K, Wulf PS, Mikhaylova M, Harterink M, Pasterkamp RJ, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC. Microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP2 controls axon specification and dendrite development. Neuron 2014; 82:1058-73. [PMID: 24908486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In neurons, most microtubules are not associated with a central microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), and therefore, both the minus and plus-ends of these non-centrosomal microtubules are found throughout the cell. Microtubule plus-ends are well established as dynamic regulatory sites in numerous processes, but the role of microtubule minus-ends has remained poorly understood. Using live-cell imaging, high-resolution microscopy, and laser-based microsurgery techniques, we show that the CAMSAP/Nezha/Patronin family protein CAMSAP2 specifically localizes to non-centrosomal microtubule minus-ends and is required for proper microtubule organization in neurons. CAMSAP2 stabilizes non-centrosomal microtubules and is required for neuronal polarity, axon specification, and dendritic branch formation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that non-centrosomal microtubules in dendrites are largely generated by γ-Tubulin-dependent nucleation. We propose a two-step model in which γ-Tubulin initiates the formation of non-centrosomal microtubules and CAMSAP2 stabilizes the free microtubule minus-ends in order to control neuronal polarity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Wai Yau
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sam F B van Beuningen
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Cunha-Ferreira
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas M C Cloin
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eljo Y van Battum
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Will
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Schätzle
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Krugten
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Phebe S Wulf
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Harterink
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schlaitz AL. Microtubules as key coordinators of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum dynamics during mitosis. Bioessays 2014; 36:665-71. [PMID: 24848719 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, cells comprehensively restructure their interior to promote the faithful inheritance of DNA and cytoplasmic contents. In metazoans, this restructuring entails disassembly of the nuclear envelope, redistribution of its components into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and eventually nuclear envelope reassembly around the segregated chromosomes. The microtubule cytoskeleton has recently emerged as a critical regulator of mitotic nuclear envelope and ER dynamics. Microtubules and associated molecular motors tear open the nuclear envelope in prophase and remove nuclear envelope remnants from chromatin. Additionally, two distinct mechanisms of microtubule-based regulation of ER dynamics operate later in mitosis. First, association of the ER with microtubules is reduced, preventing invasion of ER into the spindle area, and second, organelle membrane is actively cleared from metaphase chromosomes. However, we are only beginning to understand the role of microtubules in shaping and distributing ER and other organelles during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lore Schlaitz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
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Microtubule Minus-End Stabilization by Polymerization-Driven CAMSAP Deposition. Dev Cell 2014; 28:295-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hori A, Ikebe C, Tada M, Toda T. Msd1/SSX2IP-dependent microtubule anchorage ensures spindle orientation and primary cilia formation. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:175-84. [PMID: 24397932 PMCID: PMC3989863 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201337929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anchoring microtubules to the centrosome is critical for cell geometry and polarity, yet the molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that the conserved human Msd1/SSX2IP is required for microtubule anchoring. hMsd1/SSX2IP is delivered to the centrosome in a centriolar satellite-dependent manner and binds the microtubule-nucleator γ-tubulin complex. hMsd1/SSX2IP depletion leads to disorganised interphase microtubules and misoriented mitotic spindles with reduced length and intensity. Furthermore, hMsd1/SSX2IP is essential for ciliogenesis, and during zebrafish embryogenesis, knockdown of its orthologue results in ciliary defects and disturbs left-right asymmetry. We propose that the Msd1 family comprises conserved microtubule-anchoring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hori
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation UK, London Research InstituteLondon, UK
| | - Chiho Ikebe
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation UK, London Research InstituteLondon, UK
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation UK, London Research InstituteLondon, UK
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Abstract
The post-genomic era has produced a variety of new investigation technologies, techniques and approaches that may offer exciting insights into many long-standing questions of scientific research. The microtubule cytoskeleton is a highly conserved system that shows a high degree of internal complexity, is known to be integral to many cell systems and functions on a fundamental level. After decades of study, much is still unknown about microtubules in vivo from the control of dynamics in living cells to their responses to environmental changes and responses to other cellular processes. In the present article, we examine some outstanding questions in the microtubule field and propose a combination of emerging interdisciplinary approaches, i.e. high-throughput functional genomics techniques, quantitative and super-resolution microscopy, and in silico modelling, that could shed light on the systemic regulation of microtubules in cells by networks of regulatory factors. We propose that such an integrative approach is key to elucidate the function of the microtubule cytoskeleton as a complete responsive integral biological system.
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Abstract
During spermatogenesis, spermatids derived from meiosis simultaneously undergo extensive morphological transformation, to become highly specialized and metabolically quiescent cells, and transport across the seminiferous epithelium. Spermatids are also transported back-and-forth across the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle until they line up at the luminal edge of the tubule to prepare for spermiation at stage VIII of the cycle. Spermatid transport thus requires the intricate coordination of the cytoskeletons in Sertoli cells (SCs) as spermatids are nonmotile cells lacking the ultrastructures of lamellipodia and filopodia, as well as the organized components of the cytoskeletons. In the course of preparing this brief review, we were surprised to see that, except for some earlier eminent morphological studies, little is known about the regulation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and the coordination of MT with the actin-based cytoskeleton to regulate spermatid transport during the epithelia cycle, illustrating that this is a largely neglected area of research in the field. Herein, we summarize recent findings in the field regarding the significance of actin- and tubulin-based cytoskeletons in SCs that support spermatid transport; we also highlight specific areas of research that deserve attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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