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Li Y, Zhu J, Zhai F, Kong L, Li H, Jin X. Advances in the understanding of nuclear pore complexes in human diseases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:374. [PMID: 39080077 PMCID: PMC11289042 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are sophisticated and dynamic protein structures that straddle the nuclear envelope and act as gatekeepers for transporting molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs comprise up to 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins (NUPs). However, a growing body of research has suggested that NPCs play important roles in gene regulation, viral infections, cancer, mitosis, genetic diseases, kidney diseases, immune system diseases, and degenerative neurological and muscular pathologies. PURPOSE In this review, we introduce the structure and function of NPCs. Then We described the physiological and pathological effects of each component of NPCs which provide a direction for future clinical applications. METHODS The literatures from PubMed have been reviewed for this article. CONCLUSION This review summarizes current studies on the implications of NPCs in human physiology and pathology, highlighting the mechanistic underpinnings of NPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Oishi A, Nakagawa S, Tamura K. Nucleoporin 50 proteins affect longevity and salinity stress tolerance in seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:60-72. [PMID: 37849222 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoporin 50 (Nup50) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that is a constituent of the nuclear pore complex (NPC); however, its physiological role in plants is unclear. Arabidopsis has two Nup50 proteins, Nup50a and Nup50b, which are highly expressed in developing seeds. Green fluoresceent protein (GFP)-fused Nup50a and Nup50b are localized exclusively in the nucleopolasm, implying an additional function beyond the NPC in the nuclear envelope. To investigate the function of Nup50s, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] system to generate a nup50a nup50b double mutant, which exhibited premature translation termination of both Nup50 proteins. While the mutant showed no significant abnormal phenotype during vegetative growth, the nup50a nup50b seeds had an abnormal shape compared with the wild type. Comparative transcriptomics using immature seeds revealed that Nup50s regulate the expression of various genes, including cell wall-related genes. The nup50a nup50b seeds exhibited reduced seed longevity and salinity stress tolerance. Tetrazolium uptake and mucilage release assays implied that the nup50a nup50b seeds had greater water permeability than the wild type. Taken together, our results imply that Nup50s play a critical role in seed formation by regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Oishi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shitomi Nakagawa
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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3
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Liu J, Chen Y, Nong B, Luo X, Cui K, Li Z, Zhang P, Tan W, Yang Y, Ma W, Liang P, Songyang Z. CRISPR-assisted transcription activation by phase-separation proteins. Protein Cell 2023; 14:874-887. [PMID: 36905356 PMCID: PMC10691850 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has been widely used for genome engineering and transcriptional regulation in many different organisms. Current CRISPR-activation (CRISPRa) platforms often require multiple components because of inefficient transcriptional activation. Here, we fused different phase-separation proteins to dCas9-VPR (dCas9-VP64-P65-RTA) and observed robust increases in transcriptional activation efficiency. Notably, human NUP98 (nucleoporin 98) and FUS (fused in sarcoma) IDR domains were best at enhancing dCas9-VPR activity, with dCas9-VPR-FUS IDR (VPRF) outperforming the other CRISPRa systems tested in this study in both activation efficiency and system simplicity. dCas9-VPRF overcomes the target strand bias and widens gRNA designing windows without affecting the off-target effect of dCas9-VPR. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using phase-separation proteins to assist in the regulation of gene expression and support the broad appeal of the dCas9-VPRF system in basic and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baoting Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kaixin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Puping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhou Songyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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4
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Yang Y, Guo L, Chen L, Gong B, Jia D, Sun Q. Nuclear transport proteins: structure, function, and disease relevance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:425. [PMID: 37945593 PMCID: PMC10636164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper subcellular localization is crucial for the functioning of biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNAs. Nuclear transport is a fundamental cellular process that regulates the localization of many macromolecules within the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. In humans, approximately 60 proteins are involved in nuclear transport, including nucleoporins that form membrane-embedded nuclear pore complexes, karyopherins that transport cargoes through these complexes, and Ran system proteins that ensure directed and rapid transport. Many of these nuclear transport proteins play additional and essential roles in mitosis, biomolecular condensation, and gene transcription. Dysregulation of nuclear transport is linked to major human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor targeting the nuclear export factor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), was approved in 2019 to treat two types of blood cancers, and dozens of clinical trials of are ongoing. This review summarizes approximately three decades of research data in this field but focuses on the structure and function of individual nuclear transport proteins from recent studies, providing a cutting-edge and holistic view on the role of nuclear transport proteins in health and disease. In-depth knowledge of this rapidly evolving field has the potential to bring new insights into fundamental biology, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Wei Z, Xu J, Li W, Ou L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Shi B. SMARCC1 Enters the Nucleus via KPNA2 and Plays an Oncogenic Role in Bladder Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:902220. [PMID: 35669562 PMCID: PMC9163745 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.902220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 1 (SMARCC1), a component of the SWI/SNF complex, is thought to be an oncogene in several kinds of cancer. Materials and methods: The potential interaction between SMARCC1 and KPNA2 was inquired by Spearman’s correlation analysis, immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. The immunohistochemistry staining, RT-PCR and western blot assay were taken for determining the expression levels of SMARCC1. And CCK-8, transwell assay, cell apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis and subcutaneous tumor model were conducted to explore the role of SMARCC1 in carcinogenesis of bladder cancer. Results: In our experiments, Spearman’s correlation analysis, immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays showed that SMARCC1 interacted with KPNA2, and after knockdown of KPNA2, Nup50 and Nup153, the nuclear content of SMARCC1 decreased while the amount of SMARCC1 protein remaining in the cytoplasm increased, indicating that SMARCC1 could be transported into the nucleus via KPNA2 and thus acted as an oncogene. We found that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of SMARCC1 were increased in bladder cancer, and increased SMARCC1 expression was significantly associated with a higher T stage and poorer prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Knockdown of SMARCC1 slowed the growth of the two tested cell lines and clearly arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase checkpoint. Moreover, the migratory ability was significantly decreased and the number of apoptotic cells was increased. Conclusion: On the whole, our results demonstrate KPNA2, Nup50 and Nup153 regulate the process of SMARCC1 nuclear translocation in BC. SMARCC1 may be a competent candidate as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for BC. Further studies are required to research the mechanism and assess the role of SMARCC1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Wei
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiqing Li
- Karamay Central Hospital of Xinjiang, Karamay, China
| | - Longhua Ou
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingchen Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Shenzhen, University of South China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang, ; Bentao Shi,
| | - Bentao Shi
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang, ; Bentao Shi,
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6
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Holzer G, Antonin W. Nup50 plays more than one instrument. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1785-1794. [PMID: 35549614 PMCID: PMC9359400 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2074742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nup50 is nuclear pore complex component localized to the nuclear side of the pore and in the nucleoplasm. It has been characterized as an auxiliary factor in nuclear transport reactions. Our recent work indicates that it interacts with and stimulates RCC1, the sole guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Ran. Here, we discuss how this interaction might contribute to Nup50 function in nuclear transport but also its other functions like control of gene expression, cell cycle and DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Hamed M, Antonin W. Dunking into the Lipid Bilayer: How Direct Membrane Binding of Nucleoporins Can Contribute to Nuclear Pore Complex Structure and Assembly. Cells 2021; 10:3601. [PMID: 34944108 PMCID: PMC8700311 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate the selective and highly efficient transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. They are embedded in the two membrane structure of the nuclear envelope at sites where these two membranes are fused to pores. A few transmembrane proteins are an integral part of NPCs and thought to anchor these complexes in the nuclear envelope. In addition, a number of nucleoporins without membrane spanning domains interact with the pore membrane. Here we review our current knowledge of how these proteins interact with the membrane and how this interaction can contribute to NPC assembly, stability and function as well as shaping of the pore membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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8
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Holzer G, De Magistris P, Gramminger C, Sachdev R, Magalska A, Schooley A, Scheufen A, Lennartz B, Tatarek‐Nossol M, Lue H, Linder MI, Kutay U, Preisinger C, Moreno‐Andres D, Antonin W. The nucleoporin Nup50 activates the Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 to promote NPC assembly at the end of mitosis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108788. [PMID: 34725842 PMCID: PMC8634129 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitotic exit, thousands of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) assemble concomitant with the nuclear envelope to build a transport-competent nucleus. Here, we show that Nup50 plays a crucial role in NPC assembly independent of its well-established function in nuclear transport. RNAi-mediated downregulation in cells or immunodepletion of Nup50 protein in Xenopus egg extracts interferes with NPC assembly. We define a conserved central region of 46 residues in Nup50 that is crucial for Nup153 and MEL28/ELYS binding, and for NPC interaction. Surprisingly, neither NPC interaction nor binding of Nup50 to importin α/β, the GTPase Ran, or chromatin is crucial for its function in the assembly process. Instead, an N-terminal fragment of Nup50 can stimulate the Ran GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 and NPC assembly, indicating that Nup50 acts via the Ran system in NPC reformation at the end of mitosis. In support of this conclusion, Nup50 mutants defective in RCC1 binding and stimulation cannot replace the wild-type protein in in vitro NPC assembly assays, whereas excess RCC1 can compensate the loss of Nup50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Paola De Magistris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
- Present address:
Department of BionanoscienceKavli Institute of NanoscienceDelftthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ruchika Sachdev
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
| | - Adriana Magalska
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
| | - Allana Schooley
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
| | - Anja Scheufen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Birgitt Lennartz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Marianna Tatarek‐Nossol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Hongqi Lue
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Monika I Linder
- Institute of BiochemistryETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Present address:
Department of PediatricsDr. von Hauner Children's Hospital and Gene CenterUniversity Hospital, LMUMunichGermany
| | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of BiochemistryETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Preisinger
- Proteomics FacilityInterdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF)Medical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Daniel Moreno‐Andres
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyMedical SchoolRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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9
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Gao X, Yu S, Guan Y, Shen Y, Xu L. Nucleoporin 50 mediates Kcna4 transcription to regulate cardiac electrical activity. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271877. [PMID: 34409458 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that nucleoporins (Nups) play a pivotal role in cell-type-specific gene regulation, but how they control the expression and activity of ion channel genes in the heart remains unclear. Here, we show that Nup50, which is localized in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes, selectively induces an increase in the transcription and translation of Kcna4. The Kcna4 gene encodes a K+ voltage-gated channel of shaker-related subfamily member 4 and is essential for regulating the action potential in cardiac membranes. Using immunofluorescence imaging, luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we identified that the direct binding of the FG-repeat domain within Nup50 to the proximity of the Kcna4 promoter was required to activate the transcription and subsequent translation of Kcna4. Functionally, Nup50 overexpression increased the currents of KCNA4-encoded Ito,s channels, and reverse knockdown of Nup50 resulted in a remarkable decrease in the amplitude of Ito,s currents in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, a positive correlation between Nup50 and Kcna4 mRNA and protein expression was observed in heart tissues subjected to ischemic insults. These findings provide insights into the homeostatic control of cardiac electrophysiology through Nup-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Gao
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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10
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Makise M, Mackay DR, Elgort S, Shankaran SS, Adam SA, Ullman KS. The Nup153-Nup50 protein interface and its role in nuclear import. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38515-22. [PMID: 23007389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between Nup50 and soluble transport factors underlie the efficiency of certain nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. The platform on which these interactions take place is important to building a complete understanding of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Nup153 is the nucleoporin that provides this scaffold for Nup50. Here, we have delineated requirements for the interaction between Nup153 and Nup50, revealing a dual interface. An interaction between Nup50 and a region in the unique N-terminal region of Nup153 is critical for the nuclear pore localization of Nup50. A second site of interaction is at the distal tail of Nup153 and is dependent on importin α. Both of these interactions involve the N-terminal domain of Nup50. The configuration of the Nup153-Nup50 partnership suggests that the Nup153 scaffold provides not just a means of pore targeting for Nup50 but also serves to provide a local environment that facilitates bringing Nup50 and importin α together, as well as other soluble factors involved in transport. Consistent with this, disruption of the Nup153-Nup50 interface decreases efficiency of nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Makise
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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11
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Jamali T, Jamali Y, Mehrbod M, Mofrad MRK. Nuclear pore complex: biochemistry and biophysics of nucleocytoplasmic transport in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 287:233-86. [PMID: 21414590 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the gateways connecting the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. This structures are composed of over 30 different proteins and 60-125 MDa of mass depending on type of species. NPCs are bilateral pathways that selectively control the passage of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus. Molecules smaller than 40 kDa diffuse through the NPC passively while larger molecules require facilitated transport provided by their attachment to karyopherins. Kinetic studies have shown that approximately 1000 translocations occur per second per NPC. Maintaining its high selectivity while allowing for rapid translocation makes the NPC an efficient chemical nanomachine. In this review, we approach the NPC function via a structural viewpoint. Putting together different pieces of this puzzle, this chapter confers an overall insight into what molecular processes are engaged in import/export of active cargos across the NPC and how different transporters regulate nucleocytoplasmic transport. In the end, the correlation of several diseases and disorders with the NPC structural defects and dysfunctions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jamali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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12
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Ogawa Y, Miyamoto Y, Asally M, Oka M, Yasuda Y, Yoneda Y. Two isoforms of Npap60 (Nup50) differentially regulate nuclear protein import. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 21:630-8. [PMID: 20016008 PMCID: PMC2820426 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-05-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Npap60 (Nup50) is a nucleoporin that binds directly to importin α. In humans, there are two Npap60 isoforms: the long (Npap60L) and short (Npap60S) forms. Our results demonstrate that Npap60S stabilizes the binding of importin α to classical NLS-cargo, whereas Npap60L promotes the release of NLS-cargo from importin α. Npap60 (Nup50) is a nucleoporin that binds directly to importin α. In humans, there are two Npap60 isoforms: the long (Npap60L) and short (Npap60S) forms. In this study, we provide both in vitro and in vivo evidence that Npap60L and Npap60S function differently in nuclear protein import. In vitro binding assays revealed that Npap60S stabilizes the binding of importin α to classical NLS-cargo, whereas Npap60L promotes the release of NLS-cargo from importin α. In vivo time-lapse experiments showed that when the Npap60 protein level is controlled, allowing CAS to efficiently promote the dissociation of the Npap60/importin α complex, Npap60S and Npap60L suppress and accelerate the nuclear import of NLS-cargo, respectively. These results demonstrate that Npap60L and Npap60S have opposing functions and suggest that Npap60L and Npap60S levels must be carefully controlled for efficient nuclear import of classical NLS-cargo in humans. This study provides novel evidence that nucleoporin expression levels regulate nuclear import efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ogawa
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, and Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Itman C, Miyamoto Y, Young J, Jans D, Loveland K. Nucleocytoplasmic transport as a driver of mammalian gametogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:607-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lupu F, Alves A, Anderson K, Doye V, Lacy E. Nuclear pore composition regulates neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation in the mouse embryo. Dev Cell 2008; 14:831-42. [PMID: 18539113 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serving as the primary conduit for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) impact nearly every cellular process. The extent to which NPC composition varies and the functional significance of such variation in mammalian development has not been investigated. Here we report that a null allele of mouse nucleoporin Nup133, a structural subunit of the NPC, disrupts neural differentiation. We find that expression of Nup133 is cell type and developmental stage restricted, with prominent expression in dividing progenitors. Nup133-deficient epiblast and ES cells abnormally maintain features of pluripotency and differentiate inefficiently along the neural lineage. Neural progenitors achieve correct spatial patterning in mutant embryos; however, they are impaired in generating terminally differentiated neurons, as are Nup133 null ES cells. Our results reveal a role for structural nucleoporins in coordinating cell differentiation events in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floria Lupu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Kodiha M, Tran D, Qian C, Morogan A, Presley JF, Brown CM, Stochaj U. Oxidative stress mislocalizes and retains transport factor importin-α and nucleoporins Nup153 and Nup88 in nuclei where they generate high molecular mass complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:405-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Araújo-Bazán L, Fernández-Martínez J, Ríos VMDL, Etxebeste O, Albar JP, Peñalva MA, Espeso EA. NapA and NapB are the Aspergillus nidulans Nap/SET family members and NapB is a nuclear protein specifically interacting with importin alpha. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 45:278-91. [PMID: 17890114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, importin alpha is the major carrier for transport protein cargoes into the nucleus. We characterize here kapA, the single Aspergillus nidulans gene encoding an importin alpha. Using an affinity approach, we identify six potential interactors of KapA(50), a deleted version of KapA lacking the autoinhibitory importin-beta-binding domain. One such interactor is NapB, the A. nidulans orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vps75p, a histone chaperone member of the Nap/SET family of proteins that additionally plays a cytosolic role in vacuolar protein sorting. NapB, but not its close relative NapA (the A. nidulans orthologue of yeast Nap1p) interacts directly with KapA(50) in pull down assays, despite the fact that NapB does not contain a classical nuclear localization sequence. NapB is a nuclear protein which exits nuclei at the onset of mitosis when two simultaneous mechanisms might be acting, the partial disassembly of the nuclear pore complexes and as yet unidentified posttranslational modification of NapB. The mitotic cytosolic localization of NapB might facilitate its putative role in the sorting of protein cargoes to the vacuole. In addition, we show that NapB and the mitotic B-type cyclin NimE compete for in vitro binding to KapA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Araújo-Bazán
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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17
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Rasala BA, Orjalo AV, Shen Z, Briggs S, Forbes DJ. ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for nuclear pore assembly and proper cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17801-6. [PMID: 17098863 PMCID: PMC1635652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608484103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pores span the nuclear envelope and act as gated aqueous channels to regulate the transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, from individual proteins and RNAs to entire viral genomes. By far the largest subunit of the nuclear pore is the Nup107-160 complex, which consists of nine proteins and is critical for nuclear pore assembly. At mitosis, the Nup107-160 complex localizes to kinetochores, suggesting that it may also function in chromosome segregation. To investigate the dual roles of the Nup107-160 complex at the pore and during mitosis, we set out to identify binding partners by immunoprecipitation from both interphase and mitotic Xenopus egg extracts and mass spectrometry. ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex in Xenopus interphase extracts, Xenopus mitotic extracts, and human cell extracts. Indeed, a large fraction of ELYS localizes to the nuclear pore complexes of HeLa cells. Importantly, depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope, whereas lamin, Ran, and tubulin staining appear normal. At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores, and RNAi depletion from HeLa cells leads to an increase in cytokinesis defects. Thus, we have identified an unexpected member of the nuclear pore and kinetochore that functions in both pore assembly at the nucleus and faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Rasala
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347
| | - Arturo V. Orjalo
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347
| | - Steven Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Douglass J. Forbes
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347. E-mail:
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Saksena S, Summers MD, Burks JK, Johnson AE, Braunagel SC. Importin-alpha-16 is a translocon-associated protein involved in sorting membrane proteins to the nuclear envelope. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006; 13:500-8. [PMID: 16715095 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A viral inner nuclear membrane-sorting motif sequence (INM-SM) was used to identify proteins that recognize integral membrane proteins destined for the INM. Herein we describe importin-alpha-16, a membrane-associated isoform of Spodoptera frugiperda importin-alpha that contains the C-terminal amino acid residues comprising armadillo helical-repeat domains 7-10. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, importin-alpha-16 is adjacent to the translocon protein Sec61alpha. Importin-alpha-16 cross-links to the INM-SM sequence as it emerges from the ribosomal tunnel and remains adjacent to the INM-SM after INM-SM integration into the ER membrane and release from the translocon. Cross-linking results suggest that importin-alpha-16 discriminates between INM- and non-INM-directed proteins. Thus, it seems that during and after cotranslational membrane integration, importin-alpha-16 is involved in the trafficking of integral membrane proteins to the INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Saksena
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, USA
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19
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Wagstaff KM, Dias MM, Alvisi G, Jans DA. Quantitative analysis of protein-protein interactions by native page/fluorimaging. J Fluoresc 2005; 15:469-73. [PMID: 16167204 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-005-2819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new quantitative native PAGE mobility shift assay, which allows for the measurement of binding affinities for interacting protein pairs, one of which is fluorescently labelled. We have used it to examine recognition of the Simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumour T-antigen (T-ag) nuclear localisation sequence (NLS) by members of the importin (Imp) superfamily of nuclear transport proteins. We demonstrate that the T-ag NLS binds to the Imp alpha/beta heterodimer in NLS-dependent manner, determining that it binds with eight-fold higher affinity (340 nM), when compared to Imp alpha alone, consistent with autoinhibition of Imp alpha when not complexed with Imp beta. The mobility shift assay is able to detect nM binding affinities, making it a sensitive and useful tool to analyse protein-protein interactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Wagstaff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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20
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Wagstaff KM, Jans DA. Intramolecular masking of nuclear localization signals: analysis of importin binding using a novel AlphaScreen-based method. Anal Biochem 2005; 348:49-56. [PMID: 16300722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Active nuclear import of proteins requires the recognition of a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) by members of the importin (IMP) family of proteins. We have developed a modified AlphaScreen-based assay able to estimate the solution binding affinities of such interactions using biotinylated IMPs and His6-tagged NLS-containing proteins. We describe this assay in detail as well as its application in documenting the phenomenon of intramolecular masking of NLSs using recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins containing sequences from the SV40 large tumor T antigen (T-ag). We also use it to examine, for the first time, IMP binding to the cancer cell-specific proapoptotic factor viral protein 3 (VP3) from the chicken anemia virus (CAV). High-affinity binding of the IMPalpha/beta heterodimer to the T-ag NLS was observed when the GFP tag was fused to its N terminus but not to its C terminus. Effects of flanking residues were also observed in GFP-T-ag fusion derivatives containing the Thr128 NLS-inactivating mutation, whereby the absence of flanking sequences N terminal to the T-ag NLS appeared to decrease the specificity of the mutation in terms of oblating IMPalpha/beta binding. IMPbeta, but not IMPalpha or the IMPalpha/beta heterodimer, was found to bind to CAV VP3 with high affinity. Interestingly, GFP-VP3(74-121) bound to IMPbeta with threefold higher affinity than the full-length protein, GFP-VP3(1-121), implying that the NLS is masked to a significant extent in the context of full-length protein. This may represent a regulatory mechanism to control nuclear import in a tumor cell-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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