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Rawat BS, Kumar D, Soni V, Rosenn EH. Therapeutic Potentials of Immunometabolomic Modulations Induced by Tuberculosis Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122127. [PMID: 36560537 PMCID: PMC9781011 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is emerging as a promising tool to understand the effect of immunometabolism for the development of novel host-directed alternative therapies. Immunometabolism can modulate both innate and adaptive immunity in response to pathogens and vaccinations. For instance, infections can affect lipid and amino acid metabolism while vaccines can trigger bile acid and carbohydrate pathways. Metabolomics as a vaccinomics tool, can provide a broader picture of vaccine-induced biochemical changes and pave a path to potentiate the vaccine efficacy. Its integration with other systems biology tools or treatment modes can enhance the cure, response rate, and control over the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection can remodel the host metabolism for its survival, while there are many biochemical pathways that the host adjusts to combat the infection. Similarly, the anti-TB vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), was also found to affect the host metabolic pathways thus modulating immune responses. In this review, we highlight the metabolomic schema of the anti-TB vaccine and its therapeutic applications. Rewiring of immune metabolism upon BCG vaccination induces different signaling pathways which lead to epigenetic modifications underlying trained immunity. Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, central carbon metabolism, and cholesterol synthesis play an important role in these aspects of immunity. Trained immunity and its applications are increasing day by day and it can be used to develop the next generation of vaccines to treat various other infections and orphan diseases. Our goal is to provide fresh insight into this direction and connect various dots to develop a conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh Rawat
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Soni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric H. Rosenn
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Queval CJ, Brosch R, Simeone R. The Macrophage: A Disputed Fortress in the Battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2284. [PMID: 29218036 PMCID: PMC5703847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB), has plagued humans for thousands of years. TB still remains a major public health problem in our era, causing more than 4,400 deaths worldwide every day and killing more people than HIV. After inhaling Mtb-contaminated aerosols, TB primo-infection starts in the terminal lung airways, where Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Although macrophages are known as professional killers for pathogens, Mtb has adopted remarkable strategies to circumvent host defenses, building suitable conditions to survive and proliferate. Within macrophages, Mtb initially resides inside phagosomes, where its survival mostly depends on its ability to take control of phagosomal processing, through inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and acidification processes, and by progressively getting access to the cytosol. Bacterial access to the cytosolic space is determinant for specific immune responses and cell death programs, both required for the replication and the dissemination of Mtb. Comprehension of the molecular events governing Mtb survival within macrophages is fundamental for the improvement of vaccine-based and therapeutic strategies in order to help the host to better defend itself in the battle against the fierce invader Mtb. In this mini-review, we discuss recent research exploring how Mtb conquers and transforms the macrophage into a strategic base for its survival and dissemination as well as the associated defense strategies mounted by host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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3
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Dong X, Li J, He J, Liu W, Jiang L, Ye Y, Wu C. Anti-infective mannose receptor immune mechanism in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:257-265. [PMID: 27071518 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mannose receptor (MR) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that plays a significant role in immunity responses. Its role has been described extensively in mammals, but very rarely in fish. Recently, with the rapid development of an aquaculture industry cultivating large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites are becoming more frequent and more severe, in particular bacterial infections caused by Vibrio anguillarum, resulting in great economical losses. Extensive use of antibiotics as conventional treatment has led to microenvironment imbalances, development of drug-resistant bacteria and deposition of drug residues, which cause environmental pollution and ultimately affect human health. The purpose of this pilot study was to detect the transcriptional levels of C-type mannose receptor genes MRC1 (4710-bp ORF; encoding 1437 aa; a signal peptide, a SMART RICIN domain, a SMART FN2 domain, eight SMART CLECT domain, and a transmembrane helix region) and MRC2 (3996-bp ORF; encoding 1484 aa; a SMART FN2 domain, eight SMART CLECT domains, and a transmembrane region) in the liver, kidney and spleen tissues of L. crocea challenged by V. anguillarum, to explore the effective domain and the molecular response mechanisms of MRC1 and MRC2, and, ultimately, to explore the possibility of developing a vaccine targeting V. anguillarum infections.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fish Diseases/genetics
- Fish Diseases/immunology
- Fish Diseases/microbiology
- Fish Proteins/chemistry
- Fish Proteins/genetics
- Fish Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/chemistry
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Perciformes
- Phylogeny
- Protein Domains
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment/veterinary
- Vibrio/physiology
- Vibrio Infections/genetics
- Vibrio Infections/immunology
- Vibrio Infections/microbiology
- Vibrio Infections/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China; Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Parco Gussone 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Jianyu He
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingying Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316022, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, PR China.
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4
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Abstract
SUMMARY Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide despite the availability of effective chemotherapy for over 60 years. Although Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination protects against active TB disease in some populations, its efficacy is suboptimal. Development of an effective TB vaccine is a top global priority that has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of protective immunity to TB. Thus far, preventing TB disease, rather than infection, has been the primary target for vaccine development. Several areas of research highlight the importance of including preinfection vaccines in the development pipeline. First, epidemiology and mathematical modeling studies indicate that a preinfection vaccine would have a high population-level impact for control of TB disease. Second, immunology studies support the rationale for targeting prevention of infection, with evidence that host responses may be more effective during acute infection than during chronic infection. Third, natural history studies indicate that resistance to TB infection occurs in a small percentage of the population. Fourth, case-control studies of BCG indicate that it may provide protection from infection. Fifth, prevention-of-infection trials would have smaller sample sizes and a shorter duration than disease prevention trials and would enable opportunities to search for correlates of immunity as well as serve as a criterion for selecting a vaccine product for testing in a larger TB disease prevention trial. Together, these points support expanding the focus of TB vaccine development efforts to include prevention of infection as a primary goal along with vaccines or other interventions that reduce the rate of transmission and reactivation.
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Zheng F, Asim M, Lan J, Zhao L, Wei S, Chen N, Liu X, Zhou Y, Lin L. Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Mannose Receptor in Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) during Infection with Aeromonas sobria. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10997-1012. [PMID: 25988382 PMCID: PMC4463687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose receptor (MR) is a member of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which plays a significant role in immunity responses. Much work on MR has been done in mammals and birds while little in fish. In this report, a MR gene (designated as zfMR) was cloned from zebra fish (Danio rerio), which is an attractive model for the studies of animal diseases. The full-length cDNA of zfMR contains 6248 bp encoding a putative protein of 1428 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequences showed that zfMR contained a cysteine-rich domain, a single fibronectin type II (FN II) domain, eight C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs), a transmembrane domain and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, sharing highly conserved structures with MRs from the other species. The MR mRNA could be detected in all examined tissues with highest level in kidney. The temporal expression patterns of MR, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs were analyzed in the liver, spleen, kidney and intestine post of infection with Aeromonas sobria. By immunohistochemistry assay, slight enhancement of MR protein was also observed in the spleen and intestine of the infected zebra fish. The established zebra fish-A. sobria infection model will be valuable for elucidating the role of MR in fish immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shun Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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6
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Innate Resistance to Tuberculosis in Man, Cattle and Laboratory Animal Models: Nipping Disease in the Bud? J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:291-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Recent advances in deciphering the contribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids to pathogenesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Gene-gene interaction between tuberculosis candidate genes in a South African population. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:100-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Espitia C, Servín-González L, Mancilla R. New insights into protein O-mannosylation in actinomycetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:775-81. [PMID: 20567761 DOI: 10.1039/b916394h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of surface exposed proteins and lipids present in all kingdoms of life. Information derived from bacterial genome sequencing, together with proteomic and genomic analysis has allowed the identification of the enzymatic glycosylation machinery. Among prokaryotes, O-mannosylation of proteins has been found in the actinomycetes and resembles protein O-mannosylation in fungi and higher eukaryotes. In this review we summarize the main features of the biosynthetic pathway of O-mannosylation in prokaryotes with special emphasis on the actinomycetes, as well as the biological role of the glycosylated target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
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10
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Abstract
The mammalian innate immune response provides a barrier against invading pathogens. Innate immune mechanisms are used by the host to respond to a range of bacterial pathogens in an acute and conserved fashion. Host cells express pattern recognition receptors that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After detection, an arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms is deployed to kill bacteria in infected cells. Innate immunity also stimulates antigen-specific responses mediated by the adaptive immune system. In response, pathogens manipulate host defence mechanisms to survive and eventually replicate. This Review focuses on the control of host innate immune responses by pathogenic intracellular bacteria.
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11
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Ehlers S. DC-SIGN and mannosylated surface structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a deceptive liaison. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:95-101. [PMID: 19892432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized by pattern recognition receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby triggering phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells and cytokine secretion. The dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein with specificity for mannose-containing glycoconjugates and fucose-containing Lewis antigens. Mannosylated moieties of the mycobacterial cell wall, such as mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (manLAM) or higher-order phosphatidylinositol-mannosides (PIMs) of Mtb, were previously shown to bind to DC-SIGN on immature dendritic cells and macrophage subpopulations. This interaction reportedly impaired dendritic cell maturation, modulated cytokine secretion by phagocytes and dendritic cells and was postulated to cause suppression of protective immunity to TB. However, experimental Mtb infections in mice transgenic for human DC-SIGN revealed that, instead of favoring immune evasion of mycobacteria, DC-SIGN may promote host protection by limiting tissue pathology. Furthermore, infection studies with mycobacterial strains genetically engineered to lack manLAM or PIMs demonstrated that the manLAM/PIM-DC-SIGN interaction was not critical for cytokine secretion in vitro and protective immunity in vivo. The dominant Mtb-derived ligands for DC-SIGN are presently unknown, and a major role of DC-SIGN in the immune response to Mtb infection may lie in its capacity to maintain a balanced inflammatory state during chronic TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehlers
- Microbial Inflammation Research, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
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12
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Möller M, de Wit E, Hoal EG. Past, present and future directions in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3-26. [PMID: 19780822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The historical impression that tuberculosis was an inherited disorder has come full circle and substantial evidence now exists of the human genetic contribution to susceptibility to tuberculosis. This evidence has come from several whole-genome linkage scans, and numerous case-control association studies where the candidate genes were derived from the genome screens, animal models and hypotheses pertaining to the disease pathways. Although many of the associated genes have not been validated in all studies, the list of those that have been is growing, and includes NRAMP1, IFNG, NOS2A, MBL, VDR and some TLR. Certain of these genes have consistently been associated with tuberculosis in diverse populations. The future investigation of susceptibility to tuberculosis is almost certain to include genome-wide association studies, admixture mapping and the search for rare variants and epigenetic mechanisms. The genetic identification of more vulnerable individuals is expected to inform personalized treatment and perhaps vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Möller
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and the DST/NRF Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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13
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Guenin-Macé L, Siméone R, Demangel C. Lipids of Pathogenic Mycobacteria: Contributions to Virulence and Host Immune Suppression. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:255-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Influence of the mannose receptor in host immune responses. Immunobiology 2009; 214:554-61. [PMID: 19162368 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mannose receptor (MR) is a C-type lectin primarily expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Its three distinct extracellular binding sites recognise a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous ligands, therefore MR has been implicated in both homeostatic processes and pathogen recognition. However, the function of MR in host defence is not yet clearly understood as MR-deficient animals do not display enhanced susceptibility to pathogens bearing MR ligands. This scenario is even more complex when considering the role of MR in innate immune activation as, even though no intracellular signalling motif has been identified at its cytoplasmic tail, MR has been shown to be essential for cytokine production, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, MR might interact with other canonical pattern recognition receptors in order to mediate intracellular signalling. In this review, we have summarised recent observations relating to MR function in immune responses and focused on its participation in phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, cell migration and intracellular signalling.
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15
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Randhawa AK, Hawn TR. Toll-like receptors: their roles in bacterial recognition and respiratory infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:479-95. [PMID: 18662115 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, the immunologic factors that mediate host susceptibility to these infections remain poorly understood. The lung contains a vast surface at the host-environment interface and acts as a crucial barrier to invading pathogens. The lung is equipped with specialized epithelial and hematopoietic cells, which express pattern recognition receptors that act as both sentinels and mediators of pulmonary innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate a particularly critical role in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of the host immune response. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of TLRs and their bacterial ligands and explore their role in respiratory infections. Moreover, we will highlight recent advances in the role of TLRs in pulmonary infections from a human immunogenetics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Medicine/Division of Allergy & Infections Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most important bacterial infection world wide. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives and proliferates within macrophages. Immune mediators such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) activate macrophages and promote bacterial killing. IFN-gamma is predominantly secreted by innate cells (mainly natural killer (NK) cells) and by T cells upon instruction by interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-18. These cytokines are primarily produced by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling interaction with tubercle bacilli. These signals also induce pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1beta and TNF-alpha), chemokines and defensins. The inflammatory environment further recruits innate effector cells such as macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and NK cells to the infectious foci. This eventually leads to the downstream establishment of acquired T cell immunity which appears to be protective in more than 90% of infected individuals. Robust innate immune activation is considered an essential prerequisite for protective immunity and vaccine efficacy. However, data published so far provide a muddled view of the functional importance of innate immunity in tuberculosis. Here we critically discuss certain aspects of innate immunity, namely PMN, TLRs and NK cells, as characterised in tuberculosis to date, and their contribution to protection and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Korbel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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17
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Ito T, Hasegawa A, Hosokawa H, Yamashita M, Motohashi S, Naka T, Okamoto Y, Fujita Y, Ishii Y, Taniguchi M, Yano I, Nakayama T. Human Th1 differentiation induced by lipoarabinomannan/lipomannan from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo-172. Int Immunol 2008; 20:849-60. [PMID: 18469327 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacilli) and the related acid-fast bacteria including Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmett-Guerin (BCG) have a characteristic cell wall (CW) containing various lipoglycans and glycolipids. Such lipoglycans have been reported to activate type-I inflammatory responses via dendritic cells (DCs) through Toll-like receptor 2. In this study, lipoglycans, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), lipomannan (LM) and phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM), were purified from the CW fractions of M. bovis BCG Tokyo-172, and the effect on the differentiation of human peripheral blood naive CD4 T cells into T(h)1 and T(h)2 was examined. LAM/LM molecules enhanced T(h)1 differentiation under both T(h)1 and T(h)2 conditions, whereas some other glycolipids and phospholipid enhanced T(h)2 differentiation under T(h)2 conditions. Other components had little effect under the given conditions. Even in highly purified CD4 T cell cultures, LAM/LM enhanced T(h)1 generation only under T(h)1 culture conditions. These results indicate that LAM/LM possesses a potent augmenting activity in T(h)1 differentiation in human CD4 T cells. LAM/LM appeared to act directly on naive CD4 T cells to enhance T(h)1 differentiation under T(h)1 culture conditions, while acting indirectly to up-regulate the generation of T(h)1 cells via IL-12/DCs under T(h)1 and T(h)2 conditions. Therefore, these results provide the first evidence indicating that LAM/LM from M. bovis BCG may possess a potent modulating activity in the human system, and thus supporting the strategy for the use of BCG components in the vaccine development for such T(h)2 diseases as allergic asthma and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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18
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Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, Khor CC, Tosh K, Floyd S, Jackson-Sillah D, Crampin A, Sichali L, Bah B, Gustafson P, Aaby P, McAdam KPWJ, Bah-Sow O, Lienhardt C, Sirugo G, Fine P, Hill AVS. CD209 genetic polymorphism and tuberculosis disease. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1388. [PMID: 18167547 PMCID: PMC2148105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. DC-SIGN, encoded by CD209, is a receptor capable of binding and internalizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Previous studies have reported that the CD209 promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-336A/G exerts an effect on CD209 expression and is associated with human susceptibility to dengue, HIV-1 and tuberculosis in humans. The present study investigates the role of the CD209 -336A/G variant in susceptibility to tuberculosis in a large sample of individuals from sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings A total of 2,176 individuals enrolled in tuberculosis case-control studies from four sub-Saharan Africa countries were genotyped for the CD209 -336A/G SNP (rs4804803). Significant overall protection against pulmonary tuberculosis was observed with the -336G allele when the study groups were combined (n = 914 controls vs. 1262 cases, Mantel-Haenszel 2x2 χ2 = 7.47, P = 0.006, odds ratio = 0.86, 95%CI 0.77–0.96). In addition, the patients with -336GG were associated with a decreased risk of cavitory tuberculosis, a severe form of tuberculosis disease (n = 557, Pearson's 2×2 χ2 = 17.34, P = 0.00003, odds ratio = 0.42, 95%CI 0.27–0.65). This direction of association is opposite to a previously observed result in a smaller study of susceptibility to tuberculosis in a South African Coloured population, but entirely in keeping with the previously observed protective effect of the -336G allele. Conclusion This study finds that the CD209 -336G variant allele is associated with significant protection against tuberculosis in individuals from sub-Saharan Africa and, furthermore, cases with -336GG were significantly less likely to develop tuberculosis-induced lung cavitation. Previous in vitro work demonstrated that the promoter variant -336G allele causes down-regulation of CD209 mRNA expression. Our present work suggests that decreased levels of the DC-SIGN receptor may therefore be protective against both clinical tuberculosis in general and cavitory tuberculosis disease in particular. This is consistent with evidence that Mycobacteria can utilize DC-SIGN binding to suppress the protective pro-inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik O Vannberg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Rothfuchs AG, Bafica A, Feng CG, Egen JG, Williams DL, Brown GD, Sher A. Dectin-1 interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to enhanced IL-12p40 production by splenic dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3463-71. [PMID: 17785780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dectin-1 is a fungal pattern recognition receptor that binds to beta-glucans and triggers cytokine production by facilitating interaction with TLR2 or by directly activating spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). To assess the possible role of Dectin-1 in the innate response to mycobacteria, we used an in vitro system in which IL-12p40 production is measured in splenic dendritic cells (SpDC) following exposure to live Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. Treatment of SpDC with laminarin or glucan phosphate, two molecules known to block Dectin-1-dependent activity, led to a reduction in M. tuberculosis-induced IL-12p40 as well as IL-12p70 production. Moreover, SpDC from Dectin-1-/- chimeric mice displayed reduced IL-12p40 production in response to mycobacteria when compared with Dectin-sufficient DC. Laminarin treatment also inhibited mycobacterial-induced IL-12p40 production in DC from TLR2-/- mice, arguing that Dectin-1 functions independently of TLR2 signaling in this system. Importantly, a Dectin-1 fusion protein was found to directly bind to live mycobacteria in a laminarin-inhibitable manner indicating the presence of ligands for the receptor in the bacterium and laminarin pretreatment resulted in reduced association of mycobacteria to SpDC. In additional experiments, mycobacterial stimulation was shown to be associated with increased phosphorylation of Syk and this response was inhibited by laminarin. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of Syk reduced the M. tuberculosis-induced IL-12p40 response. Together, these findings support a role for Dectin-1 in promoting M. tuberculosis-induced IL-12p40 production by DC in which the receptor augments bacterial-host cell interaction and enhances the subsequent cytokine response through an unknown mechanism involving Syk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gigliotti Rothfuchs
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Promoter and neck region length variation of DC-SIGN is not associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:908-12. [PMID: 18082570 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) is an important pathogen recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Recent studies showed that DC-SIGN is the major receptor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on human dendritic cells and that polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN promoter region are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis. In this light, we aimed to study the potential implication of DC-SIGN genetic variation in the predisposition to tuberculosis in a group of Tunisian patients. We thus performed an association study comprising 138 tuberculosis patients and 140 healthy controls. Sequencing of the DC-SIGN promoter region detected four polymorphisms (-939, -871, -601, and -336), but no differences in their allelic distribution were observed between the two groups. In addition, the analysis of length variation in the DC-SIGN neck region indicated extremely low levels of polymorphisms and, again, no differences between patients and controls. Our data showed therefore that neither promoter variants nor length variation in the neck region of DC-SIGN is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients.
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21
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Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, van Helden PD, Gicquel B, Hoal EG, Quintana-Murci L. Length variation of DC-SIGN and L-SIGN neck-region has no impact on tuberculosis susceptibility. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:106-12. [PMID: 17321900 PMCID: PMC7132702 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are important pathogen-recognition receptors of the human innate immune system. Both lectins have been shown to interact with a vast range of infectious agents, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans. In addition, DC-SIGN and L-SIGN possess a neck region, made up of a variable number of 23 amino acid tandem repeats, which plays a crucial role in the tetramerization of these proteins and support of the carbohydrate recognition domain. The length of the neck region, which shows variable levels of polymorphism, can critically influence the pathogen binding properties of these two receptors. We therefore investigated the impact of the DC-SIGN and L-SIGN neck-region length variation on the outcome of tuberculosis by screening this polymorphism in a large cohort of Coloured South African origin. The analyses of 711 individuals, including 351 tuberculosis patients and 360 healthy controls, revealed that none of the DC-SIGN and L-SIGN neck-region variants or genotypes seems to influence the individual susceptibility to develop tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Barreiro
- CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Gilleron M, Lindner B, Puzo G. MS/MS approach for characterization of the fatty acid distribution on mycobacterial phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides. Anal Chem 2007; 78:8543-8. [PMID: 17165851 DOI: 10.1021/ac061574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIM) are not only important structural components of the mycobacterial envelope but also are major non-peptidic antigens of the host innate and acquired immune responses. Indeed, they are ligands of TLR-2 and they activate CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. In addition, PIM constitute the basic structure of the lipidic anchor of two lipoglycans, lipomannans and lipoarabinomannans, which are important immunomodulators in the course of tuberculosis. The fatty acyl substituents present on PIM molecules play a crucial role for both their physical properties and biological activities. PIM contain four acylation sites, two on the glycerol, one on a mannose, and one on the myo-inositol units. We propose here an analytical procedure, based on mass spectrometry, to determine the structure of the fatty acids present on each of these different acylation sites. We show that the nature of the fatty acids located on both positions of glycerol can be deduced from IRMPD analysis of negative precursor ions from native PIM species, while the fatty acids located on myo-inositol and mannose units can be identified by MALDI-TOF CID MS of protonated and cationized molecular ions. Thus, the combination of MS/MS data obtained from positive and negative pseudomolecular ions generated by ESI or MALDI appears as a powerful approach for the structural characterization of the PIM acyl form structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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23
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Neyrolles O, Hernández-Pando R, Pietri-Rouxel F, Fornès P, Tailleux L, Barrios Payán JA, Pivert E, Bordat Y, Aguilar D, Prévost MC, Petit C, Gicquel B. Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence? PLoS One 2006; 1:e43. [PMID: 17183672 PMCID: PMC1762355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), has the ability to persist in its human host for exceptionally long periods of time. However, little is known about the location of the bacilli in latently infected individuals. Long-term mycobacterial persistence in the lungs has been reported, but this may not sufficiently account for strictly extra-pulmonary TB, which represents 10–15% of the reactivation cases. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied in situ and conventional PCR to sections of adipose tissue samples of various anatomical origins from 19 individuals from Mexico and 20 from France who had died from causes other than TB. M. tuberculosis DNA could be detected by either or both techniques in fat tissue surrounding the kidneys, the stomach, the lymph nodes, the heart and the skin in 9/57 Mexican samples (6/19 individuals), and in 8/26 French samples (6/20 individuals). In addition, mycobacteria could be immuno-detected in perinodal adipose tissue of 1 out of 3 biopsy samples from individuals with active TB. In vitro, using a combination of adipose cell models, including the widely used murine adipose cell line 3T3-L1, as well as primary human adipocytes, we show that after binding to scavenger receptors, M. tuberculosis can enter within adipocytes, where it accumulates intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions and survives in a non-replicating state that is insensitive to the major anti-mycobacterial drug isoniazid. Conclusions/Significance Given the abundance and the wide distribution of the adipose tissue throughout the body, our results suggest that this tissue, among others, might constitute a vast reservoir where the tubercle bacillus could persist for long periods of time, and avoid both killing by antimicrobials and recognition by the host immune system. In addition, M. tuberculosis-infected adipocytes might provide a new model to investigate dormancy and to evaluate new drugs for the treatment of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Neyrolles
- Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
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24
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Herrmann J, Tailleux L, Nigou J, Giquel B, Puzo G, Lagrange P, Neyrolles O. Rôle des cellules dendritiques humaines dans la tuberculose : protecteur ou non protecteur ? Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)71584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Stadthagen G, Jackson M, Charles P, Boudou F, Barilone N, Huerre M, Constant P, Liav A, Bottova I, Nigou J, Brando T, Puzo G, Daffé M, Benjamin P, Coade S, Buxton RS, Tascon RE, Rae A, Robertson BD, Lowrie DB, Young DB, Gicquel B, Griffin R. Comparative investigation of the pathogenicity of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants defective in the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2245-53. [PMID: 16782391 PMCID: PMC2964916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (p-HBADs) are glycoconjugates secreted by all Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates whose contribution to pathogenicity remains to be determined. The pathogenicity of three transposon mutants of M. tuberculosis deficient in the biosynthesis of some or all forms of p-HBADs was studied. Whilst the mutants grew similarly to the wild-type strain in macrophages and C57BL/6 mice, two of the mutants induced a more severe and diffuse inflammation in the lungs. The lack of production of some or all forms of p-HBADs in these two mutants also correlated with an increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and interleukin 12 in vivo. We propose that the loss of production of p-HBADs by tubercle bacilli results in their diminished ability to suppress the pro-inflammatory response to infection and that this ultimately provokes extensive pulmonary lesions in the C57BL/6 model of tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Jackson
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Charles
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Boudou
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | - Patricia Constant
- Département “Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes”, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie structurale, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077-Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Avraham Liav
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Iveta Bottova
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Département “Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes”, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie structurale, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077-Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Thérèse Brando
- Département “Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes”, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie structurale, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077-Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Germain Puzo
- Département “Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes”, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie structurale, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077-Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Département “Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes”, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie structurale, CNRS, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077-Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Pearline Benjamin
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Stephen Coade
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Roger S. Buxton
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Ricardo E. Tascon
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Aaron Rae
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Level 3, Flowers building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Brian D. Robertson
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Level 3, Flowers building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Douglas B. Young
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Level 3, Flowers building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ruth Griffin
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Level 3, Flowers building, Imperial College, London, UK
- Corresponding author. TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: 44 1932 341 111; fax: +44 1932 359 448. (R. Griffin)
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Pitarque S, Herrmann JL, Duteyrat JL, Jackson M, Stewart G, Lecointe F, Payre B, Schwartz O, Young D, Marchal G, Lagrange P, Puzo G, Gicquel B, Nigou J, Neyrolles O. Deciphering the molecular bases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis binding to the lectin DC-SIGN reveals an underestimated complexity. Biochem J 2006; 392:615-24. [PMID: 16092920 PMCID: PMC1316302 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the aetiological agent of tuberculosis in humans, are thought to be central to anti-mycobacterial immunity. We have previously shown that M. tuberculosis binds to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells mostly through the C-type lectin DC-SIGN (dendritic-cell-specific intercellular molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin)/CD209, and we have suggested that DC-SIGN may discriminate between mycobacterial species through recognition of the mannose-capping residues on the lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan of the bacterial envelope. Here, using a variety of fast- and slow-growing Mycobacterium species, we provide further evidence that mycobacteria recognition by DC-SIGN may be restricted to species of the M. tuberculosis complex. Fine analyses of the lipoarabinomannan molecules purified from these species show that the structure and amount of these molecules alone cannot account for such a preferential recognition. We propose that M. tuberculosis recognition by DC-SIGN relies on both a potential difference of accessibility of lipoarabinomannan in its envelope and, more probably, on the binding of additional ligands, possibly including lipomannan, mannose-capped arabinomannan, as well as the mannosylated 19 kDa and 45 kDa [Apa (alanine/proline-rich antigen)] glycoproteins. Altogether, our results reveal that the molecular basis of M. tuberculosis binding to DC-SIGN is more complicated than previously thought and provides further insight into the mechanisms of M. tuberculosis recognition by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pitarque
- *Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- ‡Université Lariboisière-Saint Louis, Equipe d'Accueil EA3510, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Microbiologie, 1 avenue C. Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- †Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mary Jackson
- §Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Graham R. Stewart
- ††Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biological Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - François Lecointe
- ∥Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Payre
- †Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- ¶Institut Pasteur, Groupe Virus et Immunité, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Douglas B. Young
- ††Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biological Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Gilles Marchal
- ¶Institut Pasteur, Groupe Virus et Immunité, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe H. Lagrange
- ‡Université Lariboisière-Saint Louis, Equipe d'Accueil EA3510, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Microbiologie, 1 avenue C. Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Germain Puzo
- *Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- §Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- *Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- §Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- ††Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biological Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, Tailleux L, Quach H, McElreavey K, van Helden PD, Hoal EG, Gicquel B, Quintana-Murci L. Promoter variation in the DC-SIGN-encoding gene CD209 is associated with tuberculosis. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e20. [PMID: 16379498 PMCID: PMC1324949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The C-type lectin DC-SIGN is known to be the major M. tuberculosis receptor on human dendritic cells. We reasoned that if DC-SIGN interacts with M. tuberculosis, as well as with other pathogens, variation in this gene might have a broad range of influence in the pathogenesis of a number of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS We tested whether polymorphisms in CD209, the gene encoding DC-SIGN, are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis through sequencing and genotyping analyses in a South African cohort. After exclusion of significant population stratification in our cohort, we observed an association between two CD209 promoter variants (-871G and -336A) and decreased risk of developing tuberculosis. By looking at the geographical distribution of these variants, we observed that their allelic combination is mainly confined to Eurasian populations. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that the two -871G and -336A variants confer protection against tuberculosis. In addition, the geographic distribution of these two alleles, together with their phylogenetic status, suggest that they may have increased in frequency in non-African populations as a result of host genetic adaptation to a longer history of exposure to tuberculosis. Further characterization of the biological consequences of DC-SIGN variation in tuberculosis will be crucial to better appreciate the role of this lectin in interactions between the host immune system and the tubercle bacillus as well as other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Barreiro
- 1CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 2Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- 2Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chantal L Babb
- 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ludovic Tailleux
- 2Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Quach
- 1CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ken McElreavey
- 4Reproduction, Fertilité et Populations, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- 2Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- 1CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Tailleux L, Pham-Thi N, Bergeron-Lafaurie A, Herrmann JL, Charles P, Schwartz O, Scheinmann P, Lagrange PH, de Blic J, Tazi A, Gicquel B, Neyrolles O. DC-SIGN induction in alveolar macrophages defines privileged target host cells for mycobacteria in patients with tuberculosis. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e381. [PMID: 16279841 PMCID: PMC1283365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interplays between Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB) in human and host professional phagocytes, namely macrophages (Mphis) and dendritic cells (DCs), are central to immune protection against TB and to TB pathogenesis. We and others have recently shown that the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) mediates important interactions between mycobacteria and human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) in vitro. METHODS AND FINDINGS In order to explore the possible role of DC-SIGN in M. tuberculosis infection in vivo, we have analysed DC-SIGN expression in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with TB (n = 40) or with other non-mycobacterial lung pathologies, namely asthma (n = 14) and sarcoidosis (n = 11), as well as from control individuals (n = 9). We show that in patients with TB, up to 70% of alveolar Mphis express DC-SIGN. By contrast, the lectin is barely detected in alveolar Mphis from all other individuals. Flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses of BAL-derived fluids and cells indicated that M. tuberculosis infection induces DC-SIGN expression in alveolar Mphis by a mechanism that is independent of Toll-like receptor-4, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. This mechanism most likely relies on the secretion of soluble host and/or mycobacterial factors that have yet to be identified, as both infected and uninfected bystander Mphis were found to express DC-SIGN in the presence of M. tuberculosis. Immunohistochemical examination of lung biopsy samples from patients with TB showed that the bacilli concentrate in pulmonary regions enriched in DC-SIGN-expressing alveolar Mphis in vivo. Ex vivo binding and inhibition of binding experiments further revealed that DC-SIGN-expressing alveolar Mphis constitute preferential target cells for M. tuberculosis, as compared to their DC-SIGN- counterparts. In contrast with what has been reported previously in MoDCs in vitro, ex vivo DC-SIGN ligation by mycobacterial products failed to induce IL-10 secretion by alveolar Mphis, and IL-10 was not detected in BALs from patients with TB. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results provide further evidence for an important role of DC-SIGN during TB in humans. DC-SIGN induction in alveolar Mphis may have important consequences on lung colonization by the tubercle bacillus, and on pulmonary inflammatory and immune responses in the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Tailleux
- 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (LT), E-mail: (ON)
| | - Nhan Pham-Thi
- 2Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Patricia Charles
- 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Scheinmann
- 2Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques de Blic
- 2Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Abdellatif Tazi
- 3Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
- 6Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2172, Paris, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (LT), E-mail: (ON)
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Ryffel B, Fremond C, Jacobs M, Parida S, Botha T, Schnyder B, Quesniaux V. Innate immunity to mycobacterial infection in mice: Critical role for toll-like receptors. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 85:395-405. [PMID: 16257265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the recognition of several pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterial antigens recognize distinct TLRs resulting in rapid activation of cells of the innate immune system. Ablation of most of the TLR signalling as in mice deficient for the common adaptor protein MyD88 reveals that TLR is crucial for the activation of an innate immune response. MyD88-deficient mice are unable to clear virulent mycobacteria and succumb to acute necrotic pneumonia. Despite the profound defect of the innate immune response, MyD88 deficiency allows the emergence of an adaptive immunity. These data demonstrate that activation of multiple TLRs contributes to an efficient innate response to mycobacteria, while MyD88-dependent signalling is dispensable to generate adaptive immunity.
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Tian T, Woodworth J, Sköld M, Behar SM. In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+Cells Delays the CD4+T Cell Response toMycobacterium tuberculosisand Exacerbates the Outcome of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3268-72. [PMID: 16116218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although dendritic cells (DC) are potent APC that prime T cells against many pathogens, there is no direct evidence that DC are required for immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The requirement for DC to prime the CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection was investigated using pCD11c-diptheria toxin receptor/GFP transgenic mice, in which DC can be transiently ablated in vivo. We show a critical role for DC in initiation of the CD4+ T cell response to the mycobacterial Ag early secretory Ag of tuberculosis 6. The delay in initiating the Ag-specific T cell response led to impaired control of Mtb replication. Interestingly, DC were not required for the secondary CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection in peptide-vaccinated mice. Thus, this study shows that DC are essential for the initiation of the adaptive T cell response to the human pathogen Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Gibson KJC, Gilleron M, Constant P, Sichi B, Puzo G, Besra GS, Nigou J. A lipomannan variant with strong TLR-2-dependent pro-inflammatory activity in Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28347-56. [PMID: 15955814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505498200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipomannans (LMs) are powerful pro-inflammatory lipoglycans found in mycobacteria and related genera, however the molecular bases of their activity are not fully understood. We report here the isolation and the structural and functional characterization of a new lipomannan variant present in the Pseudonocardineae, Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes, designated SaeLM. Using a range of chemical degradations, NMR experiments, and mass spectrometry analyses, SaeLM revealed a mannosylphosphatidyl-myo-inositol (MPI) anchor glycosylated by an original carbohydrate structure whereby an (alpha1-->6)-Manp backbone is substituted at >80% of the O-2 position by side chains composed of Manp-(alpha1-->2)-Manp-(alpha1-->. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis indicated a distribution of SaeLM glyco-forms ranging from 19 to 61 Manp units, which centered on species containing 37 or 40 Manp units. SaeLM induced a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2)-dependent production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell lines and interestingly was found to be the strongest inducer of this pro-inflammatory cytokine when compared with other LAM/LM-like molecules. We previously established that a linear (alpha1-->6)-Manp chain, linked to the MPI anchor, is sufficient in providing pro-inflammatory activity. We demonstrate here that by adding side chains and increasing their size, one may potentiate this activity. These findings should enable a better understanding of the structure/function relationships of TLR-2-dependent lipoglycan signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J C Gibson
- School of Bioscience, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Herrmann JL, Lagrange PH. Dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: which is the Trojan horse? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:35-40. [PMID: 15620608 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new scenario has been unraveled recently--the interaction between the human dendritic cell (DC) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Whether this encounter represents a defense mechanism by the invaded host, or a smoke screen, masking the presence of an invader is still unknown. The intracellular behavior of M. tuberculosis inside DCs differs compared to macrophages (Mphis), with a failure of replication. The intracellular compartment of the DC, disconnected from the exocytic and endocytic pathways, and characterized by the absence of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi features, places M. tuberculosis in a hostile environment, where a ready source of nutrients is scarce. The differential behavior inside Mphis and DCs is linked to a different portal of entry. DCs harbor surface lectins receptors, like DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209), a binding site which is absent on Mphis. This receptor interacts exclusively with M. tuberculosis. The ligand is the mannose-capped lipoarabinomanan (LAM), absent from atypical mycobacteria. M. smegmatis, M. chelonae and M. fortuitum, which possess LAM capped with phosphoinositides residues, do not bind to DC-SIGN, demonstrating a role for DC-SIGN as a 'pattern-recognition receptor' with the ability to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria. Interactions of M. tuberculosis with DC-SIGN have antiinflammatory effects. Whether this property is of benefit to the invader remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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Quesniaux V, Fremond C, Jacobs M, Parida S, Nicolle D, Yeremeev V, Bihl F, Erard F, Botha T, Drennan M, Soler MN, Le Bert M, Schnyder B, Ryffel B. Toll-like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:946-59. [PMID: 15310472 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection depends on recognition of the pathogen and the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) were shown to play a critical role in the recognition of several pathogens. Mycobacterial antigens recognise distinct TLR resulting in rapid activation of cells of the innate immune system. Recent evidence from in vitro and in vivo investigations, summarised in this review demonstrates TLR-dependent activation of innate immune response, while the induction of adaptive immunity to mycobacteria may be TLR independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Quesniaux
- CNRS, IEM2815, Institut Transgenose, 3B, rue de la Ferollerie, 45071 Orleans, France
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Darieva Z, Lasunskaia EB, Campos MNN, Kipnis TL, Da Silva WD. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase cascades enhances NF-κB-dependent gene transcription in BCG-stimulated macrophages through promotion of p65/p300 binding. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:689-97. [PMID: 14742634 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0603280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory response of infected macrophages is an important early host defense mechanism against mycobacterial infection. Mycobacteria have been demonstrated to induce proinflammatory gene transcription through the Toll-like receptors, (TLR)2 and TLR 4, which initiate signaling cascades leading to nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. The main transduction pathway responsible for NF-kappaB activation has been established and involves the MyD88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, and inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex. The role of other kinase cascades triggered by mycobacteria in the NF-kappaB activation is less clear. We herein examine the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) cascades in the expression of the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) mycobacteria-induced NF-kappaB-dependent genes, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Specific pharmacological inhibition of the PI-3K, c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and to a smaller extent, p38 MAPK but not extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), suppressed NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription and MIP-2 and NO secretion in BCG-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. A similar effect was obtained following molecular inhibition of JNK via JNK-interacting protein-1 overexpression. In addition, a kinase-dead mutant of MEK kinase-1, the up-stream regulator of JNK, also proved to be a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB-reporter activity. The effect of inhibitors was mediated by the down-regulation of NF-kappaB transcription activity and without effecting its nuclear translocation. These data suggest an indirect mechanism of the NF-kappaB regulation by these kinases, probably through p65 phosphorylation and improved binding to the p300 transcription coactivator. The data obtained demonstrate that PI-3K, JNK, and p38 MAPK activation by mycobacteria enhance NF-kappaB-driven gene expression contributing to the proinflammatory macrophage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoulfia Darieva
- Laboratóire de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universisade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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