1
|
Ranjbar M, Rahimi A, Baghernejadan Z, Ghorbani A, Khorramdelazad H. Role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible Treatments: All options on the Table. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109325. [PMID: 36252475 PMCID: PMC9561120 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is cause of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In the last two years, SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people worldwide with different waves, resulting in the death of many individuals. The evidence disclosed that the host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a pivotal role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. In addition to inducing antiviral immune responses, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause dysregulated inflammatory responses characterized by the noticeable release of proinflammatory mediators in COVID-19 patients. Among these proinflammatory mediators, chemokines are considered a subset of cytokines that participate in the chemotaxis process to recruit immune and non-immune cells to the site of inflammation and infection. Researchers have demonstrated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and its receptor (CCR2) are involved in the recruitment of monocytes and infiltration of these cells into the lungs of patients suffering from COVID-19. Moreover, elevated levels of CCL2 have been reported in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from patients with severe COVID-19, initiating cytokine storm and promoting CD163+ myeloid cells infiltration in the airways and further alveolar damage. Therefore, CCL2/CCR axis plays a key role in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and targeted therapy of involved molecules in this axis can be a potential therapeutic approach for these patients. This review discusses the biology of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as well as the role of this axis in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis, along with therapeutic options aimed at inhibiting CCL2/CCR2 and modulating dysregulated inflammatory responses in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ranjbar
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Baghernejadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Ghorbani
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
CXCL10 Chemokine: A Critical Player in RNA and DNA Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112445. [PMID: 36366543 PMCID: PMC9696077 DOI: 10.3390/v14112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a group of small, secreted proteins that regulate leukocyte migration and contribute to their activation. Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators that play a key role in managing viral infections, during which the profile of chemokine expression helps shape the immune response and regulate viral clearance, improving clinical outcome. In particular, the chemokine ligand CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 were explored in a plethora of RNA and DNA viral infections. In this review, we highlight the expression profile and role of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in the host defense against a variety of RNA and DNA viral infections. We also discuss the interactions among viruses and host cells that trigger CXCL10 expression, as well as the signaling cascades induced in CXCR3 positive cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
CXC Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Disease and Pharmacological Relevance. Int J Inflam 2022; 2022:4558159. [PMID: 36164329 PMCID: PMC9509283 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4558159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in the pathophysiology of many diseases by regulating the cellular migration of major inflammatory and immune players. The CXC motif chemokine subfamily is the second largest family, and it is further subdivided into ELR motif CXC (ELR+) and non-ELR motif (ELR-) CXC chemokines, which are effective chemoattractants for neutrophils and lymphocytes/monocytes, respectively. These chemokines and their receptors are expected to have a significant impact on a wide range of lung diseases, many of which have inflammatory or immunological underpinnings. As a result, manipulations of this subfamily of chemokines and their receptors using small molecular agents and other means have been explored for potential therapeutic benefit in the setting of several lung pathologies. Furthermore, encouraging preclinical data has necessitated the progression of a few of these drugs into clinical trials in order to make the most effective use of interventions in the development of viable targeted therapeutics. The current review presents the understanding of the roles of CXC ligands (CXCLs) and their cognate receptors (CXCRs) in the pathogenesis of several lung diseases such as allergic rhinitis, COPD, lung fibrosis, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. The potential therapeutic benefits of pharmacological or other CXCL/CXCR axis manipulations are also discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
Collapse
|
5
|
Georgountzou A, Kokkinou D, Taka S, Maggina P, Lakoumentas J, Papaevangelou V, Tsolia M, Xepapadaki P, Andreakos E, Papadopoulos NG. Differential maturation trajectories of innate antiviral immunity in health and atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1843-1856. [PMID: 34288122 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maturation of innate immune responses in health and atopy is still incompletely understood. METHODS We aimed to evaluate age-related trajectories of the TLR3 and TLR7/8 pathways from birth to adulthood and whether these differ between healthy and atopic individuals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 39 otherwise healthy, atopic and 39 non-atopic subjects, aged 0-45 years. Selected cytokines involved in antiviral responses were measured by Luminex in culture supernatants of poly(I:C)- and R848-stimulated PBMCs. The non-parametric correlation between age and cytokine expression and differences in developmental trajectories between healthy and atopic subjects were estimated. Patterns of cytokine development were identified with principal component analysis. RESULTS Normal innate immune maturation entails significant and progressive age-related changes in the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1β, MCP-3, IP-10, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ upon TLR3 and/or TLR7/8 stimulation. Individual cytokines made small contributions to the observed variability; chemokines MCP-3 and IP-10 were key contributors. The development of these pathways deviated in atopic subjects with significant differences observed in the trajectories of IL-1β, MIP-1β, and IL-10 syntheses. CONCLUSION TLR3 and TLR7/8 pathways mature during childhood, while atopy is associated with an abnormal maturation pattern. Suboptimal responses in Th1, inflammatory cytokine, and chemokine production may be implicated in poor antiviral immunity in atopics. Moreover, the deficient maturation of IL-10 synthesis may be implicated in the breaking of tolerance, characterizing the onset of atopic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Georgountzou
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kokkinou
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Taka
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Maggina
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Lakoumentas
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Department of Immunology, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:976-988. [PMID: 33558827 PMCID: PMC7859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, chemokines may be the direct cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome, a major complication leading to death in about 40% of severe cases. Several clinical investigations revealed that chemokines are directly involved in the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis to better understand the disease immunopathology which may aid in developing possible therapeutic targets for the infection.
Collapse
Key Words
- AECs, airway epithelial cells
- AP-1, Activator Protein 1
- ARDS
- ARDS, acute respiratory disease syndrome
- BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid
- CAP, community acquired pneumonia
- COVID-19
- CRS, cytokine releasing syndrome
- Chemokine Receptors
- Chemokines
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus
- IFN, interferon
- IMM, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages
- IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Immunity
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- RSV, rous sarcoma virus
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen that has been responsible for numerous outbreaks of febrile arthralgia since its discovery in the early 1950s. In the past decade, the virus has re-emerged more frequently, causing massive epidemics that have moved from Africa throughout the Indian Ocean to India and Southeast Asia. A discussion of the virus, its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and immunity are presented in this article.
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Falahi Y, Sand KL, Knudsen E, Damaj BB, Rolin J, Maghazachi AA. Splenic natural killer cell activity in two models of experimental neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2008. [PMID: 19397784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are antitumour/anti-viral effectors and play important roles in shaping the immune system, but their role in neurodegenerative diseases is not clear. Here, we investigated the fate of these cells in two neurodegenerative diseases. In the first model, the activity of NK cells was examined in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) treated with glatiramer acetate (GA or Copaxone), a drug used to treat EAE in animals and multiple sclerosis in human. The second disease model is twitcher (Galc(twi)/Galc(twi)) mice, which represents an authentic model of human Krabbe's disease. Administration of GA ameliorated EAE in SJL mice corroborated with isolating NK cells that expressed higher killing than cells isolated from vehicle-dosed animals against immature or mature dendritic cells (DCs). However, this drug showed no effect on the numbers of NK cells or the expression of CD69 molecule. On the other hand, NK cells either disappeared from the spleens or were present in low numbers in the white pulp areas of Galc(twi)/Galc(twi) mice, which have increased D-galactosyl-beta1-1'-sphingosine (GalSph) levels. Analysis by confocal microscopy shows that NK cells found in the spleens of Galc(twi)/Galc(twi) mice were apoptotic. Incubating NK cells in vitro with GalSph induced the apoptosis in these cells, confirming the results of twitcher mice. Our results provide the first evidence showing that amelioration of EAE in mice is corroborated with NK cell lysis of antigen-presenting DCs, whereas NK cell distribution into the spleen is altered in a devastating lipid disorder corroborated with induction of their apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Al-Falahi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin L Sand
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirunn Knudsen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Johannes Rolin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Falahi Y, Sand KL, Knudsen E, Damaj BB, Rolin J, Maghazachi AA. Splenic natural killer cell activity in two models of experimental neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2693-2703. [PMID: 19397784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are antitumour/anti-viral effectors and play important roles in shaping the immune system, but their role in neurodegenerative diseases is not clear. Here, we investigated the fate of these cells in two neurodegenerative diseases. In the first model, the activity of NK cells was examined in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) treated with glatiramer acetate (GA or Copaxone), a drug used to treat EAE in animals and multiple sclerosis in human. The second disease model is twitcher (Galc(twi)/Galc(twi)) mice, which represents an authentic model of human Krabbe's disease. Administration of GA ameliorated EAE in SJL mice corroborated with isolating NK cells that expressed higher killing than cells isolated from vehicle-dosed animals against immature or mature dendritic cells (DCs). However, this drug showed no effect on the numbers of NK cells or the expression of CD69 molecule. On the other hand, NK cells either disappeared from the spleens or were present in low numbers in the white pulp areas of Galc(twi)/Galc(twi) mice, which have increased D-galactosyl-beta1-1'-sphingosine (GalSph) levels. Analysis by confocal microscopy shows that NK cells found in the spleens of Galc(twi)/Galc(twi) mice were apoptotic. Incubating NK cells in vitro with GalSph induced the apoptosis in these cells, confirming the results of twitcher mice. Our results provide the first evidence showing that amelioration of EAE in mice is corroborated with NK cell lysis of antigen-presenting DCs, whereas NK cell distribution into the spleen is altered in a devastating lipid disorder corroborated with induction of their apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Al-Falahi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin L Sand
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirunn Knudsen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Johannes Rolin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Powers AM, Logue CH. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2363-2377. [PMID: 17698645 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Christopher H Logue
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rulli NE, Melton J, Wilmes A, Ewart G, Mahalingam S. The molecular and cellular aspects of arthritis due to alphavirus infections: lesson learned from Ross River virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1102:96-108. [PMID: 17470914 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1408.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses such as the Sindbis-group viruses, Scandinavian Ockelbo virus, the African Asian chikungunya virus, the African O'nyong-nyong virus, the South American Mayaro virus, and the Australasian Barmah Forest and Ross River viruses, are commonly associated with outbreaks of acute and persistent arthritis and arthralgia in humans. The mechanisms by which these viruses cause arthritis/arthralgia are poorly understood. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of viral arthritides using our newly developed mouse model of Ross River virus-induced joint and muscle inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor E Rulli
- Centre for Virus Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Law HKW, Cheung CY, Ng IHY, Peiris JSM, Lau YL. Differential expression of chemokines and their receptors in adult and neonatal macrophages infected with human or avian influenza viruses. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:61-70. [PMID: 16741883 PMCID: PMC7110244 DOI: 10.1086/504690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1997, avian influenza virus H5N1 was transmitted directly from chicken to human and resulted in a severe disease that had a higher mortality rate in adults than in children. The characteristic mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in the lung and the high inflammatory response in H5N1 infection prompted us to compare the chemokine responses between influenza virus–infected adult and neonatal monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The effects of avian influenza virus A/Hong Kong/483/97 (H5N1) (H5N1/97), its precursor A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2) (H9N2/G1), and human influenza virus A/Hong Kong/54/98 (H1N1) (H1N1/98) were compared. Significantly higher expression of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 was induced by avian influenza viruses than by human influenza virus. Moreover, the increase in CCL3 expression in H5N1/97-infected adult MDMs was significantly higher than that in neonatal MDMs. Enhanced expression of CCR1 and CCR5 was found in avian virus–infected adult MDMs. The strong induction of chemokines and their receptors by avian influenza viruses, particularly in adult MDMs, may account for the severity of H5N1 disease
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Birds
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Nucleoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Zhou
- Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Yu Lung Lau, Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China ()
| | - Helen K. W. Law
- Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Yan Cheung
- Microbiology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris H. Y. Ng
- Microbiology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Microbiology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin SM, Cheng J, Lu YY, Zhang SL, Yang Q, Chen TY, Liu M, Wang L. Screening and identification of interacting proteins with hepatitis B virus core protein in leukocytes and cloning of new gene C1. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1043-8. [PMID: 16534844 PMCID: PMC4087895 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i7.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the biological function of HBcAg in pathogenesis of HBV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS HBcAg region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and HBV HBcAg bait plasmid pGBKT7-HBcAg was constructed by routine molecular biological methods. Then the recombinant plasmid DNA was transformed into yeast AH109. After the HBV core protein was expressed in AH109 yeast strains (Western blot analysis), yeast-two hybrid screening was performed by mating AH109 with Y187 containing leukocyte cDNA library plasmid. Diploid yeast cells were plated on synthetic dropout nutrient medium (SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade) (QDO) and synthetic dropout nutrient medium (SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade) (TDO). The second screening was performed with the LacZ report gene ( yeast cells were grown in QDO medium containing X-alpha-gal). The interaction between HBV core protein and the protein obtained from positive colonies was further confirmed by repeating yeast-two hybrid. After plasmid DNA was extracted from blue colonies and sequenced, the results were analyzed by bioinformatic methods. RESULTS Eighteen colonies were obtained and sequenced, including hypermethylated in cancer 2 (3 colones), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (2 colones), acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 3 (1 colone), DNA polymerase gamma (1 colone), putative translation initiation factor (1 colone), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (1 colone), mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41 (1 colone), kyot binding protein genes (1 colone), RanBPM (1 colone), HBeAg-binding protein 3 (1 colone), programmed cell death 2 (1 colone). Four new genes with unknown function were identified. CONCLUSION Successful cloning of genes of HBV core protein interacting proteins in leukocytes may provide some new clues for studying the biological functions of HBV core protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Medin CL, Fitzgerald KA, Rothman AL. Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion. J Virol 2005; 79:11053-61. [PMID: 16103156 PMCID: PMC1193580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11053-11061.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of chemokines have been reported in patients with dengue fever and are proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue disease. To establish in vitro models for chemokine induction by dengue 2 virus (DEN2V), we studied a variety of human cell lines and primary cells. DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells. Chemokine secretion was accompanied by an increase in steady-state mRNA levels. No chemokine induction was observed in HEK293 cells treated with poly(I:C) or alpha interferon, suggesting a direct effect of virus infection. To determine the mechanism(s) involved in the induction of chemokine production by DEN2V, individual dengue virus genes were cloned into plasmids and expressed in HEK293 cells. Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion. RANTES expression was not induced under these conditions, however. Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB. These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection. Recruitment and activation of potential target cells to sites of DEN2V replication by virus-induced chemokine production may contribute to viral replication as well as to the inflammatory components of dengue virus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Medin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rulli NE, Suhrbier A, Hueston L, Heise MT, Tupanceska D, Zaid A, Wilmes A, Gilmore K, Lidbury BA, Mahalingam S. Ross River virus: Molecular and cellular aspects of disease pathogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:329-42. [PMID: 15923040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus indigenous to Australia and the Western Pacific region and is responsible for several thousand cases of human RRV disease (RRVD) per annum. The disease primarily involves polyarthritis/arthralgia, with many patients also presenting with rash, myalgia, fever, and/or lethargy. The symptoms can be debilitating at onset, but they usually resolve within 3-6 months. Recent insights into the RRV-host relationship, associated pathology, and molecular biology of infection have generated a number of potential avenues for improved treatment. Although vaccine development has been proposed, the small market size and potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease make this approach unattractive. Recent insights into the molecular basis of RRV-ADE and the virus's ability to manipulate host inflammatory and immune responses create potential new opportunities for therapeutic invention. Such interventions should overcome virus-induced dysregulation of protective host responses to promote viral clearance and/or ameliorate inflammatory immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor E Rulli
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Kirinari Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu SY, Hu YW, Liu XY, Xiong W, Zhou ZT, Yuan ZH. Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SARS patients. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5037-43. [PMID: 16124062 PMCID: PMC4321926 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of inflammatory and anti-viral genes in the pathogenesis of SARS.
METHODS: cDNA microarrays were used to screen the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in two SARS patients (one in the acute severe phase and the other in the convalescent phase) and a healthy donor. In addition, real-time qualitative PCR was also performed to verify the reproducibility of the microarray results. The data were further analyzed.
RESULTS: Many inflammatory and anti-viral genes were differentially expressed in SARS patients. Compared to the healthy control or the convalescent case, plenty of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, IL-8, and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly upregulated in the acute severe case. However, anti-inflammatory agents such as IL-4 receptor, IL-13 receptor, IL-1Ra, and TNF-α-induced proteins 3 and 6 also increased dramatically in the acute severe case. On the contrary, a lot of IFN-stimulated genes like PKR, GBP-1 and 2, CXCL-10 and 11, and JAK/STAT signal pathway were downregulated in the acute severe case compared to the convalescent case.
CONCLUSION: Gene expression in SARS patients mirrors a host state of inflammation and anti-viral immunity at the transcription level, and understanding of gene expression profiles may make contribution to further studies of the SARS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng HY, Sia SF, Chan YO, Luk W, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Lau YL. Chemokine up-regulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood 2005; 106:2366-74. [PMID: 15860669 PMCID: PMC1895271 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenia and increasing viral load in the first 10 days of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) suggested immune evasion by SARS-coronavirus (CoV). In this study, we focused on dendritic cells (DCs) which play important roles in linking the innate and adaptive immunity. SARS-CoV was shown to infect both immature and mature human monocyte-derived DCs by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. The detection of negative strands of SARS-CoV RNA in DCs suggested viral replication. However, no increase in viral RNA was observed. Using cytopathic assays, no increase in virus titer was detected in infected DCs and cell-culture supernatant, confirming that virus replication was incomplete. No induction of apoptosis or maturation was detected in SARS-CoV–infected DCs. The SARS-CoV–infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (interferon α [IFN-α], IFN-β, IFN-γ, and interleukin 12p40 [IL-12p40]), moderate up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] and IL-6) but significant up-regulation of inflammatory chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 1α [MIP-1α], regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES]), interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa [IP-10], and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]). The lack of antiviral cytokine response against a background of intense chemokine up-regulation could represent a mechanism of immune evasion by SARS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Lung Lau
- Reprints: Yu-Lung Lau, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong. Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|