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Moghe A, McGuire BM, Levy C. Acute hepatic porphyrias-A guide for hepatologists. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00836. [PMID: 38607698 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are a group of rare, inherited disorders of the heme biosynthesis pathway, usually manifesting with attacks of acute abdominal pain and other neurovisceral symptoms, with or without cutaneous manifestations. AHPs are characterized by the accumulation of porphyrin precursors, porphobilinogen, and/or aminolevulinic acid, in the blood. The diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to both inadequate testing and the improper use of available laboratory tests. In this review, we describe the various clinical presentations of the 4 AHPs, elucidate the approach to diagnosis, and provide recommendations for immediate and long-term management. We also describe the different complications that can occur with long-standing AHP, including the development of HCC. The AHPs are very treatable conditions, with excellent outcomes if diagnosed and treated early. A high index of suspicion for the presence of these disorders, along with accurate testing and timely treatment, will help reduce the burden of disease and prevent irreversible complications in patients with AHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Moghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brendan M McGuire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Cynthia Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Abu-Elala NM, Khattab MS, AbuBakr HO, Helmy S, Hesham A, Younis NA, Dawood MAO, El Basuini MF. Neem leaf powder (Azadirachta indica) mitigates oxidative stress and pathological alterations triggered by lead toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sci Rep 2023; 13:9170. [PMID: 37280317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical and pathological symptoms of waterborne lead toxicity in wild Nile tilapia collected from a lead-contaminated area (the Mariotteya Canal: Pb = 0.6 ± 0.21 mg L-1) and a farmed fish after 2 weeks of experimental exposure to lead acetate (5-10 mg L-1) in addition to evaluating the efficacy of neem leaf powder (NLP) treatment in mitigating symptoms of lead toxicity. A total of 150 fish (20 ± 2 g) were alienated into five groups (30 fish/group with three replicates). G1 was assigned as a negative control without any treatments. Groups (2-5) were exposed to lead acetate for 2 weeks at a concentration of 5 mg L-1 (G2 and G3) or 10 mg L-1 (G4 and G5). During the lead exposure period, all groups were reared under the same conditions, while G3 and G5 were treated with 1 g L-1 NLP. Lead toxicity induced DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutathione and expression of heme synthesis enzyme delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in wild tilapia, G2, and G4. NLP could alleviate the oxidative stress stimulated by lead in G3 and showed an insignificant effect in G5. The pathological findings, including epithelial hyperplasia in the gills, edema in the gills and muscles, degeneration and necrosis in the liver and muscle, and leukocytic infiltration in all organs, were directly correlated with lead concentration. Thus, the aqueous application of NLP at 1 g L-1 reduced oxidative stress and lowered the pathological alterations induced by lead toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Huda O AbuBakr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samah Helmy
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hesham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Middle East for Veterinary Vaccine (MEVAC), El-Salihya El-Gededa, 44671, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Younis
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El Basuini
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai, 46618, Egypt.
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Clinical experience with hepatorenal tyrosinemia from a single Egyptian center. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268017. [PMID: 35536841 PMCID: PMC9089876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although very recently, in Egypt, sick newborn screening has included screening for hepatorenal tyrosinemia, yet, it is not yet included in nationwide neonatal screening and hence diagnosis may be delayed. The aim of this study was to analyze data of all cases presenting with hepatorenal tyrosinemia to the Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Cairo University, Egypt from 2006 to 2019. Data were retrieved from patients’ files including age of onset of symptoms, clinical signs, blood counts, liver functions, serum phosphorous, alpha-fetoprotein, succinylacetone and abdominal ultrasound. During this period, 76 patients were diagnosed with hepatorenal tyrosinemia if succinylacetone in dry blood spot was elevated above 1 μmol/L. These 76 cases came from 70 families; consanguinity was reported in 61 families. In our cohort we reported 30 affected siblings with a similar clinical presentation, who died undiagnosed. Presentation was acute in 26%, subacute in 30% and chronic in 43%. Abdominal distention was the commonest presenting symptom (52.6%). Coagulopathy was the commonest derangement in liver functions; hyperbilirubinemia and raised transaminases were less common. Ultrasound findings included hepatic focal lesions in 47% and enlarged echogenic kidneys in 39% and 45.3% respectively. Only 20 children were treated with Nitisinone because of unavailability and high costs; seven out of them underwent liver transplantation. In conclusion, although hepatorenal tyrosinemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism, in a large population country with high rate of consanguinity; this disease is not uncommonly diagnosed. The current treatment is not readily available because of the costs in a resource-limited country. Neonatal screening and subsidization of the costly medication need to be considered.
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Hemmaphan S, Bordeerat NK. Genotoxic Effects of Lead and Their Impact on the Expression of DNA Repair Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074307. [PMID: 35409986 PMCID: PMC8998702 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb) continues to be a significant worldwide problem. Pb is a highly poisonous heavy metal affecting several organ systems in the body. Although Pb has been shown to be genotoxic to experimental animals and humans, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. An indirect mechanism related to the inhibition of DNA repair systems by Pb has been suggested. Heavy metals can interfere with the activities of several proteins and gene expressions. Recent studies gathered in this review article demonstrated an altered expression of DNA repair genes due to Pb toxicity. However, their findings are conflicting. Furthermore, the interaction of Pb and epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression may have a crucial role in the inhibition of DNA repair systems. Therefore, additional studies are needed to evaluate these findings and to obtain a complete picture of the genotoxic properties of Pb and the underlying mechanisms that may have a crucial role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirak Hemmaphan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Rangsit 12121, Thailand;
| | - Narisa K. Bordeerat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Rangsit 12121, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-81-912-2694
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Ricci A, Di Pierro E, Marcacci M, Ventura P. Mechanisms of Neuronal Damage in Acute Hepatic Porphyrias. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122205. [PMID: 34943446 PMCID: PMC8700611 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of congenital and acquired diseases caused by an enzymatic impairment in the biosynthesis of heme. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, different types of porphyrias (i.e., chronic vs. acute, cutaneous vs. neurovisceral, hepatic vs. erythropoietic) are described, with different clinical presentations. Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are characterized by life-threatening acute neuro-visceral crises (acute porphyric attacks, APAs), featuring a wide range of neuropathic (central, peripheral, autonomic) manifestations. APAs are usually unleashed by external "porphyrinogenic" triggers, which are thought to cause an increased metabolic demand for heme. During APAs, the heme precursors δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) accumulate in the bloodstream and urine. Even though several hypotheses have been developed to explain the protean clinical picture of APAs, the exact mechanism of neuronal damage in AHPs is still a matter of debate. In recent decades, a role has been proposed for oxidative damage caused by ALA, mitochondrial and synaptic ALA toxicity, dysfunction induced by relative heme deficiency on cytochromes and other hemeproteins (i.e., nitric oxide synthases), pyridoxal phosphate functional deficiency, derangements in the metabolic pathways of tryptophan, and other factors. Since the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of heme is inscribed into a complex network of interactions, which also includes some fundamental processes of basal metabolism, a disruption in any of the steps of this pathway is likely to have multiple pathogenic effects. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence regarding the mechanisms of neuronal damage in AHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCSS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Marcacci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-4225-542
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Yang B, Xu J, Hu S, You B, Ma Q. Effects of lead exposure on blood electrical impedance spectroscopy of mice. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:99. [PMID: 34620171 PMCID: PMC8499524 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lead is a nonessential heavy metal, which can inhibit heme synthesis and has significant cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, its effect on the electrical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) remains unclear. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the electrical properties and the electrophysiological mechanism of lead exposure in mouse blood using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.01–100 MHz frequency range. Data characteristic of the impedance spectrum, Bodes plot, Nyquist plot and Nichols plot, and Constant Phase Element (CPE) equivalent circuit model were used to explicitly analyze the differences in amplitude–frequency, phase–frequency, and the frequency characteristics of blood in electrical impedance properties. Results Compared with the healthy blood in control mice, the changes in blood exposed to lead were as follows: (i) the hematocrit decreased; (ii) the amplitude–frequency and phase–frequency characteristics of electrical impedance decreased; (iii) the characteristic frequencies (f0) were significantly increased; (iv) the electrical impedance of plasma, erythrocyte membrane, and hemoglobin decreased, while the conductivity increased. (v) The pseudo-capacitance of cell membrane (CPE_Tm) and the intracellular pseudo-capacitance (CPE-Ti) were decreased. Conclusions Therefore, EIS can be used as an effective method to monitor blood and RBC abnormalities caused by lead exposure. The electrical properties of the cells can be applied as an important observation in the evaluation of the toxic effects of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binying Yang
- Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, 315600, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao Hu
- Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, 315600, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boning You
- Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, 315600, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Ma
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Qader A, Rehman K, Akash MSH. Genetic susceptibility of δ-ALAD associated with lead (Pb) intoxication: sources of exposure, preventive measures, and treatment interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44818-44832. [PMID: 34244947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) is involved in the synthesis of haem and exhibits a polymorphic nature. δ-ALAD polymorphism produces two alleles, namely δ-ALAD-1 and δ-ALAD-2, which in turn produce three different phenotypes, namely δ-ALAD1-1, δ-ALAD1-2, and δ-ALAD2-2. δ-ALAD gene is more susceptible to lead (Pb) toxicity than any other genes. Its genotype and phenotype frequencies change with respect to different geographical areas and extent of Pb exposure. The δ-ALAD-2 allele dominancy is linked with high concentration of lead in the body. It has also been thought that the δ-ALAD-2 allele can provoke Pb toxicity by producing a protein that binds more tightly with Pb than δ-ALAD-1 protein. However, few evidences suggest that δ-ALAD-2 may reduce harmful effects by increasing excretion of Pb from the body, thus producing its unavailability towards pathophysiologic alterations. However, the recent evidences have supported that the individuals who are heterozygote for the δ-ALAD-1 allele may be associated with a higher risk of long-term Pb toxicity. In this regard, the individuals who are exposed at occupational levels are among the most frequent study population. The main objective of our study was to explore the gene susceptibility associated with Pb poisoning. Moreover, this study also summarizes various sources of Pb exposure and thereafter outlined multiple strategies to minimize the Pb toxicity in order to save the exposed residential communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Bridle TG, Kumarathasan P, Gailer J. Toxic Metal Species and 'Endogenous' Metalloproteins at the Blood-Organ Interface: Analytical and Bioinorganic Aspects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113408. [PMID: 34199902 PMCID: PMC8200099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, human exposure to environmental pollutants causes an estimated 9 million deaths per year and it could also be implicated in the etiology of diseases that do not appear to have a genetic origin. Accordingly, there is a need to gain information about the biomolecular mechanisms that causally link exposure to inorganic environmental pollutants with distinct adverse health effects. Although the analysis of blood plasma and red blood cell (RBC) cytosol can provide important biochemical information about these mechanisms, the inherent complexity of these biological matrices can make this a difficult task. In this perspective, we will examine the use of metalloentities that are present in plasma and RBC cytosol as potential exposure biomarkers to assess human exposure to inorganic pollutants. Our primary objective is to explore the principal bioinorganic processes that contribute to increased or decreased metalloprotein concentrations in plasma and/or RBC cytosol. Furthermore, we will also identify metabolites which can form in the bloodstream and contain essential as well as toxic metals for use as exposure biomarkers. While the latter metal species represent useful biomarkers for short-term exposure, endogenous plasma metalloproteins represent indicators to assess the long-term exposure of an individual to inorganic pollutants. Based on these considerations, the quantification of metalloentities in blood plasma and/or RBC cytosol is identified as a feasible research avenue to better understand the adverse health effects that are associated with chronic exposure of various human populations to inorganic pollutants. Exposure to these pollutants will likely increase as a consequence of technological advances, including the fast-growing applications of metal-based engineering nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen G. Bridle
- Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Premkumari Kumarathasan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Jürgen Gailer
- Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Kesserwani H. The "Dangles" - Wrist, Finger and Thumb Drop: A Case Report of Saturday Night Palsy and a Historical and Molecular Detour. Cureus 2021; 13:e13195. [PMID: 33717737 PMCID: PMC7942519 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturday night palsy refers to neuropraxia of the radial nerve following prolonged compression against the spiral groove of the humerus. The pattern of weakness is unique with wrist, thumb, and finger drop, and recovery is universal by six months. What makes this clinical entity fascinating are the toxic and metabolic diseases that can manifest similarly, namely, plumbism (Saturnism) and acute porphyrias. The acute porphyrias (heme biosynthetic inborn errors of metabolism) are well known to cause motor neuropathy, with upper more than lower limb weakness, with wrist, thumb and finger drop a frequent manifestation. Intriguingly, lead neurotoxicity (plumbism), which has historically been tightly associated with wrist, thumb, and finger drop, is associated with the inhibition of at least three enzymes of heme biosynthesis. Mechanistically, interference with heme ring synthesis interferes with electron transport chain protein synthesis, which leads to oxidative phosphorylation defects, energy failure, axonal transport impairment, and, subsequently, an axonopathy. The lead atom has a valence of two (giving up two electrons) similar to that of the calcium atom, allowing lead to bind to spongy and cortical bone and interfering with the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) neurons. We list the salient features and similarities of these two very rare entities, hence, the term plumboporphyric neuropathy for one of the genetic variants of heme biosynthesis. Lastly, we briefly outline the spectacular history of plumbism and adumbrate on the similarity of the bacchanalian ecstasy of Roman festivals (Saturnism), over-indulgence in lead-sweetened and lead-laden barrels of wine, and the syncretism between the Saturnine palsy and Saturday night palsy. We present a case of wrist, thumb, and finger drop due to compressive neuropraxia as a platform to segue into the historical simulacra.
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Bustad HJ, Kallio JP, Vorland M, Fiorentino V, Sandberg S, Schmitt C, Aarsand AK, Martinez A. Acute Intermittent Porphyria: An Overview of Therapy Developments and Future Perspectives Focusing on Stabilisation of HMBS and Proteostasis Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E675. [PMID: 33445488 PMCID: PMC7827610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease with low clinical penetrance, caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, which encodes the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. In susceptible HMBS mutation carriers, triggering factors such as hormonal changes and commonly used drugs induce an overproduction and accumulation of toxic haem precursors in the liver. Clinically, this presents as acute attacks characterised by severe abdominal pain and a wide array of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and, in the long-term setting, the development of primary liver cancer, hypertension and kidney failure. Treatment options are few, and therapies preventing the development of symptomatic disease and long-term complications are non-existent. Here, we provide an overview of the disorder and treatments already in use in clinical practice, in addition to other therapies under development or in the pipeline. We also introduce the pathomechanistic effects of HMBS mutations, and present and discuss emerging therapeutic options based on HMBS stabilisation and the regulation of proteostasis. These are novel mechanistic therapeutic approaches with the potential of prophylactic correction of the disease by totally or partially recovering the enzyme functionality. The present scenario appears promising for upcoming patient-tailored interventions in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene J. Bustad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Juha P. Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Marta Vorland
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Valeria Fiorentino
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Aasne K. Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
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Genotoxic Effect of Lead and Cadmium on Workers at Wastewater Plant in Iraq. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:9171027. [PMID: 32774395 PMCID: PMC7397425 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9171027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal poisoning is a worldwide problem that is caused by different human industrial activities such as battery and painting manufacturing and occupational exposure of those working at petrol stations. Wastewater is known to contain higher amounts of heavy metals such as lead (Pd) and cadmium (Cd) and might be sources of exposure for workers at the wastewater treatment plant. However, to our best knowledge, no studies were done to evaluate the level of cadmium and lead in blood of workers at wastewater treatment plants and evaluate the subsequent effect of lead and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (Uδ-ALA), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as markers of lead and cadmium toxicity. In this case-control study, 79 workers at the Al-Rustumiya wastewater plant in Baghdad, Iraq, and 40 control subjects were included. The levels of lead and cadmium were measured in blood of the study subjects using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. 8-OHdG was analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. δ-ALAD and Uδ-ALA were estimated using spectrophotometry-based methods. Our work showed that workers had a significantly higher level of lead and cadmium when compared with the control group (P < 0.05), yet, still within the World Health Organization permissible limit. The level of both metals was positively associated with duration of work at the plant (P < 0.01). The activity of δ-ALAD was inversely associated with the lead level, while both Uδ-ALA and 8-OHdG were positively correlated with the lead level (P < 0.05). These three markers lacked any statistically significant association with the cadmium level (P > 0.05). To sum up, working at the wastewater treatment plant was associated with a higher blood level of lead and cadmium and their possible health hazard. Health and occupational safety authorities are required to set up tighter regulations and protocols to minimize these hazards and ensure a safe working environment.
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Use of Generalized Additive Model to Detect the Threshold of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity Reduced by Lead Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165712. [PMID: 32784669 PMCID: PMC7460038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Lead inhibits the enzymes in heme biosynthesis, mainly reducing δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, which could be an available biomarker. The aim of this study was to detect the threshold of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity reduced by lead exposure. Methods: We collected data on 121 lead workers and 117 non-exposed workers when annual health examinations were performed. ALAD activity was determined by the standardized method of the European Community. ALAD G177C (rs1800435) genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction and restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. In order to find a threshold effect, we used generalized additive models (GAMs) and scatter plots with smoothing curves, in addition to multiple regression methods. Results: There were 229 ALAD1-1 homozygotes and 9 ALAD1-2 heterozygotes identified, and no ALAD2-2 homozygotes. Lead workers had significantly lower ALAD activity than non-exposed workers (41.6 ± 22.1 vs. 63.3 ± 14.0 U/L, p < 0.001). The results of multiple regressions showed that the blood lead level (BLL) was an important factor inversely associated with ALAD activity. The possible threshold of BLL affecting ALAD activity was around 5 μg/dL. Conclusions: ALAD activity was inhibited by blood lead at a possible threshold of 5 μg/dL, which suggests that ALAD activity could be used as an indicator for lead exposure regulation.
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Abstract
Modified tetrapyrroles are large macrocyclic compounds, consisting of diverse conjugation and metal chelation systems and imparting an array of colors to the biological structures that contain them. Tetrapyrroles represent some of the most complex small molecules synthesized by cells and are involved in many essential processes that are fundamental to life on Earth, including photosynthesis, respiration, and catalysis. These molecules are all derived from a common template through a series of enzyme-mediated transformations that alter the oxidation state of the macrocycle and also modify its size, its side-chain composition, and the nature of the centrally chelated metal ion. The different modified tetrapyrroles include chlorophylls, hemes, siroheme, corrins (including vitamin B12), coenzyme F430, heme d1, and bilins. After nearly a century of study, almost all of the more than 90 different enzymes that synthesize this family of compounds are now known, and expression of reconstructed operons in heterologous hosts has confirmed that most pathways are complete. Aside from the highly diverse nature of the chemical reactions catalyzed, an interesting aspect of comparative biochemistry is to see how different enzymes and even entire pathways have evolved to perform alternative chemical reactions to produce the same end products in the presence and absence of oxygen. Although there is still much to learn, our current understanding of tetrapyrrole biogenesis represents a remarkable biochemical milestone that is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
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Kshirsagar MS, Patil JA, Patil A. Increased blood lead level induces oxidative stress and alters the antioxidant status of spray painters. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2018-0229/jbcpp-2018-0229.xml. [PMID: 31926081 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to know the present scenario of blood lead level and its effect on serum lipid peroxide and antioxidant parameters of spray painters. Methods We included 42 male spray painters and 50 control subjects with an age range of 20-45 years. Blood lead level, serum lipid peroxide and antioxidant parameters, i.e. erythrocyte catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma ceruloplasmin, nitric oxide, uric acid and bilirubin, were quantified by standard methods. Results We observed the significant elevated blood lead (p < 0.001, 458%), lipid peroxide (p < 0.001, 170%), uric acid (p < 0.001, 25.6%) and bilirubin (p < 0.01, 24.5%) and the significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes like SOD (p < 0.001, -50.4%), catalase (p < 0.001, -34.33%), ceruloplasmin (p < 0.001, -32.7%) and nitric oxide (p < 0.001, -39.58%) in the study group as compared to control. A significant positive correlation coefficient (r) of blood lead level with lipid peroxide (r = 0.44, p < 0.001), uric acid (r = 0.33 p < 0.05) and bilirubin (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with SOD (r = -0.32, p < 0.05), catalase (r = -0.33, p < 0.05), ceruloplasmin (r = -0.27, p < 0.05) and nitric oxide (r = 0.30, p < 0.05) were observed. Conclusions Elevated blood lead level induces serum lipid peroxide and alters the antioxidant enzymes of spray painters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the blood lead level by taking proper precautions while spraying the paints, and additional antioxidant supplementation like vitamin C, multivitamin and multiminerals will be useful in reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakini S Kshirsagar
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences "Deemed To Be University", Karad, Maharashtra 415539, India, Phone: +9420633850
| | - Jyotsna A Patil
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences "Deemed To Be University", Karad, Maharashtra 415539, India, Phone: +9420633850
| | - Arun Patil
- Professor in Biochemistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences "Deemed To Be University", Karad, Maharashtra 415539, India, Phone: +9420633850
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Porphobilinogen synthase: An equilibrium of different assemblies in human health. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 169:85-104. [PMID: 31952692 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes an early step in heme biosynthesis. An unexpected human PBGS quaternary structure dynamic drove the definition of morpheeins, which are protein multimers that dissociate, change shape, and re-assemble differently with functional consequences. Each PBGS monomer has two domains that can reposition through a hinge motion. Human PBGS exists in an equilibrium among high activity octamer, low activity hexamer, and low mole-fraction dimer in which the hinge motion occurs. The dimer conformation dictates the multimer architecture. An octamer-specific inter-subunit interaction responds to pH, resulting in a pH-dependence to the octamer-hexamer equilibrium. An inborn error of metabolism, ALAD porphyria, is caused by single amino acid substitutions that stabilize the hexamer relative to octamer. Drugs that stabilize the PBGS hexamer result in a drug side effect that can exacerbate porphyria. PBGS is essential for all organisms that require respiration, photosynthesis, or methanogenesis. Consequently, phylogenetic variation in PBGS multimerization equilibria provides insight into how Nature has harnessed oligomeric variation in the control of protein function. The dynamic multimerization of PBGS revealed the morpheein mechanism for allostery, a structural basis for inborn errors of metabolism, a quaternary structure focus for drug discovery and/or drug side effects, and a pathway toward new antibiotics or herbicides. The fortuitous discovery of PBGS quaternary structure dynamics arose from characterization of a low-activity single amino acid variant that dramatically stabilized the hexamer, whose existence had previously gone unnoticed.
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Abstract
Lead is a health hazard for all humans. Especially children under the age of six are most at risk for lead poisoning. Lead toxicity causes hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological dysfunction. Symptoms are usually noted with blood lead greater than 2 micromoles/L. Severe or prolonged exposure may also cause chronic nephropathy, hypertension, and reproductive impairment. Lead inhibits some enzymes, alters cellular calcium metabolism, stimulates synthesis of binding proteins in kidney, brain, and bone, and slows down nerve conduction. Acute lead poisoning is relatively infrequent and results from ingestion of acid soluble lead compounds or inhalation of lead vapors but chronic exposure to low levels of the metal is still a public health issue, especially among some minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Lead has been used since prehistoric times, and has become widely distributed and mobilized in the environment. Exposure to and uptake of this non-essential element have consequently increased. Both occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in many developing and industrializing countries and a public health problem of global dimensions.
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Kerr BT, Ochs-Balcom HM, López P, García-Vargas GG, Rosado JL, Cebrián ME, Kordas K. Effects of ALAD genotype on the relationship between lead exposure and anthropometry in a Cohort of Mexican children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:65-72. [PMID: 30557693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lead exposure is associated with children's growth, but this relationship may depend on the presence of susceptibility factors, including genetic variation. Blood lead levels (BLL) differ by ALAD (aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) genotype. We investigated the association between BLL and growth in Mexican first-graders with different ALAD genotypes. METHODS Children between the ages of 6-8 years (n = 602) attending first grade in schools within the vicinity of a metal foundry in Torreón, Mexico were enrolled into a randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of iron and/or zinc supplementation on blood lead levels (BLL) and cognition. BLL and anthropometry were assessed at baseline (height, height-for-age z-score (HAZ), knee height, head circumference), after 6 (head circumference) and 12 months (height, HAZ, knee height). Children with ALAD1-1 and ALAD1-2/2-2 were compared. The study sample included 538 and 470 participants who had complete data at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Separate multivariable linear regression models adjusted for covariates were used to test the association between BLL at baseline and each anthropometric measure. Covariates included age, sex, hemoglobin, crowding, and maternal education. BLL x ALAD genotype interaction term was tested. RESULTS Median BLL (10.1 μg/dL) did not differ by ALAD genotype. After covariate adjustment, baseline BLL was inversely associated with baseline height, HAZ, and knee height. The association (β [95% CI]) between BLL and baseline height (-0.38[-0.68, -0.09]), HAZ (-0.07[-0.12, -0.02]) and knee height (-0.14[-0.25, -0.02]), was somewhat stronger in children with ALAD1-2/2-2 than ALAD1-1 (-0.09[-0.16, -0.02], -0.02[-0.03, -0.004] and -0.04[-0.06, -0.01], respectively). No associations between BLL and growth at 6 or 12 months were detected irrespective of ALAD genotype. CONCLUSIONS BLL was adversely associated with anthropometric measures among Mexican children. ALAD genotype may be a susceptibility factor for the effects of lead on child growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Kerr
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Patricia López
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge L Rosado
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Ata SA, Abu-Dari KI, Tutunji MF, Mubarak MS. Reversing the adverse biochemical effects in lead-intoxicated rats by N,N`- bis[(1,2-didehydro-1-hydroxy-2-thioxopyrid-4-yl)-carbonyl]- L-lysine. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:93-99. [PMID: 30262322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N,N`-Bis[(1,2-didehydro-1-hydroxy-2-thioxopyrid-4-yl)-carbonyl]- L-lysine (HTPL) is a novel newly synthesized compound intended to be used for the chelation of lead in intoxicated animals. Subchronic lead intoxication experiments were carried out on Wistar male rats; these rats were intoxicated with lead and then treated with HTPL. Results were compared with those obtained with known compounds used for lead chelation therapy, such as disodium ethylnediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccininc acid (DMSA), using different routes of administration. Biological samples of whole blood and urine were collected and analyzed for urinary proporphyrins, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and zinc protoporphyrin. Results revealed that HTPL can remarkably reverse the toxic effects of lead intoxication at biochemical levels. Additionally, results showed that this agent is as good or even more potent than calcium disodium ethylnediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccininc acid (DMSA) in reversing the toxic effect of lead. More importantly, HTPL was found effective when administrated intraperitoneally and orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Ata
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan, 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Kamal I Abu-Dari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Maha F Tutunji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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Sarpong-Kumankomah S, Gibson MA, Gailer J. Organ damage by toxic metals is critically determined by the bloodstream. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Kluska K, Adamczyk J, Krężel A. Metal binding properties, stability and reactivity of zinc fingers. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Piwowarek K, Lipińska E, Hać-Szymańczuk E, Kieliszek M, Ścibisz I. Propionibacterium spp.-source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:515-538. [PMID: 29167919 PMCID: PMC5756557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus consists of two principal groups: cutaneous and classical. Cutaneous Propionibacterium are considered primary pathogens to humans, whereas classical Propionibacterium are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus are capable of synthesizing numerous valuable compounds with a wide industrial usage. Biomass of the bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus constitutes sources of vitamins from the B group, including B12, trehalose, and numerous bacteriocins. These bacteria are also capable of synthesizing organic acids such as propionic acid and acetic acid. Because of GRAS status and their health-promoting characteristics, bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus and their metabolites (propionic acid, vitamin B12, and trehalose) are commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. They are also used as additives in fodders for livestock. In this review, we present the major species of Propionibacterium and their properties and provide an overview of their functions and applications. This review also presents current literature concerned with the possibilities of using Propionibacterium spp. to obtain valuable metabolites. It also presents the biosynthetic pathways as well as the impact of the genetic and environmental factors on the efficiency of their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piwowarek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Lipińska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Hać-Szymańczuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Ścibisz
- Department of Food Technology, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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La-Llave-León O, Méndez-Hernández EM, Castellanos-Juárez FX, Esquivel-Rodríguez E, Vázquez-Alaniz F, Sandoval-Carrillo A, García-Vargas G, Duarte-Sustaita J, Candelas-Rangel JL, Salas-Pacheco JM. Association between Blood Lead Levels and Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase in Pregnant Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040432. [PMID: 28420209 PMCID: PMC5409633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood lead levels (BLLs) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity are considered biomarkers of lead exposure and lead toxicity, respectively. The present study was designed to investigate the association between BLLs and ALAD activity in pregnant women from Durango, Mexico. A total of 633 pregnant women aged 13–43 years participated in this study. Blood lead was measured by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. ALAD activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Mean blood lead was 2.09 ± 2.34 µg/dL; and 26 women (4.1%) crossed the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended level of 5 µg/dL. ALAD activity was significantly lower in women with levels of lead ≥5 µg/dL compared to those with BLLs < 5 µg/dL (p = 0.002). To reduce the influence of extreme values on the statistical analysis, BLLs were analyzed by quartiles. A significant negative correlation between blood lead and ALAD activity was observed in the fourth quartile of BLLs (r = −0.113; p < 0.01). Among women with blood lead concentrations ≥2.2 µg/dL ALAD activity was negatively correlated with BLLs (r = −0.413; p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that inhibition of ALAD in pregnant women may occur at levels of lead in blood above 2.2 µg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel La-Llave-León
- Institute of Scientific Research, Juarez University of the State of Durango, AV. Universidad y Fanny Anitua s/n. Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
| | - Edna M Méndez-Hernández
- Institute of Scientific Research, Juarez University of the State of Durango, AV. Universidad y Fanny Anitua s/n. Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
| | - Francisco X Castellanos-Juárez
- Institute of Scientific Research, Juarez University of the State of Durango, AV. Universidad y Fanny Anitua s/n. Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
| | - Eloísa Esquivel-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Cuauhtemoc, 223 North, Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
| | | | - Ada Sandoval-Carrillo
- Institute of Scientific Research, Juarez University of the State of Durango, AV. Universidad y Fanny Anitua s/n. Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
| | - Gonzalo García-Vargas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gomez Palacio la Salle 1 y Sixto Ugalde, s/n, Col. Revolucion, C. P. 35050 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Duarte-Sustaita
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gomez Palacio la Salle 1 y Sixto Ugalde, s/n, Col. Revolucion, C. P. 35050 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Jorge L Candelas-Rangel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gomez Palacio la Salle 1 y Sixto Ugalde, s/n, Col. Revolucion, C. P. 35050 Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
| | - José M Salas-Pacheco
- Institute of Scientific Research, Juarez University of the State of Durango, AV. Universidad y Fanny Anitua s/n. Col. Centro, C. P. 34000 Durango, Mexico.
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Cangelosi V, Ruckthong L, Pecoraro VL. Lead(II) Binding in Natural and Artificial Proteins. Met Ions Life Sci 2017; 17:/books/9783110434330/9783110434330-010/9783110434330-010.xml. [PMID: 28731303 PMCID: PMC5771651 DOI: 10.1515/9783110434330-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article describes recent attempts to understand the biological chemistry of lead using a synthetic biology approach. Lead binds to a variety of different biomolecules ranging from enzymes to regulatory and signaling proteins to bone matrix. We have focused on the interactions of this element in thiolate-rich sites that are found in metalloregulatory proteins such as Pbr, Znt, and CadC and in enzymes such as δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). In these proteins, Pb(II) is often found as a homoleptic and hemidirectic Pb(II)(SR)3- complex. Using first principles of biophysics, we have developed relatively short peptides that can associate into three-stranded coiled coils (3SCCs), in which a cysteine group is incorporated into the hydrophobic core to generate a (cysteine)3 binding site. We describe how lead may be sequestered into these sites, the characteristic spectral features may be observed for such systems and we provide crystallographic insight on metal binding. The Pb(II)(SR)3- that is revealed within these α-helical assemblies forms a trigonal pyramidal structure (having an endo orientation) with distinct conformations than are also found in natural proteins (having an exo conformation). This structural insight, combined with 207Pb NMR spectroscopy, suggests that while Pb(II) prefers hemidirected Pb(II)(SR)3- scaffolds regardless of the protein fold, the way this is achieved within α-helical systems is different than in β-sheet or loop regions of proteins. These interactions between metal coordination preference and protein structural preference undoubtedly are exploited in natural systems to allow for protein conformation changes that define function. Thus, using a design approach that separates the numerous factors that lead to stable natural proteins allows us to extract fundamental concepts on how metals behave in biological systems.
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Neurological and Neuropsychological Problems in Tyrosinemia Type I Patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:111-122. [PMID: 28755189 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, Hereditary Tyrosinemia type I (HTI) is especially characterized by severe liver dysfunction in early life. However, recurrent neurological crises are another main finding in these patients when they are treated with a tyrosine and phenylalanine restricted diet only. This is caused by the accumulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid due to the inhibitory effect of succinylacetone on the enzyme that metabolizes δ-aminolevulinic acid. Due to the biochemical and clinical resemblance of these neurological crises and acute intermittent porphyria, this group of symptoms in HTI patients is mostly called porphyria-like-syndrome. The neurological crises in HTI patients disappeared after the introduction of treatment with 2-(2 nitro-4-3 trifluoro-methylbenzoyl)-1, 3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC). However, if NTBC treatment is stopped for a while, severe neurological dysfunction will reappear.If NTBC treatment is started early and given continuously, all clinical problems seem to be solved. However, recent research findings indicate that HTI patients have a non-optimal neurocognitive outcome, showing (among others) a lower IQ and impaired executive functioning and social cognition. Unfortunately the exact neuropsychological profile of these HTI patients is not known yet, neither are the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these impairments. It may be hypothesized that the biochemical changes such as high blood tyrosine or low blood phenylalanine concentrations are important in this respect, but an direct toxic effect of NTBC or production of toxic metabolites (that previously characterized the disease before introduction of NTBC) cannot be excluded either. This chapter discusses the neurological and neuropsychological symptoms associated with HTI in detail. An extended section on possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of such symptoms is also included.
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Mariussen E, Heier LS, Teien HC, Pettersen MN, Holth TF, Salbu B, Rosseland BO. Accumulation of lead (Pb) in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a lake downstream a former shooting range. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:327-336. [PMID: 27770648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An environmental survey was performed in Lake Kyrtjønn, a small lake within an abandoned shooting range in the south of Norway. In Lake Kyrtjønn the total water concentrations of Pb (14µg/L), Cu (6.1µg/L) and Sb (1.3µg/L) were elevated compared to the nearby reference Lake Stitjønn, where the total concentrations of Pb, Cu and Sb were 0.76, 1.8 and 0.12µg/L, respectively. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Lake Kyrtjønn had very high levels of Pb in bone (104mg/kg w.w.), kidney (161mg/kg w.w.) and the gills (137mg/kg d.w), and a strong inhibition of the ALA-D enzyme activity were observed in the blood (24% of control). Dry fertilized brown trout eggs were placed in the small outlet streams from Lake Kyrtjønn and the reference lake for 6 months, and the concentrations of Pb and Cu in eggs from the Lake Kyrtjønn stream were significantly higher than in eggs from the reference. More than 90% of Pb accumulated in the egg shell, whereas more than 80% of the Cu and Zn accumulated in the egg interior. Pb in the lake sediments was elevated in the upper 2-5cm layer (410-2700mg/kg d.w), and was predominantly associated with redox sensitive fractions (e.g., organic materials, hydroxides) indicating low potential mobility and bioavailability of the deposited Pb. Only minor amounts of Cu and Sb were deposited in the sediments. The present work showed that the adult brown trout, as well as fertilized eggs and alevins, may be subjected to increased stress due to chronic exposure to Pb, whereas exposure to Cu, Zn and Sb were of less importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Mariussen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Division for Societal Security, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Lene Sørlie Heier
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Region Øst, P.O Box 1010 Nordre Ål, 2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Hans Christian Teien
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Nandrup Pettersen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Tor Fredrik Holth
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Rosseland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Mills-Davies N, Butler D, Norton E, Thompson D, Sarwar M, Guo J, Gill R, Azim N, Coker A, Wood SP, Erskine PT, Coates L, Cooper JB, Rashid N, Akhtar M, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. Structural studies of substrate and product complexes of 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase from humans,Escherichia coliand the hyperthermophilePyrobaculum calidifontis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:9-21. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316019525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of X-ray analyses of an enzyme involved in a key early stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis are reported. Two structures of human 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), native and recombinant, have been determined at 2.8 Å resolution, showing that the enzyme adopts an octameric quaternary structure in accord with previously published analyses of the enzyme from a range of other species. However, this is in contrast to the finding that a disease-related F12L mutant of the human enzyme uniquely forms hexamers [Breiniget al.(2003),Nature Struct. Biol.10, 757–763]. Monomers of all ALADs adopt the TIM-barrel fold; the subunit conformation that assembles into the octamer includes the N-terminal tail of one monomer curled around the (α/β)8barrel of a neighbouring monomer. Both crystal forms of the human enzyme possess two monomers per asymmetric unit, termedAandB. In the native enzyme there are a number of distinct structural differences between theAandBmonomers, with the latter exhibiting greater disorder in a number of loop regions and in the active site. In contrast, the second monomer of the recombinant enzyme appears to be better defined and the active site of both monomers clearly possesses a zinc ion which is bound by three conserved cysteine residues. In native human ALAD, theAmonomer also has a ligand resembling the substrate ALA which is covalently bound by a Schiff base to one of the active-site lysines (Lys252) and is held in place by an ordered active-site loop. In contrast, these features of the active-site structure are disordered or absent in theBsubunit of the native human enzyme. The octameric structure of the zinc-dependent ALAD from the hyperthermophilePyrobaculum calidifontisis also reported at a somewhat lower resolution of 3.5 Å. Finally, the details are presented of a high-resolution structure of theEscherichia coliALAD enzyme co-crystallized with a noncovalently bound moiety of the product, porphobilinogen (PBG). This structure reveals that the pyrrole side-chain amino group is datively bound to the active-site zinc ion and that the PBG carboxylates interact with the enzymeviahydrogen bonds and salt bridges with invariant residues. A number of hydrogen-bond interactions that were previously observed in the structure of yeast ALAD with a cyclic intermediate resembling the product PBG appear to be weaker in the new structure, suggesting that these interactions are only optimal in the transition state.
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Hammari LE, Laghzizil A, Saoiabi A, Barboux P, Meyer M, Brandès S, Guilard R. Some Factors Affecting the Removal of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Porous Calcium Hydroxyapatite: Relationships between Surface and Adsorption Properties. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/026361706780154419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larbi El Hammari
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Agdal, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Laghzizil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Agdal, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Saoiabi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Agdal, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Philippe Barboux
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, ENSCP-CNRS UMR 7574, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Meyer
- Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de l'Universite de Bourgogne, ICMUB-CNRS UMR 5260, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, B.P. 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Brandès
- Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de l'Universite de Bourgogne, ICMUB-CNRS UMR 5260, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, B.P. 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Roger Guilard
- Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de l'Universite de Bourgogne, ICMUB-CNRS UMR 5260, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, B.P. 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Abstract
Porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS), also known as 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of all tetrapyrroles, which function in respiration, photosynthesis, and methanogenesis. Throughout evolution, PBGS adapted to a diversity of cellular niches and evolved to use an unusual variety of metal ions both for catalytic function and to control protein multimerization. With regard to the active site, some PBGSs require Zn2+; a subset of those, including human PBGS, contain a constellation of cysteine residues that acts as a sink for the environmental toxin Pb2+. PBGSs that do not require the soft metal ion Zn2+ at the active site instead are suspected of using the hard metal Mg2+. The most unexpected property of the PBGS family of enzymes is a dissociative allosteric mechanism that utilizes an equilibrium of architecturally and functionally distinct protein assemblies. The high-activity assembly is an octamer in which intersubunit interactions modulate active-site lid motion. This octamer can dissociate to dimer, the dimer can undergo a hinge twist, and the twisted dimer can assemble to a low-activity hexamer. The hexamer does not have the intersubunit interactions required to stabilize a closed conformation of the active site lid. PBGS active site chemistry benefits from a closed lid because porphobilinogen biosynthesis includes Schiff base formation, which requires deprotonated lysine amino groups. N-terminal and C-terminal sequence extensions dictate whether a specific species of PBGS can sample the hexameric assembly. The bulk of species (nearly all except animals and yeasts) use Mg2+ as an allosteric activator. Mg2+ functions allosterically by binding to an intersubunit interface that is present in the octamer but absent in the hexamer. This conformational selection allosteric mechanism is purported to be essential to avoid the untimely accumulation of phototoxic chlorophyll precursors in plants. For those PBGSs that do not use the allosteric Mg2+, there is a spatially equivalent arginine-derived guanidium group. Deprotonation of this residue promotes formation of the hexamer and accounts for the basic arm of the bell-shaped pH vs activity profile of human PBGS. A human inborn error of metabolism known as ALAD porphyria is attributed to PBGS variants that favor the hexameric assembly. The existence of one such variant, F12L, which dramatically stabilizes the human PBGS hexamer, allowed crystal structure determination for the hexamer. Without this crystal structure and octameric PBGS structures containing the allosteric Mg2+, it would have been difficult to decipher the structural basis for PBGS allostery. The requirement for multimer dissociation as an intermediate step in PBGS allostery was established by monitoring subunit disproportionation during the turnover-dependent transition of heteromeric PBGS (comprised of human wild type and F12L) from hexamer to octamer. One outcome of these studies was the definition of the dissociative morpheein model of protein allostery. The phylogenetically variable time scales for PBGS multimer interconversion result in atypical kinetic and biophysical behaviors. These behaviors can serve to identify other proteins that use the morpheein model of protein allostery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K. Jaffe
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
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Ruckthong L, Zastrow ML, Stuckey JA, Pecoraro VL. A Crystallographic Examination of Predisposition versus Preorganization in de Novo Designed Metalloproteins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11979-88. [PMID: 27532255 PMCID: PMC5242185 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Preorganization and predisposition are important molecular recognition concepts exploited by nature to obtain site-specific and selective metal binding to proteins. While native structures containing an MS3 core are often unavailable in both apo- and holo-forms, one can use designed three-stranded coiled coils (3SCCs) containing tris-thiolate sites to evaluate these concepts. We show that the preferred metal geometry dictates the degree to which the cysteine rotamers change upon metal complexation. The Cys ligands in the apo-form are preorganized for binding trigonal pyramidal species (Pb(II)S3 and As(III)S3) in an endo conformation oriented toward the 3SCC C-termini, whereas the cysteines are predisposed for trigonal planar Hg(II)S3 and 4-coordinate Zn(II)S3O structures, requiring significant thiol rotation for metal binding. This study allows assessment of the importance of protein fold and side-chain reorientation for achieving metal selectivity in human retrotransposons and metalloregulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Ruckthong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melissa L. Zastrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeanne A. Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vincent L. Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Sisombath NS, Jalilehvand F. Similarities between N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione in Binding to Lead(II) Ions. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2313-24. [PMID: 26624959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine is a natural thiol-containing antioxidant, a precursor for cysteine and glutathione, and a potential detoxifying agent for heavy metal ions. However, previous accounts of the efficiency of N-acetylcysteine (H2NAC) in excretion of lead are few and contradicting. Here, we report results on the nature of lead(II) complexes formed with N-acetylcysteine in aqueous solution, which were obtained by combining information from several spectroscopic methods, including (207)Pb, (13)C, and (1)H NMR, Pb LIII-edge X-ray absorption, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Two series of solutions were used containing CPb(II) = 10 and 100 mM, respectively, varying the H2NAC/Pb(II) mole ratios from 2.1 to 10.0 at pH 9.1-9.4. The coordination environments obtained resemble those previously found for the Pb(II) glutathione system: at a ligand-to-lead mole ratio of 2.1, dimeric or oligomeric Pb(II) N-acetylcysteine complexes are formed, while a trithiolate [Pb(NAC)3](4-) complex dominates in solutions with H2NAC/Pb(II) mole ratios >3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Sisombath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Farideh Jalilehvand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
The porphyrias comprise a set of diseases, each representing an individual defect in one of the eight enzymes mediating the pathway of heme synthesis. The diseases are genetically distinct but have in common the overproduction of heme precursors. In the case of the acute (neurologic) porphyrias, the cause of symptoms appears to be overproduction of a neurotoxic precursor. For the cutaneous porphyrias, it is photosensitizing porphyrins. Some types have both acute and cutaneous manifestations. The clinical presentation of acute porphyria consists of abdominal pain, nausea, and occasionally seizures. Only a small minority of those who carry a mutation for acute porphyria have pain attacks. The triggers for an acute attack encompass certain medications and severely decreased caloric intake. The propensity of females to acute attacks has been linked to internal changes in ovarian physiology. Symptoms are accompanied by large increases in delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in plasma and urine. Treatment of an acute attack centers initially on pain relief and elimination of inducing factors such as medications; glucose is administered to reverse the fasting state. The only specific treatment is administration of intravenous hemin. An important goal of treatment is preventing progression of the symptoms to a neurological crisis. Patients who progress despite hemin administration have undergone liver transplantation with complete resolution of symptoms. A current issue is the unavailability of a rapid test for urine porphobilinogen in the urgent-care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Montgomery Bissell
- Correspondence to: D. Montgomery Bissell, University of California, Box 0538, 513, Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0538, USA. Tel: +1-415-476-8405, Fax: +1-415-476-0659. E-mail:
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Li Z, Pan LL, Zhang FL, Zhu XL, Liu Y, Zhang ZZ. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-loaded fullerene nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1144-9. [PMID: 24913433 DOI: 10.1111/php.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This report explores some properties of 80-200 nm nanoparticles containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and fullerene (C60) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared with ALA, the nanoparticles yielded more protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) formation in cells and tissues and to a significant improvement in antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. Maximum levels of PpIX were obtained 4 h after administration and selective PpIX formation in tumor was observed. These nanoparticles appear to be a useful vehicle for drug delivery purposes. In this study, a procedure for preparing fullerene nanoparticles containing ALA was developed. The product alone exhibited no detectable toxicity in the dark and was superior to ALA alone in promoting PpIX biosynthesis and PDT efficacy both in culture and in a murine tumor model. These results suggest that this procedure could be the basis for an improved PDT protocol for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ventura P, Cappellini MD, Biolcati G, Guida CC, Rocchi E. A challenging diagnosis for potential fatal diseases: recommendations for diagnosing acute porphyrias. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:497-505. [PMID: 24809927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute porphyrias are a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders resulting from a variable catalytic defect of four enzymes out of the eight involved in the haem biosynthesis pathway; they are rare and mostly inherited diseases, but in some circumstances, the metabolic disturbance may be acquired. Many different environmental factors or pathological conditions (such as drugs, calorie restriction, hormones, infections, or alcohol abuse) often play a key role in triggering the clinical exacerbation (acute porphyric attack) of these diseases that may often mimic many other more common acute medical and neuropsychiatric conditions and whose delayed diagnosis and treatment may be fatal. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis of acute porphyria, the knowledge and the use of appropriate diagnostic tools are mandatory, even in order to provide as soon as possible the more effective treatment and to prevent the use of potentially unsafe drugs, which can severely precipitate these diseases, especially in the presence of life-threatening symptoms. In this paper, we provide some recommendations for the diagnostic steps of acute porphyrias by reviewing literature and referring to clinical experience of the board members of the Gruppo Italiano Porfiria (GrIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ventura
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Cà Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Biolcati
- Centre for Porphyrias, Istituto Dermatologico S. Gallicano - Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Carmine Guida
- Centro Interregionale di Riferimento per la prevenzione, la sorveglianza, la diagnosi e la terapia delle Porfirie - I.R.C.C.S. Casa Sollievo Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (Foggia), Italy
| | - Emilio Rocchi
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy
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Lentz C, Halls VS, Hannam JS, Strassel S, Lawrence SH, Jaffe EK, Famulok M, Hoerauf A, Pfarr KM. wALADin benzimidazoles differentially modulate the function of porphobilinogen synthase orthologs. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2498-510. [PMID: 24568185 PMCID: PMC3983392 DOI: 10.1021/jm401785n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The heme biosynthesis enzyme porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS) is a potential drug target in several human pathogens. wALADin1 benzimidazoles have emerged as species-selective PBGS inhibitors against Wolbachia endobacteria of filarial worms. In the present study, we have systematically tested wALADins against PBGS orthologs from bacteria, protozoa, metazoa, and plants to elucidate the inhibitory spectrum. However, the effect of wALADin1 on different PBGS orthologs was not limited to inhibition: several orthologs were stimulated by wALADin1; others remained unaffected. We demonstrate that wALADins allosterically modulate the PBGS homooligomeric equilibrium with inhibition mediated by favoring low-activity oligomers, while 5-aminolevulinic acid, Mg(2+), or K(+) stabilized high-activity oligomers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBGS could be inhibited or stimulated by wALADin1 depending on these factors and pH. We have defined the wALADin chemotypes responsible for either inhibition or stimulation, facilitating the design of tailored PBGS modulators for potential application as antimicrobial agents, herbicides, or drugs for porphyric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
S. Lentz
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Victoria S. Halls
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S. Hannam
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Strassel
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah H. Lawrence
- Fox
Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health
System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19111, United States
| | - Eileen K. Jaffe
- Fox
Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health
System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19111, United States
| | - Michael Famulok
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth M. Pfarr
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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35
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Ulbricht C, Bramwell R, Catapang M, Giese N, Isaac R, Le TD, Montalbano J, Tanguay-Colucci S, Trelour NJ, Weissner W, Windsor RC, Wortley J, Yoon H, Zeolla MM. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Chlorophyll by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:198-239. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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He Y, Liu M, Darabedian N, Liang Y, Wu D, Xiang J, Zhou F. pH-dependent coordination of Pb2+ to metallothionein2: structures and insight into lead detoxification. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2822-30. [PMID: 24559479 PMCID: PMC3993925 DOI: 10.1021/ic402452s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a toxic heavy metal whose detoxification in organisms is mainly carried out by its coordination with some metalloproteins such as metallothioneins (MTs). Two Pb-MT complexes, named as Pb7-MT2(I) and Pb7-MT2(II), form under neutral and weakly acidic conditions, respectively. However, the structures of the two complexes, which are crucial for a better understanding of the detoxification mechanism of Pb-MTs, have not been clearly elucidated. In this Work, coordination of Pb(2+) with rabbit liver apo-MT2, as well as with the two individual domains (apo-αMT2 and apo-βMT2) at different pH, were studied by combined spectroscopic (UV-visible, circular dichroism, and NMR) and computational methods. The results showed that in Pb7-MT2(I) the Pb(2+) coordination is in the trigonal pyramidal Pb-S3 mode, whereas the Pb7-MT2(II) complex contains mixed trigonal pyramidal Pb-S3, distorted trigonal pyramidal Pb-S2O1, and distorted quadrilateral pyramidal Pb-S3O1 modes. The O-donor ligand in Pb7-MT2(II) was identified as the carboxyl groups of the aspartic acid residues at positions 2 and 56. Our studies also revealed that Pb7-MT2(II) has a greater acid tolerance and coordination stability than Pb7-MT2(I), thereby retaining the Pb(2+) coordination at acidic pH. The higher flexibility of Pb7-MT2(II) renders it more accessible to lysosomal proteolysis than Pb7-MT2(I). Similar spectral features were observed in the coordination of Pb(2+) by human apo-MT2, suggesting a commonality among mammalian MT2s in the Pb(2+) coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui He
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central
South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic
of China
- Key
Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic
Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Kunming 650031, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central
South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, California 90032 United States
| | - Yizeng Liang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central
South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Deyin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Juan Xiang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central
South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central
South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic
of China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, California 90032 United States
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Borah S, Sarmah B, Chakravarty P, Naskar S, Dutta D, Kalita D. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum biochemicals in grower pig. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.824888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jaffe EK. Impact of quaternary structure dynamics on allosteric drug discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:55-63. [PMID: 23409765 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The morpheein model of allosteric regulation draws attention to proteins that can exist as an equilibrium of functionally distinct assemblies where: one subunit conformation assembles into one multimer; a different subunit conformation assembles into a different multimer; and the various multimers are in a dynamic equilibrium whose position can be modulated by ligands that bind to a multimer-specific ligand binding site. The case study of porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS) illustrates how such an equilibrium holds lessons for disease mechanisms, drug discovery, understanding drug side effects, and identifying proteins wherein drug discovery efforts might focus on quaternary structure dynamics. The morpheein model of allostery has been proposed as applicable for a wide assortment of disease-associated proteins (Selwood, T., Jaffe, E., (2012) Arch. Bioch. Biophys, 519:131-143). Herein we discuss quaternary structure dynamics aspects to drug discovery for the disease-associated putative morpheeins phenylalanine hydroxylase, HIV integrase, pyruvate kinase, and tumor necrosis factor α. Also highlighted is the quaternary structure equilibrium of transthyretin and successful drug discovery efforts focused on controlling its quaternary structure dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K Jaffe
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Lentz CS, Halls V, Hannam JS, Niebel B, Strübing U, Mayer G, Hoerauf A, Famulok M, Pfarr KM. A selective inhibitor of heme biosynthesis in endosymbiotic bacteria elicits antifilarial activity in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:177-87. [PMID: 23438747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are severe diseases caused by filarial worms and affect more than 150 million people worldwide. Endosymbiotic α-proteobacteria Wolbachia are essential for these parasites throughout their life cycle. Using a high-throughput chemical screen, we identified a benzimidazole compound, wALADin1, that selectively targets the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) of Wolbachia (wALAD) and exhibits macrofilaricidal effects on Wolbachia-containing filarial worms in vitro. wALADin1 is a mixed competitive/noncompetitive inhibitor that interferes with the Mg(2+)-induced activation of wALAD. This mechanism inherently excludes activity against the Zn(2+)-dependent human ortholog and might be translatable to Mg(2+)-responsive orthologs of other bacterial or protozoan pathogens. The specificity profile of wALADin1 derivatives reveals chemical features responsible for inhibitory potency and species selectivity. Our findings validate wALADins as a basis for developing potent leads that meet current requirements for antifilarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Lentz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Liu X, Zhu H, Song A, Jiao J. Antioxidant and micronutrient-rich milk formula reduces lead poisoning and related oxidative damage in lead-exposed mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:201-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rekken BD, Brown TM, Olmstead MM, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Stable Plumbylene Dichalcogenolate Monomers with Large Differences in Their Interligand Angles and the Synthesis and Characterization of a Monothiolato Pb(II) Bromide and Lithium Trithiolato Plumbate. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3054-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Rekken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Thomas M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
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Feksa LR, Oliveira E, Trombini T, Luchese M, Bisi S, Linden R, Berlese DB, Rojas DB, Andrade RB, Schuck PF, Lacerda LM, Wajner M, Wannmacher CMD, Emanuelli T. Pyruvate kinase activity and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity as biomarkers of toxicity in workers exposed to lead. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:453-460. [PMID: 22864587 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb(2+)) is a heavy metal that has long been used by humans for a wide range of technological purposes, which is the main reason for its current widespread distribution. Pb(2+) is thought to enter erythrocytes through anion exchange and to remain in the cell by binding to thiol groups. Pyruvate kinase (PK) is a thiol-containing enzyme that plays a key role in erythrocyte cellular energy homeostasis. δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) is the second enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway and plays a role in the pathogenesis of Pb poisoning. Our primary objective was to investigate the effect of Pb(2+) on the activity of the thiolenzymes δ-ALAD and PK and on the concentration of glutathione (GSH), a nonenzymatic antioxidant defense, in erythrocytes from Pb-exposed workers. The study sample comprised 22 male Pb workers and 21 normal volunteers (15 men and 6 women). The Pb-exposed workers were employed in manufacturing and recycling of automotive batteries. Basic red-cell parameters were assayed and total white blood cell counts performed. PK and δ-ALAD activity and blood Pb (BPb) concentrations were determined in all subjects. Pb-exposed individuals had significantly greater BPb levels than controls. Both PK and δ-ALAD activity levels were significantly lower in Pb-exposed individuals than in controls. Pb significantly inhibited PK and δ-ALAD activity in a dose-dependent manner. We found that erythrocyte GSH levels were lower in Pb-exposed individuals than normal volunteers. Pb-exposed individuals had lower values than controls for several red cell parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume). These results suggest that Pb inhibits δ-ALAD and PK activity by interacting with their thiol groups. It is therefore possible that Pb disrupts energy homeostasis and may be linked with decreased glucose metabolism because it affects the heme synthesis pathway in erythrocytes, contributing to the cell dysfunction observed in these in Pb-exposed individuals. These results indicate an apparent dose-effect relationship between PK activity and BPb. PK activity in human erythrocytes can be used for biological monitoring of Pb exposure. Study of the mechanisms by which Pb acts may contribute to greater understanding of the symptoms caused by Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Rosa Feksa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioanálise, Universidade Feevale, RS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS CEP 93352-000, Brazil.
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Palacios J, Roman D, Cifuentes F. Exposure to low level of arsenic and lead in drinking water from Antofagasta city induces gender differences in glucose homeostasis in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:224-31. [PMID: 22354675 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Populations chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water often have increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the glucose homeostasis of male and female rats exposed to low levels of heavy metals in drinking water. Treated groups were Sprague-Dawley male and female rats exposed to drinking water from Antofagasta city, with total arsenic of 30 ppb and lead of 53 ppb for 3 months; control groups were exposed to purified water by reverse osmosis. The two treated groups in both males and females showed arsenic and lead in the hair of rats. The δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was used as a sensitive biomarker of arsenic toxicity and lead. The activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was reduced only in treated male rats, compared to the control group. Treated males showed a significantly sustained increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test compared to control group. The oral glucose tolerance test and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance demonstrated that male rats were insulin resistant, and females remained sensitive to insulin after treatment. The total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased in treated male rats vs. the control, and triglyceride increased in treated female rats vs. the control. The activity of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter in male rats increased compared to female rats, suggesting a significant increase in intestinal glucose absorption. The findings indicate that exposure to low levels of arsenic and lead in drinking water could cause gender differences in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile.
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Abstract
A structural investigation of complexes formed between the Pb(2+) ion and glutathione (GSH, denoted AH(3) in its triprotonated form), the most abundant nonprotein thiol in biological systems, was carried out for a series of aqueous solutions at pH 8.5 and C(Pb(2+)) = 10 mM and in the solid state. The Pb L(III)-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillation for a solid compound with the empirical formula [Pb(AH(2))]ClO(4) was modeled with one Pb-S and two short Pb-O bond distances at 2.64 ± 0.04 and 2.28 ± 0.04 Å, respectively. In addition, Pb···Pb interactions at 4.15 ± 0.05 Å indicate dimeric species in a network where the thiolate group forms an asymmetrical bridge between two Pb(2+) ions. In aqueous solution at the mole ratio GSH/Pb(II) = 2.0 (C(Pb(2+)) = 10 mM, pH 8.5), lead(II) complexes with two thiolate ligands form, characterized by a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer band (LMCT) S(-) → Pb(2+) at 317 nm in the UV-vis spectrum and mean Pb-S and Pb-(N/O) bond distances of 2.65 ± 0.04 and 2.51 ± 0.04 Å, respectively, from a Pb L(III)-edge EXAFS spectrum. For solutions with higher mole ratios, GSH/Pb(II) ≥ 3.0, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy spectra identified a triglutathionyllead(II) complex, for which Pb L(III)-edge EXAFS spectroscopy shows a mean Pb-S distance of 2.65 ± 0.04 Å in PbS(3) coordination, (207)Pb NMR spectroscopy displays a chemical shift of 2793 ppm, and in the UV-vis spectrum, an S(-) → Pb(2+) LMCT band appears at 335 nm. The complex persists at high excess of GSH and also at ∼25 K in frozen glycerol (33%)/water glasses for GSH/Pb(II) mole ratios from 4.0 to 10 (C(Pb(2+)) = 10 mM) measured by Pb L(III)-edge EXAFS spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Mah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Zampella G, Neupane KP, De Gioia L, Pecoraro VL. The importance of stereochemically active lone pairs for influencing Pb(II) and As(III) protein binding. Chemistry 2012; 18:2040-50. [PMID: 22231489 PMCID: PMC3357087 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of heavy metals, which is associated with the high affinity of the metals for thiolate rich proteins, constitutes a problem worldwide. However, despite this tremendous toxicity concern, the binding mode of As(III) and Pb(II) to proteins is poorly understood. To clarify the requirements for toxic metal binding to metalloregulatory sensor proteins such as As(III) in ArsR/ArsD and Pb(II) in PbrR or replacing Zn(II) in δ-aminolevulinc acid dehydratase (ALAD), we have employed computational and experimental methods examining the binding of these heavy metals to designed peptide models. The computational results show that the mode of coordination of As(III) and Pb(II) is greatly influenced by the steric bulk within the second coordination environment of the metal. The proposed basis of this selectivity is the large size of the ion and, most important, the influence of the stereochemically active lone pair in hemidirected complexes of the metal ion as being crucial. The experimental data show that switching a bulky leucine layer above the metal binding site by a smaller alanine residue enhances the Pb(II) binding affinity by a factor of five, thus supporting experimentally the hypothesis of lone pair steric hindrance. These complementary approaches demonstrate the potential importance of a stereochemically active lone pair as a metal recognition mode in proteins and, specifically, how the second coordination sphere environment affects the affinity and selectivity of protein targets by certain toxic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zampella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan (Italy), Tel: + 39 02 64483416, Fax: +39 02 64483478,
| | - Kosh P. Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA), Tel.: +1 734 763 1519, Fax: +1 734 936 7628,
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan (Italy), Tel: + 39 02 64483416, Fax: +39 02 64483478,
| | - Vincent L. Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA), Tel.: +1 734 763 1519, Fax: +1 734 936 7628,
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Rocha JBT, Saraiva RA, Garcia SC, Gravina FS, Nogueira CW. Aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) as marker protein of intoxication with metals and other pro-oxidant situations. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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47
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Lead-binding proteins: a review. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:686050. [PMID: 21941540 PMCID: PMC3175699 DOI: 10.1155/2011/686050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead-binding proteins are a series of low molecular weight proteins, analogous to metallothionein, which segregate lead in a nontoxic form in several organs (kidney, brain, lung, liver, erythrocyte). Whether the lead-binding proteins in every organ are identical or different remains to be determined. In the erythrocyte, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) isoforms have commanded the greatest attention as proteins and enzymes that are both inhibitable and inducible by lead. ALAD-2, although it binds lead to a greater degree than ALAD-1, appears to bind lead in a less toxic form. What may be of greater significance is that a low molecular weight lead-binding protein, approximately 10 kDa, appears in the erythrocyte once blood lead exceeds 39 μg/dL and eventually surpasses the lead-binding capacity of ALAD. In brain and kidney of environmentally exposed humans and animals, a cytoplasmic lead-binding protein has been identified as thymosin β4, a 5 kDa protein. In kidney, but not brain, another lead-binding protein has been identified as acyl-CoA binding protein, a 9 kDa protein. Each of these proteins, when coincubated with liver ALAD and titrated with lead, diminishes the inhibition of ALAD by lead, verifying their ability to segregate lead in a nontoxic form.
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Morales KA, Lasagna M, Gribenko AV, Yoon Y, Reinhart GD, Lee JC, Cho W, Li P, Igumenova TI. Pb2+ as modulator of protein-membrane interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10599-611. [PMID: 21615172 DOI: 10.1021/ja2032772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a potent environmental toxin that mimics the effects of divalent metal ions, such as zinc and calcium, in the context of specific molecular targets and signaling processes. The molecular mechanism of lead toxicity remains poorly understood. The objective of this work was to characterize the effect of Pb(2+) on the structure and membrane-binding properties of C2α. C2α is a peripheral membrane-binding domain of Protein Kinase Cα (PKCα), which is a well-documented molecular target of lead. Using NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) techniques, we established that C2α binds Pb(2+) with higher affinity than its natural cofactor, Ca(2+). To gain insight into the coordination geometry of protein-bound Pb(2+), we determined the crystal structures of apo and Pb(2+)-bound C2α at 1.9 and 1.5 Å resolution, respectively. A comparison of these structures revealed that the metal-binding site is not preorganized and that rotation of the oxygen-donating side chains is required for the metal coordination to occur. Remarkably, we found that holodirected and hemidirected coordination geometries for the two Pb(2+) ions coexist within a single protein molecule. Using protein-to-membrane Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy, we demonstrated that Pb(2+) displaces Ca(2+) from C2α in the presence of lipid membranes through the high-affinity interaction with the membrane-unbound C2α. In addition, Pb(2+) associates with phosphatidylserine-containing membranes and thereby competes with C2α for the membrane-binding sites. This process can contribute to the inhibitory effect of Pb(2+) on the PKCα activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Lawrence SH, Selwood T, Jaffe EK. Diverse clinical compounds alter the quaternary structure and inhibit the activity of an essential enzyme. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1067-73. [PMID: 21506274 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro evaluation of the Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Library demonstrates that certain drugs can alter the quaternary structure of an essential human protein. Human porphobilinogen synthase (HsPBGS) is an essential enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis; it exists as an equilibrium of high-activity octamers, low-activity hexamers, and alternate dimer configurations that dictate the stoichiometry and architecture of further assembly. Decreased HsPBGS activity is implicated in toxicities associated with lead poisoning and 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) porphyria, the latter of which involves hexamer-favoring HsPBGS variants. A medium-throughput native PAGE mobility-shift screen coupled with evaluation of hits as HsPBGS inhibitors revealed 12 drugs that stabilize the HsPBGS hexamer and inhibit HsPBGS activity in vitro. A detailed characterization of these effects is presented. Drug inhibition of HsPBGS in vivo by inducing hexamer formation would constitute an unprecedented mechanism for side effects. We suggest that small-molecule perturbation of quaternary structure equilibria be considered as a general mechanism for drug action and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lawrence
- Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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50
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van Bemmel DM, Li Y, McLean J, Chang MH, Dowling NF, Graubard B, Rajaraman P. Blood lead levels, ALAD gene polymorphisms, and mortality. Epidemiology 2011; 22:273-8. [PMID: 21293208 PMCID: PMC3932657 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3182093f75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) have found that elevated blood lead levels may be associated with cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality. The 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) G177C genetic polymorphism (rs 1800435) affects lead toxicokinetics and may alter the adverse effects of lead exposure. We examined whether the ALAD G177C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affects the relationship between lead and mortality. METHODS We analyzed a subset of 3349 genotyped NHANES III participants at least 40 years of age. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated the relative risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality by ALAD genotype, and by blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL vs. ≥5 μg/dL). We also tested whether the ALAD genotype modified the relationship between blood lead level and mortality. RESULTS The adjusted overall relative risk for participants with the variant ALAD genotype was decreased for all-cause mortality (hazards ratio = 0.68; [95% confidence interval = 0.50-0.93]) compared with persons having the common GG genotype. There was some suggestion that higher lead levels were associated with cancer mortality (1.48 [0.92-2.38]). We observed no convincing interaction effect between ALAD genotype and blood lead level on mortality risk. CONCLUSION The ALAD genotype may be associated with decreased mortality from all causes and from cancer. This association does not seem to be affected by lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M van Bemmel
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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