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Emms VL, Lewis LA, Beja L, Bulman NFA, Pires E, Muskett FW, McCullagh JSO, Swift LP, McHugh PJ, Hopkinson RJ. N-Acyloxymethyl-phthalimides deliver genotoxic formaldehyde to human cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12498-12505. [PMID: 38020377 PMCID: PMC10646869 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a pollutant and human metabolite that is toxic at high concentrations. Biological studies on formaldehyde are hindered by its high reactivity and volatility, which make it challenging to deliver quantitatively to cells. Here, we describe the development and validation of a set of N-acyloxymethyl-phthalimides as cell-relevant formaldehyde delivery agents. These esterase-sensitive compounds were similarly or less inhibitory to human cancer cell growth than free formaldehyde but the lead compound increased intracellular formaldehyde concentrations, increased cellular levels of thymidine derivatives (implying increased formaldehyde-mediated carbon metabolism), induced formation of cellular DNA-protein cross-links and induced cell death in pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, our N-acyloxymethyl-phthalimides and control compounds provide an accessible and broadly applicable chemical toolkit for formaldehyde biological research and have potential as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Emms
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Liam A Lewis
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Lilla Beja
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Natasha F A Bulman
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Lonnie P Swift
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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2
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Sano M, Shimaoka H, Kohira N, Murakami Y, Murai H, Yoshizawa H. Synthesis of Novel Orally Active Prodrugs by Introduction of an Acyloxymethyl Carbamate Moiety into Cefetamet Pivoxil. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sano
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimaoka
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Kohira
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murai
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yoshizawa
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 1-1 Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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3
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Metampicillin is a cyclic aminal produced by reaction of ampicillin with formaldehyde. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17955. [PMID: 33087772 PMCID: PMC7577985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic that is prepared by the reaction of ampicillin with formaldehyde. Although metampicillin has been studied for treatment of infections in animals and humans, its structure has been unclear. We report NMR studies revealing that metampicillin contains a formaldehyde-derived cyclic aminal. NMR time-course experiments with excess formaldehyde in solution show formation of another product with an additional exocyclic hemiaminal group formed by reaction with the cyclic aminal nitrogen. The exocyclic hemiaminal group is readily removed by reaction with the formaldehyde scavenger 1,3-cyclohexanedione, whereas the cyclic aminal methylene exhibits greater stability. The overall results assign the structure of metampicillin as containing a cyclic aminal and further reveal the potential for complexity in the reaction of formaldehyde with biomedicinally relevant molecules.
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Ressurreição AS, Gonçalves D, Sitoe AR, Albuquerque IS, Gut J, Góis A, Gonçalves LM, Bronze MR, Hanscheid T, Biagini GA, Rosenthal PJ, Prudêncio M, O'Neill P, Mota MM, Lopes F, Moreira R. Structural optimization of quinolon-4(1H)-imines as dual-stage antimalarials: toward increased potency and metabolic stability. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7679-90. [PMID: 24020770 DOI: 10.1021/jm4011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of novel effective and safe antimalarials has been traditionally focused on targeting erythrocytic parasite stages that cause clinical symptoms. However, elimination of malaria parasites from the human population will be facilitated by intervention at different life-cycle stages of the parasite, including the obligatory developmental phase in the liver, which precedes the erythrocytic stage. We have previously reported that N-Mannich-based quinolon-4(1H)-imines are potent antiplasmodial agents but present several stability liabilities. We now report our efforts to optimize quinolon-4(1H)-imines as dual-stage antiplasmodial agents endowed with chemical and metabolic stability. We report compounds active against both the erythrocytic and exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites, such as the quinolon-4(1H)-imine 5p (IC50 values of 54 and 710 nM against the erythrocytic and exoerythrocytic forms), which constitute excellent starting points for further lead optimization as dual-stage antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ressurreição
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Barot M, Bagui M, Gokulgandhi MR, Mitra AK. Prodrug strategies in ocular drug delivery. Med Chem 2012; 8:753-68. [PMID: 22530907 DOI: 10.2174/157340612801216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability of topically instilled drug is the major concern in the field of ocular drug delivery. Efflux transporters, static and dynamic ocular barriers often possess rate limiting factors for ocular drug therapy. Different formulation strategies like suspension, ointment, gels, nanoparticles, implants, dendrimers and liposomes have been employed in order to improve drug permeation and retention by evading rate limiting factors at the site of absorption. Chemical modification such as prodrug targeting various nutrient transporters (amino acids, peptide and vitamin) has evolved a great deal of interest to improve ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have discussed various prodrug strategies which have been widely applied for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the utilization of prodrug concept in ocular drug delivery. In addition, this review will highlight ongoing academic and industrial research and development in terms of ocular prodrug design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Barot
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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6
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A carbamate-based approach to primaquine prodrugs: Antimalarial activity, chemical stability and enzymatic activation. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:886-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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QSAR models for predicting enzymatic hydrolysis of new chemical entities in ‘soft-drug’ design. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3543-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Rodrigues T, Moreira R, Guedes RC, Iley J, Lopes F. Unanticipated Acyloxymethylation of Sumatriptan Indole Nitrogen Atom and its Implications in Prodrug Design. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008; 341:344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ribeiro L, Silva N, Iley J, Rautio J, Järvinen T, Mota-Filipe H, Moreira R, Mendes E. Aminocarbonyloxymethyl Ester Prodrugs of Flufenamic Acid and Diclofenac: Suppressing the Rearrangement Pathway in Aqueous Media. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:32-40. [PMID: 17206608 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminocarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs are known to undergo rearrangement in aqueous solutions to form the corresponding N-acylamine side product via an O-->N intramolecular acyl transfer from the carbamate conjugate base. Novel aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters of diclofenac and flufenamic acid containing amino acid amide carriers were synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs displaying less ability to undergo rearrangement. These compounds were prepared in reasonable yield by a four-step synthetic method that uses the appropriate N-Boc-protected amino acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and secondary amine and chloromethyl chloroformate as key reactants. Their reactivity in pH 7.4 buffer and 80% human plasma at 37 degrees C was assessed by RP-HPLC. The aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters containing a secondary carbamate group derived from amino acids such as glycine or phenylalanine were hydrolyzed quantitatively to the parent drug both in non-enzymatic and enzymatic conditions, with no rearrangement product being detected. The oral bioavailability in rats was determined for selected diclofenac derivatives. These derivatives displayed a bioavailability of 25 to 68% relative to that of diclofenac, probably due to their poor aqueous solubility and lipophilicity. These results suggest that further optimization of aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters as potential prodrugs for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs require the use of amino acid carriers with ionizable groups to improve aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ribeiro
- 1 CECF, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa Codex, Portugal
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10
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11
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Gomes P, Isabel Santos M, Joaquina Trigo M, Castanheiro R, Moreira R. Improved Synthesis of Amino Acid and Dipeptide Chloromethyl Esters Using Bromochloromethane. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120018930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gomes
- a Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto , R. Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Santos
- b Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências do Porto , R. Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria Joaquina Trigo
- b Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências do Porto , R. Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - Raquel Castanheiro
- b Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências do Porto , R. Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- c Centro de Estudos de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas , Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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12
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Sas W. Facile synthesis of acyclic azanucleosides from N -pivaloyloxymethyl amides and sulfonamides: synthesis of aza-analogues of Ganciclovir. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Gomes P, Gomes JR, Rodrigues M, Moreira R. Amino acids as selective sulfonamide acylating agents. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)01206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Mendes E, Furtado T, Neres J, Iley J, Jarvinen T, Rautio J, Moreira R. Synthesis, stability and in vitro dermal evaluation of aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters as prodrugs of carboxylic acid agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:809-16. [PMID: 11814870 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters based on (S)-amino acid carriers were synthesised and evaluated as potential prodrugs of carboxylic acid agents. In addition, the compounds were evaluated as topical prodrugs with the aim of improving the dermal delivery of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents: naproxen and flufenamic acid. The lipophilicities of these compounds were determined and their hydrolyses in aqueous solutions and in human plasma were examined. Compounds containing a secondary carbamate group were hydrolysed at pH 7.4 by two different routes: (i) direct nucleophilic attack at the ester carbonyl carbon leading to the release of the parent carboxylic acid and (ii) intramolecular rearrangement involving an O-->N acyl migration, leading to the formation of the corresponding amide. The rearrangement pathway is highly dependent on the size of the carboxylic acid and amino acid substituents, being eliminated when the amino acid is valine or leucine. In contrast, compounds decomposed in plasma exclusively through ester hydrolysis, most releasing the parent carboxylic acid quantitatively with half-lives shorter than 5 min. The permeation of selected prodrugs across excised postmortem human skin was studied in vitro. All prodrugs evaluated exhibited a lower flux than the corresponding parent carboxylic acid. The poor skin permeation observed for compounds is most probably due to their low aqueous solubility and high partition coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Mendes
- CECF, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1699 Lisbon Codex, Portugal.
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15
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Annesley TM, Kurzyniec S, Nordblom GD, Buchanan N, Pool W, Reily M, Talaat R, Roberts WL. Glucuronidation of Prodrug Reactive Site: Isolation and Characterization of Oxymethylglucuronide Metabolite of Fosphenytoin. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.5.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: This investigation was undertaken to identify the structure of a novel immunoreactive metabolite derived from fosphenytoin that has been hypothesized previously as present in sera from renally impaired patients receiving this prodrug.
Methods: The metabolite was isolated from uremic sera using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Structural analysis was performed using HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), deuterium exchange, and chemical derivatization. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Results: The metabolite had a parent ion at m/z 457 in the negative-ion mode and fragmented to yield the m/z 251 of phenytoin, as well as other mass fragments of phenytoin. Mass fragments associated with glucuronic acid were also present. The chromatographic peak corresponding to this metabolite demonstrated immunoreactivity sufficient to lead to falsely increased reported values for phenytoin immunoassays. The observed immunoreactivity was also proportional to the relative concentration of the metabolite in collected fractions. Analysis by NMR indicated the presence of phenyl groups with chemical shifts identical to those of phenytoin, as well as the presence of a methylene bridge, which was consistent with the same methylene bridge present on the phosphate ester of fosphenytoin. Comparative analysis of serum samples from renally impaired patients receiving phenytoin vs fosphenytoin using multiple reaction monitoring quantification demonstrated that this metabolite was associated with fosphenytoin administration.
Conclusions: A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Annesley
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Room 2G332, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054
| | | | | | - Nathan Buchanan
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William Pool
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Reily
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Rasmy Talaat
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Iley J, Barroso H, Moreira R, Lopes F, Calheiros T. Acyloxymethyl as a drug protecting group. Part 7: Tertiary sulfonamidomethyl ester prodrugs of benzylpenicillin: chemical hydrolysis and anti-bacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1629-36. [PMID: 10976510 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary sulfonamidomethyl esters of benzylpenicillin (4) were synthesised and evaluated as a new class of potential prodrugs for beta-lactam antibiotics. Their hydrolysis in aqueous buffers was studied by HPLC and reveal a U-shaped pH rate profile with a pH-independent process extending from ca. pH 2 to ca. pH 10. This pathway is characterised by kinetic data that are consistent with a unimolecular mechanism involving rate-limiting iminium ion formation and penicillinoate expulsion. Benzylpenicillin and the corresponding sulfonamide are the ultimate products detected and isolated, indicating that beta-lactam ring opening is much slower than ester hydrolysis. As expected from the high reactivity, benzylpenicillin esters (4) displayed similar in vitro antibacterial activity to benzylpenicillin itself. Compared to the benzylpenicillin derivatives, sulfonamidomethyl esters of benzoic, clofibric and valproic acids display a much higher stability, giving rise to a Brønsted beta1g value of -0.96 and suggesting that tertiary sulfonamidomethyl esters may be useful prodrugs for carboxylic acid drugs with pKa > 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iley
- Chemistry Department, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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