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Recent Updates on Development of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors for Treatment of Diabetes, Obesity and Related Disorders. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a critical component of signal transduction for multicellular organisms, particularly for pathways that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. While tyrosine kinase inhibitors have become FDA-approved drugs, inhibitors of the other important components of these signaling pathways have been harder to develop. Specifically, direct phosphotyrosine (pTyr) isosteres have been aggressively pursued as inhibitors of Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Medicinal chemists have produced many classes of peptide and small molecule inhibitors that mimic pTyr. However, balancing affinity with selectivity and cell penetration has made this an extremely difficult space for developing successful clinical candidates. This review will provide a comprehensive picture of the field of pTyr isosteres, from early beginnings to the current state and trajectory. We will also highlight the major protein targets of these medicinal chemistry efforts, the major classes of peptide and small molecule inhibitors that have been developed, and the handful of compounds which have been tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Cerulli
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Eleftheriou P, Geronikaki A, Petrou A. PTP1b Inhibition, A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Diabetes Type II. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:246-263. [PMID: 30714526 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201152153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM), is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. The main types of diabetes mellitus are Diabetes mellitus type I, Diabetes mellitus type II, gestational diabetes and Diabetes of other etiology. Diabetes type II, the Non Insulin Dependent Type (NIDDM) is the most common type, characterized by the impairment in activation of the intracellular mechanism leading to the insertion and usage of glucose after interaction of insulin with its receptor, known as insulin resistance. Although, a number of drugs have been developed for the treatment of diabetes type II, their ability to reduce blood glucose levels is limited, while several side effects are also observed. Furthermore, none of the market drugs targets the enhancement of the action of the intracellular part of insulin receptor or recuperation of the glucose transport mechanism in GLUT4 dependent cells. The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP1b) is the main enzyme involved in insulin receptor desensitization and has become a drug target for the treatment of Diabetes type II. Several PTP1b inhibitors have already been found, interacting with the binding site of the enzyme, surrounding the catalytic amino acid Cys215 and the neighboring area or with the allosteric site of the enzyme, placed at a distance of 20 Å from the active site, around Phe280. However, the research continues for finding more potent inhibitors with increased cell permeability and specificity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to show the attempts made in developing of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP1b) inhibitors with high potency, selectivity and bioavailability and to sum up the indications for favorable structural characteristics of effective PTP1b inhibitors. METHODS The methods used include a literature survey and the use of Protein Structure Databanks such as PuBMed Structure and RCSB and the tools they provide. CONCLUSION The research for finding PTP1b inhibitors started with the design of molecules mimicking the Tyrosine substrate of the enzyme. The study revealed that an aromatic ring connected to a polar group, which preferably enables hydrogen bond formation, is the minimum requirement for small inhibitors binding to the active site surrounding Cys215. Molecules bearing two hydrogen bond donor/acceptor (Hb d/a) groups at a distance of 8.5-11.5 Å may form more stable complexes, interacting simultaneously with a secondary area A2. Longer molecules with two Hb d/a groups at a distance of 17 Å or 19 Å may enable additional interactions with secondary sites (B and C) that confer stability as well as specificity. An aromatic ring linked to polar or Hb d/a moieties is also required for allosteric inhibitors. A lower distance between Hb d/a moieties, around 7.5 Å may favor allosteric interaction. Permanent inhibition of the enzyme by oxidation of the catalytic Cys215 has also been referred. Moreover, covalent modification of Cys121, placed near but not inside the catalytic pocket has been associated with permanent inhibition of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra Eleftheriou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57400, Greece
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Anthi Petrou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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Liu J, Jiang F, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu W, Fu L. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2-substituted ethenesulfonic acid ester derivatives as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:10-20. [PMID: 23043764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two 2-substituted ethenesulfonic acid ester derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and selectivity over T-Cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that the substitution at the aromatic center and the length of linker between the hydrophobic tail and aromatic center markedly affected the inhibitory activity against PTP1B and the selectivity over TCPTP. Specifically, compounds 43 and 36 revealed excellent inhibitory activity to PTP1B with IC(50) = 1.3 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively, and marked 10- and 20-fold selectivity over TCPTP. Cytotoxicity data showed low cytotoxicity for COS-7 cell with IC(50) values >100 μM for most synthesized chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Prakash GKS, Ni C, Wang F, Hu J, Olah GA. From Difluoromethyl 2-Pyridyl Sulfone to Difluorinated Sulfonates: A Protocol for Nucleophilic Difluoro(sulfonato)methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2559-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prakash GKS, Ni C, Wang F, Hu J, Olah GA. From Difluoromethyl 2-Pyridyl Sulfone to Difluorinated Sulfonates: A Protocol for Nucleophilic Difluoro(sulfonato)methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bruckner S, Boresch S. Efficiency of alchemical free energy simulations. I. A practical comparison of the exponential formula, thermodynamic integration, and Bennett's acceptance ratio method. J Comput Chem 2010; 32:1303-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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A protected l-bromophosphonomethylphenylalanine amino acid derivative (BrPmp) for synthesis of irreversible protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8679-86. [PMID: 21055952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important therapeutic targets for medicinal chemists and biochemists. General strategies for the development of inhibitors of these enzymes are needed. Several modular strategies which rely on phosphotyrosine mimics are known for PTP inhibitors. Previous strategies include phosphonomethylphenylalanine (Pmp) derivatives which act as competitive inhibitors. Pmp amino acid derivatives have been used to develop specific inhibitors by incorporation into sequences recognized by the PTP of interest. We report the synthesis of a new phosphonotyrosine analog, l-phosphonobromomethylphenylalanine (BrPmp), which acts as an inhibitor of PTPs. The BrPmp derivative was prepared as an Fmoc-protected amino acid which can be used in standard solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods. The synthesis of the protected amino acid derivative requires 11 steps from tyrosine with a 30% overall yield. Enzyme inhibition studies with the PTP CD45 demonstrate that BrPmp derivatives are irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. A tripeptide which incorporated BrPmp had increased inhibitory potency against PTP relative to BrPmp alone, confirming that the incorporation of BrPmp into peptide sequences provides additional context to improve enzyme binding.
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9
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Thareja S, Aggarwal S, Bhardwaj TR, Kumar M. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors: A Molecular Level Legitimate Approach for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:459-517. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thareja
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; 160 014; Chandigarh; India
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; 160 014; Chandigarh; India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; 160 014; Chandigarh; India
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10
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Ali AM, Hill B, Taylor SD. Trichloroethyl group as a protecting group for sulfonates and its application to the synthesis of a disulfonate analog of the tyrosine sulfated PSGL-1(43-50) peptide. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3583-6. [PMID: 19331341 DOI: 10.1021/jo900122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trichloroethyl (TCE) group is shown to be a viable protecting group for sulfonates. TCE-protected sulfonates were found to be particularly stable to acid, a key characteristic that led to a straightforward enantioselective synthesis of l-FmocPhe(p-CH(2)SO(3)TCE)OH. This was used as a building block for the solid phase synthesis of an octapeptide corresponding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 residues 43-50 (PSGL-1(43-50)) in which sulfotyrosine residues 46 and 48 were replaced with (sulfonomethyl)phenylalanine (SmP), an important hydrolytically stable sulfotyrosine mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
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Hussain M, Ahmed V, Hill B, Ahmed Z, Taylor SD. A re-examination of the difluoromethylenesulfonic acid group as a phosphotyrosine mimic for PTP1B inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6764-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Holmes CP, Li X, Pan Y, Xu C, Bhandari A, Moody CM, Miguel JA, Ferla SW, De Francisco MN, Frederick BT, Zhou S, Macher N, Jang L, Irvine JD, Grove JR. PTP1B inhibitors: Synthesis and evaluation of difluoro-methylenephosphonate bioisosteres on a sulfonamide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2719-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Parrish CA, Adams ND, Auger KR, Burgess JL, Carson JD, Chaudhari AM, Copeland RA, Diamond MA, Donatelli CA, Duffy KJ, Faucette LF, Finer JT, Huffman WF, Hugger ED, Jackson JR, Knight SD, Luo L, Moore ML, Newlander KA, Ridgers LH, Sakowicz R, Shaw AN, Sung CMM, Sutton D, Wood KW, Zhang SY, Zimmerman MN, Dhanak D. Novel ATP-competitive kinesin spindle protein inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4939-52. [PMID: 17725339 DOI: 10.1021/jm070435y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP), an ATPase responsible for spindle pole separation during mitosis that is present only in proliferating cells, has become a novel and attractive anticancer target with potential for reduced side effects compared to currently available therapies. We report herein the discovery of the first known ATP-competitive inhibitors of KSP, which display a unique activity profile as compared to the known loop 5 (L5) allosteric KSP inhibitors that are currently under clinical evaluation. Optimization of this series led to the identification of biphenyl sulfamide 20, a potent KSP inhibitor with in vitro antiproliferative activity against human cells with either wild-type KSP (HCT116) or mutant KSP (HCT116 D130V). In a murine xenograft model with HCT116 D130V tumors, 20 showed significant antitumor activity following intraperitoneal dosing, providing in vivo proof-of-principle of the efficacy of an ATP-competitive KSP inhibitor versus tumors that are resistant to the other known KSP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Parrish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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14
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Romanenko VD, Kukhar VP. Fluorinated phosphonates: synthesis and biomedical application. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3868-935. [PMID: 16967924 DOI: 10.1021/cr051000q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D Romanenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 1 Murmanska Street, Kyiv-94 02660, Ukraine
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15
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Navidpour L, Lu W, Taylor SD. Synthesis of α-Fluorosulfonate and α-Fluorosulfonamide Analogues of a Sulfated Carbohydrate. Org Lett 2006; 8:5617-20. [PMID: 17107086 DOI: 10.1021/ol062357z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of sulfonamide and sulfonate analogues of a sulfated carbohydrate in which the ester oxygen of the sulfate is replaced with a CHF or CF2 group is reported. This was accomplished by electrophilic fluorination of the protected sulfonate and sulfonamide precursors. [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifeh Navidpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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16
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Xie J, Seto CT. A two stage click-based library of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:458-73. [PMID: 17046267 PMCID: PMC1764825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of signal transduction pathways. Potent and selective PTP inhibitors are useful for probing these pathways and also may serve as drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases including type 2 diabetes and infection by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. In this report Cu(I)-catalyzed 'click' cycloaddition reactions between azides and alkynes were employed to generate two sequential libraries of PTP inhibitors. In the first round library methyl 4-azidobenzoylformate was reacted with 56 mono- and diynes. After hydrolysis of the methyl esters, the resulting alpha-ketocarboxylic acids were assayed in crude form against the Yersinia PTP and PTP1B. Four compounds were selected for further evaluation, and one compound was chosen as the lead for generation of the second round library. This lead compound was modified by conversion of an alcohol into an azide group, and the resulting azide was reacted with the same 56 mono- and diynes that were used in the first generation library. After screening the crude inhibitors against the Yersinia PTP and PTP1B, four compounds were selected and evaluated in pure form against the Yersinia PTP, PTP1B, TCPTP, LAR, and CD45. The best bis(alpha-ketocarboxylic acid) inhibitor 34 had an IC(50) value of 550nM against the Yersinia PTP and an IC(50) value of 710nM against TCPTP. The most potent inhibitor containing a single alpha-ketocarboxylic acid group 32 had IC(50) values of 2.1, 5.7, and 2.6 microM against the Yersinia PTP, PTP1B, and TCPTP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher T. Seto
- *Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, Phone: 401-863-3587; Fax: 401-863-9368,
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Bialy L, Waldmann H. Inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases: next-generation drugs? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:3814-39. [PMID: 15900534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute a family of closely related key regulatory enzymes that dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine residues in their protein substrates. Malfunctions in PTP activity are linked to various diseases, ranging from cancer to neurological disorders and diabetes. Consequently, PTPs have emerged as promising targets for therapeutic intervention in recent years. In this review, general aspects of PTPs and the development of small-molecule inhibitors of PTPs by both academic research groups and pharmaceutical companies are discussed. Different strategies have been successfully applied to identify potent and selective inhibitors. These studies constitute the basis for the future development of PTP inhibitors as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bialy
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Hill B, Ahmed V, Bates D, Taylor SD. Enantioselective Synthesis of Protected l-4-[Sulfonamido(difluoromethyl)]phenylalanine and l-4-[Sulfonamido(methyl)]phenylalanine and an Examination of Hexa- and Tripeptide Platforms for Evaluating pTyr Mimics for PTP1B Inhibition. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8190-7. [PMID: 17025311 DOI: 10.1021/jo061496r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective syntheses of L-4-(sulfonamidomethyl)phenylalanine and L-[sulfonamido(difluoromethyl)]phenylalanine suitably protected for peptide syntheses are described. A key step in the synthesis of L-(sulfonamidomethyl)phenylalanine was an oxidative chlorination on Ac-L-Phe(4-CH2SCOCH3)-OEt to give crude Ac-L-Phe(4-CH2SO2Cl)-OEt, which could be reacted with amines to give the corresponding sulfonamides. Key to the preparation of L-[sulfonamido(difluoromethyl)]phenylalanine was a highly enantioselective reaction involving William's auxiliary and a benzylic bromide intermediate. These amino acids were incorporated into two peptide sequences, DADE-X-LNH2 and FmocGlu(OBn)-X-LNH2, which have previously been employed as platforms for assessing pTyr mimics for inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Inhibition studies with these and other peptides and PTP1B revealed that good inhibition could be obtained using the tripeptide platform, although the presence of a pTyr mimic was not required for good inhibition. These results suggest that the FmocGlu(OBn)-X-LNH2 tripeptide platform is not suitable for assessing pTyr mimics for PTP1B inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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19
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Ferreira CV, Justo GZ, Souza ACS, Queiroz KCS, Zambuzzi WF, Aoyama H, Peppelenbosch MP. Natural compounds as a source of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors: application to the rational design of small-molecule derivatives. Biochimie 2006; 88:1859-73. [PMID: 17010496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine residues is a key regulatory mechanism for numerous cellular events. Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have a pivotal role in regulating both normal cell physiology and pathophysiology. Accordingly, deregulated activity of both protein tyrosine kinases and PTPs is involved in the development of numerous congenitically inherited and acquired human diseases, prompting obvious pharmaceutical and academic research interest. The development of compound libraries with higher selective PTP inhibitory activity has been bolstered by the realization that many natural products have such activity and thus are interesting biologically lead compounds, which properties are widely exploited. In addition, more rational approaches have focused on the incorporation of phosphotyrosine mimetics into specific peptide templates (peptidomimetic backbones). Additional factors furthering discovery as well as therapeutic application of new bioactive molecules are the integration of functional genomics, cell biology, structural biology, drug design, molecular screening and chemical diversity. Together, all these factors will lead to new avenues to treat clinical disease based on PTP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen V Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Lee K, Boovanahalli SK, Nam KY, Kang SU, Lee M, Phan J, Wu L, Waugh DS, Zhang ZY, No KT, Lee JJ, Burke TR. Synthesis of tripeptides as potent Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4037-42. [PMID: 16039123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of monoanionic phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) mimetic-containing tripeptides based on 'Fmoc-Glu(OBn)-Xxx-Leu-amide' (where Xxx = pTyr mimetic) and their N-terminally modified derivatives. The inhibitory potencies of compounds were tested against YopH and human PTP1B enzymes. Several compounds exhibited noteworthy activity against both YopH and PTP1B. Among the N-terminally modified analogues, 5-methylindole derivative 30 was found to be the best moiety to replace base-labile Fmoc group. A mode of binding with YopH is proposed for tripeptides 21, 30, and 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NCI, NIH, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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21
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Cutshall NS, O'Day C, Prezhdo M. Rhodanine derivatives as inhibitors of JSP-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3374-9. [PMID: 15961311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatases (DSPs) are a subclass within the protein tyrosine phosphatase family (PTPs). A series of rhodanine-based inhibitors was synthesized and shown to be novel, potent, and selective inhibitors against the DSP family member JNK-stimulating phosphatase-1 (JSP-1). Compounds of this class may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory and proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Cutshall
- Ceptyr Inc., 3830 Monte Villa Parkway, Suite 200, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Bialy L, Waldmann H. Inhibitoren der Proteintyrosinphosphatasen: Kandidaten für zukünftige Wirkstoffe? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Boresch S, Leitgeb M, Beselman A, MacKerell AD. Unexpected relative aqueous solubilities of a phosphotyrosine analogue and two phosphonate derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:4640-8. [PMID: 15796529 DOI: 10.1021/ja044935h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) is an essential component of biological signaling, often being a determinant of protein-protein interactions. Accordingly, a number of drug discovery efforts targeting signal transduction pathways have included phosphotyrosine and analogues as essential components of the lead compounds. Toward the goal of improved biological efficacy, the phosphonate and difluoro phosphonate analogues of pTyr have been employed in inhibitor design because of their stability to hydrolysis and enhanced binding affinity in certain cases. To quantitate the contribution of aqueous solubility of pTyr, phosphonomethyl phenylalanine (Pmp), and difluorophosphonomethyl phenylalanine (F(2)Pmp) to their relative binding affinities, free energy perturbation calculations were undertaken on the mimetics phenol phosphate (PP), benzyl phosphonate (BP), and difluorobenzyl phosphonate (F(2)BP), including development of empirical force field parameters compatible with the CHARMM all-atom force fields. Notably, it is shown that the most favorably solvated compound of the series is BP, followed by PP, with F(2)BP the least favorably solvated for both the mono- and dianionic forms of the compounds. The molecular origin of this ordering is shown to be due to changes in charge distribution, in the comparatively larger size of the fluorine atoms, as well as in differences of local solvation between PP and BP. The implications of the differences in aqueous solubility toward the relative binding potencies of pTyr-, Pmp-, and F(2)Pmp-containing peptide ligands are discussed. Our results indicate that one general principle explaining the efficacy of selective fluorination to enhance binding affinities may lie in the ability of fluorine atoms to increase the hydrophobicity of a ligand while maintaining its capability to form hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Boresch
- Biomolecular Simulation Group, Institut für Biomolekulare Strukturchemie, Universität Wien, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Xie J, Seto CT. Investigations of linker structure on the potency of a series of bidentate protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2981-91. [PMID: 15781408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTKases) regulate the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins, events that are essential for a variety of cellular functions. PTPases such as PTP1B and the Yersinia PTPase play an important role in diseases including type II diabetes and bubonic plague. A library of 67 bidentate PTPase inhibitors that are based on the alpha-ketocarboxylic acid motif has been synthesized using parallel solution-phase methods. Two aryl alpha-ketocarboxylic acids were tethered to a variety of different diamine linkers through amide bonds. The compounds were assayed in crude form against the Yersinia PTPase, PTP1B, and TCPTP. Six compounds were selected for further evaluation, in purified form, against the Yersinia PTPase, PTP1B, TCPTP, LAR, and CD45. These compounds had IC50 values in the low micromolar range against the Yersinia PTPase, PTP1B, and TCPTP, showed good selectivity for PTP1B over LAR, and modest selectivity over CD45. The correlation between linker structure and inhibitor activity shows that aromatic groups in the linker can play an important role in determining binding affinity in this class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Box H, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Hill B, Liu Y, Taylor SD. Synthesis of α-Fluorosulfonamides by Electrophilic Fluorination. Org Lett 2004; 6:4285-8. [PMID: 15524464 DOI: 10.1021/ol048249z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-fluorosulfonamides were prepared by electrophilic fluorination of tertiary sulfonamides using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as fluorinating agent and utilizing the dimethoxybenzyl group (DMB) as a new sulfonamide protecting group. Removal of the DMB group with TFA/CH(2)Cl(2) gave primary and secondary alpha-fluorosulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Xie J, Comeau AB, Seto CT. Squaric acids: a new motif for designing inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Org Lett 2004; 6:83-6. [PMID: 14703356 DOI: 10.1021/ol036121w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are important targets in medicinal chemistry. These enzymes play a role in a number of human diseases, including type II diabetes and infection by Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague. Derivatives of squaric acids such as 2-aryl-1-hydroxycyclobut-1-ene-3,4-diones represent a new class of monoanionic inhibitors for PTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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Chen YT, Xie J, Seto CT. Peptidic alpha-ketocarboxylic acids and sulfonamides as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Org Chem 2003; 68:4123-5. [PMID: 12737607 DOI: 10.1021/jo034113n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One common approach for designing protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitors is to incorporate a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimic into a peptide substrate for PTPases. This report describes the synthesis of three such nonhydrolyzable pTyr mimics that contain alpha-ketoacid, alpha-hydroxyacid, and methylenesulfonamide functional groups in place of the phosphate. These pTyr mimics were incorporated into the peptide sequence Ac-Asp-Ala-Asp-Glu-X-Leu-NH(2), where X is the pTyr mimic, and analyzed for activity against the Yersinia PTPase and PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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