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Serafim LF, Jayasinghe-Arachchige VM, Wang L, Rathee P, Yang J, Moorkkannur N S, Prabhakar R. Distinct chemical factors in hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by metalloenzymes and metal complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37366367 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The selective hydrolysis of the extremely stable phosphoester, peptide and ester bonds of molecules by bio-inspired metal-based catalysts (metallohydrolases) is required in a wide range of biological, biotechnological and industrial applications. Despite the impressive advances made in the field, the ultimate goal of designing efficient enzyme mimics for these reactions is still elusive. Its realization will require a deeper understanding of the diverse chemical factors that influence the activities of both natural and synthetic catalysts. They include catalyst-substrate complexation, non-covalent interactions and the electronic nature of the metal ion, ligand environment and nucleophile. Based on our computational studies, their roles are discussed for several mono- and binuclear metallohydrolases and their synthetic analogues. Hydrolysis by natural metallohydrolases is found to be promoted by a ligand environment with low basicity, a metal bound water and a heterobinuclear metal center (in binuclear enzymes). Additionally, peptide and phosphoester hydrolysis is dominated by two competing effects, i.e. nucleophilicity and Lewis acid activation, respectively. In synthetic analogues, hydrolysis is facilitated by the inclusion of a second metal center, hydrophobic effects, a biological metal (Zn, Cu and Co) and a terminal hydroxyl nucleophile. Due to the absence of the protein environment, hydrolysis by these small molecules is exclusively influenced by nucleophile activation. The results gleaned from these studies will enhance the understanding of fundamental principles of multiple hydrolytic reactions. They will also advance the development of computational methods as a predictive tool to design more efficient catalysts for hydrolysis, Diels-Alder reaction, Michael addition, epoxide opening and aldol condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Serafim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | | | - Lukun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Parth Rathee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Jiawen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | | | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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2
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The emerging role of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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3
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Norjmaa G, Solé-Daura A, Besora M, Ricart JM, Carbó JJ. Peptide Hydrolysis by Metal (Oxa)cyclen Complexes: Revisiting the Mechanism and Assessing Ligand Effects. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:807-815. [PMID: 33411534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for peptide bond hydrolysis by Co(III) and Cu(II) complexes with (oxa)cyclen ligands has been revisited by means of computational tools. We propose that the mechanism starts by substrate coordination and an outer-sphere attack on the amide C atom of a solvent water molecule assisted by the metal hydroxo moiety as a general base, which occurs through six-membered ring transition states. This new mechanism represents a more likely scenario than the previously proposed mechanisms that involved an inner-sphere nucleophilic attack through more strained four-membered rings transition states. The corresponding computed overall free-energy barrier of 25.2 kcal mol-1 for hydrolysis of the peptide bond in Phe-Ala by a cobalt(III) oxacyclen catalyst (1) is consistent with the experimental values obtained from rate constants. Also, we assessed the influence of the nature of the ligand throughout a systematic replacement of N by O atoms in the (oxa)cyclen ligand. Increasing the number of coordinating O atoms accelerates the reaction by increasing the Lewis acidity of the metal ion. On the other hand, the higher reactivity observed for the copper(II) oxacyclen catalyst with respect to the analogous Co(III) complex can be attributed to the larger Brönsted basicity of the copper(II) hydroxo ligand. Ultimately, the detailed understanding of the ligand and metal nature effects allowed us to identify the double role of the metal hydroxo complexes as Lewis acids and Brönsted bases and to rationalize the observed reactivity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantulga Norjmaa
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Albert Solé-Daura
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Besora
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M Ricart
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jorge J Carbó
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Madhanagopal BR, Kumar J, Ganesh KN. Silver assisted stereo-directed assembly of branched peptide nucleic acids into four-point nanostars. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21665-21673. [PMID: 33094774 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Branched chiral peptide nucleic acids br(4S/R)-PNA with three arms of PNA-C4 strands were constructed on a central chiral core of 4(R/S)-aminoproline as the branching center. The addition of Ag+ triggered the self-assembly of branched PNAs through the formation of C-Ag+-C metallo base pairing of the three PNA C4 arms leading to non-covalent dendrimers, whose architecture is directed by the C4(R/S)-stereocenter of core 4-aminoproline. The 4S-aminoprolyl core enabled the precise formation of four-pointed nanostars that was not realised with 4R-aminoprolyl or acyclic, achiral aminoethyl glycyl PNA cores. The dendritic assembly of 4 pointed nanostars exhibited net chirality of base stacks in CD spectra, while the base stack assembly from br(4R)-PNA 2 was overall achiral. The results demonstrate that the silver assisted, 4S-aminoproline core stereo selective chiral assembly of branched PNAs manifests into nanostar morphology. The chiral branched PNAs open new vistas in the supramolecular organization of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Raj Madhanagopal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Jatish Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Krishna N Ganesh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India. and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Hu Q, Jayasinghe‐Arachchige VM, Sharma G, Serafim LF, Paul TJ, Prabhakar R. Mechanisms of peptide and phosphoester hydrolysis catalyzed by two promiscuous metalloenzymes (insulin degrading enzyme and glycerophosphodiesterase) and their synthetic analogues. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida
| | | | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida
| | | | - Thomas J. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida
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6
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Lee E, Hosoi Y, Temma H, Ju H, Ikeda M, Kuwahara S, Habata Y. Silver ion-induced chiral enhancement by argentivorous molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3373-3376. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optically active tetra-armed cyclens with an asymmetric chiral centre in the cyclen moiety were synthesized and were shown to enhance chirality and control of enantiomers on complexation with Ag+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hosoi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
| | - Honoka Temma
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
| | - Huiyeong Ju
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
| | - Mari Ikeda
- Education Centre
- Faculty of Engineering
- Chiba Institute of Technology
- Narashino
- Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuwahara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
| | - Yoichi Habata
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi
- Japan
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7
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Mashima K, Nishii Y, Nagae H. Catalytic Cleavage of Amide C-N Bond: Scandium, Manganese, and Zinc Catalysts for Esterification of Amides. CHEM REC 2019; 20:332-343. [PMID: 31507072 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amide C-N bonds are thermodynamically stable and their fission, such as by hydrolysis and alcoholysis, is considered a long-challenging organic reaction. In general, stoichiometric chemical transformations of amides into the corresponding esters and acids require harsh conditions, such as strong acids/bases at a high reaction temperature. Accordingly, the development of catalytic reactions that cleave not only primary and secondary amides, but also tertiary amides in mild conditions, is in high demand. Herein, we surveyed typical stoichiometric transformations of amides, and highlight our recent achievements in the catalytic esterification of amides using scandium, manganese, and zinc catalysts, together with some recent catalyst systems using late-transition metal reported by other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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8
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Embaby AM, Lelieveldt LPWM, Diness F, Meldal M. Metallo-Organozymes with Specific Proteolytic Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:17424-17428. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Embaby
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology and Nano-Science center, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lianne P. W. M. Lelieveldt
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology and Nano-Science center, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Radboud University Nijmegen; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Diness
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology and Nano-Science center, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology and Nano-Science center, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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9
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Mahesh S, Tang KC, Raj M. Amide Bond Activation of Biological Molecules. Molecules 2018; 23:E2615. [PMID: 30322008 PMCID: PMC6222841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amide bonds are the most prevalent structures found in organic molecules and various biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, DNA, and RNA. The unique feature of amide bonds is their ability to form resonating structures, thus, they are highly stable and adopt particular three-dimensional structures, which, in turn, are responsible for their functions. The main focus of this review article is to report the methodologies for the activation of the unactivated amide bonds present in biomolecules, which includes the enzymatic approach, metal complexes, and non-metal based methods. This article also discusses some of the applications of amide bond activation approaches in the sequencing of proteins and the synthesis of peptide acids, esters, amides, and thioesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Kuei-Chien Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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10
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Jayasinghe‐Arachchige VM, Hu Q, Sharma G, Paul TJ, Lundberg M, Quinonero D, Parac‐Vogt TN, Prabhakar R. Hydrolysis of chemically distinct sites of human serum albumin by polyoxometalate: A hybrid QM/MM (ONIOM) study. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:51-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiaoyu Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Thomas J. Paul
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry ‐ Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University 751 21, Uppsala Sweden
| | - David Quinonero
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | | | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
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11
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Zhang T, Sharma G, Paul TJ, Hoffmann Z, Prabhakar R. Effects of Ligand Environment in Zr(IV) Assisted Peptide Hydrolysis. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1079-1088. [PMID: 28398040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this DFT study, activities of 11 different N2O4, N2O3, and NO2 core containing Zr(IV) complexes, 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 (I'N2O4), 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane (I'N2O3), and 2-(2-methoxy)ethanol (I'NO2), respectively, and their analogues in peptide hydrolysis have been investigated. Based on the experimental information, these molecules were created by altering protonation states (singly protonated, doubly protonated, or doubly deprotonated) and number of their ligands. The energetics of the I'N2O4, and I'NO2 and their analogues predicted that both stepwise and concerted mechanisms occurred either with similar barriers, or the latter was more favorable than the former. They also showed that the doubly deprotonated form hydrolyzed the peptide bond with substantially lower barriers than the barriers for other protonation states. For NO2 core possessing complexes, Zr-(NO2)(OHH)(H2O/OH)n for n = 1-3, the hydroxyl group containing molecules were found to be more reactive than their water ligand possessing counterparts. The barriers for these complexes reduced with an increase in the coordination number (6-8) of the Zr(IV) ion. Among all 11 molecules, the NO2 core possessing and two hydroxyl group containing I'DNO2-2H complex was found to be the most reactive complex with a barrier of 28.9 kcal/mol. Furthermore, barriers of 27.5, 28.9, and 32.0 kcal/mol for hydrolysis of Gly-Glu (negative), Gly-Gly (neutral), and Gly-Lys (positive) substrates, respectively, by this complex were in agreement with experiments. The activities of these complexes were explained in terms of basicity of their ligand environment and nucleophilicity of the Zr(IV) center using metal-ligand distances, charge on the metal ion, and the metal-nucleophile distance as parameters. These results provide a deeper understanding of the functioning of these complexes and will help design Zr(IV)-based synthetic metallopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Thomas J Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Zachary Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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12
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Derrick JS, Lee J, Lee SJC, Kim Y, Nam E, Tak H, Kang J, Lee M, Kim SH, Park K, Cho J, Lim MH. Mechanistic Insights into Tunable Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of Amyloid-β Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2234-2244. [PMID: 28098992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An amyloidogenic peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), has been implicated as a contributor to the neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that continues to present a major socioeconomic burden for our society. Recently, the use of metal complexes capable of cleaving peptides has arisen as an efficient tactic for amyloid management; unfortunately, little has been reported to pursue this strategy. Herein, we report a novel approach to validate the hydrolytic cleavage of divalent metal complexes toward two major isoforms of Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and tune their proteolytic activity based on the choice of metal centers (M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) which could be correlated to their anti-amyloidogenic properties. Such metal-dependent tunability was facilitated employing a tetra-N-methylated cyclam (TMC) ligand that imparts unique geometric and stereochemical control, which has not been available in previous systems. Co(II)(TMC) was identified to noticeably cleave Aβ peptides and control their aggregation, reporting the first Co(II) complex for such reactivities to the best of our knowledge. Through detailed mechanistic investigations by biochemical, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, and computational studies, the critical importance of the coordination environment and acidity of the aqua-bound complexes in promoting amide hydrolysis was verified. The biological applicability of Co(II)(TMC) was also illustrated via its potential blood-brain barrier permeability, relatively low cytotoxicity, regulatory capability against toxicity induced by both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in living cells, proteolytic activity with Aβ peptides under biologically relevant conditions, and inertness toward cleavage of structured proteins. Overall, our approaches and findings on reactivities of divalent metal complexes toward Aβ, along with the mechanistic insights, demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing such metal complexes for amyloid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Jung C Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Tak
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Metal assisted peptide bond hydrolysis: Chemistry, biotechnology and toxicological implications. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Cheisson T, Auffrant A. Palladium(ii) complexes featuring a mixed phosphine–pyridine–iminophosphorane pincer ligand: synthesis and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2069-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cationic and neutral Pd complexes featuring an original phosphine–pyridine–iminophosphorane (PNN) ligand were synthesised. In particular, an unexpected borylated complex was isolated by reaction with B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cheisson
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- Ecole Polytechnique
- UMR CNRS 9168
- F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex
- France
| | - Audrey Auffrant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- Ecole Polytechnique
- UMR CNRS 9168
- F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex
- France
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15
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Ly HGT, Absillis G, Parac-Vogt TN. Comparative Study of the Reactivity of Zirconium(IV)-Substituted Polyoxometalates towards the Hydrolysis of Oligopeptides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Zhang T, Ozbil M, Barman A, Paul TJ, Bora RP, Prabhakar R. Theoretical insights into the functioning of metallopeptidases and their synthetic analogues. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:192-200. [PMID: 25607542 DOI: 10.1021/ar500301y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The selective hydrolysis of a peptide or amide bond (-(O═)C-NH-) by a synthetic metallopeptidase is required in a wide range of biological, biotechnological, and industrial applications. In nature, highly specialized enzymes known as proteases and peptidases are used to accomplish this daunting task. Currently, many peptide bond cleaving enzymes and synthetic reagents have been utilized to achieve efficient peptide hydrolysis. However, they possess some serious limitations. To overcome these inadequacies, a variety of metal complexes have been developed that mimic the activities of natural enzymes (metallopeptidases). However, in comparison to metallopeptidases, the hydrolytic reactions facilitated by their existing synthetic analogues are considerably slower and occur with lower catalytic turnover. This could be due to the following reasons: (1) they lack chemical properties of amino acid residues found within enzyme active sites; (2) they contain a higher metal coordination number compared with naturally occurring enzymes; and (3) they do not have access to second coordination shell residues that provide substantial rate enhancements in enzymes. Additionally, the critical structural and mechanistic information required for the development of the next generation of synthetic metallopeptidases cannot be readily obtained through existing experimental techniques. This is because most experimental techniques cannot follow the individual chemical steps in the catalytic cycle due to the fast rate of enzymes. They are also limited by the fact that the diamagnetic d(10) Zn(II) center is silent to electronic, electron spin resonance, and (67)Zn NMR spectroscopies. Therefore, we have employed molecular dynamics (MD), quantum mechanics (QM), and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) techniques to derive this information. In particular, the role of the metal ions, ligands, and microenvironment in the functioning of mono- and binuclear metal center containing enzymes such as insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (BILAP), respectively, and their synthetic analogues have been investigated. Our results suggested that in the functioning of IDE, the chemical nature of the peptide bond played a role in the energetics of the reaction and the peptide bond cleavage occurred in the rate-limiting step of the mechanism. In the cocatalytic mechanism used by BILAP, one metal center polarized the scissile peptide bond through the formation of a bond between the metal and the carbonyl group of the substrate, while the second metal center delivered the hydroxyl nucleophile. The Zn(N3) [Zn(His, His, His)] core of matrix metalloproteinase was better than the Zn(N2O) [Zn(His, His, Glu)] core of IDE for peptide hydrolysis. Due to the synergistic interaction between the two metal centers, the binuclear metal center containing Pd2(μ-OH)([18]aneN6)](4+) complex was found to be ∼100 times faster than the mononuclear [Pd(H2O)4](2+) complex. A successful small-molecule synthetic analogue of a mononuclear metallopeptidase must contain a metal with a strong Lewis acidity capable of reducing the pKa of its water ligand to less than 7. Ideally, the metal center should include three ligands with low basicity. The steric effects or strain exerted by the microenvironment could be used to weaken the metal-ligand interactions and increase the activity of the metallopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Mehmet Ozbil
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Arghya Barman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Thomas J. Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Ram Prasad Bora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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17
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Abstract
Site-selective peptide/protein degradation through chemical cleavage methods is an important modification of biologically relevant macromolecules which complements enzymatic hydrolysis. In this review, recent progress in chemical, site-selective peptide bond cleavage is overviewed, with an emphasis on postulated mechanisms and their implications on reactivity, selectivity, and substrate scope.
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Stroobants K, Saadallah D, Bruylants G, Parac-Vogt TN. Thermodynamic study of the interaction between hen egg white lysozyme and Ce(IV)-Keggin polyoxotungstate as artificial protease. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21778-87. [PMID: 25199500 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions of the Keggin polyoxometalate [Me2NH2]10[Ce(PW11O39)2] (1), which promotes selective hydrolysis of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) under physiological conditions, were investigated in detail by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), (31)P NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. ITC experiments showed that mixing of 1 and HEWL at pH 7.4 and 25 or 37 °C resulted in complexes having 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 POM : HEWL stoichiometries, respectively, and thermodynamic profiles are in agreement with binding in the vicinity of the Trp28-Val29 and Asn44-Arg45 peptide bonds, which were previously shown to undergo selective hydrolysis by 1. Mixing of HEWL with (NH4)4Ce(SO4)4·4H2O salt indicated the absence of any binding accentuating the importance of the polyoxometalate scaffold for selective interaction with the HEWL surface. In contrast, the lacunary Na9[A-α-PW9O34] polyoxometalate showed an increased binding stoichiometry as compared to 1. Increasing the ionic strength resulted in thermodynamic signatures which indicate preservation of the interaction at the Trp28-Val29 site, while interaction at the Asn44-Arg45 appears disrupted due to competition with the salt ions. Decreasing the pH to 4.4 at 37 °C resulted in energetic contributions which suggest that binding at the Trp28-Val29 site is favored, while more pronounced binding at the Asn44-Arg45 site was anticipated when the pH was increased to 9.2. The absence of binding between 1 and α-lactalbumin (α-LA), a protein which is highly isostructural to HEWL but with an overall negative charge, was confirmed at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The influence of the pH on the binding between 1 and α-LA was investigated, demonstrating that at lower pH values, where α-LA becomes more positively charged, a 1 : 1 interaction with 1 is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stroobants
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Stroobants K, Ho PH, Moelants E, Proost P, Parac-Vogt TN. Selective hydrolysis of hen egg white lysozyme at Asp-X peptide bonds promoted by oxomolybdate. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Stroobants K, Goovaerts V, Absillis G, Bruylants G, Moelants E, Proost P, Parac-Vogt TN. Molecular origin of the hydrolytic activity and fixed regioselectivity of a Zr(IV) -substituted polyoxotungstate as artificial protease. Chemistry 2014; 20:9567-77. [PMID: 24958622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A multitechnique approach has been applied in order to identify the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters related to the regioselective hydrolysis of human serum albumin (HSA) promoted by the Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate (POM), K15 H[Zr(α2 -P2 W17 O61 )2 ]. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies indicate that up to four POM molecules interact with HSA. While the first interaction site is characterized by a 1:1 binding and an affinity constant of 2×10(8) M(-1) , the three remaining sites are characterized by a lower global affinity constant of 7×10(5) M(-1) . The higher affinity constant at the first site is in accordance with a high quenching constant of 2.2×10(8) M(-1) obtained for fluorescence quenching of the Trp214 residue located in the only positively charged cleft of HSA, in the presence of K15 H[Zr(α2 -P2 W17 O61 )2 ]. In addition, Eu(III) luminescence experiments with an Eu(III) -substituted POM analogue have shown the replacement of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of Eu(III) due to binding of the metal ion to amino acid side chain residues of HSA. All three interaction studies are in accordance with a stronger POM dominated binding at the positive cleft on the one hand, and interaction mainly governed by metal anchoring at the three remaining positions, on the other hand. Hydrolysis experiments in the presence of K15 H[Zr(α2 -P2 W17 O61 )2 ] have demonstrated regioselective cleavage of HSA at the Arg114Leu115, Ala257Asp258, Lys313Asp314 or Cys392Glu393 peptide bonds. This is in agreement with the interaction studies as the Arg114Leu115 peptide bond is located in the positive cleft of HSA and the three remaining peptide bonds are each located near an upstream acidic residue, which can be expected to coordinate to the metal ion. A detailed kinetic study has evidenced the formation of additional fragments upon prolonged reaction times. Edman degradation of the additional reaction products has shown that these fragments result from further hydrolysis at the initially observed cleavage positions, indicating a fixed selectivity for K15 H[Zr(α2 -P2 W17 O61 )2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Stroobants
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
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Zhang T, Zhu X, Prabhakar R. Peptide Hydrolysis by Metal-Cyclen Complexes and Their Analogues: Insights from Theoretical Studies. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om400903r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Zhang T, Zhu X, Prabhakar R. Mechanistic Insights into Metal (Pd2+, Co2+, and Zn2+)−β-Cyclodextrin Catalyzed Peptide Hydrolysis: A QM/MM Approach. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4106-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502229s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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23
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Suh J. Progress in Designing Artificial Proteases: A New Therapeutic Option for Amyloid Diseases. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Stroobants K, Moelants E, Ly HGT, Proost P, Bartik K, Parac-Vogt TN. Polyoxometalates as a Novel Class of Artificial Proteases: Selective Hydrolysis of Lysozyme under Physiological pH and Temperature Promoted by a Cerium(IV) Keggin-Type Polyoxometalate. Chemistry 2013; 19:2848-58. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Ly HGT, Absillis G, Parac-Vogt TN. Amide bond hydrolysis in peptides and cyclic peptides catalyzed by a dimeric Zr(iv)-substituted Keggin type polyoxometalate. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10929-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kopera E, Belczyk-Ciesielska A, Bal W. Application of Ni(II)-assisted peptide bond hydrolysis to non-enzymatic affinity tag removal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36350. [PMID: 22574150 PMCID: PMC3344860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a non-enzymatic method for hydrolytic peptide bond cleavage, applied to the removal of an affinity tag from a recombinant fusion protein, SPI2-SRHWAP-His(6). This method is based on a highly specific Ni(II) reaction with (S/T)XHZ peptide sequences. It can be applied for the protein attached to an affinity column or to the unbound protein in solution. We studied the effect of pH, temperature and Ni(II) concentration on the efficacy of cleavage and developed an analytical protocol, which provides active protein with a 90% yield and ∼100% purity. The method works well in the presence of non-ionic detergents, DTT and GuHCl, therefore providing a viable alternative for currently used techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Kopera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhang Z, Lu JQ, Wu DF, Chen ZL, Liang FP, Wang ZL. Structural diversity of transition-metal complexes derived from N-propionic acid functionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: From enchanting cluster motifs to unprecedented homometallic polymeric networks. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05816a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Kim MG, Kim HM, Suh JH. Artificial Metalloprotease Based on Co(III)oxacyclen-Aldehyde Conjugate. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Gasser G, Sosniak AM, Metzler-Nolte N. Metal-containing peptide nucleic acid conjugates. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:7061-76. [PMID: 21541385 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are non-natural DNA/RNA analogues with favourable physico-chemical properties and promising applications. Discovered nearly 20 years ago, PNAs have recently re-gained quite a lot of attention. In this Perspective article, we discuss the latest advances on the preparation and utilisation of PNA monomers and oligomers containing metal complexes. These metal- conjugates have found applications in various research fields such as in the sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids, in the hydrolysis of nucleic acids and peptides, as radioactive probes or as modulators of PNA·DNA hybrid stability, and last but not least as probes for molecular and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Drewry JA, Gunning PT. Recent advances in biosensory and medicinal therapeutic applications of zinc(II) and copper(II) coordination complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Chei WS, Ju H, Suh J. New chelating ligands for Co(III)-based peptide-cleaving catalysts selective for pathogenic proteins of amyloidoses. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:511-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Quantum chemical calculations of stability constants: study of ligand effects on the relative stability of Pd(II)–peptide complexes. Theor Chem Acc 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-010-0862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Chei WS, Lee JW, Kim JB, Suh J. Cell-penetration by Co(III)cyclen-based peptide-cleaving catalysts selective for pathogenic proteins of amyloidoses. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Yeguas V, Campomanes P, López R, Díaz N, Suárez D. Understanding Regioselective Cleavage in Peptide Hydrolysis by a Palladium(II) Aqua Complex: A Theoretical Point of View. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8525-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101870j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Yeguas
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimas Suárez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Soluble artificial metalloproteases with broad substrate selectivity, high reactivity, and high thermal and chemical stabilities. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1023-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Lee TY, Suh J. Target-selective peptide-cleaving catalysts as a new paradigm in drug design. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1949-57. [PMID: 19551175 DOI: 10.1039/b710345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review describes the evolution of peptide-hydrolyzing metal catalysts towards artificial metalloproteases cleaving target proteins selectively. The catalytic cleavage of the backbone of a protein related to a disease may effect a cure. In particular, a new therapeutic option for amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and Parkinson's disease has been presented. The new paradigm of drug design based on artificial metalloproteases should be of interest to researchers in the areas of biomimetic chemistry, as well as medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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37
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Abstract
We have proposed catalytic drugs based on artificial proteases as a new paradigm in drug design. Catalytic cleavage of the backbone of a protein related to a disease may effect a cure. Catalytic drugs can be designed even for proteins lacking active sites. Soluble oligomers of amyloid β-42 peptide (Aβ42) are implicated as the primary toxic species in amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cleavage of Aβ42 included in an oligomer may provide a novel method for reduction of Aβ42 oligomers, offering a new therapeutic option. The Co(III) complex of cyclen was used as the catalytic center for peptide hydrolysis. Binding sites of the catalysts that recognize the target were searched by using various chemical libraries. Four compounds were selected as cleavage agents for the oligomers of Aβ42. After reaction with the cleavage agents for 36 h at 37 °C and pH 7.50, up to 30 mol % of Aβ42 (4.0 μM) was cleaved, although the target oligomers existed as transient species. Considerable activity was manifested at the concentrations of the agents as low as 100 nM.
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38
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Proteolytic activity of Co(III) complex of 1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane: a new catalytic center for peptide-cleavage agents. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:151-7. [PMID: 18836752 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic drugs based on target-selective artificial proteases have been proposed as a new paradigm in drug design. Peptide-cleavage agents selective for pathogenic proteins of Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus or Parkinson's disease have been prepared using the Co(III) aqua complex (Co(III)cyclen) of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane as the catalytic center. In the present study, the Co(III) aqua complex (Co(III)oxacyclen) of 1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane was examined in search of an improved catalytic center for peptide-cleavage agents. An X-ray crystallographic study of [Co(oxacyclen)(CO(3))](ClO(4)), titration of Co(III)oxacyclen, and kinetic studies on the cleavage of albumin, gamma-globulin, lysozyme, and myoglobin by Co(III)oxacyclen were carried out. Considerably higher proteolytic activity was observed for Co(III)oxacyclen in comparison with Co(III)cyclen, indicating that better target-selective artificial metalloproteases would be obtained using Co(III)oxacyclen as the catalytic center. The improved proteolytic activity was attributed to either steric effects or the increased Lewis acidity of the Co(III) center. The kinetic data also predicted that side effects due to the cleavage of nontarget proteins by a catalytic drug based on Co(III)oxacyclen would be insignificant.
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39
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40
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41
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42
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Suh J, Chei WS. Metal complexes as artificial proteases: toward catalytic drugs. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Suh J, Yoo SH, Kim MG, Jeong K, Ahn JY, Kim MS, Chae PS, Lee TY, Lee J, Lee J, Jang YA, Ko EH. Cleavage agents for soluble oligomers of amyloid beta peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 46:7064-7. [PMID: 17705324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
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44
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45
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Cepeda SS, Grant KB. Hydrolysis of insulin chain B using zirconium(iv) at neutral pH. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b715589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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47
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Andberg M, Jäntti J, Heilimo S, Pihkala P, Paananen A, Koskinen AMP, Söderlund H, Linder MB. Cleavage of recombinant proteins at poly-His sequences by Co(II) and Cu(II). Protein Sci 2007; 16:1751-61. [PMID: 17600148 PMCID: PMC2203371 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072846407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved ways to cleave peptide chains at engineered sites easily and specifically would form useful tools for biochemical research. Uses of such methods include the activation or inactivation of enzymes or the removal of tags for enhancement of recombinant protein expression or tags used for purification of recombinant proteins. In this work we show by gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy that salts of Co(II) and Cu(II) can be used to cleave fusion proteins specifically at sites where sequences of His residues have been introduced by protein engineering. The His residues could be either consecutive or spaced with other amino acids in between. The cleavage reaction required the presence of low concentrations of ascorbate and in the case of Cu(II) also hydrogen peroxide. The amount of metal ions required for cleavage was very low; in the case of Cu(II) only one to two molar equivalents of Cu(II) to protein was required. In the case of Co(II), 10 molar equivalents gave optimal cleavage. The reaction occurred within minutes, at a wide pH range, and efficiently at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees C to 70 degrees C. The work described here can also have implications for understanding protein stability in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Andberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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48
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Kim MG, Kim MS, Lee SD, Suh J. Peptide-cleaving catalyst selective for melanin-concentrating hormone: oxidative decarboxylation of N-terminal aspartate catalyzed by Co(III)cyclen. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:867-75. [PMID: 16838152 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide a firm basis for the new paradigm of drug discovery based on catalysts for oxidative cleavage of N-terminal aspartate (Asp) residues of oligopeptides, oligopeptide-cleaving catalysts were searched by using melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as the substrate. MCH is a target for designing drugs to reduce obesity. Catalyst candidates containing the Co(III) complex of cyclen as the catalytic center were prepared by multicomponent condensation reactions. From three kinds of chemical libraries containing about 19,000 catalyst candidates, one compound was identified as the MCH-cleaving catalyst. On incubation with the catalyst, the N-terminal Asp residue of MCH was converted to the pyruvate residue by oxidative decarboxylation. Detailed kinetics analysis revealed the catalytic nature of the action of the catalyst. In addition, the kinetics data indicated that MCH can be cleaved with half-lives of 3 h or less with submicromolar catalyst concentrations if the structure of the catalyst is further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyum Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
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49
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de Koning MC, Petersen L, Weterings JJ, Overhand M, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Synthesis of thiol-modified peptide nucleic acids designed for post-assembly conjugation reactions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Kim MS, Jeon JW, Suh J. Angiotensin-cleaving catalysts: conversion of N-terminal aspartate to pyruvate through oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by Co(III)cyclen. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:364-72. [PMID: 15887042 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To provide a firm basis for the new paradigm of drug discovery based on peptide-cleaving catalysts, oligopeptide-cleaving catalysts were searched for by using human angiotensin I (Ang-I) and angiotensin II (Ang-II) as the substrates. Catalyst candidates containing the Co(III) complex of cyclen as the catalytic center were prepared by multicomponent condensation reactions. From two types of chemical libraries containing about 3,600 catalyst candidates, two compounds [SS-Co(III)X and S-Co(III)Y] were selected as the most active catalysts. On incubation with SS-Co(III)X and S-Co(III)Y, both Ang-I and Ang-II were cleaved by oxidative decarboxylation instead of peptide hydrolysis: the N-terminal Asp residues of Ang-I and Ang-II were converted to pyruvate residues. Catalysts for oxidative decarboxylation of the N-terminal Asp residue contained in an oligopeptide are unprecedented in both biological and chemical systems. Detailed kinetics analysis suggested that Ang-I and Ang-II can be cleaved with half-lives much less than 1 h if the structures of the chelating ligands of the catalysts are further improved. The results indicated that the concept of the peptide-cleaving catalysts can be expanded to include oligopeptides as the targets and nonhydrolytic reactions as the means for cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Soon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 South Korea
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