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Markowska A, Markowski AR, Jarocka-Karpowicz I. The Importance of 6-Aminohexanoic Acid as a Hydrophobic, Flexible Structural Element. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12122. [PMID: 34830000 PMCID: PMC8618066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
6-aminohexanoic acid is an ω-amino acid with a hydrophobic, flexible structure. Although the ω-amino acid in question is mainly used clinically as an antifibrinolytic drug, other applications are also interesting and important. This synthetic lysine derivative, without an α-amino group, plays a significant role in chemical synthesis of modified peptides and in the polyamide synthetic fibers (nylon) industry. It is also often used as a linker in various biologically active structures. This review concentrates on the role of 6-aminohexanoic acid in the structure of various molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Markowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Adam Roman Markowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Polish Red Cross Memorial Municipal Hospital, 79 Henryk Sienkiewicz Street, 15-003 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
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2
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Le Roux A, Blaise É, Boudreault PL, Comeau C, Doucet A, Giarrusso M, Collin MP, Neubauer T, Kölling F, Göller AH, Seep L, Tshitenge DT, Wittwer M, Kullmann M, Hillisch A, Mittendorf J, Marsault E. Structure-Permeability Relationship of Semipeptidic Macrocycles-Understanding and Optimizing Passive Permeability and Efflux Ratio. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6774-6783. [PMID: 32453569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the first thorough analysis of the structure-permeability relationship of semipeptidic macrocycles. In total, 47 macrocycles were synthesized using a hybrid solid-phase/solution strategy, and then their passive and cellular permeability was assessed using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and Caco-2 assay, respectively. The results indicate that semipeptidic macrocycles generally possess high passive permeability based on the PAMPA, yet their cellular permeability is governed by efflux, as reported in the Caco-2 assay. Structural variations led to tractable structure-permeability and structure-efflux relationships, wherein the linker length, stereoinversion, N-methylation, and peptoids site-specifically impact the permeability and efflux. Extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics, and ensemble-based three-dimensional polar surface area (3D-PSA) studies showed that ensemble-based 3D-PSA is a good predictor of passive permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Émilie Blaise
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Annie Doucet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marilena Giarrusso
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Neubauer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Florian Kölling
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Andreas H Göller
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Lea Seep
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Schowen KB, Schowen RL, Borchardt SE, Borchardt PM, Artursson P, Audus KL, Augustijns P, Nicolazzo JA, Raub TJ, Schöneich C, Siahaan TJ, Takakura Y, Thakker DR, Wolfe MS. A Tribute to Ronald T. Borchardt—Teacher, Mentor, Scientist, Colleague, Leader, Friend, and Family Man. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:370-385. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chouhan G, James K. Efficient Construction of Proline-Containing β-Turn Mimetic Cyclic Tetrapeptides via CuAAC Macrocyclization. Org Lett 2013; 15:1206-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303572t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keith James
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Mengel A, Reiser O, Aubé J. Synthesis and structural study of cyclic 5-aminovaleric acid-linked β-Ala–β-Ala dipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5975-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Udugamasooriya DG, Spaller MR. Conformational constraint in protein ligand design and the inconsistency of binding entropy. Biopolymers 2008; 89:653-67. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Salamat-Miller N, Johnston TP. Current strategies used to enhance the paracellular transport of therapeutic polypeptides across the intestinal epithelium. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:201-16. [PMID: 15814245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to update the reader on various strategies which have been utilized to increase the paracellular permeability of protein and polypeptide drugs across the intestinal epithelium. Structural features of protein and polypeptide drugs, together with the natural anatomical and physiological features of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, have made oral delivery of this class of compounds extremely challenging. Interest in the paracellular route for the transport of therapeutic proteins and polypeptides following oral administration has recently intensified and continues to be explored. The assumption that molecules with a large molecular weight are not able to diffuse through the tight junctions of the intestinal membrane has been challenged by current research, along with an increased understanding of tight junction physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Salamat-Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Room 211A, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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Chua HL, Jois S, Sim MK, Go ML. Transport of angiotensin peptides across the Caco-2 monolayer. Peptides 2004; 25:1327-38. [PMID: 15350701 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bidirectional transport of the angiotensin peptides--des-Asp-angiotensin I (DAAI), angiotensins III and IV--were studied using human intestinal Caco-2 monolayers. The peptides had low permeability rates but were relatively stable to enzymatic hydrolysis. DAAI was transported by diffusion while angiotensins III and IV were transported by an energy requiring, carrier-mediated process. The physicochemical properties and solution conformations of the peptides were investigated in an attempt to establish structure-transport correlations. Among the three peptides, DAAI was the most hydrophobic, had the highest hydrogen bonding potential and was the only peptide to have a random solution conformation, as determined from circular dichroism, two-dimensional (1)H NMR and molecular modelling. On the other hand, the more hydrophilic angiotensin IV had less hydrogen bonding potential and a solution conformation characterized by a beta turn. These factors may influence the transport characteristics of DAAI and angiotensin IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lee Chua
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Weber K, Ohnmacht U, Gmeiner P. Enantiopure 4- and 5-aminopiperidin-2-ones: regiocontrolled synthesis and conformational characterization as bioactive beta-turn mimetics. J Org Chem 2000; 65:7406-16. [PMID: 11076597 DOI: 10.1021/jo000555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting from aspartic acid, we synthesized lactam-bridged beta- and gamma-amino acid equivalents. Using the 1,4-bis-electrophile 1b as a central intermediate, the 4- and 5-aminopiperidin-2-ones 4 and 8, respectively, were approached by regioselective functionalization and subsequent lactamization. Diastereoselective C-alkylation was performed after N-protection of the lactam functionality when exclusive trans configuration resulting in the formation of 5a-f was observed in the 4-amino series. On the other hand, cis selectivity was typical for the alkylations of the 5-amino lactams 5a,b. To investigate the ability of the lactam building blocks to induce reverse-turn structures by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the model peptidomimetics 12 and 14 representing Homo-Freidinger lactams of type II and III were prepared from 4a and 8a, respectively. Conformational analyses in dilute solution (1 mM) by IR and NMR spectroscopy at room temperature clearly indicated that the 4-aminopiperidin-2-one derivative 12 predominantly adopts a reverse-turn structure stabilized by a CO-HN hydrogen bond in an 11-membered ring. VT NMR experiments showed a substantial temperature dependency of the terminal NH when Deltadelta(NH)/DeltaT = -6.5 indicated that the amount of intramolecular hydrogen bonding is higher at low temperature. An application in the field of medicinal chemistry was demonstrated. Thus, starting from the Homo-Freidinger lactam 11c and the enantiomer ent-11c, we synthesized the peptidomimetics 15c and 16c and investigated them as lactam-bridged analogues of the dopamine receptor modulating peptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2) (PLG). Both test compounds turned out to enhance significantly the agonist binding of dopamine D2 receptors, when the isomer 15c revealed a potency comparable to the genuine ligand PLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrabetae 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Gudmundsson OS, Jois SD, Vander Velde DG, Siahaan TJ, Wang B, Borchardt RT. The effect of conformation on the membrane permeation of coumarinic acid- and phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:383-92. [PMID: 10406216 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier study using Caco-2 cells, an in vitro cell culture model of the intestinal mucosa, we have shown that the coumarinic-based (3 and 4) and the phenylpropionic acid-based (5 and 6) cyclic prodrugs were more able to permeate the cell monolayers than were the corresponding opioid peptides, [Leu5]-enkephalin (1, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (2, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH). In an attempt to explain the increased permeation of the cyclic prodrugs, we have determined the possible conformations of these cyclic prodrugs in solution, using spectroscopic techniques (2D-NMR, CD) and molecular dynamics simulations. Spectroscopic as well as molecular dynamic studies indicate that cyclic prodrug 4 exhibits two major conformers (A and B) in solution. Conformer A exhibited a type I beta-turn at Tyr1-D-Ala2-Gly3-Phe4. The presence of a turn was supported by ROE cross-peaks between the NH of D-Ala2 and the NH of Gly3 and between the NH of Gly3 and the NH of Phe4. Conformer B of cyclic prodrug 4 consisted of type II beta-turns at the same positions. The type II turn was stabilized by hydrogen bonding, thus forming a more compact structure, whereas the type I turn did not exhibit similar intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Spectroscopic data for compounds 3, 5 and 6 are consistent with the conclusion that these cyclic prodrugs have solution structures similar to those observed with cyclic prodrug 4. The increased lipophilicity and well-defined secondary structures in cyclic prodrugs 3-6, but not in the linear peptides 1 and 2, could both contribute to the enhanced ability of these prodrugs to permeate membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Gudmundsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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Gudmundsson OS, Vander Velde DG, Jois SD, Bak A, Siahaan TJ, Borchardt RT. The effect of conformation of the acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides on their membrane permeability. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:403-13. [PMID: 10406218 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier study using Caco-2 cells, an in vitro cell culture model of the intestinal mucosa, we have shown that the acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrugs 3 and 4 of the opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin(1, H-Tyr-GLY-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE(2, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively, were substrates for apically polarized efflux systems and therefore less able to permeate the cell monolayers than were the opioid peptides themselves. In an attempt to explain how structure may influence the recognition of these cyclic prodrugs as substrates by the apically polarized efflux systems, we have determined the possible solution conformations of 3 and 4 using spectroscopic techniques (2D-NMR, CD) and molecular dynamics simulations. Spectroscopic as well as computational studies indicate that cyclic prodrug 4 exhibits a major and a minor conformer in a ratio of 3:2 where both conformers exhibit gamma and beta-turn structures. Spectroscopic, as well as molecular dynamics, studies indicate that the difference between the two conformers involves a cis/trans inversion occurring at the amide bond between the promoiety and Tyr1. The major conformer has a trans amide bond between the promoiety and Tyr1, whereas the minor conformer has a cis amide bond. The spectroscopic data indicate that cyclic prodrug 3 has a structure similar to that of the major conformer in cyclic prodrug 4. It has recently been reported that a particular arrangement of polar groups and spatial separation distances is required for substrate recognition by P-glycoprotein. When the conformation of the acyloxyalkoxy linker was investigated in the major and minor conformers of cyclic prodrug 4, with respect to distances between the polar functional groups, this ideal fixed spatial orientation was observed. Interestingly this same spatial orientation of polar functional groups was not observed for other cyclic prodrugs prepared by our laboratory using different chemical linkers (coumarinic acid and phenylpropionic acid) but the same opioid peptides that had previously been shown not to be substrates for the apically polarized efflux systems. Therefore, we hypothesize that the structure and/or the flexibility of the acyloxyalkoxy linker itself allows cyclic prodrugs 3 and 4 to adopt conformations that permit ideal arrangement of polar groups in the linker and their fixed spatial orientation. This possibly induces the substrate activity of cyclic prodrugs 3 and 4 for the apically polarized efflux systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Gudmundsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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