1
|
Abstract
Iminosugars are naturally occurring carbohydrate analogues known since 1967. These natural compounds and hundreds of their synthetic derivatives prepared over five decades have been mainly exploited to inhibit the glycosidases, the enzymes catalysing the glycosidic bond cleavage, in order to find new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. However, iminosugars are also inhibitors of glycosyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. The selective inhibition of specific glycosyltransferases involved in cancer or bacterial infections could lead to innovative therapeutic agents. The synthesis and biological properties of all the iminosugars assayed to date as glycosyltransferase inhibitors are reviewed in the present article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Conforti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takayama S. Embracing Heterogeneity and Disorder. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Takayama
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- The Parker H Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bevan JGM, Lourenço EC, Chaves-Ferreira M, Rodrigues JA, Rita Ventura M. Immobilization of UDP-Galactose on an Amphiphilic Resin. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. M. Bevan
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Eva C. Lourenço
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Miguel Chaves-Ferreira
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - João A. Rodrigues
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Díaz-Lobo M, Concia AL, Gómez L, Clapés P, Fita I, Guinovart JJ, Ferrer JC. Inhibitory properties of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) derivatives acting on glycogen metabolising enzymes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9105-9113. [PMID: 27714243 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) are the key enzymes that control, respectively, the synthesis and degradation of glycogen, a multi-branched glucose polymer that serves as a form of energy storage in bacteria, fungi and animals. An abnormal glycogen metabolism is associated with several human diseases. Thus, GS and GP constitute adequate pharmacological targets to modulate cellular glycogen levels by means of their selective inhibition. The compound 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) is a known potent inhibitor of GP. We studied the inhibitory effect of DAB, its enantiomer LAB, and 29 DAB derivatives on the activity of rat muscle glycogen phosphorylase (RMGP) and E. coli glycogen synthase (EcGS). The isoform 4 of sucrose synthase (SuSy4) from Solanum tuberosum L. was also included in the study for comparative purposes. Although these three enzymes possess highly conserved catalytic site architectures, the DAB derivatives analysed showed extremely diverse inhibitory potential. Subtle changes in the positions of crucial residues in their active sites are sufficient to discriminate among the structural differences of the tested inhibitors. For the two Leloir-type enzymes, EcGS and SuSy4, which use sugar nucleotides as donors, the inhibitory potency of the compounds analysed was synergistically enhanced by more than three orders of magnitude in the presence of ADP and UDP, respectively. Our results are consistent with a model in which these compounds bind to the subsite in the active centre of the enzymes that is normally occupied by the glucosyl residue which is transferred between donor and acceptor substrates. The ability to selectively inhibit the catalytic activity of the key enzymes of the glycogen metabolism may represent a new approach for the treatment of disorders of the glycogen metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Díaz-Lobo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alda Lisa Concia
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Livia Gómez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan C Ferrer
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Pannuzzo G, Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo M, Masman MF, Avola R, Cardile V. Zoledronate derivatives as potential inhibitors of uridine diphosphate-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase 8: A combined molecular docking and dynamic study. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1318-1326. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | | | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Department of Computational Biology; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Marcelo Fabricio Masman
- Department of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Villiger TK, Steinhoff RF, Ivarsson M, Solacroup T, Stettler M, Broly H, Krismer J, Pabst M, Zenobi R, Morbidelli M, Soos M. High-throughput profiling of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars to evaluate their impact on antibody N-glycosylation. J Biotechnol 2016; 229:3-12. [PMID: 27131894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in miniaturized cell culture systems have facilitated the screening of media additives on productivity and protein quality attributes of mammalian cell cultures. However, intracellular components are not routinely measured due to the limited throughput of available analytical techniques. In this work, time profiling of intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars of CHO-S cell fed-batch processes in a micro-scale bioreactor system was carried out using a recently developed high-throughput method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Supplementation of various media additives significantly altered the intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars that are inextricably linked to the process of glycosylation. The results revealed that UDP-Gal synthesis appeared to be particularly limiting whereas the impact of elevated UDP-GlcNAc and GDP-Fuc levels on the final glycosylation patterns was only marginally important. In contrast, manganese and asparagine supplementation altered the glycan profiles without affecting intracellular components. The combination of miniaturized cell cultures and high-throughput analytical techniques serves therefore as a useful tool for future quality driven media optimization studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Steinhoff
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marija Ivarsson
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Solacroup
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Krismer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pabst
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos A, Oliveira IA, Lucena MC, Mantuano NR, Whelan SA, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Biosynthetic Machinery Involved in Aberrant Glycosylation: Promising Targets for Developing of Drugs Against Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:138. [PMID: 26161361 PMCID: PMC4479729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on altered metabolism and nutrient uptake to generate and keep the malignant phenotype. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is a branch of glucose metabolism that produces UDP-GlcNAc and its derivatives, UDP-GalNAc and CMP-Neu5Ac and donor substrates used in the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Growing evidence demonstrates that alteration of the pool of activated substrates might lead to different glycosylation and cell signaling. It is already well established that aberrant glycosylation can modulate tumor growth and malignant transformation in different cancer types. Therefore, biosynthetic machinery involved in the assembly of aberrant glycans are becoming prominent targets for anti-tumor drugs. This review describes three classes of glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, N-linked, and mucin type O-linked glycosylation, involved in tumor progression, their biosynthesis and highlights the available inhibitors as potential anti-tumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isadora A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Miguel Clodomiro Lucena
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Wagner Barbosa Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Surve T, Gadgil M. Manganese increases high mannose glycoform on monoclonal antibody expressed in CHO when glucose is absent or limiting: Implications for use of alternate sugars. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:460-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Surve
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tedaldi L, Wagner GK. Beyond substrate analogues: new inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases, which are not structurally derived from either donor or acceptor substrate, are being reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schaefer K, Sindhuwinata N, Hackl T, Kötzler MP, Niemeyer FC, Palcic MM, Peters T, Meyer B. A nonionic inhibitor with high specificity for the UDP-Gal donor binding site of human blood group B galactosyltransferase: design, synthesis, and characterization. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2150-4. [PMID: 23406460 DOI: 10.1021/jm300642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
9-(5-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-arabinityl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6,8-trione (1) was designed and synthesized as a nonionic inhibitor for the donor binding site of human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB). Enzymatic characterization showed 1 to be extremely specific, as the highly homologous human N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) is not inhibited. The binding epitope of 1 demonstrates a high involvement of the arabinityl linker, whereas the galactose residue is only making contact to the protein via its C-2 site, which is very important for the discrimination between galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, the substrate transferred by GTA. The approach can generate highly specific glycosyltransferase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schaefer
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gómez H, Polyak I, Thiel W, Lluch JM, Masgrau L. Retaining Glycosyltransferase Mechanism Studied by QM/MM Methods: Lipopolysaccharyl-α-1,4-galactosyltransferase C Transfers α-Galactose via an Oxocarbenium Ion-like Transition State. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4743-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iakov Polyak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an
der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an
der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang GL, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Concise syntheses of selective inhibitors against α-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5062-8. [PMID: 20820649 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several iminosugar-based uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) mimetics 1-4 including d- and l-epimers were designed and synthesized by concise routes, and these synthetic compounds were evaluated for the inhibition of α-1,3- and β-1,4-galactosyltransferases in vitro. The experimental data demonstrated that l-epimer 2 displayed the strongest inhibitory activity with moderate selectivity against α-1,3-galactosyltransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road #38, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Ren S, Sun D, Tao J. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Analogues for Galactosyl Donors as Inhibitors ofβ-1,4-Galactosyltransferase. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902730887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, China
| | - Sumei Ren
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, China
| | - Dongkui Sun
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, China
| | - Jiang Tao
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fluorinated per-acetylated GalNAc metabolically alters glycan structures on leukocyte PSGL-1 and reduces cell binding to selectins. Blood 2009; 115:1303-12. [PMID: 19996411 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-231480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies to control the binding of adhesion molecules belonging to the selectin family are required for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. We tested the possibility that synthetic monosaccharide analogs can compete with naturally occurring sugars to alter the O-glycan content on human leukocyte cell surface selectin-ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Resulting reduction in the sialyl Lewis-X-bearing epitopes on this ligand may reduce cell adhesion. Consistent with this hypothesis, 50muM per-acetylated 4F-GalNAc added to the growth media of promyelocytic HL-60 cells reduced the expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte associated-antigen (HECA-452 epitope) by 82% within 2 cell doubling cycles. Cell binding to all 3 selectins (L-, E-, and P-selectin) was reduced in vitro. 4F-GalNAc was metabolically incorporated into PSGL-1, and this was accompanied by an approximately 20% reduction in PSGL-1 glycan content. A 70% to 85% reduction in HECA-452 binding epitope and N-acetyl lactosamine content in PSGL-1 was also noted on 4F-GalNAc addition. Intravenous 4F-GalNAc infusion reduced leukocyte migration to the peritoneum in a murine model of thioglycolate-induced peritonitis. Thus, the compound has pharmacologic activity. Overall, the data suggest that 4F-GalNAc may be applied as a metabolic inhibitor to reduce O-linked glycosylation, sialyl Lewis-X formation, and leukocyte adhesion via the selectins.
Collapse
|
17
|
Maeda T, Nishimura SI. FRET-based direct and continuous monitoring of human fucosyltransferases activity: an efficient synthesis of versatile GDP-L-fucose derivatives from abundant D-galactose. Chemistry 2008; 14:478-87. [PMID: 17929334 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a facile and versatile protocol for the continuous monitoring of human fucosyltransferases activity by using fluorescence energy resonance transfer (FRET), and have explored the feasibility of its use in an inhibitor screening assay. A convenient sugar nucleotide with a fluorogenic probe, 6-deoxy-6-N-(2-naphalene-2-yl-acetamide)-beta-L-galactopyranos-1-yl-guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt (1), was efficiently synthesized from naturally abundant D-galactopyranose via a key intermediate, 6-azide-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-benzoyl-6-deoxy-beta-L-galactopyranose (10). It was demonstrated that the combined use of the glycosyl donor 1 and a dansylated acceptor substrate, sialyl-alpha2,3-LacNAc derivative (2) allowed us to carry out highly sensitive, direct, and continuous in vitro monitoring of the generation of sialyl Lewis X (SLe x), which is catalyzed by human alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VI (FUT-VI). A kinetic analysis revealed that compound 1 was an excellent donor substrate (KM=0.94 microM and Vmax=0.14 microM min(-1)) for detecting human FUT-VI activity. To the best of our knowledge, this synthetic fluorogenic probe is the most sensitive and selective donor substrate for FUT-VI among all of the known GDP-Fuc analogues, including the parent GDP-Fuc. When a dansylated asparagine-linked glycopeptide 20, which is derived from egg yolk was employed as an alternate acceptor substrate, a FRET-based assay with compound 1 could be used to directly monitor the alpha1,6-fucosylation at the reducing terminal GlcNAc residue by human FUT-VIII (KM=175 microM and Vmax=0.06 microM/ min); this indicates that the present method might become a general protocol for the characterization of various mammalian fucosyltransferases in the presence of designated fluorogenic acceptor substrates. The present protocol revealed that compound 23, which was obtained by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between the disodium salt 16 and 1-ethynyl-naphthalene exhibits highly potent inhibitory effects against the FUT-VI-mediated sialyl Lewis X synthesis (IC50=5.4 microM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brown JR, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan antagonists and inhibitors: a fount for drug discovery. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 42:481-515. [PMID: 18066955 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701751611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, represent a relatively unexploited area for drug development compared with other macromolecules. This review describes the major classes of glycans synthesized by animal cells, their mode of assembly, and available inhibitors for blocking their biosynthesis and function. Many of these agents have proven useful for studying the biological activities of glycans in isolated cells, during embryological development, and in physiology. Some are being used to develop drugs for treating metabolic disorders, cancer, and infection, suggesting that glycans are excellent targets for future drug development.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bouhss A, Trunkfield AE, Bugg TDH, Mengin-Lecreulx D. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 32:208-33. [PMID: 18081839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process involving many different steps taking place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner and outer sides of the cytoplasmic membrane (assembly and polymerization of the disaccharide-peptide monomer unit, respectively). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the membrane steps leading to the formation of the lipid II intermediate, i.e. the substrate of the polymerization reactions. It makes the point on past and recent data that have significantly contributed to the understanding of the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate, the carrier lipid required for the anchoring of the peptidoglycan hydrophilic units in the membrane, and to the characterization of the MraY and MurG enzymes which catalyze the successive transfers of the N-acetylmuramoyl-peptide and N-acetylglucosamine moieties onto the carrier lipid, respectively. Enzyme inhibitors and antibacterial compounds interfering with these essential metabolic steps and interesting targets are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bouhss
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Valade A, Urban D, Beau JM. Two galactosyltransferases' selection of different binders from the same uridine-based dynamic combinatorial library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1-4. [PMID: 17206823 DOI: 10.1021/cc060033w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valade
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux Associé au CNRS, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Valade A, Urban D, Beau JM. Target-assisted selection of galactosyltransferase binders from dynamic combinatorial libraries. An unexpected solution with restricted amounts of the enzyme. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1023-7. [PMID: 16715540 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valade
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules associé au CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Orsay, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramakrishnan B, Ramasamy V, Qasba PK. Structural snapshots of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I along the kinetic pathway. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:1619-33. [PMID: 16497331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During the catalytic cycle of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 (Gal-T1), upon the binding of Mn(2+) followed by UDP-Gal, two flexible loops, a long and a short loop, change their conformation from open to closed. We have determined the crystal structures of a human M340H-Gal-T1 mutant in the open conformation (apo-enzyme), its Mn(2+) and Mn(2+)-UDP-Gal-bound complexes, and of a pentenary complex of bovine Gal-T1-Mn(2+)-UDP-GalNAc-Glc-alpha-lactalbumin. These studies show that during the conformational changes in Gal-T1, the coordination of Mn(2+) undergoes significant changes. It loses a coordination bond with a water molecule bound in the open conformation of Gal-T1 while forming a new coordination bond with another water molecule in the closed conformation, creating an active ground-state structure that facilitates enzyme catalysis. In the crystal structure of the pentenary complex, the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moiety is found cleaved from UDP-GalNAc and is placed 2.7A away from the O4 oxygen atom of the acceptor Glc molecule, yet to form the product. The anomeric C1 atom of the cleaved GalNAc moiety has only two covalent bonds with its non-hydrogen atoms (O5 and C2 atoms), similar to either an oxocarbenium ion or N-acetylgalactal form, which are crystallographically indistinguishable at the present resolution. The structure also shows that the newly formed, metal-coordinating water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the beta-phosphate group of the cleaved UDP moiety. This hydrogen bond formation results in the rotation of the beta-phosphate group of UDP away from the cleaved GalNAc moiety, thereby preventing the re-formation of the UDP-sugar during catalysis. Therefore, this water molecule plays an important role during catalysis in ensuring that the catalytic reaction proceeds in a forward direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section, Nanobiology Program Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heissigerová H, Kočalka P, Hlaváčková M, Imberty A, Breton C, Chazalet V, Moravcová J. Synthesis of D-Galactopyranosylphosphonic and (D-Galactopyranosylmethyl)phosphonic Acids as Intermediates of Inhibitors of Galactosyltransferases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20061659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Employing the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-galactopyranose with triethyl phosphite and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, α- and β-D-galactopyranosylphosphonic acids were prepared in 33 and 28% yields, respectively. (α-D-Galactopyranosylmethyl)phosphonic acid was synthesized by a five-step route from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-galactopyranose in 52% overall yield. When tested against bovine α-1,3- and β-1,4-galactosyltransferases, all three compounds showed, at best, very poor inhibitions. Both enzymes were inhibited more effectively by β-D-galactopyranosylphosphonic acid (IC50 = 17 mmol l-1 at 13.5 μmol l-1 of UDP-Gal for β4GalT).
Collapse
|
24
|
Takaya K, Nagahori N, Kurogochi M, Furuike T, Miura N, Monde K, Lee YC, Nishimura SI. Rational design, synthesis, and characterization of novel inhibitors for human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6054-65. [PMID: 16162007 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An affinity labeling reagent, uridine 5'-(6-amino-{2-[(7-bromomethyl-2-naphthyl)methoxycarbonylmethoxy]ethoxy}acetyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) diphosphate (1a), was designed on the basis of 3D docking simulation and synthesized to investigate the functional role of Trp310 residue located in the small loop near the active site of human recombinant galactosyltransferase (betaGalT-1). Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the Trp310 residue of betaGalT1 can be selectively modified with the naphthylmethyl group of compound 1a at the C-3 position of the indole ring. This result motivated us to synthesize novel uridine-5'-diphosphogalactose (UDP-Gal) analogues as candidates for mechanism-based inhibitors for betaGalT-1. We found that uridine 5'-(6-O-[10-(2-naphthyl)-3,6,9-trioxadecanyl]-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl) diphosphate (2) is the strongest inhibitor (K(i) = 1.86 microM) against UDP-Gal (Km = 4.91 microM) among compounds reported previously. A cold spray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry study demonstrated that the complex of this inhibitor and betaGalT-1 cannot interact with an acceptor substrate in the presence of Mn2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takaya
- Division of Biological Sciences, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Murata S, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. Synthesis of galactose-linked uridine derivatives with simple linkers as potential galactosyltransferase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Chiu PCN, Tsang HY, Koistinen R, Koistinen H, Seppala M, Lee KF, Yeung WSB. The Contribution of d-Mannose, l-Fucose, N-Acetylglucosamine, and Selectin Residues on the Binding of Glycodelin Isoforms to Human Spermatozoa1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1710-9. [PMID: 14973265 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous data showed that glycodelin-A from amniotic fluid and glycodelin-F from follicular fluid inhibited sperm-zona pellucida binding. Solubilized zona pellucida reduced the binding of glycodelin-F to sperm extract dose dependently. This study demonstrated that the zona pellucida proteins also reduced the binding of glycodelin-A to sperm extract. Ionophore-induced acrosome reaction reduced the binding of iodinated glycodelin-A and -F to sperm, indicating that the glycodelin-binding sites are on the outer acrosomal membrane or on the sperm plasma membrane overlying the acrosome. While the binding of glycodelin-A to sperm was suppressed by mannose and fucose neoglycoproteins, that of glycodelin-F was also reduced by acetylglucosamine neoglycoprotein. Pretreatment of sperm with inhibitors of mannosidase and acetylglucosaminidase reduced the binding of glycodelin-F to sperm. On the other hand, inhibitor of mannosidase but not of acetylglucosaminidase inhibited the binding of glycodelin-A. In a competition binding assay, mannosidase reduced both glycodelin-A and -F binding whereas acetylglucosaminidase reduced only glycodelin-F binding. While fucosidase reduced the binding of both glycodelins, fucosidase inhibitor was marginally active in suppressing the binding of glycodelins to human sperm. Among the selectins tested, only E-selectin had a slight inhibitory effect on the binding of glycodelin-A to sperm. The binding of glycodelin-F was unaffected by selectins and their antibodies. In conclusion, the binding of glycodelin-A to sperm involves mannose, fucose, and possibly E- selectin residues, while that of glycodelin-F involves mannose, fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine but not the selectin residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lobsanov YD, Romero PA, Sleno B, Yu B, Yip P, Herscovics A, Howell PL. Structure of Kre2p/Mnt1p: a yeast alpha1,2-mannosyltransferase involved in mannoprotein biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17921-31. [PMID: 14752117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kre2p/Mnt1p is a Golgi alpha1,2-mannosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall glycoproteins. The protein belongs to glycosyltransferase family 15, a member of which has been implicated in virulence of Candida albicans. We present the 2.0 A crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Kre2p/Mnt1p and its binary and ternary complexes with GDP/Mn(2+) and GDP/Mn(2+)/acceptor methyl-alpha-mannoside. The protein has a mixed alpha/beta fold similar to the glycosyltransferase-A (GT-A) fold. Although the GDP-mannose donor was used in the crystallization experiments and the GDP moiety is bound tightly to the active site, the mannose is not visible in the electron density. The manganese is coordinated by a modified DXD motif (EPD), with only the first glutamate involved in a direct interaction. The position of the donor mannose was modeled using the binary and ternary complexes of other GT-A enzymes. The C1" of the modeled donor mannose is within hydrogen-bonding distance of both the hydroxyl of Tyr(220) and the O2 of the acceptor mannose. The O2 of the acceptor mannose is also within hydrogen bond distance of the hydroxyl of Tyr(220). The structures, modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic analysis suggest two possible catalytic mechanisms. Either a double-displacement mechanism with the hydroxyl of Tyr(220) as the potential nucleophile or alternatively, an S(N)i-like mechanism with Tyr(220) positioning the substrates for catalysis. The importance of Tyr(220) in both mechanisms is highlighted by a 3000-fold reduction in k(cat) in the Y220F mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri D Lobsanov
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mills PB, Mills K, Mian N, Winchester BG, Clayton PT. Mass spectrometric analysis of glycans in elucidating the pathogenesis of CDG type IIx . J Inherit Metab Dis 2003; 26:119-34. [PMID: 12889655 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024476915278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of secreted or membrane-bound proteins are glycosylated. The glycans attached to glycoproteins can affect a range of physicochemical and biological properties of the glycoprotein and appropriate glycosylation is essential for many normal cellular functions, with aberrant glycosylation often leading to disease. This short review briefly outlines the methodology used to release glycans from proteins and analyse them by mass spectrometry. The technology is illustrated by the description of a rapid and sensitive method for profiling glycoproteins of patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation type II. This methodology can rapidly pinpoint the defective step(s) in the processing pathway of N-linked glycans, thereby focusing the biochemical analyses that need to be performed to define the genetic basis of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Mills
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health at Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Lillelund VH, Jensen HH, Liang X, Bols M. Recent developments of transition-state analogue glycosidase inhibitors of non-natural product origin. Chem Rev 2002; 102:515-53. [PMID: 11841253 DOI: 10.1021/cr000433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinni H Lillelund
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nidetzky B, Eis C. Alpha-retaining glucosyl transfer catalysed by trehalose phosphorylase from Schizophyllum commune: mechanistic evidence obtained from steady-state kinetic studies with substrate analogues and inhibitors. Biochem J 2001; 360:727-36. [PMID: 11736665 PMCID: PMC1222278 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal trehalose phosphorylase is classified as a family 4 glucosyltransferase that catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of alpha,alpha-trehalose with net retention of anomeric configuration. Glucosyl transfer to and from phosphate takes place by the partly rate-limiting interconversion of ternary enzyme-substrate complexes formed from binary enzyme-phosphate and enzyme-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate adducts respectively. To advance a model of the chemical mechanism of trehalose phosphorylase, we performed a steady-state kinetic study with the purified enzyme from the basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune by using alternative substrates, inhibitors and combinations thereof in pairs as specific probes of substrate-binding recognition and transition-state structure. Orthovanadate is a competitive inhibitor against phosphate and alpha-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate, and binds 3 x 10(4)-fold tighter (K(i) approximately 1 microM) than phosphate. Structural alterations of d-glucose at C-2 and O-5 are tolerated by the enzyme at subsite +1. They lead to parallel effects of approximately the same magnitude (slope=1.14; r(2)=0.98) on the reciprocal catalytic efficiency for reverse glucosyl transfer [log (K(m)/k(cat))] and the apparent affinity of orthovanadate determined in the presence of the respective glucosyl acceptor (log K(i)). An adduct of orthovanadate and the nucleophile/leaving group bound at subsite +1 is therefore the true inhibitor and displays partial transition state analogy. Isofagomine binds to subsite -1 in the enzyme-phosphate complex with a dissociation constant of 56 microM and inhibits trehalose phosphorylase at least 20-fold better than 1-deoxynojirimycin. The specificity of the reversible azasugars inhibitors would be explained if a positive charge developed on C-1 rather than O-5 in the proposed glucosyl cation-like transition state of the reaction. The results are discussed in the context of alpha-retaining glucosyltransferase mechanisms that occur with and without a beta-glucosyl enzyme intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Nidetzky
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The search for carbohydrate mimetics-based glycosyltransferase inhibitors is a dynamic field that emerged 10 years ago. This review presents a description of the different types of glycosyltransferase inhibitors containing a carbohydrate mimetic (primarily an iminosugar, a carbasugar or a C-glycoside) and data on their biological activity whenever such data are available. The purpose of this account is to foster a synergy between the two expanding research areas of glycomimetics and glycosyltransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Compain
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saotome C, Wong CH, Kanie O. Combinatorial library of five-membered iminocyclitol and the inhibitory activities against glyco-enzymes. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:1061-70. [PMID: 11731297 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligosaccharide processing enzymes are important classes of catalysts involved in synthesizing specific oligosaccharide structures on proteins and sphingolipids. Development of specific inhibitors of such enzymes is of current interest as these inhibitors may be used to control cellular functions. Five-membered iminocyclitols have been shown to be potent inhibitors of such enzymes. Since a rational design and synthesis of inhibitors is often extremely difficult due to the limited information regarding the structure of the active site, we carried out a combinatorial library approach. RESULTS To create diversity, we decided to use an aldehyde group of a protected iminocyclitol for reductive amination and the Strecker reaction. After transformation of the nitrile group introduced by the Strecker reaction into an amine and amide and complete deprotection, a small library of five-membered iminocyclitols consisting of 27 compounds was synthesized. A series of compounds obtained by reductive amination was first screened as potential inhibitors of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Among them, compounds carrying a C(10)-alkyl group showed marked enhancement of inhibitory activity against alpha-mannosidase at 10 microM concentration when compared with its parent compound and deoxymannojirimycin. Furthermore, compounds having the phenylethyl group showed an extremely strong inhibitory effect against alpha-galactosaminidase at a K(i) value of 29.4 nM. Compounds with an aminomethyl and amide group at the C-1' position of these two molecules showed a decrease in inhibitory activities. CONCLUSIONS A combinatorial approach based on five-membered iminocyclitols with a galacto-configuration was exploited. The potential usefulness of the library as a source of inhibitors of glycoenzymes is clearly shown in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Saotome
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Science (MITILS), Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ramakrishnan B, Shah PS, Qasba PK. alpha-Lactalbumin (LA) stimulates milk beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (beta 4Gal-T1) to transfer glucose from UDP-glucose to N-acetylglucosamine. Crystal structure of beta 4Gal-T1 x LA complex with UDP-Glc. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37665-71. [PMID: 11485999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1 (Gal-T1) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which constitutes its normal galactosyltransferase (Gal-T) activity. In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin (LA), it transfers Gal to Glc, which is its lactose synthase (LS) activity. It also transfers glucose (Glc) from UDP-Glc to GlcNAc, constituting the glucosyltransferase (Glc-T) activity, albeit at an efficiency of only 0.3-0.4% of Gal-T activity. In the present study, we show that LA increases this activity almost 30-fold. It also enhances the Glc-T activity toward various N-acyl substituted glucosamine acceptors. Steady state kinetic studies of Glc-T reaction show that the K(m) for the donor and acceptor substrates are high in the absence of LA. In the presence of LA, the K(m) for the acceptor substrate is reduced 30-fold, whereas for UDP-Glc it is reduced only 5-fold. In order to understand this property, we have determined the crystal structures of the Gal-T1.LA complex with UDP-Glc x Mn(2+) and with N-butanoyl-glucosamine (N-butanoyl-GlcN), a preferred sugar acceptor in the Glc-T activity. The crystal structures reveal that although the binding of UDP-Glc is quite similar to UDP-Gal, there are few significant differences observed in the hydrogen bonding interactions between UDP-Glc and Gal-T1. Based on the present kinetic and crystal structural studies, a possible explanation for the role of LA in the Glc-T activity has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Petrová P, Koca J, Imberty A. Molecular dynamics simulations of solvated UDP-glucose in interaction with Mg2+ cations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5365-74. [PMID: 11606199 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of oligosaccharides. Nucleotide-sugars, the glycosyltransferase substrates, serve as activated donors of sugar residues during the enzymatic reaction Although very little is known about the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes, it appears that the catalytic activity in most glycosyltransferases is dependent upon the presence of a divalent cation, for example Mn2+ or Mg2+. It is not known whether the ion is bound to the enzyme before its interaction with the substrate, or if it binds the substrate before the enzymatic reaction to modify its conformation to fit better the active site of the enzyme. We have inspected the latter possibility by running four 2-ns molecular dynamics trajectories on fully solvated UDP-glucose in the presence of Mg2+ ions. Our results indicate that the divalent cation interacts strongly with the nucleotide-sugar in solution, and that it can alter its conformational behavior. It is also shown that a conformation of the pyrophosphate moiety that results in an eclipsed or almost eclipsed orientation of two of the oxygen atoms, and which is found in protein interacting with a nucleotide di- or tri-phosphate X-ray data, is energetically favored. The results are also discussed in light of existing NMR data, and are found to be in a good agreement with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Petrová
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xie J, Thellend A, Becker H, Vidal-Cros A. Synthesis and evaluation of a C-glycosyl nucleoside as an inhibitor of chitin synthase. Carbohydr Res 2001; 334:177-82. [PMID: 11513824 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing program devoted to inhibit chitin synthases, we have prepared a novel C-glycosyl nucleoside as metabolically stable substrate analog of UDP-GlcNAc. The synthetic strategy relies on the consecutive coupling of nucleoside and amino C-glycosyl moieties with L-tartaric acid. However, this compound inhibited only weakly chitin synthase I, with an IC(50) value of 20 mM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xie
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Glucides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7613, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Petrová P, Monteiro C, Hervé du Penhoat C, Koca J, Imberty A. Conformational behavior of nucleotide-sugar in solution: molecular dynamics and NMR study of solvated uridine diphosphate-glucose in the presence of monovalent cations. Biopolymers 2001; 58:617-35. [PMID: 11285558 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(200106)58:7<617::aid-bip1035>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide-sugars are metabolites of primary importance in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and glycoconjugates since they serve as sugar donors in the reactions of glycosyltransferases, enzymes that displays a high specificity for both donors and acceptors. In order to determine the conformational behavior of uridinediphosphoglucose in dilute aqueous solution that includes a physiologically relevant concentration of salt, parallel NMR and molecular modeling investigations have been conducted. Nine molecular dynamics trajectories of 3 ns each were calculated in presence of explicit water and monovalent cations with the use of the AMBER force field with recently developed energy parameters for nucleotide-sugars (P. Petrova, J. Koca, and A. Imberty, Journal of American Chemical Society, 1999, vol. 121, pp. 5535-5547). Theoretical nuclear Overhauser effect data were calculated from these simulations using a model-free approach that takes into account internal motions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data gives excellent agreement for the region surrounding the glucose-phosphate linkage including the pyrophosphate linkage itself. Less satisfactory agreement is obtained for the ribose ring and the base orientations. On the whole, both NMR and molecular dynamics simulations predict the molecule to be flexible, and to visit a large number of conformations while maintaining an extended overall shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Petrová
- CERMAV-CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gastinel LN, Bignon C, Misra AK, Hindsgaul O, Shaper JH, Joziasse DH. Bovine alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase catalytic domain structure and its relationship with ABO histo-blood group and glycosphingolipid glycosyltransferases. EMBO J 2001; 20:638-49. [PMID: 11179209 PMCID: PMC145412 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.4.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha3GalT, EC 2.4.1.151) is a Golgi-resident, type II transmembrane protein that transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-galactose to the terminal N:-acetyllactosamine unit of glycoconjugate glycans, producing the Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc oligosaccharide structure present in most mammalian glycoproteins. Unlike most other mammals, humans and Old World primates do not possess alpha3GalT activity, which is relevant for the hyperacute rejection observed in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of substrate-free bovine alpha3GalT, solved and refined to 2.3 A resolution, has a globular shape with an alpha/beta fold containing a narrow cleft on one face, and shares a UDP-binding domain (UBD) with the recently solved inverting glycosyltransferases. The substrate-bound complex, solved and refined to 2.5 A, allows the description of residues interacting directly with UDP-galactose. These structural data suggest that the strictly conserved residue E317 is likely to be the catalytic nucleophile involved in galactose transfer with retention of anomeric configuration as accomplished by this enzyme. Moreover, the alpha3GalT structure helps to identify amino acid residues that determine the specificities of the highly homologous ABO histo-blood group and glycosphingolipid glycosyltransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis N. Gastinel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 6098, CNRS and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France,
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, The Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, The Oncology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA and Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Anup K. Misra
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 6098, CNRS and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France,
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, The Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, The Oncology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA and Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 6098, CNRS and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France,
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, The Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, The Oncology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA and Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Joel H. Shaper
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 6098, CNRS and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France,
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, The Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, The Oncology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA and Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - David H. Joziasse
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 6098, CNRS and Universités d’Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France,
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, The Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, The Oncology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA and Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of a new form of bacteriophage T4 beta-glucosyltransferase, Escherichia coli MurG, Bacillus subtilis SpsA, bovine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 and rabbit N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I have now been solved. These glycosyltransferase structures have provided the first detailed view of the structural basis of catalysis, as well as new insight into glycosyltransferase classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U M Unligil
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Burkart MD, Vincent SP, Düffels A, Murray BW, Ley SV, Wong CH. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated sugar nucleotide: useful mechanistic probes for glycosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1937-46. [PMID: 11003139 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An effective procedure for the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-sugar nucleotides via Select fluor-mediated electrophilic fluorination of glycals with concurrent nucleophilic addition or chemo-enzymatic transformation has been developed, and the fluorinated sugar nucleotides have been used as probes for glycosyltransferases, including fucosyltransferase III, V, VI, and VII, and sialyl transferases. In general, these fluorinated sugar nucleotides act as competitive inhibitors versus sugar nucleotide substrates and form a tight complex with the glycosyltransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and glycoconjugates. The analysis of the wealth of sequences that are now available in databases allowed the determination of conserved peptide motifs for each class of enzyme. Recent experimental data demonstrated their importance in donor and acceptor substrate binding and in catalysis. Fold-recognition studies provided the first models of the catalytic domains of some of these enzymes, while the first successes in glycosyltransferase crystallography are opening new routes in structural glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Breton
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier), Grenoble BP53, F-38041, Grenoble, cedex 09, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|