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Jin S, He Z, Du Y, Jin G, Wang K, Yang F, Zhang J. An overview of cyclopropenone derivatives as promising bioactive molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 109:129845. [PMID: 38852789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cyclopropenone is a valuable electrophilic reagent that can react with electrophilic reagents, nucleophilic reagents, free radicals, organic metals, etc. Furthermore, cyclopropenone derivatives have shown significant biological activity in various diseases, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), melanoma, and alopecia areata (AA). The cyclopropenone analogue diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) has been approved for the treatment of AA. Given the potential therapeutic benefits of cyclopropenone derivatives, this review aims to systematically summarize the structures, synthesis routes, and potential pharmacological functions of cyclopropenone analogues in the hope of offering novel insights for further rational design of more drugs based on the cyclopropenone skeleton for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhangxu He
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Yuanbing Du
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Gang Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
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2
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Kondo H, Mishiro K, Iwashima Y, Qiu Y, Kobayashi A, Lim K, Domoto T, Minamoto T, Ogawa K, Kunishima M, Hazawa M, Wong RW. Discovery of a Novel Aminocyclopropenone Compound That Inhibits BRD4-Driven Nucleoporin NUP210 Expression and Attenuates Colorectal Cancer Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030317. [PMID: 35159127 PMCID: PMC8833887 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic deregulation plays an essential role in colorectal cancer progression. Bromodomains are epigenetic “readers” of histone acetylation. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) plays a pivotal role in transcriptional regulation and is a feasible drug target in cancer cells. Disease-specific elevation of nucleoporin, a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), is a determinant of cancer malignancy, but BRD4-driven changes of NPC composition remain poorly understood. Here, we developed novel aminocyclopropenones and investigated their biological effects on cancer cell growth and BRD4 functions. Among 21 compounds developed here, we identified aminocyclopropenone 1n (ACP-1n) with the strongest inhibitory effects on the growth of the cancer cell line HCT116. ACP-1n blocked BRD4 functions by preventing its phase separation ability both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating the expression levels of BRD4-driven MYC. Notably, ACP-1n significantly reduced the nuclear size with concomitant suppression of the level of the NPC protein nucleoporin NUP210. Furthermore, NUP210 is in a BRD4-dependent manner and silencing of NUP210 was sufficient to decrease nucleus size and cellular growth. In conclusion, our findings highlighted an aminocyclopropenone compound as a novel therapeutic drug blocking BRD4 assembly, thereby preventing BRD4-driven oncogenic functions in cancer cells. This study facilitates the development of the next generation of effective and potent inhibitors of epigenetic bromodomains and extra-terminal (BET) protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kondo
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.); (K.O.)
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.); (K.O.)
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Yuki Iwashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Yujia Qiu
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (Y.Q.); (K.L.)
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (Y.Q.); (K.L.)
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan; (T.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan; (T.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Kazuma Ogawa
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.); (K.O.)
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Munetaka Kunishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.); (K.O.)
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (Y.Q.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (R.W.W.); Tel.: +81-076-264-6250 (R.W.W.)
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.); (K.O.)
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (Y.Q.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (R.W.W.); Tel.: +81-076-264-6250 (R.W.W.)
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3
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Reber KP, Gilbert IW, Strassfeld DA, Sorensen EJ. Synthesis of (+)-Lineariifolianone and Related Cyclopropenone-Containing Sesquiterpenoids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5524-5534. [PMID: 30938526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the proposed structure of lineariifolianone has been achieved in eight steps and 9% overall yield starting from (+)-valencene, leading to a reassignment of the absolute configuration of this unusual cyclopropenone-containing natural product. Key steps in the synthetic route include kinetic protonation of an enolate to epimerize the C7 stereocenter and a stereoconvergent epoxide opening to establish the trans-diaxial diol functionality. The syntheses of the enantiomers of two other closely related natural products are also reported, confirming that all three compounds belong to the eremophilane class of sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry , Towson University , Towson , Maryland 21252 , United States
| | - Ian W Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry , Towson University , Towson , Maryland 21252 , United States
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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4
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Pereyra AS, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Zhang T, Wu H, Register TC, Forbes E, Devarie-Baez NO, Files DC, Abba MC, Furdui C, Delbono O. BDA-410 Treatment Reduces Body Weight and Fat Content by Enhancing Lipolysis in Sedentary Senescent Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1045-1053. [PMID: 27789616 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and force with age leads to fall risk, mobility impairment, and reduced quality of life. This article shows that BDA-410, a calpain inhibitor, induced loss of body weight and fat but not lean mass or skeletal muscle proteins in a cohort of sedentary 23-month-old mice. Food and water intake and locomotor activity were not modified, whereas BDA-410 treatment decreased intramyocellular lipid and perigonadal fat, increased serum nonesterified fatty acids, and upregulated the genes mediating lipolysis and oxidation, lean phenotype, muscle contraction, muscle transcription regulation, and oxidative stress response. This finding is consistent with our recent report that lipid accumulation in skeletal myofibers is significantly correlated with slower fiber-contraction kinetics and diminished power in obese older adult mice. A proteomic analysis and immunoblot showed downregulation of the phosphatase PPP1R12B, which increases phosphorylated myosin half-life and modulates the calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. This study demonstrates that BDA-410 exerts a beneficial effect on skeletal muscle contractility through new, alternative mechanisms, including enhanced lipolysis, upregulation of "lean phenotype-related genes," downregulation of the PP1R12B phosphatase, and enhanced excitation-contraction coupling. This single compound holds promise for treating age-dependent decline in muscle composition and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Pereyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/CONICET, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Molecular Medicine and Translational Science
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy.,Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Daniel Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Allergy and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Martin C Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center (CINIBA), School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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5
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Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
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6
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Shih HW, Prescher JA. A Bioorthogonal Ligation of Cyclopropenones Mediated by Triarylphosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10036-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Shih
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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7
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N-formylpyrazolines and N-benzoylpyrazolines as novel inhibitors of mammalian cathepsin B and cathepsin H. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Raghav N, Kaur R. Synthesis and evaluation of some semicarbazone- and thiosemicarbazone-based cathepsin B inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Yang YL, Zhang Z, Zhang XN, Wang D, Wei Y, Shi M. Lewis base-catalyzed reactions of cyclopropenones: novel synthesis of mono- or multi-substituted allenic esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:115-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Cohen M, Bretler U, Albeck A. Peptidyl cyclopropenones: reversible inhibitors, irreversible inhibitors, or substrates of cysteine proteases? Protein Sci 2013; 22:788-99. [PMID: 23553793 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl cyclopropenones were previously introduced as selective cysteine protease reversible inhibitors. In the present study we synthesized one such peptidyl cyclopropenone and investigated its interaction with papain, a prototype cysteine protease. A set of kinetics, biochemical, HPLC, MS, and (13)C-NMR experiments revealed that the peptidyl cyclopropenone was an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme, alkylating the catalytic cysteine. In parallel, this cyclopropenone also behaved as an alternative substrate of the enzyme, providing a product that was tentatively suggested to be either a spiroepoxy cyclopropanone or a gamma-lactone. Thus, a single family of compounds exhibits an unusual variety of activities, being reversible inhibitors, irreversible inhibitors and alternative substrates towards enzymes of the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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11
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Shah F, Mukherjee P, Gut J, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Tekwani BL, Avery MA. Identification of novel malarial cysteine protease inhibitors using structure-based virtual screening of a focused cysteine protease inhibitor library. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:852-64. [PMID: 21428453 DOI: 10.1021/ci200029y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, in particular that caused by Plasmodium falciparum , is prevalent across the tropics, and its medicinal control is limited by widespread drug resistance. Cysteine proteases of P. falciparum , falcipain-2 (FP-2) and falcipain-3 (FP-3), are major hemoglobinases, validated as potential antimalarial drug targets. Structure-based virtual screening of a focused cysteine protease inhibitor library built with soft rather than hard electrophiles was performed against an X-ray crystal structure of FP-2 using the Glide docking program. An enrichment study was performed to select a suitable scoring function and to retrieve potential candidates against FP-2 from a large chemical database. Biological evaluation of 50 selected compounds identified 21 diverse nonpeptidic inhibitors of FP-2 with a hit rate of 42%. Atomic Fukui indices were used to predict the most electrophilic center and its electrophilicity in the identified hits. Comparison of predicted electrophilicity of electrophiles in identified hits with those in known irreversible inhibitors suggested the soft-nature of electrophiles in the selected target compounds. The present study highlights the importance of focused libraries and enrichment studies in structure-based virtual screening. In addition, few compounds were screened against homologous human cysteine proteases for selectivity analysis. Further evaluation of structure-activity relationships around these nonpeptidic scaffolds could help in the development of selective leads for antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falgun Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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12
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Yadav MR, Shinde AK, Chouhan BS, Giridhar R, Menard R. Peptidomimetic 2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent selective cathepsin L inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:190-7. [PMID: 18343903 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701504842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins have been found to have important physiological roles. The implication of cathepsin L in various types of cancers is well established. In a search for selective cathepsin L inhibitors as anticancer agents, a series of 2-cyanoprrolidine peptidomimetics, carrying a nitrile group as warhead, were designed. Two series of compounds, one with a benzyl moiety and a second with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) position of the enzyme were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against human cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Although, none of the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity, (E)N-{(S)1-[(S)2-cyano-1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl]-3-methylbutyl}-2,3-diphenylacrylamide (24) with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) was found to show selectivity as a cathepsin L inhibitor (Ki 5.3 microM for cathepsin L and Ki > 100 microM for cathepsin B). This compound could act as a new lead for the further development of improved inhibitors within this inhibitor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mange R Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
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13
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Sakaki T, Ando R. 2-tert-Butoxy-3-phenylcyclopropanone acetal, a stable precursor of lithiated 2-phenylcyclopropenone acetal. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Cheng ZL, Chen QY. Difluorocarbene Chemistry: A Simple Transformation of 3,3-gem-Difluorocyclopropenes to Cyclopropenones†. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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A new example of the three-component reaction: nucleophilic ring opening in cyclopropenones by cyanide ions in the presence of water or alcohols. Russ Chem Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Montero A, Alonso M, Benito E, Chana A, Mann E, Navas JM, Herradón B. Studies on aromatic compounds: inhibition of calpain I by biphenyl derivatives and peptide-biphenyl hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:2753-7. [PMID: 15125927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With the objective to understand structural features responsible for the biological activity, novel nonelectrophilic biphenyl derivatives and peptide-biphenyl hybrids have been synthesized and evaluated as calpain I inhibitors. The preliminary results indicate that the presence of additional aromatic rings (besides the biphenyl system) makes these compounds potent calpain inhibitors with IC50 values in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Montero
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Tavares FX, Deaton DN, Miller AB, Miller LR, Wright LL, Zhou HQ. Potent and Selective Ketoamide-Based Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease, Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5049-56. [PMID: 15456248 DOI: 10.1021/jm0400799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain superfamily, is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts, suggesting that this enzyme is crucial for bone resorption. Prevention of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption via inhibition of cathepsin K could be an effective approach to prevent osteoporosis. Potent and selective reversible ketoamide-based inhibitors have been identified in the present study. Using a known crystal structure of a ketoamide-based inhibitor, information from residues that form the P2/P3 pocket was used in the design of inhibitors that could allow for gains in selectivity and potency. Further, incorporation of P' selective heterocycles, along with the P2/P3 modifications, is also described. These modifications have resulted in potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitors that allow for improvements in their physiochemical properties and represent a viable lead series for the discovery of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Research Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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18
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Tavares FX, Deaton DN, Miller LR, Wright LL. Ketoamide-Based Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease, Cathepsin K: P3 Modifications. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5057-68. [PMID: 15456249 DOI: 10.1021/jm040107n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by skeletal fragility. Cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been implicated in the osteoclast mediated bone resorption. Inhibitors of this protease could potentially treat this skeletal disease. The present work describes exploration of the spatial requirements of the S3 subsite by the use of various sterically demanding P3 substituents. Sulfur and oxygen linked heterocycles as well as those without heteroatom linkers were found to provide potent inhibitors of cathepsin K. Representative examples from these series also afforded quite good selectivity ratios against most cathepsins tested. The tolerability of the S3 subsite for sterically demanding groups that provide potency and selectivity enhances the attractiveness of P3 changes to improve the physiochemical properties of inhibitors in the developments of compounds for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Research Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Symposia-in-Print. Bioorg Med Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Tavares FX, Boncek V, Deaton DN, Hassell AM, Long ST, Miller AB, Payne AA, Miller LR, Shewchuk LM, Wells-Knecht K, Willard DH, Wright LL, Zhou HQ. Design of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2003; 47:588-99. [PMID: 14736240 DOI: 10.1021/jm030373l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast-mediated bone matrix resorption has been attributed to cathepsin K, a cysteine protease of the papain family that is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclast. Inhibition of cathepsin K could potentially be an effective method to prevent osteoporosis. Structure-activity studies on a series of reversible ketoamides based inhibitors of cathepsin K have led to identification of potent and selective compounds. Crystallographic studies have given insights into the mode of binding of these inhibitors. A series of ketoamides with varying P1 moieties were first synthesized to find an optimum group that would fit into the S1 subsite of the cysteine protease, cathepsin K. With a desired P1 group in place a variety of heterocyclic analogues in the P' region were synthesized to study their steric and electronic effects. In the process of exploring these P' heterocyclic variations, excellent selectivity was gained over other highly homologous cysteine proteases, including cathepsins L, S, and V. The favorable pharmacokinetic properties of some of these cathepsin K inhibitors in rats make them suitable for evaluation in rodent osteoporosis models. A representative cathepsin K inhibitor was shown to attenuate PTH-stimulated hypercalcemia in the TPTX rat model. These inhibitors provide a viable lead series in the discovery of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Poloukhtine A, Popik VV. Highly Efficient Photochemical Generation of a Triple Bond: Synthesis, Properties, and Photodecarbonylation of Cyclopropenones. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7833-40. [PMID: 14510563 DOI: 10.1021/jo034869m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation of alkyl-, aryl-, and heteroatom-substituted cyclopropenones results in the loss of carbon monoxide and the formation of quantitative yields of corresponding alkynes. The quantum yield of the photochemical decarbonylation reaction ranges from 20% to 30% for alkyl-substituted cyclopropenones to above 70% for the diphenyl- and dinaphthylcyclorpopenones. Rapid formation (<5 ns) and then a somewhat slower decay (ca. 40 ns) of an intermediate in this reaction was observed by using laser flash photolysis. The DFT calculations allowed us to identify this intermediate as a zwitterionic species formed by a cleavage of one of the carbon-carbon bonds of the cyclopropenone ring. The latter then rapidly loses carbon monoxide to produce the ultimate acetylenic product. Despite their high photoreactivity, cyclopropenones were found to be thermally stable compounds with the exception of hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted cyclopropenones. The latter undergo rapid solvolysis in hydroxylic solvents even at room temperature. The application of this reaction to the in situ generation of the enediyne structure was illustrated by the photochemical preparation of benzannulated enediyne 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Poloukhtine
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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Nakamura M, Isobe H, Nakamura E. Cyclopropenone acetals-synthesis and reactions. Chem Rev 2003; 103:1295-326. [PMID: 12683784 DOI: 10.1021/cr0100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
Tens of thousands of proteins have been identified as a result of recent large scale genomic and proteomic efforts. With this large influx of new proteins, the formidable task of elucidating their function begins. However, this task becomes more manageable if proteins are divided into families based upon sequence homology, thereby allowing tools for their systematic study to be developed based upon their common structural and mechanistic characteristics. Combinatorial chemistry is ideally suited for the systematic study of protein families because a large amount of diversity can be readily displayed about a common scaffold designed to target a given protein family. Targeted combinatorial libraries have been particularly effective for the study of a ubiquitous family of proteins, the proteases. Substrate-specificity profiles of many proteases have been determined by using combinatorial libraries of appropriately labeled peptides. This specificity information been utilized to identify the physiological protein substrates of these enzymes and has facilitated inhibitor design efforts. Furthermore, combinatorial libraries of small molecules prepared with mechanism-based scaffolds have resulted in the identification of potent, small-molecule inhibitors of numerous proteases. Cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors identified by these methods have served as powerful chemical tools to study protease function in vitro and in vivo and have served as leads for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ando
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory III, Research Center, Mitsubishi-Tokyo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
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Marquis RW, Ru Y, Zeng J, Trout RE, LoCastro SM, Gribble AD, Witherington J, Fenwick AE, Garnier B, Tomaszek T, Tew D, Hemling ME, Quinn CJ, Smith WW, Zhao B, McQueney MS, Janson CA, D'Alessio K, Veber DF. Cyclic ketone inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2001; 44:725-36. [PMID: 11262083 DOI: 10.1021/jm000320t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38), a cysteine protease of the papain superfamily, is predominantly expressed in osteoclasts and has been postulated as a target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Crystallographic and structure--activity studies on a series of acyclic ketone-based inhibitors of cathepsin K have led to the design and identification of two series of cyclic ketone inhibitors. The mode of binding for four of these cyclic and acyclic inhibitors to cathepsin K is discussed and compared. All of the structures are consistent with addition of the active site thiol to the ketone of the inhibitors with the formation of a hemithioketal. Cocrystallization of the C-3 diastereomeric 3-amidotetrahydrofuran-4-one analogue 16 with cathepsin K showed the inhibitor to occupy the unprimed side of the active site with the 3S diastereomer preferred. This C-3 stereochemical preference is in contrast to the X-ray cocrystal structures of the 3-amidopyrrolidin-4-one inhibitors 29 and 33 which show these inhibitors to prefer binding of the 3R diastereomer. The 3-amidopyrrolidin-4-one inhibitors were bound in the active site of the enzyme in two alternate directions. Epimerization issues associated with the labile alpha-amino ketone diastereomeric center contained within these inhibitor classes has proven to limit their utility despite promising pharmacokinetics displayed in both series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Marquis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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