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Minhas R, Bansal Y. Inhibition of iNOS by Benzimidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Docking, and Biological Evaluations. Med Chem 2021; 18:602-615. [PMID: 34579637 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210927123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducible nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) plays a key role in the progression of inflammatory diseases by accelerating the production of NO, which makes it an intriguing target to treat inflammation in complex diseases. Therefore, the search is on to develop molecules as selective iNOS inhibitors. OBJECTIVE The present work was aimed to design, synthesize and evaluate benzimidazole-coumarin coupled molecules as anti-iNOS agents through in silico and pharmacological studies. METHODS A critical study of literature reports on iNOS inhibitors led to the selection of a (un)substituted coumarin nucleus, 2-aminobenzimidazole, and a 4-atom linker as important structural components for iNOS inhibition. Two series of compounds (7-16 and 17-26) were designed and synthesized by coupling these components. The compounds were subjected to docking using iNOS (1QW4) and nNOS (1QW6) as targets. All compounds were evaluated for NO and iNOS inhibitory activities in vitro. The selected compound was finally evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in vivo using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. RESULTS All compounds showed moderate to good inhibition of NO and iNOS in vitro. Compound 12 was the most potent inhibitor of NO and iNOS. Hence, it was evaluated in vivo for toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. It was found to be safe in acute toxicity studies, and effective in reducing the rat paw edema significantly. Its anti-inflammatory behaviour was similar to that of aminoguanidine, which is a selective iNOS inhibitor. CONCLUSION The newly synthesized benzimidazole-coumarin hybrids may serve as potential leads for the development of novel anti-iNOS agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University, Patiala. India
| | - Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University, Patiala. India
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2
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Mittal A, Kakkar R. Nitric Oxide Synthases and Their Inhibitors: A Review. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190222154457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO), an important biological mediator, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems in mammals. Synthesis of NO is catalyzed by its biosynthetic enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). There are three main isoforms of the enzyme, neuronal NOS, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS, which have very similar structures but differ in their expression and activities. NO is produced in the active site of the enzyme in two distinct cycles from oxidation of the substrate L-arg (L-arginine) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reaction. NOS has gained considerable attention of biochemists due to its complexity and unique catalytic mechanism. The review focuses on NOS structure, its function and catalytic reaction mechanism. In particular, the review is concluded with a discussion on the role of all three isoforms of NOS in physiological and pathological conditions and their inhibitors with a focus on the role of computational techniques in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Mittal
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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3
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Shirvani P, Fassihi A, Saghaie L, Van Belle S, Debyser Z, Christ F. Synthesis, anti-HIV-1 and antiproliferative evaluation of novel 4-nitroimidazole derivatives combined with 5-hydroxy-4-pyridinone moiety. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Mukherjee P, Cinelli MA, Kang S, Silverman RB. Development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6814-38. [PMID: 24549364 PMCID: PMC4138306 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the human body, playing a crucial role in cell and neuronal communication, regulation of blood pressure, and in immune activation. However, overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is one of the fundamental causes underlying neurodegenerative disorders and neuropathic pain. Therefore, developing small molecules for selective inhibition of nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) is therapeutically desirable. The aims of this review focus on the regulation and dysregulation of NO signaling, the role of NO in neurodegeneration and pain, the structure and mechanism of nNOS, and the use of this information to design selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Structure-based drug design, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these inhibitors, and extensive target validation through animal studies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
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5
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Sämann C, Coya E, Knochel P. Vollständige Funktionalisierung des Imidazolgerüsts durch selektive Metallierung und Sulfoxid-Magnesium-Austausch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Sämann C, Coya E, Knochel P. Full Functionalization of the Imidazole Scaffold by Selective Metalation and Sulfoxide/Magnesium Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Kaplánek R, Martásek P, Grüner B, Panda S, Rak J, Masters BSS, Král V, Roman LJ. Nitric oxide synthases activation and inhibition by metallacarborane-cluster-based isoform-specific affectors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9541-8. [PMID: 23075390 DOI: 10.1021/jm300805x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A small library of boron-cluster- and metallacarborane-cluster-based ligands was designed, prepared, and tested for isoform-selective activation or inhibition of the three nitric oxide synthase isoforms. On the basis of the concept of creating a hydrophobic analogue of a natural substrate, a stable and nontoxic basic boron cluster system, previously used for boron neutron capture therapy, was modified by the addition of positively charged moieties to its periphery, providing hydrophobic and nonclassical hydrogen bonding interactions with the protein. Several of these compounds show efficacy for inhibition of NO synthesis with differential effects on the various nitric oxide synthase isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kaplánek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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Suaifan GA, Shehadehh M, Al-Ijel H, Taha MO. Extensive ligand-based modeling and in silico screening reveal nanomolar inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 37:1-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Wendler T, Schütt C, Näther C, Herges R. Photoswitchable Azoheterocycles via Coupling of Lithiated Imidazoles with Benzenediazonium Salts. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3284-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202688x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thore Wendler
- Otto-Diels-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24119,
Germany
| | - Christian Schütt
- Otto-Diels-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24119,
Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Otto-Diels-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24119,
Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel D-24119,
Germany
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10
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Conformationally constrained histidines in the design of peptidomimetics: strategies for the χ-space control. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2853-90. [PMID: 21686155 PMCID: PMC3116161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12052853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful design of peptidomimetics must come to terms with χ-space control. The incorporation of χ-space constrained amino acids into bioactive peptides renders the χ1 and χ2 torsional angles of pharmacophore amino acids critical for activity and selectivity as with other relevant structural features of the template. This review describes histidine analogues characterized by replacement of native α and/or β-hydrogen atoms with alkyl substituents as well as analogues with α, β-didehydro unsaturation or Cα-Cβ cyclopropane insertion (ACC derivatives). Attention is also dedicated to the relevant field of β-aminoacid chemistry by describing the synthesis of β2- and β3-models (β-hHis). Structural modifications leading to cyclic imino derivatives such as spinacine, aza-histidine and analogues with shortening or elongation of the native side chain (nor-histidine and homo-histidine, respectively) are also described. Examples of the use of the described analogues to replace native histidine in bioactive peptides are also given.
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Martell JD, Li H, Doukov T, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Soltis M, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Heme-coordinating inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Iron-thioether coordination is stabilized by hydrophobic contacts without increased inhibitor potency. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:798-806. [PMID: 20014790 PMCID: PMC2826131 DOI: 10.1021/ja908544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heme-thioether ligand interaction often occurs between heme iron and native methionine ligands, but thioether-based heme-coordinating (type II) inhibitors are uncommon due to the difficulty in stabilizing the Fe-S bond. Here, a thioether-based inhibitor (3) of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was designed, and its binding was characterized by spectrophotometry and crystallography. A crystal structure of inhibitor 3 coordinated to heme iron was obtained, representing, to our knowledge, the first crystal structure of a thioether inhibitor complexed to any heme enzyme. A series of related potential inhibitors (4-8) also were evaluated. Compounds 4-8 were all found to be type I (non-heme-coordinating) inhibitors of ferric nNOS, but 4 and 6-8 were found to switch to type II upon heme reduction to the ferrous state, reflecting the higher affinity of thioethers for ferrous heme than for ferric heme. Contrary to what has been widely thought, thioether-heme ligation was found not to increase inhibitor potency, illustrating the intrinsic weakness of the thioether-ferric heme linkage. Subtle changes in the alkyl groups attached to the thioether sulfur caused drastic changes in the binding conformation, indicating that hydrophobic contacts play a crucial role in stabilizing the thioether-heme coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Martell
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760
| | - Michael Soltis
- Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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12
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Castaño T, Encinas A, Pérez C, Castro A, Campillo NE, Gil C. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potential inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6193-206. [PMID: 18477512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Primas N, Mahatsekake C, Bouillon A, Lancelot JC, Oliveira Santos JSD, Lohier JF, Rault S. A new boronic-acid based strategy to synthesize 4(5)-(het)aryl-1H-imidazoles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Torregrosa R, Pastor IM, Yus M. Isoprene-catalysed lithiation: deprotection and functionalisation of imidazole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Krishnamoorthy P, Sivappa R, Du H, Lovely CJ. Palladium-catalyzed substitution reactions of 4-allylimidazole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Litzinger EA, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Design, synthesis, and biological testing of potential heme-coordinating nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3185-98. [PMID: 16431112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on computer modeling of the active site of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), a series of 10 amidine compounds (9-18) was designed including potential inhibitors that involve the coordination of side-chain functional groups with the iron of the heme cofactor. The most potent and selective compound was the methylthio amidine analogue 9, which was more potent than L-nitroarginine with 185-fold selectivity for inhibition of neuronal NOS over endothelial NOS. It also exhibited time-dependent inhibition, but did not involve the mechanism previously proposed for other amidine inhibitors of NOS. None of the compounds, however, exhibited heme-binding characteristics according to absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Litzinger
- Department of Chemistry, The Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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17
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Saito K, Kohno M. Application of electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique for evaluation of substrates and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Anal Biochem 2005; 349:16-24. [PMID: 16360110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique coupled with iron-dithiocarbamate complexes is one of the most specific methods for nitric oxide (NO) detection. In this study, we applied this method for the evaluation of the substrate and the inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS). A three-line ESR signal was detected from the mixture of inducible NOS (iNOS), l-arginine (Arg), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), tetrahydrobiopterin, dithiothreitol, and Fe(2+)-N-(dithiocarboxy) sarcosine (DTCS-Fe), and the signal intensity increased time-dependently. The signal was not observed by excluding either Arg or NADPH, and it was decreased by the addition of hemoglobin, which is an NO scavenger, and N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NAME), and aminoguanidine (AG), which are NOS inhibitors, depending on the concentration. In comparison with l-NAME and AG, l-NMMA strongly inhibited iNOS activity. By using this method, the K(m) value of Arg and the K(i) value of l-NMMA for iNOS were determined to be 12.6 and 6.1muM, respectively. These values are consistent with the reported values measured by the oxyhemoglobin and citrulline assays. These results suggest that the ESR spin-trapping technique coupled with the iron-dithiocarbamate complex can be applied for the evaluation of substrates and inhibitors of NOS, and it would be a powerful tool due to its simplicity and high specificity to NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aramakiaoba 6-6-10, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Montoneri E, Gallazzi MC, Bertarelli C, Gobetto R, Salassa L. 1,10-(1-H-IMIDAZOL-5-YL)DECANEPHOSPHONIC ACID: A NEW COMPOUND WITH BASIC AND ACIDIC SITES TO FABRICATE PROTON-CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500490466355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Smith SM, Sham C, Roman L, Martasek P, Salerno JC. Titration of low K(d) binding sites: binding of arginine analogs to nitric oxide synthases. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5:442-52. [PMID: 11587559 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2001.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spectrophotometrically monitored ligand titration is an important method for the determination of equilibrium dissociation constants (K(d)) from nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Low K(d) sites such as the tetrahydrobiopterin and arginine binding sites present difficulties in that experiments often require enzyme concentrations of the same magnitude as the K(d). An analytical method based on computer simulation is described that allows the estimation of K(d) values without an independent means of monitoring free ligand or without an accurate prior determination of the number of binding sites. The K(d) for arginine is approximately 0.5 microM for the tetrahydrobiopterin replete neuronal and inducible isoforms (nNOS and iNOS), while the endothelial isoform has a slightly higher K(d) (1.5 microM). N-OH-arginine (an intermediate) binds to nNOS with a K(d) of around 0.2 microM, while the inhibitors N-methyl-arginine and N-nitro-arginine bind more tightly; our best K(d) estimates are 100 nM or lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Smith
- Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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