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Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes: Origins and Physiological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062599. [PMID: 36985566 PMCID: PMC10058459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (Py-2-C) derivatives have been isolated from many natural sources, including fungi, plants (roots, leaves, and seeds), and microorganisms. The well-known diabetes molecular marker, pyrraline, which is produced after sequential reactions in vivo, has a Py-2-C skeleton. Py-2-Cs can be chemically produced by the strong acid-catalyzed condensation of glucose and amino acid derivatives in vitro. These observations indicate the importance of the Py-2-C skeleton in vivo and suggest that molecules containing this skeleton have various biological functions. In this review, we have summarized Py-2-C derivatives based on their origins. We also discuss the structural characteristics, natural sources, and physiological activities of isolated compounds containing the Py-2-C group.
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2
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Wood J, Furkert DP, Brimble MA. 2-Formylpyrrole natural products: origin, structural diversity, bioactivity and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:289-306. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00051d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
2-Formylpyrroles constitute a large and growing family of bioactive Maillard reaction products found in food, traditional medicine and throughout nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Wood
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Daniel P. Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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3
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De Clercq N, Van Coillie E, Horemans B, Duquenne B, Vandekerckhove M, Vlaemynck G, De Meulenaer B, Devlieghere F. Thermal humid treatment of walnuts as potential preventive measure against fungal contamination of chocolate confectionery fillings. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Solís-Calero C, Ortega-Castro J, Frau J, Muñoz F. Nonenzymatic Reactions above Phospholipid Surfaces of Biological Membranes: Reactivity of Phospholipids and Their Oxidation Derivatives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:319505. [PMID: 25977746 PMCID: PMC4419266 DOI: 10.1155/2015/319505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play multiple and essential roles in cells, as components of biological membranes. Although phospholipid bilayers provide the supporting matrix and surface for many enzymatic reactions, their inherent reactivity and possible catalytic role have not been highlighted. As other biomolecules, phospholipids are frequent targets of nonenzymatic modifications by reactive substances including oxidants and glycating agents which conduct to the formation of advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). There are some theoretical studies about the mechanisms of reactions related to these processes on phosphatidylethanolamine surfaces, which hypothesize that cell membrane phospholipids surface environment could enhance some reactions through a catalyst effect. On the other hand, the phospholipid bilayers are susceptible to oxidative damage by oxidant agents as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Molecular dynamics simulations performed on phospholipid bilayers models, which include modified phospholipids by these reactions and subsequent reactions that conduct to formation of ALEs and AGEs, have revealed changes in the molecular interactions and biophysical properties of these bilayers as consequence of these reactions. Then, more studies are desirable which could correlate the biophysics of modified phospholipids with metabolism in processes such as aging and diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Solís-Calero
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortega-Castro
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Juan Frau
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma, Spain
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Solís-Calero C, Ortega-Castro J, Hernández-Laguna A, Frau J, Muñoz F. A DFT study of the carboxymethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine formation from glyoxal and phosphatidylethanolamine surface. Comparison with the formation of N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine from glyoxal and l-lysine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:8210-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of the generation of CML and CM-PE from the reactions between glyoxal and l-lysine, and glyoxal and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were studied using the DFT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Solís-Calero
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS)
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- E-07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - J. Ortega-Castro
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS)
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- E-07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | | | - J. Frau
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS)
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- E-07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - F. Muñoz
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS)
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- E-07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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6
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Shrestha K, De Meulenaer B. Antioxidant activity of Maillard type reaction products between phosphatidylethanolamine and glucose. Food Chem 2014; 161:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Choi JH, Suzuki T, Kawaguchi T, Yamashita K, Morita A, Masuda K, Yazawa K, Hirai H, Kawagishi H. Makomotines A to D from Makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Davies SS, Guo L. Lipid peroxidation generates biologically active phospholipids including oxidatively N-modified phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:1-33. [PMID: 24704586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidation of membranes and lipoproteins converts "inert" phospholipids into a plethora of oxidatively modified phospholipids (oxPL) that can act as signaling molecules. In this review, we will discuss four major classes of oxPL: mildly oxygenated phospholipids, phospholipids with oxidatively truncated acyl chains, phospholipids with cyclized acyl chains, and phospholipids that have been oxidatively N-modified on their headgroups by reactive lipid species. For each class of oxPL we will review the chemical mechanisms of their formation, the evidence for their formation in biological samples, the biological activities and signaling pathways associated with them, and the catabolic pathways for their elimination. We will end by briefly highlighting some of the critical questions that remain about the role of oxPL in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States.
| | - Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States
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9
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Shrestha K, Gemechu FG, De Meulenaer B. A novel insight on the high oxidative stability of roasted mustard seed oil in relation to phospholipid, Maillard type reaction products, tocopherol and canolol contents. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Simões C, Silva AC, Domingues P, Laranjeira P, Paiva A, Domingues MRM. Modified phosphatidylethanolamines induce different levels of cytokine expression in monocytes and dendritic cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:57-64. [PMID: 23942208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a reaction that is known to occur under the chronic hyperglycemic conditions found in diabetes. Glycated phosphatidylethanolamines were found in plasma and atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic patients, and its presence was correlated with increased oxidative stress. Moreover, upregulation of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators can be observed not only in diabetes, but also under oxidized phosphatidylcholine stimulation. In this study, we evaluate the effect of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) and linoleoyl-palmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PLPE) structural oxidation, glycation and glycoxidation, on monocyte and myeloid dendritic cell stimulation. Expression of cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1β and TNF-α, were determined using flow cytometry after cell stimulations with native PEs, oxidized, glycated and glycoxidized PEs. Native PE, PLPE and DPPE, and all modified PEs were able to increase the stimulation levels of monocytes and mDCs. Generally, in monocytes and mDCs stimulation, GluOxPLPE and GluDPPE were the PLPE/DPPE modifications that induced the most pronounced rise in cytokine production. However, GluOxDPPE was the DPPE modification that produced the lowest stimulation levels of mDCs and monocytes. Our results indicate that glycated PE and glycoxidized PE may have an important contribution to the low-grade systemic inflammation associated with diabetes and to the development of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Simões
- Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Non-enzymatic modification of aminophospholipids by carbonyl-amine reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3285-313. [PMID: 23385235 PMCID: PMC3588044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic modification of aminophospholipids by lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and reducing sugars through carbonyl-amine reactions are thought to contribute to the age-related deterioration of cellular membranes and to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Much evidence demonstrates the modification of aminophospholipids by glycation, glycoxidation and lipoxidation reactions. Therefore, a number of early and advanced Maillard reaction-lipid products have been detected and quantified in different biological membranes. These modifications may be accumulated during aging and diabetes, introducing changes in cell membrane physico-chemical and biological properties.
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12
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Caldés C, Vilanova B, Adrover M, Muñoz F, Donoso J. Understanding non-enzymatic aminophospholipid glycation and its inhibition. Polar head features affect the kinetics of Schiff base formation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4536-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Zamora R, León MM, Hidalgo FJ. Free radical-scavenging activity of nonenzymatically-browned phospholipids produced in the reaction between phosphatidylethanolamine and ribose in hydrophobic media. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Shoji N, Nakagawa K, Asai A, Fujita I, Hashiura A, Nakajima Y, Oikawa S, Miyazawa T. LC-MS/MS analysis of carboxymethylated and carboxyethylated phosphatidylethanolamines in human erythrocytes and blood plasma. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2445-53. [PMID: 20386060 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d004564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is considered as a target for nonenzymatic glycation, and the potential involvement of lipid glycation in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications has generated interest. However, unlike an early glycation product of PE (Amadori-PE), the occurrence and roles of advanced glycation end products of PE (AGE-PE) in vivo have been unclear. Here, we developed an LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of AGE-PE [carboxymethyl-PE (CM-PE) and carboxyethyl-PE (CE-PE)]. Collision-induced dissociation of CM-PE and CE-PE produced characteristic ions, permitting neutral loss scanning (NLS) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of AGE-PE. By NLS analysis, a series of AGE-PE molecular species was detected in human erythrocytes and blood plasma. In LC-MS/MS analysis, MRM enabled the separation and determination of the predominant AGE-PE species. Between healthy subjects and diabetic patients, no significant differences were observed in AGE-PE concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma, whereas Amadori-PE concentrations were higher in diabetic patients. These results provide direct evidence for the presence of AGE-PE in human blood, and indicated that, compared with Amadori-PE, AGE-PE is less likely to be accumulated in diabetic blood. The presently developed LC-MS/MS method appears to be a powerful tool for understanding in vivo lipid glycation and its pathophysiological consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shoji
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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15
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Hayashi A, Yokoyama Y, Hamaguchi N, Tsuji T, Tebayashi SI, Kim CS, Koh HS. Heat deterioration of phospholipids. VI. Clarification of mechanism for the new pseudo Maillard rearrangement reaction by using 2-aminoethyl dihydrogenphosphate. J Oleo Sci 2008; 57:93-7. [PMID: 18198465 DOI: 10.5650/jos.57.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-4-ylium derivatives with UV absorption at 350 nm were formed by reaction of one molar of any sugar except 2-deoxysugars with two molar of phosphatidylethanolamines involving a new pseudo Maillard rearrangement reaction. To elucidate the reaction mechanism, 2-aminoethyl dihydrogenphosphate, which had a partially similar structural moiety to PE, was reacted with D-galactose. Though the UV absorption at 365 nm was not observed and the four pyridinium derivatives were also not formed in the reactant solution, the UV absorption at 286 nm and browning of the reactant solution were observed. From this reactant solution, two compounds with lambdamax at 283 nm and 297 nm were isolated and former was determined as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and later did as phosphoric acid mono{2-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]ethyl}ester (PMPEE), which is a new compound, respectively. Because reaction of PMPEE with PE leads to form the pyridinium derivatives, we concluded that a compound like PMPEE was one of intermediates in this new reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Hayashi
- Research and Development Section, Tsuji Oil Mill Co., Ltd., Matsusaka 515-2314, Japan.
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MIYAZAWA T, SHOJI N, NAKAGAWA K. Evidence of Biomembrane Lipid Glycation. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2006. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo MIYAZAWA
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Naoki SHOJI
- Industrial Technology Institute, Miyagi Prefectural Government
| | - Kiyotaka NAKAGAWA
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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Kil IS, Lee JH, Shin AH, Park JW. Glycation-induced inactivation of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: implications for diabetes and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1765-78. [PMID: 15528036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and the cellular defense against oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), because it supplies NADPH for antioxidant systems. When exposed to reducing sugars such as glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and fructose, ICDH was susceptible to oxidative modification and damage, which was indicated by a loss of activity and fragmentation of the peptide as well as by the formation of carbonyl groups. The glycated ICDH was isolated and identified by boronate-affinity chromatography and immunoblotting with anti-hexitol-lysine antibody. The active site lysine residue, Lys(212), was identified as one of the major sites of nonenzymatic glycation of ICDH. The structural alterations of modified enzymes were indicated by changes in thermal stability, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid. When we examined the antioxidant role of mitochondrial ICDH against glycation-induced cytotoxicity with HEK293 cells transfected with the cDNA for mouse mitochondrial ICDH in sense and antisense orientations, a clear inverse relationship was observed between the amount of mitochondrial ICDH expressed in target cells and their susceptibility to glycation-mediated cytotoxicity. Mitochondrial ICDH was purified by immunoprecipitation and probed with anti-hexitol-lysine antibody, which revealed increased levels of glycated ICDH in the kidneys of diabetic rats and in the lenses of diabetic patients suffering from cataracts. A decrease in ICDH activity was observed in those tissues. We also found that levels of glycated ICDH increased in IMR-90 cells and rat kidney during normal aging. The glycation-mediated damage to ICDH may result in the perturbation of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a pro-oxidant condition and may contribute to various pathologies associated with the general aging process and long-term complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sup Kil
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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Breitling-Utzmann CM, Unger A, Friedl DA, Lederer MO. Identification and quantification of phosphatidylethanolamine-derived glucosylamines and aminoketoses from human erythrocytes--influence of glycation products on lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 391:245-54. [PMID: 11437356 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the Maillard reaction of amino acids and proteins as well as its consequences in vivo has been thoroughly investigated, little attention has so far been paid to the glycation of aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylserine (PS), which are essential for structure and functionality of biological membranes. PE-derived glucosylamines (Schiff-PEs) and aminoketoses (Amadori-PEs) have now for the first time been simultaneously identified and quantified in erythrocytes from diabetics and healthy individuals by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI)MS). The amounts of glycated PE (gPE) were significantly higher in diabetics (0.18-34.2 mol% Schiff-PE and 0.047-0.375 mol% Amadori-PE) than in controls (0.12-3.99 mol% Schiff-PE and 0.018-0.055 mol% Amadori-PE). A positive correlation between fructosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and the gPE levels was established. No advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) like 5-hydroxymethylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (pyrrole-PE), carboxymethyl (CM-PE), or carboxyethyl (CE-PE) derivatives were detected. To investigate the influence of gPE on lipid peroxidation of biological membranes, liposomes consisting of soy-PE and synthetically prepared Amadori-PE (16:0-16:0) were incubated for several days and the formation of oxidation products was monitored. It could be shown that Amadori-PE extensively promotes lipid peroxidation even in the absence of transition metal ions like Cu(2+) and Fe(3+). Oxidative damage to membrane lipids therefore is supposed to be at least partially caused by the glycation of aminophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Breitling-Utzmann
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie (170), Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, Stuttgart, D-70593, Germany
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Abstract
Phospholipid-linked glycation products are supposed to play an important role in lipid oxidation in vivo. Independent syntheses and unequivocal structural characterization are reported for the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE)-derived Amadori compound 4-hydroxy-4-oxo-1-[(palmitoyloxy)methyl]-9-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydrox ytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-3,5-dioxa-8-aza-4lambda5-ph osphanon-1-yl palmitate, pyrrolecarbaldehyde 2-[[[2-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]ethoxy](hydroxy)phosph oryl]oxy]-1-[(palmitoyloxy)methyl]ethyl palmitate, the carboxymethyl (CM) derivative 7-hydroxy-7,13-dioxo-10-(palmitoyloxy)-6,8,12-trioxa-3-aza-+ ++7lambda5-phosphaoctacosan-1-oic acid, and the carboxyethyl (CE) derivative 7-hydroxy-2-methyl-7,13-dioxo-10-(palmitoyloxy)-6,8,12-trioxa++ +-3-aza-7lambda5-phosphaoctacosan-l-oic acid. With these reference compounds, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) method for the determination of such PE-linked Maillard products has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Utzmann
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Utzmann CM, Lederer MO. Identification and quantification of aminophospholipid-linked Maillard compounds in model systems and egg yolk products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:1000-1008. [PMID: 10775341 DOI: 10.1021/jf9911489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While the Maillard reaction of free amino acids and proteins is a well-established process, no defined structures from the nonenzymatic browning of aminophospholipids in foodstuffs have been described so far. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-linked glucosylamines (Schiff-PE), Amadori products (Amadori-PE), 5-hydroxymethylpyrrole-2-carbaldehydes (Pyrrole-PE), and carboxymethyl (CM-PE) as well as carboxyethyl (CE-PE) derivatives were detected and quantified by liquid chromatography- electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI)MS). Model incubations of soy-PE and D-glucose were employed to firmly establish the LC-(ESI)MS procedure. Analyses of spray-dried egg yolk powders and lecithin products derived therefrom show one-fourth of the native D-glucose content of egg yolk to be transformed to Amadori-PE, corresponding to a PE derivatization quota of 11-15.5 mol %. Schiff-PE and Pyrrole-PE were present only in low amounts, no CM-PE and CE-PE could be identified in any of the investigated samples. The high glycation rate of egg yolk PE will influence the emulsifying properties and perhaps even the oxidation resistance of the respective products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Utzmann
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie (170), Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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