1
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Shpakov AO. Hormonal and Allosteric Regulation of the Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2024; 29:313. [PMID: 39344322 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2909313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (CG), like follicle-stimulating hormone, are the most important regulators of the reproductive system. They exert their effect on the cell through the LH/CG receptor (LHCGR), which belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Binding to gonadotropin induces the interaction of LHCGR with various types of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gs, Gq/11, Gi) and β-arrestins, which leads to stimulation (Gs) or inhibition (Gi) of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent cascades, activation of the phospholipase pathway (Gq/11), and also to the formation of signalosomes that mediate the stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (β-arrestins). The efficiency and selectivity of activation of intracellular cascades by different gonadotropins varies, which is due to differences in their interaction with the ligand-binding site of LHCGR. Gonadotropin signaling largely depends on the status of N- and O-glycosylation of LH and CG, on the formation of homo- and heterodimeric receptor complexes, on the cell-specific microenvironment of LHCGR and the presence of autoantibodies to it, and allosteric mechanisms are important in the implementation of these influences, which is due to the multiplicity of allosteric sites in different loci of the LHCGR. The development of low-molecular-weight allosteric regulators of LHCGR with different profiles of pharmacological activity, which can be used in medicine for the correction of reproductive disorders and in assisted reproductive technologies, is promising. These and other issues regarding the hormonal and allosteric regulation of LHCGR are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Abstract
The marvel of X-ray crystallography is the beauty and precision of the atomic structures deduced from diffraction patterns. Since these patterns record only amplitudes, phases for the diffracted waves must also be evaluated for systematic structure determination. Thus, we have the phase problem as a central complication, both intellectually for the field and practically so for many analyses. Here, I discuss how we - myself, my laboratory and the diffraction community - have faced the phase problem, considering the evolution of methods for phase evaluation as structural biology developed to the present day. During the explosive growth of macromolecular crystallography, practice in diffraction analysis evolved from a universal reliance on isomorphous replacement to the eventual domination of anomalous diffraction for de novo structure determination. As the Protein Data Bank (PDB) grew and familial relationships among proteins became clear, molecular replacement overtook all other phasing methods; however, experimental phasing remained essential for molecules without obvious precedents, with multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD and SAD) predominating. While the mathematics-based direct methods had proved to be inadequate for typical macromolecules, they returned to crack substantial selenium substructures in SAD analyses of selenomethionyl proteins. Native SAD, exploiting the intrinsic S and P atoms of biomolecules, has become routine. Selenomethionyl SAD and MAD were the mainstays of structural genomics efforts to populate the PDB with novel proteins. A recent dividend has been paid in the success of PDB-trained artificial intelligence approaches for protein structure prediction. Currently, molecular replacement with AlphaFold models often obviates the need for experimental phase evaluation. For multiple reasons, we are now unfazed by the phase problem. Cryo-EM analysis is an attractive alternative to crystallography for many applications faced by today's structural biologists. It simply finesses the phase problem; however, the principles and procedures of diffraction analysis remain pertinent and are adopted in single-particle cryo-EM studies of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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3
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Nguyen TMD, Klett D, Combarnous Y. Undissociable chemically cross-linked and single-chain gonadotropins. Theriogenology 2023; 198:250-255. [PMID: 36621134 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Undissociable gonadotropins can be obtained either by chemical cross-linking of the natural heterodimeric hormones or by expressing recombinant single-chain molecules through the fusion of their α and β polypeptide sequences. These undissociable hormones are not more active than their natural heterodimeric counterparts indicating that the β-subunit seatbelt embracing the α-subunit ensures the αβ heterodimer stability in physiological conditions. The main interests of single-chain gonadotropins are that 1/only one single plasmid is required to produce an active recombinant hormone, 2/the two subunits' domains are constantly present in equal amounts and 3/they remain in close proximity even at low concentration for forming the hormone bioactive 3D structure. These undissociable gonadotropins have been shown to exhibit excellent stability and activity but they have not yet been commercialized probably because of immunogenicity risks and cost of production. Nevertheless, they might be used as a basis for the development of chemically simpler and cheaper ligands of LH and FSH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mong Diep Nguyen
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon, 820000, Viet Nam
| | - Danièle Klett
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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4
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Faust B, Billesbølle CB, Suomivuori CM, Singh I, Zhang K, Hoppe N, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Muftuoglu Y, Szkudlinski MW, Saghatelian A, Dror RO, Cheng Y, Manglik A. Autoantibody mimicry of hormone action at the thyrotropin receptor. Nature 2022; 609:846-853. [PMID: 35940205 PMCID: PMC9678024 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital in metabolism, growth and development1. Thyroid hormone synthesis is controlled by thyrotropin (TSH), which acts at the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)2. In patients with Graves' disease, autoantibodies that activate the TSHR pathologically increase thyroid hormone activity3. How autoantibodies mimic thyrotropin function remains unclear. Here we determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of active and inactive TSHR. In inactive TSHR, the extracellular domain lies close to the membrane bilayer. Thyrotropin selects an upright orientation of the extracellular domain owing to steric clashes between a conserved hormone glycan and the membrane bilayer. An activating autoantibody from a patient with Graves' disease selects a similar upright orientation of the extracellular domain. Reorientation of the extracellular domain transduces a conformational change in the seven-transmembrane-segment domain via a conserved hinge domain, a tethered peptide agonist and a phospholipid that binds within the seven-transmembrane-segment domain. Rotation of the TSHR extracellular domain relative to the membrane bilayer is sufficient for receptor activation, revealing a shared mechanism for other glycoprotein hormone receptors that may also extend to other G-protein-coupled receptors with large extracellular domains.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Graves Disease/immunology
- Graves Disease/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/chemistry
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/immunology
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/ultrastructure
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/agonists
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/immunology
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/ultrastructure
- Rotation
- Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Thyrotropin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Hoppe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Mass Spectrometry Core for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Mass Spectrometry Core for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratory for Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Kinetics of Odorant Recognition with a Graphene-Based Olfactory Receptor Mimicry. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria vector mosquito species rely on a handful of specific pheromones for mating; one of them, sulcatone (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one), is also found in human exudation. Therefore, a complete understanding of the insect’s olfaction, and rapid real-time methods for odorant detection, are required. Here, we mimic the odorant recognition of the nerve cells of an insect’s antenna with a synthetic graphene-based bio-electro-interfacial odorant receptor. By this means, we obtain the kinetics of the genuine odorant recognition reaction and compare them to electro-antennogram data that represent the more complex scenario of a living insect. The odorant-binding proteins OBP 9A and 9B only associate with their ligands weakly, showing KDs of between 2.1 mM and 3 mM, while the binding kinetics of OBP proteins depend on the structural feature of a cystine knot and are modulated by the local milieu within a protein-aided enhancement zone.
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6
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Duan J, Xu P, Cheng X, Mao C, Croll T, He X, Shi J, Luan X, Yin W, You E, Liu Q, Zhang S, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Xu HE. Structures of full-length glycoprotein hormone receptor signalling complexes. Nature 2021; 598:688-692. [PMID: 34552239 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin are glycoprotein hormones that are related to follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone1,2. Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin are essential to human reproduction and are important therapeutic drugs3-6. They activate the same G-protein-coupled receptor, luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), by binding to the large extracellular domain3. Here we report four cryo-electron microscopy structures of LHCGR: two structures of the wild-type receptor in the inactive and active states; and two structures of the constitutively active mutated receptor. The active structures are bound to chorionic gonadotropin and the stimulatory G protein (Gs), and one of the structures also contains Org43553, an allosteric agonist7. The structures reveal a distinct 'push-and-pull' mechanism of receptor activation, in which the extracellular domain is pushed by the bound hormone and pulled by the extended hinge loop next to the transmembrane domain. A highly conserved 10-residue fragment (P10) from the hinge C-terminal loop at the interface between the extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain functions as a tethered agonist to induce conformational changes in the transmembrane domain and G-protein coupling. Org43553 binds to a pocket of the transmembrane domain and interacts directly with P10, which further stabilizes the active conformation. Together, these structures provide a common model for understanding the signalling of glycoprotein hormone receptors and a basis for drug discovery for endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zheijang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tristan Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xinheng He
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erli You
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufeng Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Zheijang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Querat B. Unconventional Actions of Glycoprotein Hormone Subunits: A Comprehensive Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:731966. [PMID: 34671318 PMCID: PMC8522476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.731966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormones (GPH) are heterodimers composed of a common α subunit and a specific β subunit. They act by activating specific leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptors. However, individual subunits have been shown to elicit responses in cells devoid of the receptor for the dimeric hormones. The α subunit is involved in prolactin production from different tissues. The human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (βhCG) plays determinant roles in placentation and in cancer development and metastasis. A truncated form of the thyrotropin (TSH) β subunit is also reported to have biological effects. The GPH α- and β subunits are derived from precursor genes (gpa and gpb, respectively), which are expressed in most invertebrate species and are still represented in vertebrates as GPH subunit paralogs (gpa2 and gpb5, respectively). No specific receptor has been found for the vertebrate GPA2 and GPB5 even if their heterodimeric form is able to activate the TSH receptor in mammals. Interestingly, GPA and GPB are phylogenetically and structurally related to cysteine-knot growth factors (CKGF) and particularly to a group of antagonists that act independently on any receptor. This review article summarizes the observed actions of individual GPH subunits and presents the current hypotheses of how these actions might be induced. New approaches are also proposed in light of the evolutionary relatedness with antagonists of the CKGF family of proteins.
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Kanemura S, Matsusaki M, Inaba K, Okumura M. PDI Family Members as Guides for Client Folding and Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249351. [PMID: 33302492 PMCID: PMC7763558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated and sophisticated protein homeostasis (proteostasis) networks in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), comprising disulfide catalysts, molecular chaperones, and their regulators, help to maintain cell viability. Newly synthesized proteins inserted into the ER need to fold and assemble into unique native structures to fulfill their physiological functions, and this is assisted by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Herein, we focus on recent advances in understanding the detailed mechanisms of PDI family members as guides for client folding and assembly to ensure the efficient production of secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kanemura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan;
| | - Motonori Matsusaki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (K.I.)
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-217-5628
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9
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Althumairy D, Zhang X, Baez N, Barisas G, Roess DA, Bousfield GR, Crans DC. Glycoprotein G-protein Coupled Receptors in Disease: Luteinizing Hormone Receptors and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors. Diseases 2020; 8:E35. [PMID: 32942611 PMCID: PMC7565105 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) is essential for the successful reproduction of human beings. Both receptors and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are members of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) described as the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Their ligands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and a structurally related hormone produced in pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are large protein hormones that are extensively glycosylated. Although the primary physiologic functions of these receptors are in ovarian function and maintenance of pregnancy in human females and spermatogenesis in males, there are reports of LHRs or FSHRs involvement in disease processes both in the reproductive system and elsewhere. In this review, we evaluate the aggregation state of the structure of actively signaling LHRs or FSHRs, their functions in reproduction as well as summarizing disease processes related to receptor mutations affecting receptor function or expression in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. We will also present novel strategies for either increasing or reducing the activity of LHRs signaling. Such approaches to modify signaling by glycoprotein receptors may prove advantageous in treating diseases relating to LHRs or FSHRs function in addition to furthering the identification of new strategies for modulating GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Althumairy
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicholas Baez
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - George Barisas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - George R. Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA;
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
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10
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Piejko M, Niewieczerzal S, Sulkowska JI. The Folding of Knotted Proteins: Distinguishing the Distinct Behavior of Shallow and Deep Knots. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Piejko
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Warsaw Pasteura 1 Warsaw 02-093 Poland
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of Warsaw Banacha 2c Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | | | - Joanna I. Sulkowska
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Warsaw Pasteura 1 Warsaw 02-093 Poland
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of Warsaw Banacha 2c Warsaw 02-097 Poland
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11
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Wang J, Yang T, Mei H, Yu X, Peng H, Wang R, Cai Y. Comparative Pharmacokinetics, Bioequivalence and Safety Study of Two Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Injections in Healthy Chinese Subjects. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:435-444. [PMID: 32099328 PMCID: PMC6996485 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s235064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), bioequivalence and safety profile of the recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG) injection formulation LZM003 (test drug) comparing with that of Ovidrel® (reference drug) in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods This is a randomized, single-blind, single-dose, two-arm and two-period crossover Phase I study. Subjects were randomized evenly to a single dose of LZM003 or reference drug injected subcutaneously, with a 10-day or longer between-treatment washout period. PK parameters, anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), and adverse events (AEs) were assessed. The primary PK endpoints were area under the curve (AUC) of the concentration-time curve from zero to last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t), AUC from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞), and peak concentration (Cmax). Bioequivalence was determined by assessing whether the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of LZM003 to reference drug fell within predefined margins of 80% -125%. Results Forty-eight subjects (24 males and 24 females) were enrolled and one subject withdrew for personal reasons. Mean values of primary PK parameters were similar (p > 0.05) between LZM003 and the reference drug. The 90% CIs for primary PK endpoints' GMR of LZM003 to reference drug ranged between 0.9144 and 1.1845, which were within bioequivalence margins of 80-125%. Incidence of AEs was similar (p > 0.05) between the two groups. Neither LZM003 nor reference drug produced anti-drug antibody (ADA) in healthy subjects. Conclusion LZM003 and reference drug were bioequivalent. The PK and safety assessments were similar (p > 0.05) between the two formulations in healthy Chinese subjects. Trial Registration Number ChiCTR-IIR-16010158 (http://www.chictr.org.cn). Trial Registration Date December 15, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianli Yang
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Hekun Mei
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueming Yu
- Livzon MabPharm Inc, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519045, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Cai
- Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
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12
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Larson SB, McPherson A. The crystal structure of the β subunit of luteinizing hormone and a model for the intact hormone. Curr Res Struct Biol 2019; 1:1-5. [PMID: 34235462 PMCID: PMC8244496 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The β subunit of bovine luteinizing hormone (LH) was crystallized and its structure solved to 3.15 Å resolution by molecular replacement using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) β subunit as search model. The asymmetric unit contains two copies of the β subunit that are related by a non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) two-fold axis, both copies of which contain proteolytic cleavages after amino acid 100. It is noteworthy that the oligosaccharide moieties covalently attached at asparagine 13 were particularly pronounced in the electron density, allowing seven sugar residues to be defined. The α subunit of LH, which is common to all glycosylated gonadotropin hormones, was placed by superposition of hCG on the LH beta subunits, thereby yielding a model for the intact hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Larson
- Dept. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander McPherson
- Dept. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Dufour S, Quérat B, Tostivint H, Pasqualini C, Vaudry H, Rousseau K. Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:869-943. [PMID: 31625459 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, as in the other mammals, the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is ensured by the brain-pituitary gonadotropic axis. Multiple internal and environmental cues are integrated via brain neuronal networks, ultimately leading to the modulation of the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The decapeptide GnRH is released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system and stimulates the production of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, the two gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel actor, the neuropeptide kisspeptin, acting upstream of GnRH, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Other neuropeptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone/RF-amide related peptide, and other members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily, as well as various nonpeptidic neuromediators such as dopamine and serotonin also provide a large panel of stimulatory or inhibitory regulators. This paper addresses the origin and evolution of the vertebrate gonadotropic axis. Brain-pituitary neuroendocrine axes are typical of vertebrates, the pituitary gland, mediator and amplifier of brain control on peripheral organs, being a vertebrate innovation. The paper reviews, from molecular and functional perspectives, the evolution across vertebrate radiation of some key actors of the vertebrate neuroendocrine control of reproduction and traces back their origin along the vertebrate lineage and in other metazoa before the emergence of vertebrates. A focus is given on how gene duplications, resulting from either local events or from whole genome duplication events, and followed by paralogous gene loss or conservation, might have shaped the evolutionary scenarios of current families of key actors of the gonadotropic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Quérat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Catherine Pasqualini
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
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Hausken K, Levavi-Sivan B. Synteny and phylogenetic analysis of paralogous thyrostimulin beta subunits (GpB5) in vertebrates. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222808. [PMID: 31536580 PMCID: PMC6752823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At some point early in the vertebrate lineage, two whole genome duplication events (1R, 2R) took place that allowed for the diversification and sub-/neo-functionalization of the glycoprotein hormones (GpHs). All jawed vertebrates possess the GpHs luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), each of which are heterodimers with a common alpha subunit and unique beta subunits. In 2002, a novel glycoprotein hormone named thyrostimulin was described to have unique GpA2 and GpB5 subunits that were homologous to the vertebrate alpha and beta subunits. The presence of GpA2 and GpB5 in representative protostomes and deuterostomes indicates their ancestry in the GpH family. There are several reports of GpH subunit evolution, but none have included GpA2 and GpB5 for species in each major vertebrate class. Thus, we addressed the ancestry of two paralogous GpB5 subunits (GpB5a and GpB5b) that were previously only recognized in two teleost species. Our search for orthologous GpB5a and GpB5b sequences in representative vertebrates and phylogenetic analysis, in addition to the currently published evolutionary scenarios of the GpH family, supports that GpB5a and GpB5b are paralogs that arose from the first vertebrate whole genome duplication event (1R). Syntenic analysis supports lineage specific losses of GpB5a in chondrichthyes, basal actinopterygians, and tetrapods, and retention in coelacanth and teleosts. Additionally, we were unable to identify GpA2 transcripts from tilapia mRNA, suggesting that this species does not produce heterodimeric thyrostimulin. While the conserved or even species-specific functional role of thyrostimulin or its individual subunits are still unknown in vertebrates, the analyses presented here provide context for future studies on the functional divergence of the GpH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist Hausken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Recent progress in the sensing techniques for the detection of human thyroid stimulating hormone. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Dietary selenium deficiency or selenomethionine excess drastically alters organ selenium contents without altering the expression of most selenoproteins in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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García de la Rosa I, Feal Carballo S, Almenares Guasch PR, Segura González MT, Pupo Infante M, Frómeta Suárez A, Martínez Beltrán L, Quintana Guerra JM, Lafita Delfino Y, Morejón García G, Pérez Morás PL, Hernández Pérez L, Castells Martínez EM. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone for newborn screening of congenital hypothyroidism. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:350-366. [PMID: 31043143 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1605375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most frequent inherited-metabolic diseases in the world, and the main cause of treatable mental retardation in children. Because signs and symptoms of this disease are often scarce and not easily recognizable, newborns are screened for the early CH detection at birth. The Center of Immunoassay (CIE) has developed the UMELISA® TSH Neonatal and UMELISA® TSH to determine neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in dried blood and serum samples. Both reagent kits use the same polystyrene plates coated with anti-β-TSH monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), but one of these is commercially acquired. Obtaining appropriate anti-TSH MAbs at the CIE would guarantee economic independence and security in the production of these kits. Immunization of mice with TSH led to the generation of 7G11E3, an anti-β-TSH IgG1-secreting hybridoma. The high affinity of 7G11E3 MAb and its characteristic epitopic recognition explain its better performance when adsorbed to UMELISA® plates for capturing low amounts of TSH in comparison with the studied MAbs. Performance of assays using polystyrene plates coated with 7G11E3 MAb was studied. Recovery percentages (100.0-106.7% for UMELISA® TSH NEONATAL and 97.3-99.0% for UMELISA® TSH) and intra (5.2-7.9% for UMELISA® TSH NEONATAL and 3.2-5.3% for UMELISA® TSH) and inter (6.6-7.7% for UMELISA® TSH NEONATAL and 5.2-8.0% for UMELISA® TSH) coefficients of variation were similar to the ones described for the commercial kits. Limits of detection and quantification were 1.0 and 3.8 mIU/L for UMELISA® TSH NEONATAL, and 0.3 and 0.6 mIU/L for UMELISA® TSH, respectively. The results also showed high overall concordance between assays (n = 2 019, ρc = 0.90 for UMELISA® TSH NEONATAL and n = 200, ρc = 0.94 for UMELISA® TSH). The 7G11E3 MAb meets the requirements for its use in the plates of UMELISA® TSH kits for CH newborn screening in Cuba. Abbreviations: CECMED, Center for the State Control of Medicaments and Medical Equipment and Devices; CH, congenital hypothyroidism; CIE, Center of Immunoassay; CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; CV coefficient of variation; DBS, dried blood spots; LOB, limit of blank; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; SD, standard deviation; Sr, repeatability standard deviation; SUMA, Ultra Micro Analytic System; UMELISA, ultramicro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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18
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Choice of protocol for the in vivo bioassay of equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG / PMSG) in immature female rats. Theriogenology 2019; 130:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Shafaghi M, Shabani AA, Minuchehr Z. Rational design of hyper-glycosylated human luteinizing hormone analogs (a bioinformatics approach). Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:16-23. [PMID: 30708139 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineering is a recently used approach to extend serum half-life of valuable protein therapeutics. One aspect of glycoengineering is to introduce new N-glycosylation site (Asn-X-Thr/Ser, where X ≠ Pro) into desirable positions in the peptide backbone, resulting in the generation of hyper-glycosylated protein. In this study, human luteinizing hormone (LH) was considered for identification of the suitable positions for the addition of new N-linked glycosylation sites. A rational in silico approach was applied for prediction of structural and functional alterations caused by changes in amino acid sequence. As the first step, we explored the amino acid sequence of LH to find out desirable positions for introducing Asn or/and Thr to create new N-glycosylation sites. This exploration led to the identification of 38 potential N-glycan sites, and then the four acceptable ones were selected for further analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) structures of the selected analogs were generated and examined by the model evaluation methods. Finally, two analogs with one additional glycosylation site were suggested as the qualified analogs for hyper-glycosylation of the LH, which can be considered for further experimental investigations. Our computational strategy can reduce laborious and time-consuming experimental analyses of the analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- Dept. & Center for Biotechnology Research, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Students Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Dept. & Center for Biotechnology Research, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Landomiel F, De Pascali F, Raynaud P, Jean-Alphonse F, Yvinec R, Pellissier LP, Bozon V, Bruneau G, Crépieux P, Poupon A, Reiter E. Biased Signaling and Allosteric Modulation at the FSHR. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:148. [PMID: 30930853 PMCID: PMC6425863 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) structure and mechanism of activation has profoundly evolved over the past years. The way drugs targeting this family of receptors are discovered and used has also changed. Ligands appear to bind a growing number of GPCRs in a competitive or allosteric manner to elicit balanced signaling or biased signaling (i.e., differential efficacy in activating or inhibiting selective signaling pathway(s) compared to the reference ligand). These novel concepts and developments transform our understanding of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) biology and the way it could be pharmacologically modulated in the future. The FSHR is expressed in somatic cells of the gonads and plays a major role in reproduction. When compared to classical GPCRs, the FSHR exhibits intrinsic peculiarities, such as a very large NH2-terminal extracellular domain that binds a naturally heterogeneous, large heterodimeric glycoprotein, namely FSH. Once activated, the FSHR couples to Gαs and, in some instances, to other Gα subunits. G protein-coupled receptor kinases and β-arrestins are also recruited to this receptor and account for its desensitization, trafficking, and intracellular signaling. Different classes of pharmacological tools capable of biasing FSHR signaling have been reported and open promising prospects both in basic research and for therapeutic applications. Here we provide an updated review of the most salient peculiarities of FSHR signaling and its selective modulation.
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Betteridge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1
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23
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Bousfield GR, May JV, Davis JS, Dias JA, Kumar TR. In Vivo and In Vitro Impact of Carbohydrate Variation on Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29867757 PMCID: PMC5960776 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) exhibits both macro- and microheterogeneity in its carbohydrate moieties. Macroheterogeneity results in three physiologically relevant FSHβ subunit variants, two that possess a single N-linked glycan at either one of the two βL1 loop glycosylation sites or one with both glycans. Microheterogeneity is characterized by 80 to over 100 unique oligosaccharide structures attached to each of the 3 to 4 occupied N-glycosylation sites. With respect to its receptor, partially glycosylated (hypo-glycosylated) FSH variants exhibit higher association rates, greater apparent affinity, and greater occupancy than fully glycosylated FSH. Higher receptor binding-activity is reflected by greater in vitro bioactivity and, in some cases, greater in vivo bioactivity. Partially glycosylated pituitary FSH shows an age-related decline in abundance that may be associated with decreased fertility. In this review, we describe an integrated approach involving genetic models, in vitro signaling studies, FSH biochemistry, relevance of physiological changes in FSH glycoform abundance, and characterize the impact of FSH macroheterogeneity on fertility and reproductive aging. We will also address the controversy with regard to claims of a direct action of FSH in mediating bone loss especially at the peri- and postmenopausal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: George R. Bousfield,
| | - Jeffrey V. May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - John S. Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - James A. Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - T. Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Movsas TZ, Weiner RL, Greenberg MB, Holtzman DM, Galindo R. Pretreatment with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Protects the Neonatal Brain against the Effects of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:232. [PMID: 29164084 PMCID: PMC5675846 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though the human fetus is exposed to placentally derived human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) throughout gestation, the role of hCG on the fetal brain is unknown. Review of the available literature appears to indicate that groups of women with higher mean levels of hCG during pregnancy tend to have offspring with lower cerebral palsy (CP) risk. Given that newborn cerebral injury often precedes the development of CP, we aimed to determine whether hCG may protect against the neurodegenerative effects of neonatal brain injury. METHODS We utilized the Rice-Vannucci model of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in postnatal day 7 mice to examine whether intraperitoneal administration of hCG 15-18 h prior, 1 h after or immediately following HI decrease brain tissue loss 7 days after injury. We next studied whether hCG has pro-survival and trophic properties in neurons by exposing immature cortical and hippocampal neurons to hCG in vitro and examining neurite sprouting and neuronal survival prior and after glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic injury. RESULTS We found that intraperitoneal injection of hCG 15 h prior to HI, but not at or 1 h after HI induction, resulted in a significant decrease in hippocampal and striatal tissue loss 7 days following brain injury. Furthermore, hCG reduced N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated neuronal excitotoxicity in vitro when neurons were continuously exposed to this hormone for 10 days or when given at the time and following neuronal injury. In addition, continuous in vitro administration of hCG for 6-9 days increased neurite sprouting and basal neuronal survival as assessed by at least a 1-fold increase in MAP2 immunoreactivity and a 2.5-fold increase in NeuN + immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that hCG can decrease HI-associated immature neural degeneration. The mechanism of action for this neuroprotective effect may partly involve inhibition of NMDA-dependent excitotoxic injury. This study supports the hypothesis that hCG during pregnancy has the potential for protecting the developing brain against HI, an important CP risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Z. Movsas
- Zietchick Research Institute, Plymouth, MI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - M. Banks Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rafael Galindo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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25
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Sevilhano T, de Carvalho RF, Oliveira NADJ, Oliveira JE, Maltarollo VG, Trossini G, Garcez R, Bartolini P. Molecular cloning and characterization of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone β-subunit cDNAs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183545. [PMID: 28846736 PMCID: PMC5573580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common gonadotrophic hormone α-subunit (GTHα) has been previously isolated by our research group from A. gigas pituitaries; in the present work the cDNA sequences encoding FSHβ and LHβ subunits have also been isolated from the same species of fish. The FSH β-subunit consists of 126 amino acids with a putative 18 amino acid signal peptide and a 108 amino acid mature peptide, while the LH β-subunit consists of 141 amino acids with a putative 24 amino acid amino acid signal peptide and a 117 amino acid mature peptide. The highest identity, based on the amino acid sequences, was found with the order of Anguilliformes (61%) for FSHβ and of Cypriniformes (76%) for LHβ, followed by Siluriformes, 53% for FSHβ and 75% for LHβ. Interestingly, the identity with the corresponding human amino acid sequences was still remarkable: 45.1% for FSHβ and 51.4% for LHβ. Three dimensional models of ag-FSH and ag-LH, generated by using the crystal structures of h-FSH and h-LH as the respective templates and carried out via comparative modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, suggested the presence of the so-called "seat-belt", favored by a disulfide bond formed between the 3rd and 12th cysteine in both β-subunits. The sequences found will be used for the biotechnological synthesis of A. gigas gonadotrophic hormones (ag-FSH and ag-LH). In a first approach, to ascertain that the cloned transcripts allow the expression of the heterodimeric hormones, ag-FSH has been synthesized in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, preliminarily purified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Sevilhano
- Biotechnology Department, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Trossini
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Riviane Garcez
- Genetic Ichthyology Laboratory, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Department, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Liu Q, Hendrickson WA. Contemporary Use of Anomalous Diffraction in Biomolecular Structure Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1607:377-399. [PMID: 28573582 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7000-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The normal elastic X-ray scattering that depends only on electron density can be modulated by an "anomalous" component due to resonance between X-rays and electronic orbitals. Anomalous scattering thereby precisely identifies atomic species, since orbitals distinguish atomic elements, which enables the multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD and SAD) methods. SAD now predominates in de novo structure determination of biological macromolecules, and we focus here on the prevailing SAD method. We describe the anomalous phasing theory and the periodic table of phasing elements that are available for SAD experiments, differentiating between those readily accessible for at-resonance experiments and those that can be effective away from an edge. We describe procedures for present-day SAD phasing experiments and we discuss optimization of anomalous signals for challenging applications. We also describe methods for using anomalous signals as molecular markers for tracing and element identification. Emerging developments and perspectives are discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, 50 Bell Ave, Building 463, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 202 Black Building, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural-Functional Features of the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor at Work. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28484426 PMCID: PMC5401882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a sub-group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TSHR and its endogenous ligand thyrotropin (TSH) are of essential importance for growth and function of the thyroid gland and proper function of the TSH/TSHR system is pivotal for production and release of thyroid hormones. This receptor is also important with respect to pathophysiology, such as autoimmune (including ophthalmopathy) or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer development. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting the TSHR should provide benefits to disease treatment compared to currently available therapies of dysfunctions associated with the TSHR or the thyroid gland. Upon TSHR activation, the molecular events conveying conformational changes from the extra- to the intracellular side of the cell across the membrane comprise reception, conversion, and amplification of the signal. These steps are highly dependent on structural features of this receptor and its intermolecular interaction partners, e.g., TSH, antibodies, small molecules, G-proteins, or arrestin. For better understanding of signal transduction, pathogenic mechanisms such as autoantibody action and mutational modifications or for developing new pharmacological strategies, it is essential to combine available structural data with functional information to generate homology models of the entire receptor. Although so far these insights are fragmental, in the past few decades essential contributions have been made to investigate in-depth the involved determinants, such as by structure determination via X-ray crystallography. This review summarizes available knowledge (as of December 2016) concerning the TSHR protein structure, associated functional aspects, and based on these insights we suggest several receptor complex models. Moreover, distinct TSHR properties will be highlighted in comparison to other class A GPCRs to understand the molecular activation mechanisms of this receptor comprehensively. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts toward TSHR structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause,
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Núñez Miguel R, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Glycosylation pattern analysis of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:25-41. [PMID: 27875255 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have studied glycosylation patterns in glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) and glycoprotein hormone receptor (GPHR) extracellular domains (ECD) from different species to identify areas not glycosylated that could be involved in intermolecular or intramolecular interactions. Comparative models of the structure of the TSHR ECD in complex with TSH and in complex with TSHR autoantibodies (M22, stimulating and K1-70, blocking) were obtained based on the crystal structures of the FSH-FSHR ECD, M22-TSHR leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD) and K1-70-TSHR LRD complexes. The glycosylation sites of the GPHRs and GPHs from all species studied were mapped on the model of the human TSH TSHR ECD complex. The areas on the surfaces of GPHs that are known to interact with their receptors are not glycosylated and two areas free from glycosylation, not involved in currently known interactions, have been identified. The concave faces of GPHRs leucine-rich repeats 3-7 are free from glycosylation, consistent with known interactions with the hormones. In addition, four other non-glycosylated areas have been identified, two located on the receptors' convex surfaces, one in the long loop of the hinge regions and one at the C-terminus of the extracellular domains. Experimental evidence suggests that the non-glycosylated areas identified on the hormones and receptors are likely to be involved in forming intramolecular or intermolecular interactions.
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Yom-Din S, Hollander-Cohen L, Aizen J, Boehm B, Shpilman M, Golan M, Hurvitz A, Degani G, Levavi-Sivan B. Gonadotropins in the Russian Sturgeon: Their Role in Steroid Secretion and the Effect of Hormonal Treatment on Their Secretion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162344. [PMID: 27622546 PMCID: PMC5021361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the reproduction process of male and female fish, pituitary derived gonadotropins (GTHs) play a key role. To be able to specifically investigate certain functions of Luteinizing (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii; st), we produced recombinant variants of the hormones using the yeast Pichia pastoris as a protein production system. We accomplished to create in vitro biologically active heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of two associated α- and β-subunits in sufficient quantities. Three dimensional modelling of both GTHs was conducted in order to study the differences between the two GTHs. Antibodies were produced against the unique β-subunit of each of the GTHs, in order to be used for immunohistochemical analysis and to develop an ELISA for blood and pituitary hormone quantification. This detection technique revealed the specific localization of the LH and FSH cells in the sturgeon pituitary and pointed out that both cell types are present in substantially higher numbers in mature males and females, compared to immature fish. With the newly attained option to prevent cross-contamination when investigating on the effects of GTH administration, we compared the steroidogeneic response (estradiol and 11-Keto testosterone (11-KT) in female and males, respectively) of recombinant stLH, stFSH, and carp pituitary extract in male and female sturgeon gonads at different developmental stages. Finally, we injected commercially available gonadotropin releasing hormones analog (GnRH) to mature females, and found a moderate effect on the development of ovarian follicles. Application of only testosterone (T) resulted in a significant increase in circulating levels of 11-KT whereas the combination of GnRH + T did not affect steroid levels at all. The response pattern for estradiol demonstrated a similar situation. FSH levels showed significant increases when GnRH + T was administered, while no changes were present in LH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yom-Din
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lian Hollander-Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Aizen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Benjamin Boehm
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Shpilman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avshalom Hurvitz
- MIGAL Galilee Technology Center, PO Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 10200, Israel
| | - Gad Degani
- MIGAL Galilee Technology Center, PO Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 10200, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Stewart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Bngham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Uterine Fibroids, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Berger P, Lapthorn AJ. The molecular relationship between antigenic domains and epitopes on hCG. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schaarschmidt J, Nagel MBM, Huth S, Jaeschke H, Moretti R, Hintze V, von Bergen M, Kalkhof S, Meiler J, Paschke R. Rearrangement of the Extracellular Domain/Extracellular Loop 1 Interface Is Critical for Thyrotropin Receptor Activation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14095-14108. [PMID: 27129207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with a characteristic large extracellular domain (ECD). TSHR activation is initiated by binding of the hormone ligand TSH to the ECD. How the extracellular binding event triggers the conformational changes in the transmembrane domain (TMD) necessary for intracellular G protein activation is poorly understood. To gain insight in this process, the knowledge on the relative positioning of ECD and TMD and the conformation of the linker region at the interface of ECD and TMD are of particular importance. To generate a structural model for the TSHR we applied an integrated structural biology approach combining computational techniques with experimental data. Chemical cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry yielded 17 unique distance restraints within the ECD of the TSHR, its ligand TSH, and the hormone-receptor complex. These structural restraints generally confirm the expected binding mode of TSH to the ECD as well as the general fold of the domains and were used to guide homology modeling of the ECD. Functional characterization of TSHR mutants confirms the previously suggested close proximity of Ser-281 and Ile-486 within the TSHR. Rigidifying this contact permanently with a disulfide bridge disrupts ligand-induced receptor activation and indicates that rearrangement of the ECD/extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) interface is a critical step in receptor activation. The experimentally verified contact of Ser-281 (ECD) and Ile-486 (TMD) was subsequently utilized in docking homology models of the ECD and the TMD to create a full-length model of a glycoprotein hormone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Schaarschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus B M Nagel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,; Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Huth
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Jaeschke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rocco Moretti
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany,; Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,; Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany,; Department of Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Coburg, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Xie Y, Wei X, Yang Q, Guan Z, Liu D, Liu X, Zhou L, Zhu Z, Lin Z, Yang C. A Shake&Read distance-based microfluidic chip as a portable quantitative readout device for highly sensitive point-of-care testing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13377-13380. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a Shake&Read distance-based microfluidic chip for simple, disposable, equipment-free, visual and quantitative POCT.
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Zabeba RS, Grulke E, Jaffar Al-Mulla EA. Interaction Of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles With Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Modifies Secondary And Tertiary Protein Structure. NOVA BIOTECHNOLOGICA ET CHIMICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/nbec-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNP) have good biocompatibility and bioactivity inside human body. In this study, the interaction between CaPNP and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was analyzed to determine the changes in the protein structure in the presence of CaPNP and the quantity of protein adsorbed on the CaPNP surface. The results showed a significant adsorption of hCG on the CaPNP nanoparticle surface. The optimal fit was achieved using the Sips isotherm equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 68.23 µg/mg. The thermodynamic parameters, including ∆H° and ∆G°, of the adsorption process are positive, whereas ∆S° is negative. The circular dichroism results of the adsorption of hCG on CaPNP showed the changes in its secondary structure; such changes include the decomposition of α-helix strand and the increase in β-pleated sheet and random coil percentages. Fluorescence study indicated minimal changes in the tertiary structure near the microenvironment of the aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenyl alanine caused by the interaction forces between the CaPNP and hCG protein. The desorption process showed that the quantity of the hCG desorbed significantly increases as temperature increases, which indicates the weak forces between hCG and the surface.
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Haglund E. Engineering covalent loops in proteins can serve as an on/off switch to regulate threaded topologies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:354107. [PMID: 26291088 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/35/354107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knots in proteins are under active investigation motivating refinements of current techniques and the development of tools to better understand the knotted topology. A strong focus is to identify new knots and expand upon the current understanding of their complex topology. Previous work has shown that the knotted topology, even in the simplest case of knots, encompasses a variety of unique challenges in folding and tying a chain. To bypass many of the in vitro experimental complications involved in working with knots, it is useful to apply methodologies to a more simplified system. The pierced lasso bundles (PLB), we discovered where a single disulphide bridge holds the threaded topology together, presents a simpler system to study knots in vitro. Having a disulphide bridge as an on/off switch between the threaded/unthreaded topology is advantageous because a covalent loop allows manipulation of the knot without directly altering affecting secondary and tertiary structure. Because disulphide bridges are commonly used in protein engineering, a pierced lasso (PL) topology can be easily introduced into a protein of interest to form a knotted topology within a given secondary structure. It is also important to take into account that if formed, disulphides can inadvertently introduce an unwanted PL. This was found upon determination of the crystal structure (PDB code 2YHG) of the recently de novo designed nucleoside hydrolase. Our detailed investigations of the PL presented here will allow researchers to look at the introduction of disulphide bridges in a larger context with respect to potential geometrical consequences on the structure and functional properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Haglund
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Li D, Zhang P, Li F, Chi L, Zhu D, Zhang Q, Chi L. Recognition of N-glycoforms in human chorionic gonadotropin by monoclonal antibodies and their interaction motifs. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22715-23. [PMID: 26240146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) plays an important role in reproductive tumors. Detecting hCG N-glycosylation alteration may significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of related cancers. However, developing an immunoassay directly against the N-linked oligosaccharides is unlikely because of the heterogeneity and low immunogenicity of carbohydrates. Here, we report a hydrogen/deuterium exchange and MS approach to investigate the effect of N-glycosylation on the binding of antibodies against different hCG glycoforms. Hyperglycosylated hCG was purified from the urine of invasive mole patients, and the structure of its N-linked oligosaccharides was confirmed to be more branched by MS. The binding kinetics of the anti-hCG antibodies MCA329 and MCA1024 against hCG and hyperglycosylated hCG were compared using biolayer interferometry. The binding affinity of MCA1024 changed significantly in response to the alteration of hCG N-linked oligosaccharides. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange-MS reveals that the peptide β65-83 of the hCG β subunit is the epitope for MCA1024. Site-specific N-glycosylation analysis suggests that N-linked oligosaccharides at Asn-13 and Asn-30 on the β subunit affect the binding affinity of MCA1024. These results prove that some antibodies are sensitive to the structural change of N-linked oligosaccharides, whereas others are not affected by N-glycosylation. It is promising to improve glycoprotein biomarker-based cancer diagnostics by developing combined immunoassays that can determine the level of protein and measure the degree of N-glycosylation simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Li
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Fei Li
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lequan Chi
- the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
| | - Deyu Zhu
- the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- the Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250100 China
| | - Lianli Chi
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China,
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Cha YJ, Kim KA, Oh TY, Park JY. Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile of DA-3803, a Proposed Biosimilar of Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, in Healthy Subjects. BioDrugs 2015; 29:199-205. [PMID: 25998212 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-015-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE DA-3803 is a proposed biosimilar of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG), which is a therapeutic protein used to treat infertility. We compared the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of DA-3803 (test) with those of a conventional formulation (Ovidrel(®), reference). METHODS A single-blind, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, crossover study was conducted in 32 healthy subjects. In each period, 250 μg of r-hCG of the test or reference formulation was administered subcutaneously with a 3-week washout period. Serial blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis and blood levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were determined. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the maximum (peak) plasma concentration (C max) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were estimated. RESULTS Among the 32 subjects, 27 completed the study. No serious adverse events were observed. The mean concentration-time profiles of the test formulation tended to be higher than those of the reference formulation. The mean C max values of the two products were similar (142 mIU/mL for reference vs. 143 mIU/mL for test), but the mean AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC∞) values of the test drug were approximately 25 % higher than those of the reference drug (9403 mIU·h/mL for reference vs. 11,817 mIU·h/mL for test). The GMR (90 % CI) of the test formulation to the reference formulation for C max, AUC from time zero to the last measurable time (AUClast), and AUC∞ were 1.03 (0.93-1.14), 1.25 (1.18-1.33), and 1.27 (1.19-1.35), respectively. CONCLUSION A single subcutaneous injection of either DA-3803 or Ovidrel(®) was safe and well-tolerated. A comparative pharmacokinetics study showed that DA-3803 was bioequivalent to Ovidrel(®) in the C max value but non-equivalent in the AUC value. These pharmacokinetic differences may not be expected to affect therapeutic efficacy of these two drugs, but further clinical studies are warranted to confirm their therapeutic equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Cha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5-Ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
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Cahoreau C, Klett D, Combarnous Y. Structure-function relationships of glycoprotein hormones and their subunits' ancestors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25767463 PMCID: PMC4341566 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) are the most complex molecules with hormonal activity. They exist only in vertebrates but the genes encoding their subunits' ancestors are found in most vertebrate and invertebrate species although their roles are still unknown. In the present report, we review the available structural and functional data concerning GPHs and their subunits' ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cahoreau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Danièle Klett
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Yves Combarnous, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly 37380, France e-mail:
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Nataraja SG, Yu HN, Palmer SS. Discovery and Development of Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:142. [PMID: 26441832 PMCID: PMC4568768 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are heterodimeric proteins with a common α-subunit and hormone-specific β-subunit. These hormones are dominant regulators of reproduction and metabolic processes. Receptors for the glycoprotein hormones belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. FSH receptor (FSHR) and LH receptor are primarily expressed in somatic cells in ovary and testis to promote egg and sperm production in women and men, respectively. TSH receptor is expressed in thyroid cells and regulates the secretion of T3 and T4. Glycoprotein hormones bind to the large extracellular domain of the receptor and cause a conformational change in the receptor that leads to activation of more than one intracellular signaling pathway. Several small molecules have been described to activate/inhibit glycoprotein hormone receptors through allosteric sites of the receptor. Small molecule allosteric modulators have the potential to be administered orally to patients, thus improving the convenience of treatment. It has been a challenge to develop a small molecule allosteric agonist for glycoprotein hormones that can mimic the agonistic effects of the large natural ligand to activate similar signaling pathways. However, in the past few years, there have been several promising reports describing distinct chemical series with improved potency in preclinical models. In parallel, proposal of new structural model for FSHR and in silico docking studies of small molecule ligands to glycoprotein hormone receptors provide a giant leap on the understanding of the mechanism of action of the natural ligands and new chemical entities on the receptors. This review will focus on the current status of small molecule allosteric modulators of glycoprotein hormone receptors, their effects on common signaling pathways in cells, their utility for clinical application as demonstrated in preclinical models, and use of these molecules as novel tools to dissect the molecular signaling pathways of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj G. Nataraja
- TocopheRx Inc., Burlington, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Selvaraj G. Nataraja, TocopheRx Inc., 15 New England Executive Park, Suite 1087, Burlington, MA 01803, USA,
| | - Henry N. Yu
- TocopheRx Inc., Burlington, MA, USA
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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Sisinni L, Landriscina M. The Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as Tumor Marker: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 867:159-76. [PMID: 26530366 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor markers are biological substances that are produced/released mainly by malignant tumor cells, enter the circulation in detectable amounts and are potential indicators of the presence of a tumor. The most useful biochemical markers are the tumor-specific molecules, i.e., receptors, enzymes, hormones, growth factors or biological response modifiers that are specifically produced by tumor cells and not, or minimally, by the normal counterpart (Richard et al. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia, 2009). Based on their specificity and sensitivity in each malignancy, biomarkers are used for screening, diagnosis, disease monitoring and therapeutic response assessment in clinical management of cancer patients.This chapter is focused on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone with a variety of functions and widely used as a tumor biomarker in selected tumors. Indeed, hCG is expressed by both trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic human malignancies and plays a role in cell transformation, angiogenesis, metastatization, and immune escape, all process central to cancer progression. Of note, hCG testing is crucial for the clinical management of placental trophoblastic malignancies and germ cell tumors of the testis and the ovary. Furthermore, the production of hCG by tumor cells is accompanied by varying degrees of release of the free subunits into the circulation, and this is relevant for the management of cancer patients (Triozzi PL, Stevens VC, Oncol Rep 6(1):7-17, 1999).The name chorionic gonadotropin was conceived: chorion derives from the latin chordate meaning afterbirth, gonadotropin indicates that the hormone is a gonadotropic molecule, acting on the ovaries and promoting steroid production (Cole LA, Int J Endocrinol Metab 9(2):335-352, 2011). The function, the mechanism of action and the interaction between hCG and its receptor continue to be the subject of intensive investigation, even though many issues about hCG have been well documented (Tegoni M et al., J Mol Biol 289(5):1375-1385, 1999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy.
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Hebert DN, Lamriben L, Powers ET, Kelly JW. The intrinsic and extrinsic effects of N-linked glycans on glycoproteostasis. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:902-10. [PMID: 25325701 PMCID: PMC4232232 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that traffic through the eukaryotic secretory pathway are commonly modified with N-linked carbohydrates. These bulky amphipathic modifications at asparagines intrinsically enhance solubility and folding energetics through carbohydrate-protein interactions. N-linked glycans can also extrinsically enhance glycoprotein folding by using the glycoprotein homeostasis or 'glycoproteostasis' network, which comprises numerous glycan binding and/or modification enzymes or proteins that synthesize, transfer, sculpt and use N-linked glycans to direct folding and trafficking versus degradation and trafficking of nascent N-glycoproteins through the cellular secretory pathway. If protein maturation is perturbed by misfolding, aggregation or both, stress pathways are often activated that result in transcriptional remodeling of the secretory pathway in an attempt to alleviate the insult (or insults). The inability to achieve glycoproteostasis is linked to several pathologies, including amyloidoses, cystic fibrosis and lysosomal storage diseases. Recent progress on genetic and pharmacologic adaptation of the glycoproteostasis network provides hope that drugs of this mechanistic class can be developed for these maladies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Lydia Lamriben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Haglund E, Sulkowska JI, Noel JK, Lammert H, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA. Pierced Lasso Bundles are a new class of knot-like motifs. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003613. [PMID: 24945798 PMCID: PMC4063663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A four-helix bundle is a well-characterized motif often used as a target for designed pharmaceutical therapeutics and nutritional supplements. Recently, we discovered a new structural complexity within this motif created by a disulphide bridge in the long-chain helical bundle cytokine leptin. When oxidized, leptin contains a disulphide bridge creating a covalent-loop through which part of the polypeptide chain is threaded (as seen in knotted proteins). We explored whether other proteins contain a similar intriguing knot-like structure as in leptin and discovered 11 structurally homologous proteins in the PDB. We call this new helical family class the Pierced Lasso Bundle (PLB) and the knot-like threaded structural motif a Pierced Lasso (PL). In the current study, we use structure-based simulation to investigate the threading/folding mechanisms for all the PLBs along with three unthreaded homologs as the covalent loop (or lasso) in leptin is important in folding dynamics and activity. We find that the presence of a small covalent loop leads to a mechanism where structural elements slipknot to thread through the covalent loop. Larger loops use a piercing mechanism where the free terminal plugs through the covalent loop. Remarkably, the position of the loop as well as its size influences the native state dynamics, which can impact receptor binding and biological activity. This previously unrecognized complexity of knot-like proteins within the helical bundle family comprises a completely new class within the knot family, and the hidden complexity we unraveled in the PLBs is expected to be found in other protein structures outside the four-helix bundles. The insights gained here provide critical new elements for future investigation of this emerging class of proteins, where function and the energetic landscape can be controlled by hidden topology, and should be take into account in ab initio predictions of newly identified protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Haglund
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey K. Noel
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heiko Lammert
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - José N. Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Jennings
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jiang X, Fischer D, Chen X, McKenna SD, Liu H, Sriraman V, Yu HN, Goutopoulos A, Arkinstall S, He X. Evidence for Follicle-stimulating Hormone Receptor as a Functional Trimer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14273-82. [PMID: 24692546 PMCID: PMC4022893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), a G-protein coupled receptor, is an important drug target in the development of novel therapeutics for reproductive indications. The FSHR extracellular domains were observed in the crystal structure as a trimer, which enabled us to propose a novel model for the receptor activation mechanism. The model predicts that FSHR binds Asnα52-deglycosylated FSH at a 3-fold higher capacity than fully glycosylated FSH. It also predicts that, upon dissociation of the FSHR trimer into monomers, the binding of glycosylated FSH, but not deglycosylated FSH, would increase 3-fold, and that the dissociated monomers would in turn enhance FSHR binding and signaling activities by 3-fold. This study presents evidence confirming these predictions and provides crystallographic and mutagenesis data supporting the proposed model. The model also provides a mechanistic explanation to the agonist and antagonist activities of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies. We conclude that FSHR exists as a functional trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Jiang
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - David Fischer
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sean D McKenna
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Heli Liu
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Venkataraman Sriraman
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Henry N Yu
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Andreas Goutopoulos
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Steve Arkinstall
- From the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 and
| | - Xiaolin He
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Bernard MP, Lin W, Kholodovych V, Moyle WR. Human lutropin (hLH) and choriogonadotropin (CG) are assembled by different pathways: a model of hLH assembly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14360-9. [PMID: 24692561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormones are all structurally related heterodimers consisting of an α-subunit and a ligand-specific β-subunit that confers their unique biological activity. Crystal structures showed how the β-subunit surrounds a part of the α-subunit, and we showed the existence of the two mechanisms responsible for that assembly. In human choriogonadotropin, the β-subunit is folded before the subunits dock, and the α-subunit becomes incorporated into the dimer by a mechanism we termed "threading," passing between parts of the preassembled β-subunit. Here, we show that the human lutropin β-subunit is not folded completely prior to its interaction with the α-subunit and show that docking of the subunits enables the α-subunit to serve as a chaperone to the β-subunit. Based on data described here, we propose that the α-subunit facilitates formation of the human lutropin β-subunit by two mechanisms. First, the cystine knot of the α-subunit potentiates formation of the β-subunit cystine knot, and second, contacts between α-subunit loop 2 and a hydrophobic tail in the β-subunit facilitate formation of the seatbelt latch disulfide, which stabilizes the heterodimer. The primary influence of the α-subunit was seen when the hydrophobic tail was present or absent, but the secondary mechanism was required only when the hydrophobic tail of the β-subunit was present. During the evolution of human choriogonadotropin, neither of these α-subunit roles was necessary for folding of the β-subunit. The complex mechanism for lutropin assembly may be required to provide an additional control on its positive feedback function in vertebrate reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Bernard
- From the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | - Win Lin
- From the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- the Office of Information Technology (OIT)/High Performance and Research Computing, and the Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - William R Moyle
- From the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences,
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Abstract
X-ray diffraction patterns from crystals of biological macromolecules contain sufficient information to define atomic structures, but atomic positions are inextricable without having electron-density images. Diffraction measurements provide amplitudes, but the computation of electron density also requires phases for the diffracted waves. The resonance phenomenon known as anomalous scattering offers a powerful solution to this phase problem. Exploiting scattering resonances from diverse elements, the methods of MAD (multiwavelength anomalous diffraction) and SAD (single-wavelength anomalous diffraction) now predominate for de novo determinations of atomic-level biological structures. This review describes the physical underpinnings of anomalous diffraction methods, the evolution of these methods to their current maturity, the elements, procedures and instrumentation used for effective implementation, and the realm of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA. New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
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Jiang X, Dias JA, He X. Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: insights to signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:424-451. [PMID: 24001578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the progress made in the field of glycoprotein hormones (GPH) and their receptors (GPHR) by several groups of structural biologists including ourselves aiming to gain insight into GPH signaling mechanisms. The GPH family consists of four members, with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) being the prototypic member. GPH members belong to the cystine-knot growth factor superfamily, and their receptors (GPHR), possessing unusually large N-terminal ectodomains, belong to the G-protein coupled receptor Family A. GPHR ectodomains can be divided into two subdomains: a high-affinity hormone binding subdomain primarily centered on the N-terminus, and a second subdomain that is located on the C-terminal region of the ectodomain that is involved in signal specificity. The two subdomains unexpectedly form an integral structure comprised of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Following the structure determination of hCG in 1994, the field of FSH structural biology has progressively advanced. Initially, the FSH structure was determined in partially glycosylated free form in 2001, followed by a structure of FSH bound to a truncated FSHR ectodomain in 2005, and the structure of FSH bound to the entire ectodomain in 2012. Comparisons of the structures in three forms led a proposal of a two-step monomeric receptor activation mechanism. First, binding of FSH to the FSHR high-affinity hormone-binding subdomain induces a conformational change in the hormone to form a binding pocket that is specific for a sulfated-tyrosine found as sTyr 335 in FSHR. Subsequently, the sTyr is drawn into the newly formed binding pocket, producing a lever effect on a helical pivot whereby the docking sTyr provides as the 'pull & lift' force. The pivot helix is flanked by rigid LRRs and locked by two disulfide bonds on both sides: the hormone-binding subdomain on one side and the last short loop before the first transmembrane helix on the other side. The lift of the sTyr loop frees the tethered extracellular loops of the 7TM domain, thereby releasing a putative inhibitory influence of the ectodomain, ultimately leading to the activating conformation of the 7TM domain. Moreover, the data lead us to propose that FSHR exists as a trimer and to present an FSHR activation mechanism consistent with the observed trimeric crystal form. A trimeric receptor provides resolution of the enigmatic, but important, biological roles played by GPH residues that are removed from the primary FSH-binding site, as well as several important GPCR phenomena, including negative cooperativity and asymmetric activation. Further reflection pursuant to this review process revealed additional novel structural characteristics such as the identification of a 'seat' sequence in GPH. Together with the 'seatbelt', the 'seat' enables a common heteodimeric mode of association of the common α subunit non-covalently and non-specifically with each of the three different β subunits. Moreover, it was possible to establish a dimensional order that can be used to estimate LRR curvatures. A potential binding pocket for small molecular allosteric modulators in the FSHR 7TM domain has also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Jiang
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821, United States.
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Xiaolin He
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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Berkovich N, Corriero A, Santamaria N, Mylonas CC, Vassallo-Aguis R, de la Gándara F, Meiri-Ashkenazi I, Zlatnikov V, Gordin H, Bridges CR, Rosenfeld H. Intra-pituitary relationship of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during pubertal development in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:10-23. [PMID: 23973326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of the endeavor aiming at the domestication of Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT; Thunnus thynnus), first sexual maturity in captivity was studied by documenting its occurrence and by characterizing the key hormones of the reproductive axis: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The full length sequence encoding for the related hormone β-subunits, bftFSHβ and bftLHβ, were determined, revealing two bftFSHβ mRNA variants, differing in their 5' untranslated region. A quantitative immuno-dot-blot assay to measure pituitary FSH content in BFT was developed and validated enabling, for the first time in this species, data sets for both LH and FSH to be compared. The expression and accumulation patterns of LH in the pituitary showed a steady increase of this hormone, concomitant with fish age, reaching higher levels in adult females compared to males of the same age class. Conversely, the pituitary FSH levels were elevated only in 2Y and adult fish. The pituitary FSH to LH ratio was consistently higher (>1) in immature than in maturing or pubertal fish, resembling the situation in mammals. Nevertheless, the results suggest that a rise in the LH storage level above a minimum threshold may be an indicator of the onset of puberty in BFT females. The higher pituitary LH levels in adult females over males may further support this notion. In contrast three year-old (3Y) males were pubertal while cognate females were still immature. However, it is not yet clear whether the advanced puberty in the 3Y males was a general feature typifying wild BFT populations or was induced by the culture conditions. Future studies testing the effects of captivity and hormonal treatments on precocious maturity may allow for improved handling of this species in a controlled environment which would lead to more cost-efficient farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Berkovich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Eilat Campus, Eilat, Israel
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Berger P, Paus E, Hemken PM, Sturgeon C, Stewart WW, Skinner JP, Harwick LC, Saldana SC, Ramsay CS, Rupprecht KR, Olsen KH, Bidart JM, Stenman UH. Candidate epitopes for measurement of hCG and related molecules: the second ISOBM TD-7 workshop. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:4033-57. [PMID: 24068570 PMCID: PMC3858614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants of the Second International Workshop (WS) on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) of the International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers Tissue Differentiation 7 (ISOBM TD-7) have characterized in detail a panel of 69 antibodies (Abs) directed against hCG and hCG-related variants that were submitted by eight companies and research groups. Specificities of the Abs were determined using the First WHO International Reference Reagents for six hCG variants, i.e., hCG, hCGn, hCGβ, hCGβn, hCGβcf, and hCGα, which are calibrated in SI units, and hLH. Molecular epitope localizations were assigned to the ISOBM-mAbs by comparing ISOBM-Ab specificity, sandwich compatibility, and mutual inhibition profiles, to those of 17 reference monoclonal (m)Abs of known molecular epitope specificities. It appeared that 48 Abs recognized hCGβ-, 8 hCGα-, and 13 αβ-heterodimer-specific epitopes. Twenty-seven mAbs were of pan hCG specificity, two thereof with no (<0.1 %; epitope β1), 12 with low (<1.0 %; epitopes β2/4), and 13 with high (>>1 %; epitopes β3/5) hLH cross-reactivity. The majority of hCGβ epitopes recognized were located in two major antigenic domains, one on the peptide chain of the tips of β-sheet loops 1 and 3 (epitopes β2–6; 27 mAbs) and the second around the cystine knot (e.g., epitopes β1, β7, and β10; 9 mAbs). Four mAbs recognized epitopes on hCGβcf-only (e.g., epitopes β11 and β13) and six mAbs epitopes on the remote hCGβ-carboxyl-terminal peptide (epitopes β8 and β9 corresponding to amino acids 135–144 and 111–116, respectively). For routine diagnostic measurements, methods are used that either detect hCG-only, hCGβ-only, or hCG together with hCGβ or hCG together with hCGβ and hCGβcf. Sandwich assays that measure hCG plus hCGβ and eventually hCGβcf should recognize the protein backbone of the analytes preferably on an equimolar basis, should not cross-react with hLH and not be susceptible to blunting of signal by nonmeasured variants like hCGβcf. Such assays can be constructed using pairs of mAbs directed against the cystine knot-associated epitope β1 (Asp10, Asp60, and Gln89) in combination with epitopes β2 or β4 located at the top of β-sheet loops 1 + 3 of hCGβ involving aa hCGβ20-25 + 68-77. In summary, the results of the First and Second ISOBM TD-7 WSs on hCG provide the basis for harmonization of specificities and epitopes of mAbs to be used in multifunctional and selective diagnostic hCG methods for different clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A6020, Innsbruck, Austria,
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Troppmann B, Kleinau G, Krause G, Gromoll J. Structural and functional plasticity of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19:583-602. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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Aricescu AR, Owens RJ. Expression of recombinant glycoproteins in mammalian cells: towards an integrative approach to structural biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:345-56. [PMID: 23623336 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are rapidly becoming the system of choice for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for structural biology applications. Their use has enabled the structural investigation of a whole new set of targets including large, multi-domain and highly glycosylated eukaryotic cell surface receptors and their supra-molecular assemblies. We summarize the technical advances that have been made in mammalian expression technology and highlight some of the structural insights that have been obtained using these methods. Looking forward, it is clear that mammalian cell expression will provide exciting and unique opportunities for an integrative approach to the structural study of proteins, especially of human origin and medically relevant, by bridging the gap between the purified state and the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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