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Wang L, Gao K, Li W, Lu L. Research progress on the characteristics, sources, and environmental and potential health effects of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11472-11489. [PMID: 38198085 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) have received extensive attention due to their indistinct chemical components, complex sources, negative environmental impact, and potential health effects. To the best of our knowledge, until now, there has been no comprehensive review focused on the research progress of WSOCs. This paper reviewed the studies on chemical constituent and characterization, distribution condition, sources, environmental impact, as well as the potential health effects of WSOCs in the past 13 years. Moreover, the main existing challenges and directions for the future research on WSOCs were discussed from several aspects. Because of the complex composition of WSOCs and many unknown individual components that have not been detected, there is still a need for the identification and quantification of WSOCs. As modern people spend more time in indoor environments, it is meaningful to fill the gaps in the component characteristics and sources of indoor WSOCs. In addition, although in vitro cell experiments have shown that WSOCs could induce cellular oxidative stress and trigger the inflammatory response, the corresponding mechanisms of action need to be further explored. The current population epidemiology research of WSOCs is missing. Prospectively, we propose to conduct a comprehensive and simultaneous analysis strategy for concentration screening, source apportionment, potential health effects, and action mechanisms of WSOCs based on high throughput omics coupled with machine learning simulation and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
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Yu F, Li X, Zhang R, Guo J, Yang W, Tripathee L, Liu L, Wang Y, Kang S, Cao J. Insights into dissolved organics in non-urban areas - Optical properties and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121641. [PMID: 37100371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon aerosols show obvious light absorption properties in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) range, which has an important impact on photochemistry and climate. In this study, experimental samples originated from the North slope of the Qinling Mountains (at two remote suburb sites) to study the optical properties of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) in PM2.5. The WS-BrC of TY (a sampling site on the edge of Tangyu of Mei county) has a stronger light absorption ability than CH (a rural sampling site, near the Cuihua Mountains scenic spot). The direct radiation effect of WS-BrC relative to elemental carbon (EC) is 6.67 ± 1.36% in TY and 24.13 ± 10.84% in CH in the UV range, respectively. In addition, two humic-like and one protein-like fluorophore components in WS-BrC were identified by fluorescence spectrum and parallel factor (EEMs-PARAFAC). Humification index (HIX), biological index (BIX) and fluorescence index (FI) together showed that the WS-BrC in the two sites may originate from fresh aerosol emissions. Potential source analysis of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model show that the combustion process, vehicle, secondary formation and road dust are the main contributors to WS-BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jingning Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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Ke B, Hu W, Huang D, Zhang J, Lin X, Li C, Jin X, Chen J. Three-dimensional building morphology impacts on PM 2.5 distribution in urban landscape settings in Zhejiang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154094. [PMID: 35218828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) urban landscape patterns and building morphology are crucial for urban planning and essential for urban landscape functions. In this study, fixed and mobile monitoring sites were used to determine the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations in Hangzhou. Six 3D metrics were selected to analyze the response of PM2.5 pollution to landscape patterns and building morphology, while their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts' metrics were also analyzed to contrast the differences. A variance partitioning analysis (VPA) was performed to measure the combined and relative contribution of 3D and 2D metrics to the changes in PM2.5 concentrations. The results showed that: (1) on the 3D scale, forming a building pattern with a combination of different building heights can eliminate the accumulation of PM2.5; (2) on the 2D scale, fragmentation and decentralization of landscapes and building patches alleviate PM2.5 pollution; and (3) 3D building morphology indicators have the highest explanatory power (40.94%) for the changes of PM2.5 concentrations. It turns out that the explanatory power of 3D metrics for PM2.5 concentrations changes is much greater than that of 2D metrics. In addition, when compared to building morphology indicators from a single dimension, the combination of 2D and 3D metrics is better able to reflect urban PM2.5 pollution. The results of this study expand our understanding of how PM2.5 pollution responds to 2D and 3D metrics and provide useful information for urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Dongming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Xintao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Cuihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
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Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM 2.5 in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111004. [PMID: 34769524 PMCID: PMC8583458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mass concentration levels and health risks of heavy metals in the air in dense traffic environments, PM2.5 samples were collected at three sites in the city of Kunming in April and October 2013, and January and May 2014. Ten heavy metals––V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb––were analyzed by ICP–MS, and the results showed PM2.5 concentrations significantly higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn, especially for Zn and Pb. The concentration of heavy metals on working days is significantly higher, indicating that vehicle emissions are significant contributors. An enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb come mainly from anthropogenic sources, while V and Co may be both anthropogenic and natural. The correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb mainly come from vehicles emissions and metallurgical industries; Cr and Mn, from vehicles emissions and road dust; and As, mainly from coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the non-carcinogenic risk thresholds of the heavy metals in PM2.5 to children and adult men and women are all less than 1. The carcinogenic risk of Cr for men and women in traffic-intensive areas exceeds 10−4, reaching 1.64 × 10−4 and 1.4 × 10−4, respectively.
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Particle Retention Capacity, Efficiency, and Mechanism of Selected Plant Species: Implications for Urban Planting for Improving Urban Air Quality. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102109. [PMID: 34685918 PMCID: PMC8537189 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been of concern owing to its negative effects on human health and its role in environmental degradation. For mitigation purposes, it is important to select the most efficient plant species in urban greening. Here, a fast, cost-saving methodology was first added to the conventional method to investigate the size-resolved PM retention capacity and efficiency of twenty plant species. Surface PM (SPM), which can be removed by water and brushing, accounted for 44.9–66.9% of total PM, in which the water-soluble PM (DPM) accounted for 12.9–22.1% of total PM. A large mass proportion of in-wax PM (14.1–31.7%) was also observed. Platycladus orientalis, Eriobotrya japonica, Viburnum odoratissimum, Magnolia grandiflora had the highest AEleaf (retention efficiency on per unit leaf area) to retain SPM within different diameter classes (DPM, PM0.1–2.5, PM2.5–10, PM>10). AEplant (retention efficiency of individual tree) varied greatly among different plant species, mainly due to the dependence on the total area of a tree. AEland (retention efficiency on per unit green area) is a suitable index for PM retention ability and efficiency. In general, P. orientalis, V. odoratissimum, Pittosporum tobira, Photinia serrulate, M. grandiflora, E. japonica were the efficient species in retaining PM at different scales (i.e., leaf, individual tree, green area). The species like Trifolium repens, Phyllostachys viridis, were the least efficient plant species. The investigated species are all evergreen species, which will remove PM throughout the whole year, even in winter. So, we recommended that the plant species with the highest PM retention efficiency can be used in urban greening. Meanwhile, horticulture practices should also be considered to improve the leaf area index to improve their PM retention and air purification abilities.
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Mass Concentration, Chemical Composition, and Source Characteristics of PM2.5 in a Plateau Slope City in Southwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the seasonal variations in the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 at the plateau slope of a mountain city in southwest China, 178 PM2.5 filters (89 quartz and 89 Teflon samples for PM2.5) were collected to sample the urban air of Wenshan in spring and autumn 2016 at three sites. The mass concentrations, water-soluble inorganic ions, organic and inorganic carbon concentrations, and inorganic elements constituting PM2.5 were determined, principal component analysis was used to identify potential sources of PM2.5, and the backward trajectory model was used to calculate the contribution of the long-distance transmission of air particles to the Wenshan area. The average concentration of PM2.5 in spring and autumn was 44.85 ± 10.99 μg/m3. Secondary inorganic aerosols contributed 21.82% and 16.50% of the total PM2.5 in spring and autumn, respectively. The daily mean value of OC/EC indicated that the measured SOC content was generated by the photochemical processes active during the sampling days. However, elements from anthropogenic sources (Ti, Si, Ca, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Na, Sb, Zn, P, Pb, Mn, As and Cu) accounted for 99.38% and 99.24% of the total inorganic elements in spring and autumn, respectively. Finally, source apportionment showed that SIA, dust, industry, biomass burning, motor vehicle emissions and copper smelting emissions constituted the major components in Wenshan. This study is the first to investigate the chemical characterizations and sources of PM2.5 in Wenshan, and it provides effective support for local governments formulating air pollution control policies.
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Impacts of Composition and Canopy Characteristics of Plant Communities on Microclimate and Airborne Particles in Beijing, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13094791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the basic component of urban green-spaces, plant communities regulate both the microclimate and air particle levels. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of plant communities represents the theoretical basis for using green spaces to improve the urban climate and mitigate air particle pollution. Based on field investigations, differences in the daily air temperatures (AT), relative humidity (RH), and PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in eight compositional types of plant communities were quantitatively analyzed. In addition, the correlations between these variables and various canopy parameters were further established in order to detect critical thresholds. The results showed that, among the eight compositional types, significant differences existed in daily AT, RH, PM10 and PM2.5 levels. The mixed tree, shrub and grass (M-TSG) community had the strongest cooling and PM10 reduction effects; the broad-leafed tree, shrub and grass (B-TSG) community had the best humidifying effect; while the mixed tree and grass (M-TG) community most effectively reduced PM2.5 concentrations. The daily AT and PM10 concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with canopy density (CD) and leaf area index (LAI), but positively correlated with canopy porosity (CP) and sky view factor (SVF), while these correlations were opposite for daily RH. The response of daily PM2.5 concentrations to canopy characteristics was complex, featuring multiple non-linear relations. Critical thresholds were found in some cases. Overall, M-TSG or M-TG communities with about 75% CD, 55% CP, 2.5 LAI and 0.18 SVF perform most noticeable both microclimate and air particle regulation services.
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Variation Characteristics and Transportation of Aerosol, NO2, SO2, and HCHO in Coastal Cities of Eastern China: Dalian, Qingdao, and Shanghai. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper studied the method for converting the aerosol extinction to the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) and obtained the spatio-temporal distribution and transportation of aerosol, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Dalian (38.85°N, 121.36°E), Qingdao (36.35°N, 120.69°E), and Shanghai (31.60°N, 121.80°E) from 2019 to 2020. The PM2.5 measured by the in situ instrument and the PM2.5 simulated by the conversion formula showed a good correlation. The correlation coefficients R were 0.93 (Dalian), 0.90 (Qingdao), and 0.88 (Shanghai). A regular seasonality of the three trace gases is found, but not for aerosols. Considerable amplitudes in the weekly cycles were determined for NO2 and aerosols, but not for SO2 and HCHO. The aerosol profiles were nearly Gaussian, and the shapes of the trace gas profiles were nearly exponential, except for SO2 in Shanghai and HCHO in Qingdao. PM2.5 presented the largest transport flux, followed by NO2 and SO2. The main transport flux was the output flux from inland to sea in spring and winter. The MAX-DOAS and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) models’ results were compared. The overestimation of NO2 and SO2 by CAMS is due to its overestimation of near-surface gas volume mixing ratios.
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First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yan G, Yu Z, Wu Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhai J, Cong L, Zhang Z. Understanding PM 2.5 concentration and removal efficiency variation in urban forest park-Observation at human breathing height. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8988. [PMID: 32419985 PMCID: PMC7211407 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase our knowledge of PM2.5 concentrations near the surface in a forest park in Beijing, an observational study measured the concentration and composition of PM2.5 in Beijing Olympic Forest Park from 2014 to 2015. This study analyzed the meteorological factors and removal efficiency at 1.5 m above the ground (human breathing height) over the day in the forest. The results showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5 near the surface peaked at 07:00–09:30 and reached their lowest at 12:00–15:00. Besides, the results showed that the annual concentration of PM2.5 in the forest was highest during winter, followed by spring and fall, and was lowest during summer. The main chemical components of PM2.5 near the surface in the forest were SO42− and NO3−, which accounted for 68.72% of all water-soluble ions that we observed. The concentration of PM2.5 in the forest had a significant positive correlation with relative humidity and a significant negative correlation with temperature. The removal efficiency near the surface showed no significant variation through the day or year. In the forest, the highest removal efficiency occurred between 07:00 and 09:30 in summer, while the lowest occurred between 09:30 and 12:00 in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Yan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakai Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Cong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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A Specific Study on the Impacts of PM2.5 on Urban Heat Islands with Detailed In Situ Data and Satellite Images. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization often results in serious urban heat islands (UHI) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration. Previous studies found it was hard to evaluate the haze contribution to the UHI quantitatively, because of the complex properties of the atmosphere aloft and the irregular alteration of PM2.5 loads. Taking Beijing as the study site, where detailed in situ PM2.5 concentration data, canopy thermal data and MODIS land surface temperature (LST) products were all available in 2015, this study investigated the impacts of PM2.5 on both surface UHI intensity (SUHII) and canopy UHI intensity (CUHII) at daytime and night. The results reveal that the CUHII are almost unchanged throughout the year, while SUHII varies greatly in both temporal axis and spatial distribution. PM2.5 concentration has significant negative impacts on mean SUHII (r = −0.6115) and daytime SUHII (r = −0.6164), and less significant negative impact on CUHII (r = −0.51999). However, the contribution of PM2.5 concentration to nighttime SUHI is not significant. This specific study checked and improved previous works on this topic, with detailed in situ data and satellite images. The results of this work can enhance our understanding of the dynamics and driving mechanism of urban thermal environment.
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Wu J, Wang Y, Qiu S, Peng J. Using the modified i-Tree Eco model to quantify air pollution removal by urban vegetation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:673-683. [PMID: 31254833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can pose health problems for humans following urbanization. Because urban vegetation has a large surface area to filter PM2.5 out of the air, it can be an effective long-term way to mitigate air pollution. Various studies have quantified PM2.5 removal by vegetation in cities, but the spatial variability of removal within cities and future scenarios have not been well documented. To ensure more reasonable and effective urban tree planting regimes, we used the spatiotemporal i-Tree Eco model combined with the vertical distribution of vegetation in a case study in Shenzhen City, China. The results indicated that the PM2.5 removal by urban vegetation in 2015 was 1000.1 tons, and the average removal rate by vegetation was 1.6 g m-2 year-1. A maximum hourly local air quality improvement of up to 3% could be achieved, with an average of 1%, which differed significantly with elevation. In terms of vegetation type, evergreen shrubs, evergreen broadleaved forests, and evergreen needle-leaved forests had the highest removal efficiency within <100, 100-300, and >300 m, respectively. For five future planting scenarios, by increasing vegetation cover by 5% in different elevation zones (<100, 100-300, and >300 m), an annual amount of 1220.6-1308 tones could be achieved. Specifically, it was estimated that an increase in evergreen shrubs cover in the developed area (<100 m) would have the best removal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sijing Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhang H, Li Z. microRNA-16 Via Twist1 Inhibits EMT Induced by PM2.5 Exposure in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:673-682. [PMID: 31572802 PMCID: PMC6749726 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological study has confirmed that PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) is associated with the incidence and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accordingly, this study was undertaken to investigate the pro-metastatic effects of PM2.5 on human HCC cell line SMMC-7721 in vitro and to explore the underlying mechanisms. CCK-8 assay was performed to examine the effect of PM2.5 on the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells; scratch wound assay and transwell matrigel system has been used to examine the effect of PM2.5 on the migration and invasion ability of SMMC-7721 cells; furthermore, effect of PM2.5 on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of SMMC-7721 cells were examined by examining the EMT markers vimentin, ɑ-smooth muscle actin (ɑ-SMA), and E-cadherin; furthermore, the roles of microRNA-16 (miR-16) and its target Twist1 in PM2.5 induced carcinogenic effects were also examined. Results of CCK-8 assay suggested that PM2.5 promoted the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in a dose and time dependent manner. PM2.5 also markedly promoted the migration and invasion ability of SMMC-7721 cells. Moreover, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also triggered by PM2.5. On the other hand, microRNA-16 (miR-16) and its target Twist1 was found to be mediated by PM2.5, and miR-16 mimic could suppress the metastatic ability of SMMC-7721 cells exposure to PM2.5 via inversely regulating the expression of Twist1. Furthermore, dual Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the specifically binding of miR-16 to the predicted 3′-UTR of Twist1. The present study confirmed the pro-proliferative and pro-metastatic effect of PM2.5 on HCC cell line SMMC-7721. The possible mechanisms were EMT process induced by PM2.5 in SMMC-7721 cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in miR-16 and increase in Twist1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Zhihu Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
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Lee CSL, Chou CCK, Cheung HC, Tsai CY, Huang WR, Huang SH, Chen MJ, Liao HT, Wu CF, Tsao TM, Tsai MJ, Su TC. Seasonal variation of chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter at a high-elevation subtropical forest in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:668-677. [PMID: 30611943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to chemically characterize the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at a subtropical forest in East Asia under the influences of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and a complex topographic setting. Four seasonal campaigns were conducted at the Xitou Experimental Forest in central Taiwan from the winter of 2013 to the autumn of 2014. The results indicated that the ambient levels and chemical features of PM2.5 exhibited pronounced seasonal variations. Non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42-) constituted the major component of PM2.5, followed by ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) during winter, summer and autumn. However, it was revealed that the mass fraction of NO3- increased to be comparable with that of nss-SO42- in springtime. The mass contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to PM2.5 peaked in summer (13.2%), inferring the importance of enhanced photo-oxidation reactions in SOC formation. Diurnal variations of O3 and SO2 coincided with each other, suggesting the transport of aged pollutants from distant sources, whereas CO and NOx were shown to be under the influences of both local and regional sources. Notably high sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were observed, which were 0.93 ± 0.05 and 0.39 ± 0.20, respectively. Precursor gases (i.e. SO2 and NOx) could be converted to sulfate and nitrate during the transport by the uphill winds. Furthermore, due to the high relative humidity at Xitou, enhanced aqueous-phase and/or heterogeneous reactions could further contribute to the formation of sulfate and nitrate at the site. This study demonstrated the significant transport of urban pollutants to a subtropical forest by the mountain-valley circulations as well as the long-range transport from regional sources, whereas the implications of which for regional climate change necessitated further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine S L Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - H C Cheung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-R Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-H Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-J Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-T Liao
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-F Wu
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-M Tsao
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-J Tsai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-C Su
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Zhou J, Ho SSH, Cao J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Zhu C, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang P, Tie X. Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 from a southern coastal city of China: applications of modeling and chemical tracers in demonstration of regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20591-20605. [PMID: 29748814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An intensive sampling campaign of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) was conducted at Sanya, a coastal city in Southern China, from January to February 2012. Chemical analyses and mass reconstruction were used identify potential pollution sources and investigate atmospheric reaction mechanisms. A thermodynamic model indicated that low ammonia and high relative humidity caused the aerosols be acidic and that drove heterogeneous reactions which led to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol. Relationships among neutralization ratios, free acidity, and air-mass trajectories suggest that the atmosphere at Sanya was impacted by both local and regional emissions. Three major transport pathways were identified, and flow from the northeast (from South China) typically brought the most polluted air to Sanya. A case study confirmed strong impact from South China (e.g., Pearl River Delta region) (contributed 76.8% to EC, and then this result can be extended to primary pollutants) when the northeast winds were dominant. The Weather Research Forecasting Black carbon model and trace organic markers were used to apportion local pollution versus regional contributions. Results of the study offer new insights into the atmospheric conditions and air pollution at this coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Zhou
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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16
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He Q, Geng F, Li C, Yang S, Wang Y, Mu H, Zhou G, Liu X, Gao W, Cheng T, Wu Z. Long-term characteristics of satellite-based PM 2.5 over East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1417-1423. [PMID: 28898948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the explosive economic development of China over the past few decades, air pollution has become a serious environmental problem and has attracted increasing global concern. Using satellite-based PM2.5 data from 2000 to 2015, we found that the temporal-spatial variation of PM2.5 in East China is characterized by high concentrations in the northern part and low concentrations in the southern part of East China, and by being seasonally high in autumn and winter but low in spring and summer. We also found that the regional average PM2.5 concentration shows an approximative peak pattern over the last 16years, with the highest, 60.13μgm-3, and the lowest, 46.18μgm-3, occurring in 2007 and 2000, respectively. Despite obviously diminishing heavy polluted regions with a PM2.5 of >80μgm-3 after 2011, those cells dominated by natural background have still not recovered back to the clean level of 2000. These characteristics are valuable information to analyze the relative contributions of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric conditions to the temporal-spatial variation characteristics of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan He
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhai Geng
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chengcai Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Chongqing institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Mu
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqiang Zhou
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Chongqing institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Cai J, Wang S, He K, Zheng M. Review of receptor-based source apportionment research of fine particulate matter and its challenges in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:917-929. [PMID: 28237464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As the key for haze control, atmospheric fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (or PM2.5) is of great concern lately in China. It is closely linked to fast pace of urbanization, industrialization and economic development, especially in eastern China. A good understanding of its sources is required for effective pollution abatement. Receptor models are one of the major methods for source apportionment used in China. The major objective of this study is to understand sources that contribute to fine particulate matter in China and key challenges in this area. Spatial distribution of fine particulate matter concentration, chemical composition and dominant sources in North and South China are summarized. Based on chemical speciation results from 31 cities and source apportionment results from 21 cities, it is found that secondary sources and traffic emission have higher contribution in South China while the percentage of coal combustion, dust and biomass burning to total PM2.5 are higher in North China. Source profiles established in China from 44 cities and areas are also summarized as references for future source apportionment studies. Suggestions for future research are also provided including methods for evaluating source apportionment results, ways for integrating multiple source apportionment methods, the need for standardizing protocols and developing tools for high-time resolution source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Cai
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 in stands and non-forest cover sites across urban-rural areas in Beijing, China. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wang L, Zhou X, Ma Y, Cao Z, Wu R, Wang W. Carbonaceous aerosols over China--review of observations, emissions, and climate forcing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1671-1680. [PMID: 26385857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols have been attracting attention due to the influence on visibility, air quality, and regional climate. Statistical analyses based on concentration levels, spatial-temporal variations, correlations, and organic carbon (OC) to element carbon (EC) ratios from published data of OC and EC in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were carried out in order to give a carbonaceous aerosol profile in China. The results showed maxima for OC of 29.5 ± 18.2 μg C m(-3) and for EC of 8.4 ± 6.3 μg C m(-3) in winter and minima for OC of 12.9 ± 7.7 μg C m(-3) in summer and for EC of 4.6 ± 2.8 μg C m(-3) in spring. In addition, OC and EC both had higher concentrations in urban than those in rural sites. Carbonaceous aerosol levels in China are about three to seven times higher compared to those in the USA and Europe. OC and EC occupied 20 ± 6 and 7 ± 3% of PM2.5 mass and 17 ± 7 and 5 ± 3% of PM10 mass, respectively, implying that carbonaceous aerosols are the main component of PM, especially OC. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was a significant portion of PM and contributed 41 ± 26% to OC and 8 ± 6% to PM2.5 mass. The OC/EC ratio was 3.63 ± 1.73, which, along with the good correlation between OC and EC and the OC to EC slope of 2.29, signifies that coal combustion and/or vehicular exhaust is the dominated carbonaceous aerosol source in China. These provide a primary observation-based understanding of carbonaceous aerosol pollution in China and have a great significance in improving the emission inventory and climate forcing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Yujie Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyu Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Ruidong Wu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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20
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Wu J, Xie W, Li W, Li J. Effects of Urban Landscape Pattern on PM2.5 Pollution--A Beijing Case Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142449. [PMID: 26565799 PMCID: PMC4643981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 refers to particulate matter (PM) in air that is less than 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter, which has negative effects on air quality and human health. PM2.5 is the main pollutant source in haze occurring in Beijing, and it also has caused many problems in other cities. Previous studies have focused mostly on the relationship between land use and air quality, but less research has specifically explored the effects of urban landscape patterns on PM2.5. This study considered the rapidly growing and heavily polluted Beijing, China. To better understand the impact of urban landscape pattern on PM2.5 pollution, five landscape metrics including PLAND, PD, ED, SHEI, and CONTAG were applied in the study. Further, other data, such as street networks, population density, and elevation considered as factors influencing PM2.5, were obtained through RS and GIS. By means of correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression, the effects of landscape pattern on PM2.5 concentration was explored. The results showed that (1) at class-level, vegetation and water were significant landscape components in reducing PM2.5 concentration, while cropland played a special role in PM2.5 concentration; (2) landscape configuration (ED and PD) features at class-level had obvious effects on particulate matter; and (3) at the landscape-level, the evenness (SHEI) and fragmentation (CONTAG) of the whole landscape related closely with PM2.5 concentration. Results of this study could expand our understanding of the role of urban landscape pattern on PM2.5 and provide useful information for urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wudan Xie
- The Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (WL)
| | - Weifeng Li
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (WL)
| | - Jiacheng Li
- The Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urban Development and Land Policy, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Paraskevopoulou D, Liakakou E, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Sources of atmospheric aerosol from long-term measurements (5 years) of chemical composition in Athens, Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:165-178. [PMID: 25958364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify the sources of aerosols in Greater Athens Area (GAA), a total of 1510 daily samples of fine (PM 2.5) and coarse (PM 10-2,5) aerosols were collected at a suburban site (Penteli), during a five year period (May 2008-April 2013) corresponding to the period before and during the financial crisis. In addition, aerosol sampling was also conducted in parallel at an urban site (Thissio), during specific, short-term campaigns during all seasons. In all these samples mass and chemical composition measurements were performed, the latest only at the fine fraction. Particulate organic matter (POM) and ionic masses (IM) are the main contributors of aerosol mass, equally contributing by accounting for about 24% of the fine aerosol mass. In the IM, nss-SO4(-2) is the prevailing specie followed by NO3(-) and NH4(+) and shows a decreasing trend during the 2008-2013 period similar to that observed for PM masses. The contribution of water in fine aerosol is equally significant (21 ± 2%), while during dust transport, the contribution of dust increases from 7 ± 2% to 31 ± 9%. Source apportionment (PCA and PMF) and mass closure exercises identified the presence of six sources of fine aerosols: secondary photochemistry, primary combustion, soil, biomass burning, sea salt and traffic. Finally, from winter 2012 to winter 2013 the contribution of POM to the urban aerosol mass is increased by almost 30%, reflecting the impact of wood combustion (dominant fuel for domestic heating) to air quality in Athens, which massively started in winter 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, 15236, P. Penteli, Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, 15236, P. Penteli, Athens, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, 15236, P. Penteli, Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, 15236, P. Penteli, Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
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Zhu XM, Kuang YW, Li J, Schroll R, Wen DZ. Metals and possible sources of lead in aerosols at the Dinghushan nature reserve, southern China. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1403-1410. [PMID: 26147480 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aerosols play an important role in depositing metals into forest ecosystems. Better understanding of forest aerosols with regard to their metal content and their possible sources is of great significance for air quality and forest health. METHODS Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) in aerosols was collected every month for 20 months using moderate-volume samplers in the Dinghushan (DHS) nature reserve in southern China. The concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) as well as the Pb isotopic ratios in the PM(2.5) samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS Moderate pollution with aerosol PM(2.5) was detected at the DHS nature reserve with the air mass from mainland China being the predominant PM(2.5) source. The high enrichment factors (EFs) for the heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Zn, as well as the PM(2.5) mass concentrations, coupled with backward trajectory analysis, indicated the anthropogenic origins of the PM(2.5) and of the heavy metals in the PM(2.5). The Pb isotopic ratios revealed the contributions from various Pb sources, which varied between seasons. CONCLUSIONS Industrial emissions and automobile exhaust from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) primarily contributed to the anthropogenic Pb in PM(2.5), although there was occasionally a contribution from coal combustion during the wet season. Pb isotopic ratios analyses are helpful for air quality assessment and Pb source tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-wen Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, P.R. China
| | - Jiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, P.R. China
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Institute of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Da-zhi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, P.R. China
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23
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Characteristics and Sources of Metals in TSP and PM2.5 in an Urban Forest Park at Guangzhou. ATMOSPHERE 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos5040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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