1
|
Ahd K, Dhibi S, Akermi S, Bouzenna H, Samout N, Elfeki A, Hfaiedh N. Protective effect of ginger ( Zingiber officinale) against PCB-induced acute hepatotoxicity in male rats. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29120-29130. [PMID: 35528415 PMCID: PMC9071811 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After absorption by the organism, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cross cellular membranes and pass into blood vessels and the lymphatic system. It is generally in the liver, adipose tissues, brain and skin that we find the strongest concentrations of PCBs. Herbal medicine remains as a discipline intended to treat and to prevent certain functional disorders and/or pathologies caused by oxidative stress, which can be induced by pesticides, medicines or pollutants. The objective of this study is to verify the toxic and oxidative effects of PCBs and to investigate the protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in the liver of male rats of the “Wistar” strain. These rats are divided into 6 groups: a control group (T), two groups treated with PCB at two different concentrations (P1 and P2), a group treated with ginger extract (G), a group pretreated with ginger extract and then injected with the first concentration of PCBs (P1G), and a group pretreated with ginger and then injected with the second concentration of PCBs (P2G). The results showed that the administration of PCBs led to an increase in the relative weight of the liver, and a significant increase in all of the hepatic biomarker levels (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT, and LDH) in the serum. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were observed under the influence of PCBs in the liver. The histological test showed that the PCBs induced hepatocyte vacuolization, prominent and peripheralized nuclei, hepatocellular hypertrophy and turgor of the vein in the centriacinar regions. Pretreatment with ginger extract restored all of the biochemical and oxidative parameters to the normal values and reduced the injuries caused by the PCBs. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, ginger effectively protects the liver against the hepatotoxic effects induced by PCBs. After absorption by the organism, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cross cellular membranes and pass into blood vessels and the lymphatic system.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khedher Ahd
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
| | - Sabah Dhibi
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
| | - Sarra Akermi
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
| | - Hafsia Bouzenna
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
| | - Noura Samout
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
| | - Abdelfattah Elfeki
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
- Faculty of Sciences of Sfax
- Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Najla Hfaiedh
- Unity of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Sciences
- Gafsa
- Tunisia
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology
- Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng X, Li H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang X, Bi F, Zhang H, Gao J, Chai F, Lun X, Chen Y, Gao J, Lv J. Atmospheric isoprene and monoterpenes in a typical urban area of Beijing: Pollution characterization, chemical reactivity and source identification. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:150-167. [PMID: 30195674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoVOC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100011, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100011, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Lun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junyi Lv
- Shanghai Thunder Environmental Technology CO., Ltd., Shanghai, 200235, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shan Q, Huang F, Wang J, Du Y. Effects of co-exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1364-1374. [PMID: 24861470 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants which coexist in environment, and human are co-exposed to these chemicals. Our present study was aimed to investigate the possible enhanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in ApoE(-/-) mice co-exposed to TCDD and PCBs and to reveal the potential mechanisms involved in. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed to TCDD (15 μg/kg) and Aroclor1254 (55 mg/kg, a representative mixture of PCBs) alone or in combination by intraperitoneal injection four times over a 6-week period. Those mice co-exposed to PCBs and TCDD developed serious liver steatosis, necrosis, and inflammatory stimuli. Interestingly, all treatment induced hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression, but the maximal level of CYP1A1 was not observed in the co-exposure group. Furthermore, microarray analysis by ingenuity pathway analysis software showed that the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway was significantly activated following co-exposure to TCDD and PCBs. Our data demonstrated that co-exposure to TCDD and PCBs markedly worsen NAFLD in ApoE(-/-) mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalaiselvan I, Samuthirapandi M, Govindaraju A, Sheeja Malar D, Kasi PD. Olive oil and its phenolic compounds (hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol) ameliorated TCDD-induced heptotoxicity in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:338-346. [PMID: 25955957 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1042980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Naturally occurring polyphenols including olive oil (OO) and its constituents hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (TY), consumed in the Mediterranean diet, have shown to treat various ailments due to their remarkable antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of OO and its phenolic compounds HT and TY against TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS TCDD was administered at a dose of 100 ng/kg p.o. for 20 d. Administration of OO (10 ml/kg; oral), HT (0.5 mg/kg; oral), and TY (30 mg/kg; i.p) was started 5 d prior to TCDD administration, and continued for 25 d with or without TCDD administration. At the end of the experiment (25 d), blood was taken for biochemical analyses and liver for the measurement of macromolecular damages, antioxidant status, expressions of CYP1A1, and apoptotic factors. RESULTS TCDD administration resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of hepatic stress markers ALT (101.6 ± 3.07 IU/l), AST (295.0 ± 3.0 IU/l), and ALP (266.66 ± 3.7 IU/l). Also, biochemical analyses of liver reported elevation in nitrite and protein carbonyl content and depletion of NQO1 and HO. However, OO, HT, and TY restored the antioxidant status. Protein expressions by Western Blot technique showed an increase in the level of CYP1A1 and Bax and a decreased level of Bcl-2 on TCDD treatment, and vice versa on OO, HT, and TY treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our work concludes that dietary supplementation of OO, HT, and TY could serve as a potential preventive drug for TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilavarasi Kalaiselvan
- a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India and
| | - Muniasamy Samuthirapandi
- b Department of Animal Science , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Archunan Govindaraju
- b Department of Animal Science , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India and
| | - Pandima Devi Kasi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Katarzyńska D, Hrabia A, Kowalik K, Sechman A. Comparison of the in vitro effects of TCDD, PCB 126 and PCB 153 on thyroid-restricted gene expression and thyroid hormone secretion by the chicken thyroid gland. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:496-503. [PMID: 25682001 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126; a coplanar PCB congener) and 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153; non-coplanar PCB) on mRNA expression of thyroid-restricted genes, i.e. sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland of the laying chicken. Relative expression levels of NIS, TG and TPO genes and thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) secretion from the thyroidal explants were quantified by the real-time qPCR and RIA methods, respectively. In comparison with the control group, TCDD and PCB 126 significantly increased mRNA expression of TPO and TG genes. TCDD did not affect NIS mRNA levels, but PCB 126 decreased its expression. No effect of PCB 153 on the expression of these genes was observed. TCDD and PCB 126 significantly decreased T4 and T3 secretion. There was no significant effect of PCB 153 on these hormone secretions. In conclusion, the results obtained show that in comparison with non-coplanar PCB 153, TCDD and coplanar PCB 126 can directly affect thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and in consequence, they may disrupt the endocrine function of the thyroid gland of the laying chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Katarzyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin Y, Min L, Huang Q, Chen Y, Fang C, Sun X, Dong S. The combined effects of DEHP and PCBs on phospholipase in the livers of mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:197-204. [PMID: 23804495 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are two widely distributed pollutants that are of great concern due to their adverse health effects. However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of DEHP and PCBs. In this study, adult mice were continuously exposed to mixtures of DEHP (15 mg/kg bodyweight/day) and Aroclor 1254 (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 12 days to investigate the combined effects of these compounds. The results showed that the ratio of the liver weight to the body weight was higher in the treated group than that in the control group. The effects of combined exposure on three important receptors, the proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), estrogen receptor (ER), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), were investigated. The mRNA level of PPARγ was significantly up-regulated after exposure. The expression level of ERα was decreased in the male treated group. In contrast, the expression levels of AHR and related genes (cyp1a1 and cyp1b1) were not markedly affected. The expression level of phospholipase A (PLA) was significantly down-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in male mice after combined treatment. In all, our study demonstrated the combined effects of DEHP and PCBs on the expression levels of key receptors in mice. The combined exposure led to a decrease in phospholipase in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kędzior M, Seredyński R, Godzik U, Tomczyk D, Gutowicz J, Terlecka E, Całkosiński I, Terlecki G. Inhibition of cathepsin B activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:733-737. [PMID: 25163566 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent toxic isomer in the dioxin-like family. Due to its resistance to metabolic degradation, this ubiquitous environmental pollutant readily accumulates in multiple organs. Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease playing an essential role in the intracellular protein turnover. Alterations in its expression, activity, and localization may facilitate the development of many pathologies, including cancer. TCDD, due to its extremely lipophilic nature, may diffuse through biological membranes and affect lysosomal enzymes, including cathepsins. Therefore, in this study we performed two enzymatic assays, spectrofluorimetry and gelatin zymography, in order to evaluate the effect of TCDD on purified bovine cathepsin B. We showed that the dioxin decreases the enzyme's activity in a dose-dependent manner. The reversibility of TCDD-induced inhibition of the protease was also examined, suggesting that TCDD does not bind covalently to the enzyme's active site, acting rather as a reversible inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kędzior
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Augmented atherogenesis in ApoE-null mice co-exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Ishikawa T, Okinaga H, Takahashi S, Numakura M, Mashimo Y, Yoshimura N, Maeda T, Inoue D, Okazaki R, Kinoshita M, Jameson JL, Teramoto T. Serum from methimazole-treated patients induces activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a transcription factor that binds to dioxin-response elements. Thyroid 2012; 22:769-77. [PMID: 22784254 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by xenobiotic substances such as dioxin. After activation, it binds to dioxin response elements of DNA, thereby inducing transcription of a variety of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. To investigate whether AhR-activating substances accumulate in patients with endocrine disorders, we tested serum samples for AhR-stimulating activity. METHODS Serum AhR-stimulating activity was evaluated by exposing the HepG2 cells transiently transfected with an AhR-responsive reporter plasmid to serum samples. On the basis of preliminary findings that implicated methimazole (MMI), wild-type and AhR-null mice were treated with MMI, and their plasma AhR-stimulating activities and thyroxine levels were quantified. RESULTS In 28 randomly chosen patients, 7 out of 10 Graves' disease patients exhibited increased serum AhR-stimulating activity. The increased activity did not correlate with thyroid hormone status. However, we hypothesized that it might be caused by MMI. Subsequent analyses revealed that in 25 of 26 MMI-treated Graves' patients, serum samples collected after the MMI treatment had significantly higher AhR-stimulating activity compared to samples obtained when the same patients were not on MMI. By contrast, serum AhR-stimulating activity was unchanged in samples from the seven patients on propylthiouracil (PTU) compared to serum taken before the PTU treatment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that an MMI metabolite 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin, but not MMI, activated AhR. MMI increased plasma AhR-stimulating activities and reduced plasma thyroxine concentrations, in both wild-type and AhR-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Graves' patients taking MMI have increased serum AhR-stimulating activity, which is unrelated to thyroid hormone status, but correlates with MMI treatment. The AhR activation is likely caused by 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin. Further studies are required to determine the potency of 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin as an AhR activator and the significance of the differences between MMI and PTU observed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ishikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|