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Yu H, Qu J, Liu Y, Yun H, Li X, Zhou C, Jin Y, Zhang C, Dai J, Bi X. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyvinyl chloride under microwave irradiation: Distribution of chlorine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150903. [PMID: 34653460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of sophora wood (SW) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was conducted in a microwave reactor at different temperatures and different mixing ratios, and the transformation and distribution of chlorine in pyrolysis products were investigated. Microwave pyrolysis is a simple and efficient technique with better heating uniformity and process controllability than conventional heating. Compared with PVC pyrolysis, the addition of SW significantly reduced CO2 yield and greatly increased the yield of CO. The yield and quality of pyrolysis oil were effectively improved by SW, and the content of chlorine-containing compounds in the oil was suppressed to <1% at low temperatures (<550 °C). Co-pyrolysis of SW and PVC reduced the chlorine emissions from 59.07% to 28.09% and promoted the retention of chlorine in char (from 0.33% to 4.72%). Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were co-pyrolyzed with PVC to investigate their effects on chlorine distribution. The experiments demonstrated that lignin had the most significant effects on reducing gas phase chlorine emission and achieving chlorine immobilization, and chlorine mainly existed in the form of sodium chloride in the char of lignin-PVC co-pyrolysis. Hence co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and PVC provides a practical pathway for utilization of PVC waste in an environmentally friendly manner, realizing efficient chlorine retention and significantly reducing chlorine-related emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junshen Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huimin Yun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajie Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changfa Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaotao Bi
- Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Li K, Jiang Q, Chen G, Gao L, Peng J, Chen Q, Koppala S, Omran M, Chen J. Kinetics characteristics and microwave reduction behavior of walnut shell-pyrolusite blends. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124172. [PMID: 33011627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining biomass pyrolysis with microwave heating technologies provides a novel and efficient approach for low-grade pyrolusite reduction. The microwave reduction behavior and pyrolysis kinetic characteristics of walnut shell-pyrolusite blends were explored. Results indicated the optimal reduction parameters were: reduction temperature of 650 °C, holding time of 30 min, Mbio/More of 1.8:10, and microwave power of 1200 W. The co-pyrolysis characteristics of the blends included four stages: dehydration, pre-pyrolysis, intense pyrolysis and reduction, and slow pyrolysis and reduction. Fitting analysis based on Coats-Redfern method revealed that chemical reaction was the control step of the process of reducing pyrolusite by biomass, which the finding matched to the isothermal kinetic analysis results determined through unreacted shrinking nuclear model. The activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined at 5.62 kJ·mol-1-16.69 kJ·mol-1 and 0.0426 min-1-0.515 min-1. The work provides sound references for promoting the industrial application of the combined method on minerals reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Guo Chen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jinhui Peng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Quan Chen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Sivasankar Koppala
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mamdouh Omran
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jin Chen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China.
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Nzediegwu C, Arshad M, Ulah A, Naeth MA, Chang SX. Fuel, thermal and surface properties of microwave-pyrolyzed biochars depend on feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124282. [PMID: 33120061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the fuel, thermal and surface properties of twelve biochars produced from three lignocellulosic (canola straw, sawdust, wheat straw) and one non-lignocellulosic feedstock (manure pellet) pyrolyzed at three temperatures using a microwave. Regardless of feedstock type, increasing pyrolysis temperature progressively reduced the abundance of -OH functional group and yield, but increased pH and thermal stability of biochar. Gross calorific values (GCV), carbon stability, and degree of aromaticity of biochars derived from lignocellulosic feedstocks increased with increasing temperature due to decreased elemental oxygen content. However, high ash content in the non-lignocellulosic feedstock retarded its thermal degradation, producing biochars with low GCV. The specific surface area of biochars was low, with the highest value of 43 m2 g-1 achieved for sawdust biochar produced at 500 °C. We conclude that the fuel, thermal, and surface properties of the biochars were dependent on the feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nzediegwu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Muhammed Arshad
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Aman Ulah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - M Anne Naeth
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Agricultural and Forest Residues towards Renewable Chemicals and Materials Using Microwave Liquefaction. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/7231263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted liquefaction is regarded as a promising thermochemical approach to produce renewable and sustainable chemicals and materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Agricultural and forest residues as sources of lignocellulosic biomass have great potential in this regard. With process optimizations, several biomass types have been subjected to liquefaction in different solvents with various catalysts. The products from recent microwave liquefaction with and without further fractionation have been thoroughly analyzed and used for the synthesis of biomaterials. Renewable chemicals, polyurethane foams with partial use of renewable raw materials, and phenolic resins have been the main products from microwave-liquefied products. Further research on microwave liquefaction mechanisms and scalable production should be enhanced to fully evaluate the economic and environmental benefits. This work presents an overview on achievements using liquefaction in combination with microwave energy to convert lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products and chemicals.
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Bădescu IS, Bulgariu D, Ahmad I, Bulgariu L. Valorisation possibilities of exhausted biosorbents loaded with metal ions - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 224:288-297. [PMID: 30055461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosorption is considered one of the most promising methods for removal of metal ions from aqueous effluents, due to its low-cost and eco-friendly characteristics. However, the exhausted biosorbents loaded with metal ions, obtained at the end of biosorption processes, are still a problem which should be solved to increase the applicability of biosorption on an industrial scale. In this study are examined three possibilities for the valorisation of exhausted biosorbents loaded with metal ions, namely: (i) regeneration and reuse of biosorbents in multiple biosorption cycles, (ii) the use of exhausted biosorbents as fertilizers for soils poor in essential microelements, and (iii) the pyrolysis of exhausted biosorbents, under well defined conditions. The main advantages and disadvantages of each valorisation possibility are reviewed in order to find the best way to use these cheap materials in accordance with the principles of the circular economy and thereby contributing to the development of sustainable biosorption technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Simona Bădescu
- Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 700050, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Dumitru Bulgariu
- "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology and Geochemistry, 700506, Iaşi, Romania; Romanian Academy, Filial of Iasi, Collective of Geography, 700506, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, 61100-Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Laura Bulgariu
- Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 700050, Iaşi, Romania.
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Luo H, Bao LW, Kong LZ, Sun YH. Revealing low temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis kinetic behaviors and dielectric properties of biomass components. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201210 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Li-Wei Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201210 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Ling-Zhao Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201210 P.R. China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201210 P.R. China
- ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yueyang Road; Shanghai 200031 China
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Yu KL, Lau BF, Show PL, Ong HC, Ling TC, Chen WH, Ng EP, Chang JS. Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 246:2-11. [PMID: 28844690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Algal biomass is known as a promising sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels and other valuable products. However, since last decade, massive amount of interests have turned to converting algal biomass into biochar. Due to their high nutrient content and ion-exchange capacity, algal biochars can be used as soil amendment for agriculture purposes or adsorbents in wastewater treatment for the removal of organic or inorganic pollutants. This review describes the conventional (e.g., slow and microwave-assisted pyrolysis) and newly developed (e.g., hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction) methods used for the synthesis of algae-based biochars. The characterization of algal biochar and a comparison between algal biochar with biochar produced from other feedstocks are also presented. This review aims to provide updated information on the development of algal biochar in terms of the production methods and the characterization of its physical and chemical properties to justify and to expand their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Yu
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Beng Fye Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Eng Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Luo H, Bao L, Kong L, Sun Y. Low temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wood sawdust for phenolic rich compounds: Kinetics and dielectric properties analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 238:109-115. [PMID: 28433897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wood sawdust for phenolic rich compounds was carried out between 400 and 550°C in a batch reactor. An efficient preparation of liquid products was observed at 500°C with a yield of 58.50%, which was similar to conventional fast pyrolysis. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds in liquid product reached up to 78.7% (area) in which the alkoxy phenols contributed 81.8% at 500°C. Microwave thermogravimetric analysis using KAS method was used firstly to investigate the low-temperature pyrolytic behaviors and activation energy. The results indicated that effective pyrolytic range was 250-400°C and average activation energy was 42.78kJ/mol, which were 50-100°C and 50-100kJ/mol lower than conventional pyrolysis, respectively. Analysis on dielectric properties of pyrolytic products confirmed that accelerated pyrolysis and low temperature were attributed to the formation of instantaneous "hot spots".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Liwei Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lingzhao Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China; ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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Li X, Li K, Geng C, Mashad HE, Li H, Yin W. An economic analysis of rice straw microwave pyrolysis for hydrogen-rich fuel gas. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice straw is an abundant biomass resource, and it can produce hydrogen-rich fuel gas through microwave pyrolysis, so it has many potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Li
- College of Engineering
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- 210031 China
| | - Kunquan Li
- College of Engineering
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- 210031 China
| | - Chunlei Geng
- College of Engineering
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- 210031 China
| | - Hamed El Mashad
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Hua Li
- College of Engineering
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- 210031 China
| | - Wenqing Yin
- College of Engineering
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- 210031 China
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Mushtaq F, Abdullah TAT, Mat R, Ani FN. Optimization and characterization of bio-oil produced by microwave assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste biomass with microwave absorber. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 190:442-450. [PMID: 25794811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, solid oil palm shell (OPS) waste biomass was subjected to microwave pyrolysis conditions with uniformly distributed coconut activated carbon (CAC) microwave absorber. The effects of CAC loading (wt%), microwave power (W) and N2 flow rate (LPM) were investigated on heating profile, bio-oil yield and its composition. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to study the significance of process parameters on bio-oil yield. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) for the bio-oil yield is 0.89017 indicating 89.017% of data variability is accounted to the model. The largest effect on bio-oil yield is from linear and quadratic terms of N2 flow rate. The phenol content in bio-oil is 32.24-58.09% GC-MS area. The bio-oil also contain 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine of 10.54-21.20% GC-MS area. The presence of phenol and 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine implies that the microwave pyrolysis of OPS with carbon absorber has the potential to produce valuable fuel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mushtaq
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul T'azim, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul T'azim, Malaysia
| | - Ramli Mat
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul T'azim, Malaysia
| | - Farid Nasir Ani
- Department of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul T'azim, Malaysia.
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12
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Abstract
The oil palm shell was subjected to multimode microwave pyrolysis at a fixed microwave power of 300W at 2.54GHz using intimately mix and layer microwave heating methods to observe process temperature, pyrolysis product and bio-oil composition at various levels of Coconut Activated Carbon (CAC). The results indicated that the layers method achieved higher bio-oil yield with complete uniformity of process temperature at high CAC loading compared to intimate mix method. The increased CAC loading increased selectivity towards phenol in bio-oil with maximum phenol 80.23 %area and 51.77%area under GC-MS at 75wt% CAC loading using intimately mix and layer method, respectively. The layer method produced a new product 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine of 11.24–13.01 %area in bio-oils which was not found of using intimately mix method. The 1,1-dimethly hydrazine is an important source of high energy fuel.
Keywords: Oil palm shell; intimately mix method; layer method; coconut activated carbon; microwave assisted pyrolysis; heating profile; bio-oil
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Shuttleworth PS, Budarin V, White RJ, Gun'ko VM, Luque R, Clark JH. Molecular-Level Understanding of the Carbonisation of Polysaccharides. Chemistry 2013; 19:9351-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone using iridium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The availability of chemically rich food supply chain waste (FSCW) gives it
considerable potential as a resource for the manufacture of chemicals including
materials and fuels. By applying clean chemical technologies to the extraction
and conversion of molecules from FSCW, we can aim to produce genuinely green and
sustainable products to help meet the legislative and consumer-oriented demands
of a sustainable society. Low-temperature microwave (MW) processing is a
particularly powerful technology to achieve this aim and is shown to be
effective for several different high-volume, geographically diverse biomass
types.
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MA J, YU W, WANG M, JIA X, LU F, XU J. Advances in selective catalytic transformation of ployols to value-added chemicals. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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