1
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Lyons RJ, Sprick RS. Processing polymer photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38895815 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated materials have emerged as competitive photocatalysts for the production of sustainable hydrogen from water over the last decade. Interest in these polymer photocatalysts stems from the relative ease to tune their electronic properties through molecular engineering, and their potentially low cost. However, most polymer photocatalysts have only been utilised in rudimentary suspension-based photocatalytic reactors, which are not scalable as these systems can suffer from significant optical losses and often require constant agitation to maintain the suspension. Here, we will explore research performed to utilise polymeric photocatalysts in more sophisticated systems, such as films or as nanoparticulate suspensions, which can enhance photocatalytic performance or act as a demonstration of how the polymer can be scaled for real-world applications. We will also discuss how the systems were prepared and consider both the benefits and drawbacks of each system before concluding with an outlook on the field of processable polymer photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jack Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
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2
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Menandro AS, Péres LO, Bohne C. Solubilization and Photostabilization in a Sodium Deoxycholate Hydrogel of a Neutral Conjugated Thiophene Oligomer and Polymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11215-11227. [PMID: 38748867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Oligo(3-hexylthiophene-co-1,4-phenylene) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) were solubilized in sodium deoxycholate self-assemblies in water solutions and hydrogels, with the goal of solubilizing sufficient material in a hydrogel for fluorescence applications. The neutral conjugated oligomer and polymer were incorporated as monomers into the self-assemblies with sodium deoxycholate aggregates, leading to the photoprotection of these neutral conjugated and water-insoluble molecules. Dynamic light scattering, rheology, and fluorescence experiments established that the deoxycholate aggregation and gel formation properties were not altered with the incorporation of the oligomer or polymer into the deoxycholate self-assemblies, showing that this adaptable host system with some molecular recognition elements is a viable strategy to incorporate into hydrogels neutral conjugated molecules as isolated monomers. This strategy has the potential to be used when conjugated molecules are used for fluorescence applications in hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Menandro
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Laura O Péres
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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3
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Wolski K, Smenda J, Świerz W, Dąbczyński P, Marzec M, Zapotoczny S. Self-Templating Copolymerization to Produce Robust Conductive Nanocoatings Based on Conjugated Polymer Brushes with Implementable Memristive Characteristics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309216. [PMID: 38334248 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An effective synthesis of conductive polymer brushes, i.e., self-templating surface-initiated copolymerization (ST-SICP), is developed. It proceeds through copolymerization of pendant thiophene groups in the precursor multimonomer poly(3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) brushes with free 3-methylthiophene (3MT) monomers leading to PMTM-co-P3MT brushes. This approach leads to improved conformational freedom of generated conjugated poly(thiophene)-based chains and their higher share in the brushes with respect to conjugation of pendant thiophene groups only. As a result, best performing conjugated PMTM-co-P3MT brushes demonstrate high ohmic conductivity in both out-of-plane and in-plane direction. Furthermore, thanks to the covalent anchoring as well as intra- and intermolecular connections, highly stable and mechanically robust nanocoatings are produced which can survive mechanical cleaning and long-term storage under ambient conditions. Grafting of ionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) in between PMTM-co-P3MT chains brings new properties to such binary mixed brushes that can operate as thin-film memristive coating with switchable conductance. It is worth mentioning that the crucial synthetic steps, i.e., grafting of precursor PMTM brushes by surface-initiated organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-O-ATRP) and PSSNa chains by surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated polymerization (SI-PIMP) are conducted under ambient conditions using only microliter volumes of reagents providing methodology that can be considered for use beyond the laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Smenda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Wojciech Świerz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Mateusz Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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4
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Zhao H, Shanahan JJ, Samson S, Li Z, Ma G, Prine N, Galuska L, Wang Y, Xia W, You W, Gu X. Manipulating Conjugated Polymer Backbone Dynamics through Controlled Thermal Cleavage of Alkyl Sidechains. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200533. [PMID: 35943220 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The morphological stability of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device is greatly affected by the dynamics of donors and acceptors occurring near the device's high operational temperature. These dynamics can be quantified by the glass transition temperature (Tg ) of conjugated polymers. Because flexible side chains possess much faster dynamics, the cleavage of the flexible alkyl side chains will reduce chain dynamics, leading to a higher Tg . In this work, we systematically study the Tg for conjugated polymers with controlled sidechain cleavage. Isothermal annealing of polythiophenes featuring thermally-cleavable side chains at 140 °C, a temperature that is below the melting point of polymers, was found to remove more than 95% of alkyl sidechains in 24 hours, and raise the backbone Tg from 23 to 75 °C. Coarse grain molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the Tg dependence on side chain cleavage. X-ray scattering indicates the relative degree of crystallization remains constant over the course of isothermal annealing. The effective conjugation length is not influenced by thermal cleavage; however, the density of chromophore is doubled after the complete removal of alkyl side chains. The combined effect of enhancing Tg and conserving crystalline structures during the thermal cleavage process could provide a pathway to improving the stability of optoelectronic properties in future OPV devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jordan J Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie Samson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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5
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Kurioka T, Komamura T, Shida N, Hayakawa T, Tomita I, Inagi S. Ordered‐Structure‐Induced Electrochemical Post‐Functionalization of Poly(3‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
| | - Takahiro Komamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152–8552 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240–8501 Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152–8552 Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4‐1‐8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332‐0012 Japan
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6
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Henrique S. Paulino P, Silva CF, De Almeida WB, Guimarães L, Nascimento CS. A theoretical study of poly(p-phenylenes) and their cyclodextrin-based insulated molecular wires. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Lee CK, Willard AP. Representing the Molecular Signatures of Disordered Molecular Semiconductors in Size-Extendable Models of Exciton Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5238-5245. [PMID: 32422051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents an approach to developing size-extendable phenomenological site-based models for simulating exciton dynamics in disordered organic molecular semiconducting materials. This approach extends an existing methodology that assigns the parameters of the time-dependent Frenkel exciton model by applying fragmentation-based electronic structure calculations to the output of classical molecular dynamics simulations. This methodology is inherently limited by the system size of the all-atom simulation, which is well below the performance capability of site-based models. Here, we demonstrate that this system size limitation can be effectively overcome by defining a size-extendable surrogate model based on the correlated parameter statistics derived from existing fragmentation-based methods. We demonstrate our approach on a monolayer film of sexithiophene molecules, first validating the accuracy of the surrogate system in reproducing exciton dynamical properties of a 150 molecule system, then extending it to systems of 2500 molecules. With this extended system, we explore the sensitivity of exciton dynamics to variations in the temperature as well as the amplitude and spatial correlations of energetic disorder. We conclude that exciton dynamics can be significantly enhanced in morphologies with spatially correlated molecular configurations but only if the overall distribution of site energies is sufficiently broad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kong Lee
- Tencent America, Palo Alto, California 94306, United States
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Ahmad SM. Elaboration and thermal annealing of the optical properties of the thin films of meta-PPV copolymer. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Reid DR, Jackson NE, Bourque AJ, Snyder CR, Jones RL, de Pablo JJ. Aggregation and Solubility of a Model Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Polymer. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4802-4807. [PMID: 30063357 PMCID: PMC6260830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In conjugated polymers, solution-phase structure and aggregation exert a strong influence on device morphology and performance, making understanding solubility crucial for rational design. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) and free-energy sampling algorithms, we examine the aggregation and solubility of the polymer PTB7, studying how side-chain structure can be modified to control aggregation. We demonstrate that free-energy sampling can be used to effectively screen polymer solubility in a variety of solvents but that solubility parameters derived from MD are not predictive. We then study the aggregation of variants of PTB7 including those with linear (octyl), branched (2-ethylhexyl), and cleaved (methyl) side chains, in a selection of explicit solvents and additives. Energetic analysis demonstrates that while side chains do disrupt polymer backbone stacking, solvent exclusion is a critical factor controlling polymer solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Reid
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Alexander J Bourque
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Chad R Snyder
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Ronald L Jones
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
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10
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Domínguez SE, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Effect of Spacer Length and Solvent on the Concentration-Driven Aggregation of Cationic Hydrogen-Bonding Donor Polythiophenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7364-7378. [PMID: 29783844 PMCID: PMC6150719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of cationic isothiouronium polythiophenes with alkoxy-spacers of different lengths at the 3-position of the thiophene ring was studied in solvents of different polarities. Hydrogen-bonding capacity was assessed by steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, whereas the aggregation in aqueous solutions was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using paramagnetic probes of different polarities. The two polymers displayed similar features in respect to conformation, effect of cosolvents on aggregation, unstructured absorption-fluorescence spectra, Stokes shifts when aggregated, solvatochromic effect, and self-quenching concentration. However, these polymers also showed different specific interactions with water, Stokes shifts in water, effect of the solvent on the extent of dominant state of the S1 level, and also different inner cavities and hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface area in aqueous solution aggregates. Water maximized the difference between the polymers concerning the effect of specific increases in concentration, whereas the presence of 1,4-dioxane generated almost identical effects on both polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Domínguez
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. Cangiotti
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - A. Fattori
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - T. Ääritalo
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - P. Damlin
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. F. Ottaviani
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - C. Kvarnström
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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11
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Nomura K, Miwata T, Shinozuka T, Morita M, Geerts YH, Fujiki M, Asano MS. Terthiophene Functionalized Conjugated Triarm Polymers Containing Poly(fluorene-2,7-vinylene) Arms Having Different Cores-Synthesis and Their Unique Optical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5052-5063. [PMID: 31458719 PMCID: PMC6641954 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of three types of terthiophene (3T) functionalized conjugated triarm (star-shaped) polymers consisting of poly(9,9-di-n-octyl-fluorene-2,7-vinylene) (PFV) arms and different [2,4,6-tri(biphenyl)benzene (TBP), 1,3,5-tri(benzyl)benzene (TBB), and triphenylamine (TPA)] cores, prepared by combined olefin metathesis with Wittig coupling, have been studied. Relative intensities [increases in the higher vibronic bands, (0, 1) fluorescence (FL)] of the fully conjugated TPA-core polymers, TPA(PFV-3T)3, in the fluorescence (FL) spectra in tetrahydrofuran (toluene) solution were higher than those in the other triarm polymers, TBP(PFV-3T)3, TBB(PFV-3T)3, whereas no significant differences were observed in their UV-vis spectra; notable temperature dependences were not observed in the UV-vis and FL spectra (at -5, 25, and 55 °C). Remarkable differences were not observed in the spectra in these polymer thin films, whereas λmax values red-shifted due to the formation of J-type aggregates. The observation for the time-resolved study well corresponds to results for the steady-state fluorescence measurements. The observed unique emission by the star-shaped (triarm) polymer containing the TPA core would be assumed to be due to a difference in nature of the core (higher coplanarity) compared to that of the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miwata
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takuya Shinozuka
- Division
of Molecular Science, School of Science and Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Ten-jincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Munetsugu Morita
- Division
of Molecular Science, School of Science and Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Ten-jincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yves H. Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Motoko S. Asano
- Division
of Molecular Science, School of Science and Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Ten-jincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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12
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Yamada T, Nomura K, Fujiki M. Noticeable Chiral Center Dependence of Signs and Magnitudes in Circular Dichroism (CD) and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Spectra of all-trans-Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene-2,7-vinylene)s Bearing Chiral Alkyl Side Chains in Solution, Aggregates, and Thin Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5
Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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13
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Chen Y, Abdellatif MM, Nomura K. Olefin metathesis polymerization: Some recent developments in the precise polymerizations for synthesis of advanced materials (by ROMP, ADMET). Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Tenopala-Carmona F, Fronk S, Bazan GC, Samuel IDW, Penedo JC. Real-time observation of conformational switching in single conjugated polymer chains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5786. [PMID: 29487904 PMCID: PMC5817931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are an important class of organic semiconductors that combine novel optoelectronic properties with simple processing from organic solvents. It is important to study CP conformation in solution to understand the physics of these materials and because it affects the properties of solution-processed films. Single-molecule techniques are unique in their ability to extract information on a chain-to-chain basis; however, in the context of CPs, technical challenges have limited their general application to host matrices or semiliquid environments that constrain the conformational dynamics of the polymer. We introduce a conceptually different methodology that enables measurements in organic solvents using the single-end anchoring of polymer chains to avoid diffusion while preserving polymer flexibility. We explore the effect of organic solvents and show that, in addition to chain-to-chain conformational heterogeneity, collapsed and extended polymer segments can coexist within the same chain. The technique enables real-time solvent-exchange measurements, which show that anchored CP chains respond to sudden changes in solvent conditions on a subsecond time scale. Our results give an unprecedented glimpse into the mechanism of solvent-induced reorganization of CPs and can be expected to lead to a new range of techniques to investigate and conformationally manipulate CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stephanie Fronk
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J. Carlos Penedo
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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15
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Controlling Morphology and Aggregation in Semiconducting Polymers: The Role of Solvents on Lasing Emission in Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene]. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070706. [PMID: 28773082 PMCID: PMC5551749 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic experiments were performed to investigate solvent-dependent morphology and aggregation of the semiconducting polymer film poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV), which was span-cast from nonaromatic strong polarity solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF), trichloromethane (TCM) and aromatic weak polarity solvents chlorobenzene (CB), toluene, and p-xylene. The results indicated that the conformation of the spin-cast MEH-PPV films with weak aggregation such as THF and TCM demonstrated excellent lasing emission performances because of inhibiting the fluorescence quenching induced by bi-molecule process. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) images confirmed the distinct morphologies of the spin-cast MEH-PPV films. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) was investigated in a simple asymmetric slab planar waveguide structure by methods of variable stripe length (VSL) and shifting excitation stripe (SES). The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) experiments confirmed the distinct polymer chain conformation. The conformation, which preserved from the spin-cast process, indicated the distinct interactions between solvents and MEH-PPV polymer chains. The pure film spectra were performed to confirm the effect of distinct conformation on the material energy level. This work provides insights into the morphology and aggregation effect of the spin-cast polymer films on the performances of lasers.
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16
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Wu EC, Stubbs RE, Peteanu LA, Jemison R, McCullough RD, Wildeman J. Detection of Ultralow Concentrations of Non-emissive Conjugated Polymer Aggregates via Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5413-5421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Regan E. Stubbs
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Linda A. Peteanu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Racquel Jemison
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Richard D. McCullough
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jurjen Wildeman
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Martin KL, Nyquist Y, Burnett EK, Briseno AL, Carter KR. Surface Grafting of Functionalized Poly(thiophene)s Using Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry for Thin Film Stabilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30543-30551. [PMID: 27797483 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Regioregular poly[(3-hexylthiophene)-ran-(3-undecenylthiophene)] (pP3HT) and vinyl terminated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (xP3HT) were synthesized by the McCullough method and surface grafted to thiol modified silicon dioxide wafers using thiol-ene click chemistry. Utilizing this method, semiconducting, solvent impervious films were easily generated. Thiol-ene click chemistry is convenient for film stabilization in electronics because it does not produce side products that could be inimical to charge transport in the active layer. It was found through grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) that there is no change in microstructure between as-spun films and thiol-ene grafted films, while there was a change after the thiol-ene grafted film was exposed to solvent. Organic field-effect transistors (oFETs) were fabricated from grafted films that had been swelled with chloroform, and these devices had mobilities on the order of 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1, which are consistent with poly(thiophene) monolayer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lindsey Martin
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yannick Nyquist
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Edmund K Burnett
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kenneth R Carter
- Conte Polymer Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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18
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Burrows HD, Costa T, Ramos ML, Valente AJM, Stewart B, Justino LLG, Almeida AIA, Catarina NL, Mallavia R, Knaapila M. Self-assembled systems of water soluble metal 8-hydroxyquinolates with surfactants and conjugated polyelectrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16629-40. [PMID: 26817700 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (8-HQS) with the metal ions Al(iii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous solution in the presence of tetraalkylammonium surfactants using UV/vis absorption, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, complemented by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Under appropriate conditions, complexes between 8-HQS and metal ions form rapidly, and have similar electronic, spectroscopic and photophysical properties to the corresponding metal quinolates, such as Alq3. These interact with the cationic surfactants, leading to marked increases in fluorescence intensity. However, significant differences are seen in the behavior of the two metal ions. With aluminium, a stable [Al(8-QS)3](3-) anion is formed, and interacts, predominantly through electrostatic interactions, with the surfactant, without disrupting the metal ion coordination sphere. In contrast, with Zn(ii), there is a competition between the metal ion and surfactants in the interaction with 8-HQS, although the [Zn(8-QS)2(H2O)2](2-) species is stable at appropriate pH and surfactant concentration. The studies are extended to systems with the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly-(9,9-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-phenylene bromide (HTMA-PFP), which has a similar alkylammonium chain to the surfactants. Mixing metal salt, 8-HQS and HTMA-PFP in the presence of a nonionic surfactant leads to the formation of a metal complex/CPE supramolecular assembly between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the metal/8-HQS complex, as demonstrated by electronic energy transfer. The potential of these systems in sensing, light harvesting, and electron injection/transport layers in organic semiconductor devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telma Costa
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Luisa Ramos
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur J M Valente
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Licinia L G Justino
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Aline I A Almeida
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathanny Lessa Catarina
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Jackson NE, Kohlstedt KL, Savoie BM, Olvera de la Cruz M, Schatz GC, Chen LX, Ratner MA. Conformational Order in Aggregates of Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6254-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kevin L. Kohlstedt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Beppu T, Tomiguchi K, Masuhara A, Pu YJ, Katagiri H. Single Benzene Green Fluorophore: Solid-State Emissive, Water-Soluble, and Solvent- and pH-Independent Fluorescence with Large Stokes Shifts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7332-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Beppu T, Tomiguchi K, Masuhara A, Pu YJ, Katagiri H. Single Benzene Green Fluorophore: Solid-State Emissive, Water-Soluble, and Solvent- and pH-Independent Fluorescence with Large Stokes Shifts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Bondarev D, Trhlíková O, Sedláček J, Vohlídal J. Stability of MEH-PPV: Poly{[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene]vinylene} in solutions exposed to air in the dark and at daylight at laboratory temperature. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Jackson NE, Heitzer HM, Savoie BM, Reuter MG, Marks TJ, Ratner MA. Emergent Properties in Locally Ordered Molecular Materials. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Poly(arylene-vinylene)s. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-31222-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Aiyar AR, Hong JI, Izumi J, Choi D, Kleinhenz N, Reichmanis E. Ultrasound-induced ordering in poly(3-hexylthiophene): role of molecular and process parameters on morphology and charge transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2368-2377. [PMID: 23474078 DOI: 10.1021/am3027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Facile methods for controlling the microstructure of polymeric semiconductors are critical to the success of large area flexible electronics. Here we explore ultrasonic irradiation of solutions of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a simple route to creating ordered molecular aggregates that result in a one to two order of magnitude improvement in field effect mobility. A detailed investigation of the ultrasound induced phenomenon, including the role of solvent, polymer regioregularity (RR) and film deposition method, is conducted. Absorption spectroscopy reveals that the development of low energy vibronic features is dependent on both the regioregularity as well as the solvent, with the latter especially influential on the intensity and shape of the band. Use of either higher regioregular polymer or ultrasonic irradiation of lower regioregular polymer solutions results in high field effect mobilities that are nearly independent of the dynamics of the film formation process. Surprisingly, no distinct correlation between thin-film morphology and macroscopic charge transport could be ascertained. The relationships between molecular and process parameters are very subtle: modulation of one effects changes in the others, which in turn impact charge transport on the macroscale. Our results provide insight into the degree of control that is required for the development of reproducible, robust materials and processes for advanced flexible electronics based on polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek R Aiyar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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26
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Clark APZ, Shi C, Ng BC, Wilking JN, Ayzner AL, Stieg AZ, Schwartz BJ, Mason TG, Rubin Y, Tolbert SH. Self-assembling semiconducting polymers--rods and gels from electronic materials. ACS NANO 2013; 7:962-977. [PMID: 23346927 DOI: 10.1021/nn304437k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to favor the formation of straight polymer chains without crystalline grain boundaries, we have synthesized an amphiphilic conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly(fluorene-alt-thiophene) (PFT), which self-assembles in aqueous solutions to form cylindrical micelles. In contrast to many diblock copolymer assemblies, the semiconducting backbone runs parallel, not perpendicular, to the long axis of the cylindrical micelle. Solution-phase micelle formation is observed by X-ray and visible light scattering. The micelles can be cast as thin films, and the cylindrical morphology is preserved in the solid state. The effects of self-assembly are also observed through spectral shifts in optical absorption and photoluminescence. Solutions of higher-molecular-weight PFT micelles form gel networks at sufficiently high aqueous concentrations. Rheological characterization of the PFT gels reveals solid-like behavior and strain hardening below the yield point, properties similar to those found in entangled gels formed from surfactant-based micelles. Finally, electrical measurements on diode test structures indicate that, despite a complete lack of crystallinity in these self-assembled polymers, they effectively conduct electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P-Z Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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27
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Buaki-Sogo M, de Miguel M, Atienzar P, Álvaro M, García H. Formation and properties of a hybrid organosilica with a p-phenylene vinylene polymer partially grafted to the walls. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:618-26. [PMID: 23345005 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports a mesoporous organosilica (mpSiO(2)) containing a p-phenylene vinylene (PPV) co-polymer partially grafted to the walls of the hybrid material (PPV⊂mpSiO(2)). This material was obtained by using a bis-silylated 2,5-bis(chloromethylphenylene) as the silicon precursor in combination with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as the surfactant. The final polymer was formed by adding appropriate amounts of 2,2'-{[2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-1,4-phenylene]bis(oxy)}diethanol as the co-monomer and KtBuO as the base. The resulting PPV⊂mpSiO(2) was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning (29) Si NMR spectroscopy; all spectroscopic data were in agreement with the presence of a conducting polymer. The resulting PPV⊂mpSiO(2) material exhibits electrical conductivity, particularly after I(2) doping, an electrochemical response, and electroluminescence. Laser flash photolysis studies of PPV⊂mpSiO(2) indicate that this material can form PPV(·+) polarons that could be responsible for the electrochemical and electroluminescent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Buaki-Sogo
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV and Departamento de Química, Univ. Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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28
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Alonzi M, Lanari D, Marrocchi A, Petrucci C, Vaccaro L. Synthesis of polymeric semiconductors by a surface-initiated approach. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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29
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S. Sadik Z, H. Al-Amiedy D, F. Jaffar A. Third Order Optical Nonlinearities of C<sub>450</sub> Doped Polymer Thin Film Investigated by the Z-Scan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2012.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Hashim Z, Howes P, Green M. Luminescent quantum-dot-sized conjugated polymernanoparticles—nanoparticle formation in a miniemulsion system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Justino LLG, Ramos ML, Knaapila M, Marques AT, Kudla CJ, Scherf U, Almásy L, Schweins R, Burrows HD, Monkman AP. Gel Formation and Interpolymer Alkyl Chain Interactions with Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) in Toluene Solution: Results from NMR, SANS, DFT, and Semiempirical Calculations and Their Implications for PFO β-Phase Formation. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Licínia L. G. Justino
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luísa Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ana T. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christof J. Kudla
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institut, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS Group, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- OEM Research Group, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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32
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Craig IM, Tassone CJ, Tolbert SH, Schwartz BJ. Second-harmonic generation in conjugated polymer films: A sensitive probe of how bulk polymer crystallinity changes with spin speed. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:044901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3436517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Parra-Vasquez ANG, Behabtu N, Green MJ, Pint CL, Young CC, Schmidt J, Kesselman E, Goyal A, Ajayan PM, Cohen Y, Talmon Y, Hauge RH, Pasquali M. Spontaneous dissolution of ultralong single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3969-78. [PMID: 20593770 DOI: 10.1021/nn100864v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report that chlorosulfonic acid is a true solvent for a wide range of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including single-walled (SWNTs), double-walled (DWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and CNTs hundreds of micrometers long. The CNTs dissolve as individuals at low concentrations, as determined by cryo-TEM (cryogenic transmission electron microscopy), and form liquid-crystalline phases at high concentrations. The mechanism of dissolution is electrostatic stabilization through reversible protonation of the CNT side walls, as previously established for SWNTs. CNTs with highly defective side walls do not protonate sufficiently and, hence, do not dissolve. The dissolution and liquid-crystallinity of ultralong CNTs are critical advances in the liquid-phase processing of macroscopic CNT-based materials, such as fibers and films.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicholas G Parra-Vasquez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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34
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Grimsdale AC, Leok Chan K, Martin RE, Jokisz PG, Holmes AB. Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices. Chem Rev 2009; 109:897-1091. [PMID: 19228015 DOI: 10.1021/cr000013v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1718] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Grimsdale
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Khai Leok Chan
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer E. Martin
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pawel G. Jokisz
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew B. Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Mele E, Camposeo A, De Giorgi M, Di Benedetto F, De Marco C, Tasco V, Cingolani R, Pisignano D. Sub-50-nm conjugated polymer dots by nanoprinting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1894-1899. [PMID: 18855974 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mele
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lecce, Italy
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36
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Wang M, Zou S, Guerin G, Shen L, Deng K, Jones M, Walker GC, Scholes GD, Winnik MA. A Water-Soluble pH-Responsive Molecular Brush of Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) Grafted Polythiophene. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800777m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Guerin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Kangqing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilbert C. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
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37
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Poly(arylene vinylene)s. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-081551580-7.50004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Su FK, Hong JL, Lin LL. Restraining the aggregation of poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) by crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Jyothish K, Hariharan M, Ramaiah D. Chiral Supramolecular Assemblies of a Squaraine Dye in Solution and Thin Films: Concentration-, Temperature-, and Solvent-Induced Chirality Inversion. Chemistry 2007; 13:5944-51. [PMID: 17436354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We prepared novel cholesterol-appended squaraine dye 1 and model squaraine dye 2 and investigated their aggregation behavior in solution and thin films using photophysical, chiroptical, and microscopic techniques. Investigations on the dependence of aggregation on solvent composition (good/poor, CHCl3/CH3CN) demonstrated that squaraine dye 1 forms two novel H-type chiral supramolecular assemblies with opposite chirality at different good/poor solvent compositions. Model compound 2 formed J-type achiral assemblies under similar conditions. The supramolecular assembly of 1 observed at lower fractions of the poor solvent could be assigned to the thermodynamically stable form, while a kinetically controlled assembly is formed at higher fractions of the poor solvent. This assignment is evidenced by temperature- and concentration-dependent experiments. With increasing temperature, the chirality of the kinetically controlled aggregate was lost and, on cooling, the aggregate with the opposite chirality was formed. On further heating and cooling the aggregates thus formed resulted in no significant changes in chirality, that is they are thermodynamically stable. Similarly, at lower concentrations, the thermodynamically stable form exists, but at higher concentration aggregation was found to proceed with kinetic control. Based on these observations it can be assumed that formation of the kinetically controlled assembly might be largely dependent on the presence of the nonpolar cholesterol moiety as well as the amount of poor solvent present. However, under solvent-free conditions, structurally different aggregates were observed when drop cast from solutions containing monomer, whereas a left-handed CD signal corresponding to the thermodynamically controlled assemblies was observed from pre-aggregated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuthanapillil Jyothish
- Photosciences and Photonics, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum - 695019, India
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Rozanski LJ, Cone CW, Ostrowski DP, Vanden Bout DA. Effect of Film Morphology on the Energy Transfer to Emissive Green Defects in Dialkyl Polyfluorenes. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0706069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rozanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Craig W. Cone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - David P. Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Smith AD, Shen CKF, Roberts ST, Helgeson R, Schwartz BJ. Ionic strength and solvent control over the physical structure, electronic properties and superquenching of conjugated polyelectrolytes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2007. [DOI: 10.1163/156856707779160762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang R, Garcia A, Korystov D, Mikhailovsky A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Control of Interchain Contacts, Solid-State Fluorescence Quantum Yield, and Charge Transport of Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes by Choice of Anion. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16532-9. [PMID: 17177402 DOI: 10.1021/ja0611341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple procedures are provided for exchanging charge-compensating ions in conjugated polyelectrolytes by progressive dilution of the original species and for determining the degree of ion exchange by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By using these methods, the bromide ions in poly[(9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumbromide)hexyl)fluorene-co-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]were exchanged with BF4-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, BPh4-, and B(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4- (BArF4-). Absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and PL quantum yields (Phi) were measured in different solvents and in solid films cast from methanol. Examination of the resulting trends, together with the spectral bandshapes in different solvents, suggests that increasing the counteranion (CA) size decreases interchain contacts and aggregation and leads to a substantial increase of Phi in the bulk. Size analysis of polymers containing Br- and BArF4- in water by dynamic light scattering techniques indicates suppression of aggregation by BArF4-. Nanoscale current-voltage measurements of films using conducting atomic force microscopy show that hole mobilities and, more significantly, charge injection barriers are CA dependent. These results show that it is possible to significantly modify the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes by choosing different counterions. A parent conjugated backbone can thus be fine-tuned for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqiang Yang
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Patrício PSO, Calado HDR, de Oliveira FAC, Righi A, Neves BRA, Silva GG, Cury LA. Correlation between thermal, optical and morphological properties of heterogeneous blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and thermoplastic polyurethane. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2006; 18:7529-7542. [PMID: 21690866 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/32/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A correlation between thermal, optical and morphological properties of self-sustained films formed from blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), with 1, 10 and 20 wt% of P3HT in TPU, is established. Images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show the formation of domains of P3HT into the TPU matrix, characterizing the blend material as heterogeneous. The heat capacity (C(p)) dependence on P3HT contents was investigated in a large temperature interval. In the region of the TPU glass transition, the difference between the experimental and predicted ΔC(p) values is more pronounced for the 1 wt% case, which strongly suggests that in this case there is a higher influence of the P3HT chains on the TPU matrix. The SEM images for the 1 wt% blended film present the formation of the smallest P3HT domains in the TPU matrix. The relatively high reduction of the PL intensity of the pure electronic transition peak in the 1 wt% blended film, in comparison to the other blended films and also to a pure P3HT film, favours the assumption that the smallest P3HT domains are at the origin of a more structural disordered character. This fact is in agreement with the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy and also by photoluminescence resolved by polarization in stretched self-sustained films, showing an ample correlation between morphological, thermal and optical properties of these blended materials. In addition, the thermoplastic properties of the polyurethane configure very good conditions for tensile drawing of P3HT and other conjugated polymer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S O Patrício
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 702, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Vamvounis G, Nyström D, Antoni P, Lindgren M, Holdcroft S, Hult A. Self-assembly of poly(9,9'-dihexylfluorene) to form highly ordered isoporous films via blending. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3959-61. [PMID: 16618131 DOI: 10.1021/la053025q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly ordered hexagonal arrays of isoporous films prepared from poly(9,9'-dihexylfluorene) and polystyrene-grafted silica nanoparticles (Si-graft-PS) are presented. These close-packed arrays were formed in areas of many square millimeters. The pore size varied from 3.6 to 8.5 microm, depending on the concentration of Si-graft-PS and the processing conditions. Solid-state photoluminescence resulted in a significant red shift of up to 30 nm in these films compared to that in conventional processing techniques. These differences are attributed to enhanced aggregation of the polymers caused by polymer-solvent interactions. These highly ordered polymer films may find use in microelectronic and biological and/or chemical sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vamvounis
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden 100 44
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Traiphol R, Sanguansat P, Srikhirin T, Kerdcharoen T, Osotchan T. Spectroscopic Study of Photophysical Change in Collapsed Coils of Conjugated Polymers: Effects of Solvent and Temperature. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052512+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chou HL, Lin KF, Wang DC. Miscibility and Luminescence Properties of MEH-PPV/DPO-PPV Polyblends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-005-9017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Jeng U, Hsu CH, Sheu HS, Lee HY, Inigo AR, Chiu HC, Fann WS, Chen SH, Su AC, Lin TL, Peng KY, Chen SA. Morphology and Charge Transport in Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) Films. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050367u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - C.-H. Hsu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H.-S. Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H.-Y. Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - A. R. Inigo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H. C. Chiu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - W. S. Fann
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - S. H. Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - A. C. Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - T.-L. Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - K. Y. Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - S. A. Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
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Satrijo A, Swager TM. Facile Control of Chiral Packing in Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Spin-Cast Films. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047418s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Satrijo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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