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Recent Advances in Photodynamic Therapy against Fungal Keratitis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122011. [PMID: 34959293 PMCID: PMC8709008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious clinical infection on the cornea caused by fungi and is one of the leading causes of blindness in Asian countries. The treatment options are currently limited to a few antifungal agents. With the increasing incidence of drug-resistant infections, many patients fail to respond to antibiotics. Riboflavin-mediated corneal crosslinking (similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT)) for corneal ectasia was approved in the US in the early 2000s. Current evidence suggests that PDT could have the potential to inhibit fungal biofilm formation and overcome drug resistance by using riboflavin and rose bengal as photosensitizers. However, only a few clinical trials have been initiated in anti-fungal keratitis PDT treatment. Moreover, the removal of the corneal epithelium and repeated application of riboflavin and rose bengal are required to improve drug penetration before and during PDT. Thus, an improvement in trans-corneal drug delivery is mandatory for a successful and efficient treatment. In this article, we review the studies published to date using PDT against fungal keratitis and aim to enhance the understanding and awareness of this research area. The potential of modifying photosensitizers using nanotechnology to improve the efficacy of PDT on fungal keratitis is also briefly reviewed.
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Khelifa AB, Ezzayani K, Guergueb M, Loiseau F, Saint-Aman E, Nasri H. Synthesis, molecular structure, spectroscopic characterization and antibacterial activity of the pyrazine magnesium porphyrin coordination polymer. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Amiri N, Nouir S, Hajji M, Roisnel T, Guerfel T, Simonneaux G, Nasri H. Synthesis, structure, photophysical properties and biological activity of a cobalt(II) coordination complex with 4,4′-bipyridine and porphyrin chelating ligands. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ptaszyńska AA, Trytek M, Borsuk G, Buczek K, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Gryko D. Porphyrins inactivate Nosema spp. microsporidia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5523. [PMID: 29615690 PMCID: PMC5882804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of organic/inorganic molecules with activity against intracellular fungi of the phylum Microsporidia is of critical importance. Here, for the first time, the inactivation of these parasitic fungi by porphyrins is reported. The biological effects of porphyrins (10 µM and 100 µM) on the microsporidian Nosema ceranae was investigated in honeybee hosts using cage experiments. A significant reduction in the number of spores (from 2.6 to 5 fold) was observed in Nosema-infected honeybees with a sucrose-protoporphyrin amide [PP(Asp)2] syrup diet compared to the control honeybees. PP(Asp)2 and the other porphyrin examined in vitro, TMePyP, had a direct impact on the microsporidia. Notably, neither porphyrin requires light excitation to be active against microsporidia. Moreover, microsporidia preincubated with these porphyrins exhibited decreased ability to infect honeybees. In particular, PP(Asp)2, possessing amphiphilic characteristics, exhibited significant inactivation of microsporidia, preventing the development of the microsporidia and diminishing the mortality of infected honeybees. In addition, the porphyrin-treated spores examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed morphological changes in their exosporium layers, which were distinctly deformed. Thus, we postulate that the mechanism of action of porphyrins on microsporidia is not based on photodynamic inactivation but on the destruction of the cell walls of the spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta A Ptaszyńska
- Department of Botany and Mycology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Trytek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Borsuk
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buczek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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Issawi M, Guillaumot D, Sol V, Riou C. Responses of an adventitious fast-growing plant to photodynamic stress: comparative study of anionic and cationic porphyrin effect on Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:379-390. [PMID: 29111597 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) based on the use of a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce cell death could be envisaged to fight against plant pathogens. For setting this strategy, we want to study how plants themselves respond to photodynamic treatment. In previous work we showed that tomato plantlets were able to resist photoactivated tetra (N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin (CP) or the zinc metalated form (CP-Zn). To enlarge our plant expertise related to exogenous porphyrins treatment and to further defend this approach, we studied how a weed like Arabidopsis thaliana responded to exogenous supply of anionic and cationic porphyrins. Both types of photosensitizers had no negative effect on seed germination and did not hamper the development etiolated Arabidopsis plantlet under dark conditions. Thus, post-emergence effects of porphyrin photoactivation on the development of 14 day-old in vitro Arabidopsis plantlet under light were observed. CP-Zn was the most efficient photosensitizer to kill Arabidopsis plantlets while anionic tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin only delayed their growth and development. Indeed only 7% of plantlets could be rescued after CP-Zn treatment. Furthermore, non-enzymatic and enzymatic defense components involved in detoxification of ROS generated by CP-Zn under illumination were downregulated or stable with the exception of sevenfold increase in proline content. As previously demonstrated in the literature for microbial agents and in the present work for Arabidopsis, CP-Zn was efficient enough to eradicate unwanted vegetation and plant pathogens without at the same time killing plants of agronomic interest such as tomato plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Issawi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Damien Guillaumot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Riou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
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Two novel magnesium(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin-based coordination complexes: Syntheses, combined experimental and theoretical structures elucidation, spectroscopy, photophysical properties and antibacterial activity. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GOMES ANAT, NEVES MARIAG, CAVALEIRO JOSÉA. Cancer, Photodynamic Therapy and Porphyrin-Type Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:993-1026. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Amiri N, Taheur FB, Chevreux S, Wenger E, Lemercier G, Nasri H. Synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic characterizations of porphyrin-based Mg(II) complexes – Potential application as antibacterial agent. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vandresen CC, Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Murakami FS, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Barreira SMW. In vitro photodynamic inactivation of conidia of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola with cationic porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:673-81. [PMID: 27109559 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an efficient approach for the elimination of a series of microorganisms; however, PDI involving phytopathogenic filamentous fungi is scarce in the literature. In the present study, we have demonstrated the photoinactivating properties of five cationic meso-(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrins on conidia of the phytopathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. For this purpose, photophysical properties (photostability and (1)O2 singlet production) of the porphyrins under study were first evaluated. PDI assays were then performed with a fluence of 30, 60, 90 and 120 J cm(-2) and varying the porphyrin concentration from 1 to 25 μmol L(-1). Considering the lowest concentration that enabled the best photoinactivation, with the respective lowest effective irradiation time, the meso-(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrins herein studied could be ranked as follows: triple-charged 4 (1 μmol L(-1) with a fluence of 30 J cm(-2)) > double-charged-trans2 (1 μmol L(-1) with 60 J cm(-2)) > tetra-charged 5 (15 μmol L(-1) with 90 J cm(-2)) > mono-charged 1 (25 μmol L(-1) with 120 J cm(-2)). Double-charged-cis-porphyrin 3 inactivated C. graminicola conidia in the absence of light. Evaluation of the porphyrin binding to the conidia and fluorescence microscopic analysis were also performed, which were in agreement with the PDI results. In conclusion, the cationic porphyrins herein studied were considered efficient photosensitizers to inactivate C. graminicola conidia. The amount and position of positive charges are related to the compounds' amphiphilicity and therefore to their photodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Chevonica Vandresen
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Guillaumot D, Issawi M, Da Silva A, Leroy-Lhez S, Sol V, Riou C. Synergistic enhancement of tolerance mechanisms in response to photoactivation of cationic tetra (N-methylpyridyl) porphyrins in tomato plantlets. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 156:69-78. [PMID: 26854612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) is largely used in medical domain and could be envisaged as a farming practice against crop pathogens such as bacteria and fungi that generate drops in agricultural yields. Thus, as a prerequisite for this potential application, we studied the effect of water-soluble anionic (TPPS and Zn-TPPS) and cationic (TMPyP and Zn-TMPyP) porphyrins tested on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plantlets grown in vitro under a 16 h photoperiod. First of all, under dark conditions, none of the four porphyrins inhibited germination and induced cytotoxic effects on tomato plantlets as etiolated development was not altered. The consequences of porphyrin long-term photoactivation (14 days) were thus studied on in vitro-grown tomato plantlets at phenotypic and molecular levels. Cationic porphyrins especially Zn-TMPyP were the most efficient photosensitizers and dramatically altered growth without killing plantlets. Indeed, tomato plantlets were rescued after cationic porphyrins treatment. To gain insight, the different molecular ways implied in the plantlet tolerance to photoactivated Zn-TMPyP, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative molecules (total thiols, proline, ascorbate), and ROS detoxification enzymes were evaluated. In parallel to an increase in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide production, antioxidative molecules and enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were up-regulated in root apparatus in response to photoactivated Zn-TMPyP. This study showed that tomato plantlets could overcome the pressure triggered by photoactivated cationic porphyrin by activating antioxidative molecule and enzyme arsenal and confining Zn-TMPyP into cell wall and/or apoplasm, suggesting that APDT directed against tomato pathogens could be envisaged in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Guillaumot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Issawi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Anne Da Silva
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire et Animale (UMR INRA 1061), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Leroy-Lhez
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Riou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (EA 1069), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
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Cardoso MFDC, Forezi LDSM, da Silva FDC, Pinto ÂC, Neves MGPMS, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthetic methodologies leading to porphyrin-quinone conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on synthetic strategies that have been established for the preparation of porphyrin-quinone conjugates of potential biological significance and as donor–acceptor compounds for electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F. do C. Cardoso
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S. M. Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando de C. da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Ângelo C. Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Ilha da Cidade, Universitária, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Arianna G, Tiwari K, Drain CM. Glycosylated Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Other Porphyrinoids for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10261-306. [PMID: 26317756 PMCID: PMC6011754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - N. V. S. Dinesh K. Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gianluca Arianna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kirran Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Moylan C, Sweed AM, Shaker YM, Scanlan EM, Senge MO. Lead structures for applications in photodynamic therapy 7. Efficient synthesis of amphiphilic glycosylated lipid porphyrin derivatives: refining linker conjugation for potential PDT applications. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n06abeh004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Riou C, Calliste CA, Da Silva A, Guillaumot D, Rezazgui O, Sol V, Leroy-Lhez S. Anionic porphyrin as a new powerful cell death inducer of Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:621-5. [PMID: 24535477 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the behaviour of tobacco cell suspensions submitted to four porphyrins was described. The potential killer effect of these photosensitizers on tobacco cells was evaluated. Biological results were correlated with photophysical properties and the reactive oxygen species production capacity of tested compounds. Surprisingly, the anionic free-base porphyrin showed the strongest phototoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riou
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France.
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Dovigo LN, Carmello JC, Carvalho MT, Mima EG, Vergani CE, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodynamic inactivation of clinical isolates of Candida using Photodithazine®. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1057-1067. [PMID: 24025068 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.827668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) mediated by Photodithazine(®) (PDZ) against 15 clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. Each isolate, in planktonic and biofilm form, was exposed to PDI by assessing a range of PDZ concentrations and light emitting diode fluences. Cell survival of the planktonic suspensions was determined by colony forming units (CFU ml(-1)). The antifungal effects of PDI against biofilms were evaluated by CFU ml(-1) and metabolic assay. Data were analyzed by non-parametric tests (α = 0.05). Regardless of the species, PDI promoted a significant viability reduction of planktonic yeasts. The highest reduction in cell viability of the biofilms was equivalent to 0.9 log10 (CFU ml(-1)) for C. albicans, while 1.4 and 1.5 log10 reductions were obtained for C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, respectively. PDI reduced the metabolic activity of biofilms by 62.1, 76.0, and 76.9% for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, respectively. PDZ-mediated PDI promoted significant reduction in the viability of Candida isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Dovigo
- a Department of Social Dentistry , Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , Brazil
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Lin SL, Hu JM, Tang SS, Wu XY, Chen ZQ, Tang SZ. Photodynamic inactivation of methylene blue and tungsten-halogen lamp light against food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:985-91. [PMID: 22469298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the bactericidal effect and the damage of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using methylene blue (MB) and tungsten-halogen lamp over Listeria monocytogenes via atomic force microscopy, absorption spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR and SDS-PAGE. The obtained data indicated that the viability of L. monocytogenes was ca 7-log reduced by illumination with 10 min tungsten-halogen lamp light under the presence of 0.5 μg mL(-1) MB, and this bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes of PDI increased proportionally to the concentration of MB and the duration of irradiation. Moreover, after irradiation with MB and visible light, the leakage of intracellular contents was estimated by spectrophotometer at OD(260) and OD(280), which correlated with morphological alterations. Furthermore, genomic DNA cleavage and protein degradation were also detected after PDI treatment. Consequently, breakage of the membrane, damage of the genomic DNA and degradation of bacterial proteins may play an important role in the mechanisms involved in PDI-MB bactericidal activity on L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-ling Lin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
The growing resistance against antifungal drugs has renewed the search for alternative treatment modalities, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) seems to be a potential candidate. Preliminary findings have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively sensitized in vitro and in vivo by administering photosensitizers (PSs) belonging to four chemical groups: phenothiazine dyes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, as well as aminolevulinic acid, which, while not a PS in itself, is effectively metabolized into protoporphyrin IX. Besides efficacy, PDT has shown other benefits. First, the sensitizers used are highly selective, i.e., fungi can be killed at combinations of drug and light doses much lower than that needed for a similar effect on keratinocytes. Second, all investigated PSs lack genotoxic and mutagenic activity. Finally, the hazard of selection of drug resistant fungal strains has been rarely reported. We review the studies published to date on antifungal applications of PDT, with special focus on yeast, and aim to raise awareness of this area of research, which has the potential to make a significant impact in future treatment of fungal infections.
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Ghadamgahi M, Ajloo D. Calculation and prediction of rate and equilibrium constants for aggregation of porphyrin by molecular dynamics, Docking and QSPR methods. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of 85 porphyrin derivatives and a report on a kinetic and thermodynamic study of such aggregation behavior on varying the derivatives of porphyrin was carried out using molecular dynamics simulation and Docking. Distance diagrams of simulated compounds were obtained and decrease of curves is a clear evidence of the aggregation. Aggregation rates were studied by origin software. In order to calculate interaction energies of derivatives, compounds were docked and the equilibrium constant of porphyrin-porphyrin interaction were obtained. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) studies were performed for the sets of 85 Porphyrin derivatives. Multiple Linear Regression method (MLR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used and resulted in useful models with good prediction ability. This models were able to predict the kinetic and equilibrium constant for all sets of our compounds. The correlation coefficients for prediction of rate and logarithm of equilibrium constants were 0.67 and 0.97 by MLR method respectively and 0.90 for prediction of equilibrium constant by PCA analyses. In order to have a better prediction, compounds were divided into two groups, oxygenated and non-oxygenated group and correlation coefficient for prediction of rate constants of them were obtained 0.89 and 0.94 by MLR model respectively. Results of structure-property relationship showed that, larger, more hydrophobe and more planner derivatives have higher aggregation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davood Ajloo
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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Alves E, Costa L, Cunha A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Bioluminescence and its application in the monitoring of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1115-28. [PMID: 22038247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light output from bioluminescent microorganisms is a highly sensitive reporter of their metabolic activity and therefore can be used to monitor in real time the effects of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment modality. This therapy combines oxygen, a nontoxic photoactive photosensitizer, and visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and free radicals) that efficiently destroy microorganisms. To monitor this photoinactivation process, faster methods are required instead of laborious conventional plating and overnight incubation procedures. The bioluminescence method is a very interesting approach to achieve this goal. This review covers recent developments on the use of microbial bioluminescence in aPDT in the clinical and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Extracts from Alternanthera maritima as natural photosensitizers in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tavares A, Carvalho CMB, Faustino MA, Neves MGPMS, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Gomes NCM, Alves E, Almeida A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: study of bacterial recovery viability and potential development of resistance after treatment. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:91-105. [PMID: 20161973 PMCID: PMC2817925 DOI: 10.3390/md8010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged in the clinical field as a potential alternative to antibiotics to treat microbial infections. No cases of microbial viability recovery or any resistance mechanisms against it are yet known. 5,10,15-tris(1-Methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin triiodide (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF) was used as photosensitizer. Vibrio fischeri and recombinant Escherichia coli were the studied bacteria. To determine the bacterial recovery after treatment, Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF (5.0 microM) was added to bacterial suspensions and the samples were irradiated with white light (40 W m(-2)) for 270 minutes. Then, the samples were protected from light, aliquots collected at different intervals and the bioluminescence measured. To assess the development of resistance after treatment, bacterial suspensions were exposed to white light (25 minutes), in presence of 5.0 microM of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF (99.99% of inactivation) and plated. After the first irradiation period, surviving colonies were collected from the plate and resuspended in PBS. Then, an identical protocol was used and repeated ten times for each bacterium. The results suggest that aPDT using Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF represents a promising approach to efficiently destroy bacteria since after a single treatment these microorganisms do not recover their viability and after ten generations of partially photosensitized cells neither of the bacteria develop resistance to the photodynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Tavares
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Carla M. B. Carvalho
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Maria A. Faustino
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
- * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(A.A.);
(M.G.P.M.S.N.); Tel.: +351 234 370784; +351 234 370713
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Newton C. M. Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Eliana Alves
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
- * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(A.A.);
(M.G.P.M.S.N.); Tel.: +351 234 370784; +351 234 370713
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Abstract
Easy, quantitative, and one-pot introduction of eight β-lactoside-modules onto a porphyrin-core was achieved through Cu+-catalyzed chemoselective coupling (click chemistry) between a porphyrin carrying eight alkyne-terminals and β-lactosyl azides. The obtained porphyrin-based glycocluster shows not only good water-solubility but also strong/specific lectin-affinity.
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Luksienė Z, Zukauskas A. Prospects of photosensitization in control of pathogenic and harmful micro-organisms. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1415-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Almeida A, Cunha Â, Gomes NC, Alves E, Costa L, Faustino MA. Phage therapy and photodynamic therapy: low environmental impact approaches to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:268-313. [PMID: 19841715 PMCID: PMC2763101 DOI: 10.3390/md7030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer from heavy financial losses due to the development of infections caused by microbial pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria, more environmentally-friendly strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable. The aim of this review is to briefly present the typical fish farming diseases and their threats and discuss the present state of chemotherapy to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants as well as to examine the new environmentally friendly approaches to control fish infection namely phage therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.); (N.C.M.G.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.); (N.C.M.G.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Newton C.M. Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.); (N.C.M.G.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Eliana Alves
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.); (N.C.M.G.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Liliana Costa
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.); (N.C.M.G.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Maria A.F. Faustino
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal; E-Mail:
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Matsumoto J, Tanimura SI, Shiragami T, Yasuda M. Water-solubilization of alkyloxo(methoxo)porphyrinatoantimony bromides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9766-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b911227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vallinayagam R, Schmitt F, Barge J, Wagnieres G, Wenger V, Neier R, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Glycoside Esters of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:821-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700324r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Vallinayagam
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérome Barge
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Wenger
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Neier
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Institute of Chemistry, Neuchâtel University, avenue de Bellevaux, P.O. Box 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, University Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Laboratory of Photomedicine, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Casteel MJ, Jayaraj K, Gold A, Ball LM, Sobsey MD. Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Cavaleiro JAS, Tomé JPC, Faustino MAF. Synthesis of Glycoporphyrins. HETEROCYCLES FROM CARBOHYDRATE PRECURSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2007_056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Mendonça AF, Pegado IN, Duarte R, Valdeira ML. Synthesis of glycoporphyrin derivatives and their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3878-88. [PMID: 15911304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the synthesis, structural elucidation, and antiviral evaluation of several carbohydrate-substituted meso-tetraarylporphyrins against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are described. The potential of those photosensitizers, and of their precursors, on the photoinactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was examined in Vero cells. Their virucidal and viral replication effects were assessed under white light, at their maximum noncytotoxic concentrations. The highest inhibitory effects on viral replication, for both viruses, were obtained with the glycoporphyrins where the sugar moiety bears unprotected hydroxyl groups. Strong inhibition of virus yield was observed even at concentrations much lower than their maximum noncytotoxic concentrations. These compounds can be postulated to be useful as potential drugs for the treatment of herpes simplex viruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Lin HY, Chen CT, Huang CT. Use of merocyanine 540 for photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:6453-8. [PMID: 15528505 PMCID: PMC525131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6453-6458.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cells by a phtotosensitizer, merocyanine 540 (MC 540), was investigated. For the planktonic experiments, MC 540 binding efficiency to bacterial cells was found to increase with both increasing MC 540 concentration and increasing incubation time, but the binding became saturated following 10 min of incubation. The antimicrobial activity was enhanced with an increasing light dose, but an increase in the light dose could not further improve the antimicrobial activity if the maximum excitation level attainable was less than the necessary minimum threshold level. Complete inactivation was achieved when the excitation level of MC 540 was somewhere above the threshold level. The relationship between antimicrobial activity and the excitation level of MC 540 revealed that the more MC 540 was excited, the more S. aureus cells were killed. For the biofilm experiments, the antimicrobial activity was enhanced with an increase in the light dose. No viable cells were detected when organisms were exposed to 15 mug of MC 540 per ml and a light dose of 600 J/cm2 or to 20 mug of MC 540 per ml and a light dose of 450 J/cm2. A quantitative analysis of MC 540 bound to biofilms was also performed, and the images from confocal laser scanning microscopy provided direct evidence that revealed the difference between the MC 540 remaining in the biofilms prior to irradiation and the MC 540 remaining in the biofilms after irradiation. The results of both the planktonic and biofilm experiments suggest that the antimicrobial activity of photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus is closely related to the excitation level of MC 540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yin Lin
- Institute for Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Sala R. A comprehensive overview of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 78:1-6. [PMID: 15629243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-step procedure, involving the topical or systemic administration of a photosensitizer followed by selective illumination of the target lesion with visible light, which triggers the oxidative photodamage and subsequent cell death within the target area. In dermatology, PDT has proven to be a useful treatment for a variety of malignant tumors and selected inflammatory diseases. In addition, PDT of several infective viral or bacterial skin diseases has been investigated. These investigations grew out of the positive findings of studies of another important use of PDT: that of disinfection of blood products. Up to now, little has been published concerning the application of PDT to fungi, probably due to the fact that research funding has been mainly directed towards blood disinfection, and these pathogens show a low risk of transfusion transmission. However, preliminary findings have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively sensitized in vitro by administering photosensitizers belonging to four chemical groups: phenothiazine dyes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, as well as aminolevulinic acid, which, while not a photosensitizer in itself, is effectively metabolized into protoporphyrin IX. Besides efficacy, PDT has shown other benefits. First, the sensitizers used are highly selective, i.e., fungi were killed at combinations of drug and light doses much lower than that needed for a similar effect on keratinocytes. Second, all investigated photosensitizers lack genotoxic and mutagenic activity. Finally, the hazard of selection of drug resistant fungal strains was never reported. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive overview of investigative studies about the effects of PDT on yeasts and dermatophytes, and bring attention to this application of PDT which we believe very important in that skin mycosis is so common and PDT is not only cost-effective, but also has the advantages of being highly selective and avoiding the occurrence of drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Calzavara-Pinton
- Department of Dermatology, Azienda Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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36
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Chen X, Hui L, Foster DA, Drain CM. Efficient synthesis and photodynamic activity of porphyrin-saccharide conjugates: targeting and incapacitating cancer cells. Biochemistry 2004; 43:10918-29. [PMID: 15323552 PMCID: PMC6180334 DOI: 10.1021/bi049272v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the role of saccharides in cell recognition, metabolism, and cell labeling is well-established, the conjugation of saccharides to drugs is an active area of research. Thus, one goal in the use of saccharide-drug conjugates is to impart a greater specificity toward a given cell type or other targets. Although widely used to treat some cancers and age related macular degeneration, the drugs used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) display poor chemical selectivity toward the intended targets, and uptake by cells most likely arises from passive, diffusional processes. Instead, the specific irradiation of the target tissues, and the formation of the toxic species in situ, are the primary factors that modulate the selectivity in the present mode of PDT. We report herein a two-step method to make nonhydrolyzable saccharide-porphyrin conjugates in high yields using a tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin and the thio derivative of the sugar. As a demonstration of their properties, the selective uptake (and/or binding) of these compounds to several cancer cell types was examined, followed by an investigation of their photodynamic properties. As expected, different malignant cell types take up one type of saccharide-porphyrin conjugate preferentially over others; for example, human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) absorb a tetraglucose-porphyrin conjugate over the corresponding galactose derivative. Doseametric studies reveal that these saccharide-porphyrin conjugates exhibit varying PDT responses depending on drug concentration and irradiation energy. (1) Using 20 microM conjugate and greater irradiation energy induces cell death by necrosis. (2) When 10-20 microM conjugate and less irradiation energy are used, both necrosis and apoptosis are observed. (3) Using 10 microM and the least irradiation energy, a significant reduction in cell migration is observed, which indicates a reduction in aggressiveness of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021
| | - Li Hui
- Department of Biological Science, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021
| | - David A. Foster
- Department of Biological Science, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Science, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: (212) 650-3791. Fax: (212) 772-5332
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37
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Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:436-50. [PMID: 15122361 PMCID: PMC3071049 DOI: 10.1039/b311900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1314] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. PDT has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. PDT has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or patients has not, as yet, been much developed. It is known that Gram-(-) bacteria are resistant to PDT with many commonly used PS that will readily lead to phototoxicity in Gram-(+) species, and that PS bearing a cationic charge or the use of agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane will increase the efficacy of killing Gram-(-) organisms. All the available evidence suggests that multi-antibiotic resistant strains are as easily killed by PDT as naive strains, and that bacteria will not readily develop resistance to PDT. Treatment of localized infections with PDT requires selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, delivery of the PS into the infected area and the ability to effectively illuminate the lesion. Recently, there have been reports of PDT used to treat infections in selected animal models and some clinical trials: mainly for viral lesions, but also for acne, gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and brain abcesses. Possible future clinical applications include infections in wounds and burns, rapidly spreading and intractable soft-tissue infections and abscesses, infections in body cavities such as the mouth, ear, nasal sinus, bladder and stomach, and surface infections of the cornea and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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38
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Casteel MJ, Jayaraj K, Gold A, Ball LM, Sobsey MD. Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-04-05-ra-134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Monfrecola G, Procaccini EM, Bevilacqua M, Manco A, Calabro G, Santoianni P. In vitro effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid plus visible light on Candida albicans. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:419-22. [PMID: 15122358 DOI: 10.1039/b315629j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, currently used as an alternative technique for the treatment of superficial non-melanoma skin cancers, has been employed in vitro to kill different species of microorganisms. Here the development of Candida albicans colonies has been measured after application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) plus visible light (VIS) irradiation. C. albicans suspensions (10 colony forming units microl(-1)) have been prepared. For the experiment 30 microl of suspension have been incubated in the dark for 3 h, with increasing concentrations of ALA (125, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 750, 1000 mg ml(-1)) and then irradiated with a fixed dose (40 J cm(-2)) of VIS. Immediately after the irradiative session, the C. albicans suspensions were disseminated on dishes containing a Sabouraud agar + CAF medium and cultured in the dark at 27 degree C; after 48 h colony development has been measured. In the same way four controls have been prepared: (i)C. albicans suspensions not treated with ALA-PDT; (ii)C. albicans suspensions incubated with increasing ALA concentrations without VIS; (iii)C. albicans suspensions irradiated with 40 J cm(-2) of VIS without ALA; (iv)C. albicans suspensions irradiated immediately after the addition of increasing concentrations of ALA without the 3 h incubation. Colonies treated with ALA-PDT have been studied with electron microscopy (E.M.). It was found that: (i) none of the controls prepared modified the development of C. albicans colonies; (ii) ALA plus VIS inhibited C. albicans growth in a concentration-dependent way: up to 250 mg ml of ALA concentrations did not affect C. albicans cells, 300 mg ml(-1) induced a 50% reduction in the number of colonies, a complete inhibition started from concentrations of 600 mg ml(-1); (iii) after ALA-PDT E.M. showed modifications of the cell membranes. From the results it is concluded ALA plus VIS light is able to kill C. albicans colonies, at least in vitro. Although other pharmacological approaches are available, further studies could show that PDT is a potential treatment for candidosis.
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Strakhovskaya MG, Zhukhovitskii VG, Mironov AF, Seregin AM, Stranadko EF, Rubin AB. Fungicidal activity of khlorin photosensitizers. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2002; 384:155-8. [PMID: 12134512 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016072130789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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