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Zhang Y, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Duan J, Li Y. Targeting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: A Perspective on Small-Molecule Modulators and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2024; 67:16018-16034. [PMID: 39269788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
TSHR is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a subfamily of class A G-protein-coupled receptors and plays pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly in thyroid growth and hormone production. The aberrant TSHR function has been implicated in several human diseases including Graves' disease and orbitopathy, nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cancer, neurological disorders, and osteoporosis. Consequently, TSHR is recognized as an attractive therapeutic target, and targeting TSHR with small-molecule modulators including agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists offers great potential for drug discovery. In this perspective, we summarize the structures and biological functions of TSHR as well as the recent advances in the development of small-molecule TSHR modulators, highlighting their chemotypes, mode of actions, structure-activity relationships, characterizations, in vitro/in vivo activities, and therapeutic potential. The challenges, new opportunities, and future directions in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Zian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 330106, China
| | - Jia Duan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
- Center for Structure & Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
Background: Very little was known about the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer until the late 1980s. As part of the Centennial celebration of the American Thyroid Association, we review the historical discoveries that contributed to our current understanding of the genetic underpinnings of thyroid cancer. Summary: The pace of discovery was heavily dependent on scientific breakthroughs in nucleic acid sequencing technology, cancer biology, thyroid development, thyroid cell signaling, and growth regulation. Accordingly, we attempt to link the primary observations on thyroid cancer molecular genetics with the methodological and scientific advances that made them possible. Conclusions: The major genetic drivers of the common forms of thyroid cancer are now quite well established and contribute to a significant extent to how we diagnose and treat the disease. However, many challenges remain. Future work will need to unravel the complexity of thyroid cancer ecosystems, which is likely to be a major determinant of their biological behavior and on how they respond to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Fagin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Salman TA, Ibrahim TA, Al-Rudha Abbas SA. Effect of Magnesium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Triiodothyronine Hormone. IOP CONFERENCE SERIES: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 1145:012050. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1145/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The nanoparticles of magnesium oxide and zinc oxide are diagnosed through several techniques, including the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and (XRD). Analyzing the structure of studied nano materials are useful to investigate their medical applications by applying them to the triiodothyronine hormone in the serum. The concentration effect of zinc and magnesium oxides nanoparticles on triiodothyronine hormone were investigated. Results obtained revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles gave an inhibitory effect. The highest inhibition to triiodothyronine hormone in the serum was achieved when the ZnONPs concentration is 200 ppm. On the other hand, magnesium oxide nanoparticles have no inhibitory effect on hormone action.
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Thyrostimulin-TSHR signaling promotes the proliferation of NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells via trans-regulation of the EGFR pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27471. [PMID: 27273257 PMCID: PMC4895341 DOI: 10.1038/srep27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin signaling plays an indispensable role in ovarian cancer progression. We previously have demonstrated that thyrostimulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), the most ancient glycoprotein hormone and receptor pair that evolved much earlier than the gonadotropin systems, co-exist in the ovary. However, whether thyrostimulin-driven TSHR activation contributes to ovarian cancer progression in a similar way to gonadotropin receptors has never been explored. In this study, we first found that TSHR is expressed in both rat normal ovarian surface epithelium and human epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs). Using human NIH:OVCAR-3 as a cell model, we demonstrated that thyrostimulin promotes EOC cell proliferation as strongly as gonadotropins. Thyrostimulin treatment not only activated adenylyl cyclase and the subsequent PKA, MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT signal cascades, but also trans-activated EGFR signaling. Signaling dissection using diverse inhibitors indicated that EOC cell proliferation driven by thyrostimulin-TSHR signaling is PKA independent, but does require the involvement of the MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signal cascades, which are activated mainly via the trans-activation of EGFR. Thus, not only have we proved that this ancient glycoprotein hormone system is involved in NIH:OVCAR-3 cell proliferation for the first time, but also that it may possibly become a novel oncotarget when studying ovarian cancer.
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Liu M, Watson LT, Zhang L. HMMvar-func: a new method for predicting the functional outcome of genetic variants. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:351. [PMID: 26518340 PMCID: PMC4628267 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous tools have been developed to predict the fitness effects (i.e., neutral, deleterious, or beneficial) of genetic variants on corresponding proteins. However, prediction in terms of whether a variant causes the variant bearing protein to lose the original function or gain new function is also needed for better understanding of how the variant contributes to disease/cancer. To address this problem, the present work introduces and computationally defines four types of functional outcome of a variant: gain, loss, switch, and conservation of function. The deployment of multiple hidden Markov models is proposed to computationally classify mutations by the four functional impact types. Results The functional outcome is predicted for over a hundred thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mutations, as well as cancer related mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The results show that the proposed computational method is effective in fine grained prediction of the functional outcome of a mutation, and can be used to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of disease/cancer causing mutations. The program is freely available at http://bioinformatics.cs.vt.edu/zhanglab/HMMvar/download.php. Conclusion This work is the first to computationally define and predict functional impact of mutations, loss, switch, gain, or conservation of function. These fine grained predictions can be especially useful for identifying mutations that cause or are linked to cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0781-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Layne T Watson
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA. .,Department of Mathematics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA. .,Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA.
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Floor SL, Trésallet C, Hébrant A, Desbuleux A, Libert F, Hoang C, Capello M, Andry G, van Staveren WCG, Maenhaut C. microRNA expression in autonomous thyroid adenomas: Correlation with mRNA regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:1-10. [PMID: 25916957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify the deregulated miRNA in autonomous adenoma and to correlate the data with mRNA regulation. Seven autonomous adenoma with adjacent healthy thyroid tissues were investigated. Twelve miRNAs were downregulated and one was upregulated in the tumors. Combining bioinformatic mRNA target prediction and microarray data on mRNA regulations allowed to identify mRNA targets of our deregulated miRNAs. A large enrichment in mRNA encoding proteins involved in extracellular matrix organization and different phosphodiesterases were identified among these putative targets. The direct interaction between miR-101-3p and miR-144-3p and PDE4D mRNA was experimentally validated. The global miRNA profiles were not greatly modified, confirming the definition of these tumors as minimal deviation tumors. These results support a role for miRNA in the regulation of extracellular matrix proteins and tissue remodeling occurring during tumor development, and in the important negative feedback of the cAMP pathway, which limits the consequences of its constitutive activation in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Floor
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Aline Hébrant
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Desbuleux
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérick Libert
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Hoang
- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Capello
- Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Andry
- Institut J. Bordet, 121 Bld de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilma C G van Staveren
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Maenhaut
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgique.
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7
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Latif R, Ali MR, Ma R, David M, Morshed SA, Ohlmeyer M, Felsenfeld DP, Lau Z, Mezei M, Davies TF. New small molecule agonists to the thyrotropin receptor. Thyroid 2015; 25:51-62. [PMID: 25333622 PMCID: PMC4291085 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel small molecular ligands (SMLs) to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) have potential as improved molecular probes and as therapeutic agents for the treatment of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid cancer. METHODS To identify novel SMLs to the TSHR, we developed a transcription-based luciferase-cAMP high-throughput screening system and we screened 48,224 compounds from a 100K library in duplicate. RESULTS We obtained 62 hits using the cut-off criteria of the mean±three standard deviations above the baseline. Twenty molecules with the greatest activity were rescreened against the parent CHO-luciferase cell for nonspecific activation, and we selected two molecules (MS437 and MS438) with the highest potency for further study. These lead molecules demonstrated no detectible cross-reactivity with homologous receptors when tested against luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor and follicle stimulating hormone receptor-expressing cells. Molecule MS437 had a TSHR-stimulating potency with an EC50 of 13×10(-8) M, and molecule MS438 had an EC50 of 5.3×10(-8) M. The ability of these small molecule agonists to bind to the transmembrane domain of the receptor and initiate signal transduction was suggested by their activation of a chimeric receptor consisting of an LHR ectodomain and a TSHR transmembrane. Molecular modeling demonstrated that these molecules bound to residues S505 and E506 for MS438 and T501 for MS437 in the intrahelical region of transmembrane helix 3. We also examined the G protein activating ability of these molecules using CHO cells co-expressing TSHRs transfected with luciferase reporter vectors in order to measure Gsα, Gβγ, Gαq, and Gα12 activation quantitatively. The MS437 and MS438 molecules showed potent activation of Gsα, Gαq, and Gα12 similar to TSH, but neither the small molecule agonists nor TSH showed activation of the Gβγ pathway. The small molecules MS437 and MS438 also showed upregulation of thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium iodine symporter (NIS), and TSHR gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacokinetic analysis of MS437 and MS438 indicated their pharmacotherapeutic potential, and their intraperitoneal administration to normal female mice resulted in significantly increased serum thyroxine levels, which could be maintained by repeated treatments. These molecules can therefore serve as lead molecules for further development of powerful TSH agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - M. Rejwan Ali
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Martine David
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Syed A. Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dan P. Felsenfeld
- Integrated Screening Core, Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zerlina Lau
- Integrated Screening Core, Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
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Luttrell LM. Minireview: More than just a hammer: ligand "bias" and pharmaceutical discovery. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:281-94. [PMID: 24433041 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional orthosteric drug development programs targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have focused on the concepts of agonism and antagonism, in which receptor structure determines the nature of the downstream signal and ligand efficacy determines its intensity. Over the past decade, the emerging paradigms of "pluridimensional efficacy" and "functional selectivity" have revealed that GPCR signaling is not monolithic, and that ligand structure can "bias" signal output by stabilizing active receptor states in different proportions than the native ligand. Biased ligands are novel pharmacologic entities that possess the unique ability to qualitatively change GPCR signaling, in effect creating "new receptors" with distinct efficacy profiles driven by ligand structure. The promise of biased agonism lies in this ability to engender "mixed" effects not attainable using conventional agonists or antagonists, promoting therapeutically beneficial signals while antagonizing deleterious ones. Indeed, arrestin pathway-selective agonists for the type 1 parathyroid hormone and angiotensin AT1 receptors, and G protein pathway-selective agonists for the GPR109A nicotinic acid and μ-opioid receptors, have demonstrated unique, and potentially therapeutic, efficacy in cell-based assays and preclinical animal models. Conversely, activating GPCRs in "unnatural" ways may lead to downstream biological consequences that cannot be predicted from prior knowledge of the actions of the native ligand, especially in the case of ligands that selectively activate as-yet poorly characterized G protein-independent signaling networks mediated via arrestins. Although much needs to be done to realize the clinical potential of functional selectivity, biased GPCR ligands nonetheless appear to be important new additions to the pharmacologic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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Moia S, Godi M, Walker GE, Roccio M, Agretti P, Tonacchera M, Berardi R, Bellone S, Prodam F, Giordano M, Bona G. The W520X mutation in the TSHR gene brings on subclinical hypothyroidism through an haploinsufficiency mechanism. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:716-21. [PMID: 23563316 DOI: 10.3275/8930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TSHR is a G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane domain receptor that activates the two major signal transduction pathways: the Gαs/adenylate cyclase and the Gαq/11/phospholipase C pathways. Inactivating mutations in the TSHR gene have been demonstrated to be responsible for subclinical hypothyroidism, a disorder characterized by elevated serum TSH concentrations despite normal thyroid hormones levels. AIM We identified in a child a nonsense mutation (W520X) in the third transmembrane domain of the TSHR that causes the lack of the C-terminus portion of the receptor. The functional significance of this variation was assessed in vitro. MATERIAL/SUBJECT AND METHODS The W520X mutation was introduced into the pSVL vector containing the wild-type sequence of TSHR gene. Wild-type and mutated vectors were expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and cAMP, inositol phosphate (IP), immunofluorescence and FACS analyses were performed. RESULTS Transfection with pSVL-TSHR vector induced basal cAMP and IP production in the absence of TSH stimulation, indicating a constitutive activity for the TSHR. An impairment of receptor function was demonstrated by the observation that cells expressing the mutant TSHR exhibited a lower second messenger production with respect to the wild-type, despite a normal expression of the receptor at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism through which the W520X mutation exerts its effect is more likely haploinsufficiency rather than a dominant-negative effect. This could explain the phenotype of our patient, who has a hormonal pattern in the range of a mild subclinical hypothyroidism, without an overt disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moia
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Cerbone M, Agretti P, De Marco G, Improda N, Pignata C, Santamaria F, Tonacchera M, Salerno M. Non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism due to a mutation in TSH receptor: report on two brothers. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:5. [PMID: 23332130 PMCID: PMC3565903 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is a condition characterized by a mild persistent thyroid failure. The main cause is represented by autoimmune thyroiditis, but mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in TSH pathway are thought to be responsible for SH, particularly in cases arising in familial settings. Patients with the syndrome of TSH unresponsiveness may have compensated or overt hypothyroidism with a wide spectrum of clinical and morphological alterations depending on the degree of impairment of TSH-receptor (TSH-R) function. We describe the case of two brothers with non autoimmune SH carrying the same heterozygous mutation in the extracellular domain of TSH-R and presenting with different clinical, biochemical and morphological features. The first one had only a slight persistent elevation of TSH, a normal thyroid ultrasound and did never require l- thyroxine (L-T4) replacement treatment. The second one had a neonatal persistent moderate TSH levels increase associated with a thyroid gland hypoplasia and was treated with L-T4 since the first months of life. These two cases support the recent association of TSH-R mutations inheritance as an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expressivity and suggest that the decision to start replacement therapy in patients with persistent SH due to TSH resistance should be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012:351864. [PMID: 23365787 PMCID: PMC3544290 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides the reader with an overview of our current knowledge of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback from a cybernetic standpoint. Over the past decades we have gained a plethora of information from biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological investigation, especially on the role of TSH and other thyrotropic agonists as critical components of this complex relationship. Integrating these data into a systems perspective delivers new insights into static and dynamic behaviour of thyroid homeostasis. Explicit usage of this information with mathematical methods promises to deliver a better understanding of thyrotropic feedback control and new options for personalised diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and targeted therapy, also by permitting a new perspective on the conundrum of the TSH reference range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. Dietrich
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
| | - Gabi Landgrafe
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie, Agaplesion Bethesda Krankenhaus Wuppertal gGmbH, Hainstraße 35, 42109 Wuppertal, NRW, Germany
| | - Elisavet H. Fotiadou
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The physiological role of the TSH receptor (TSHR) as a major regulator of thyroid function is well understood, but TSHRs are also expressed in multiple normal extrathyroidal tissues, and the physiological roles of TSHRs in these tissues are unclear. Moreover, TSHRs play a major role in several pathological conditions including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid tumors. Small molecule, "drug-like" TSHR agonists, neutral antagonists, and inverse agonists may be useful as probes of TSHR function in extrathyroidal tissues and as leads to develop drugs for several diseases of the thyroid. In this Update, we review the most recent findings regarding the development and use of these small molecule TSHR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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13
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van Koppen CJ, de Gooyer ME, Karstens WJ, Plate R, Conti PGM, van Achterberg TAE, van Amstel MGA, Brands JHGM, Wat J, Berg RJW, Lane JRD, Miltenburg AMM, Timmers CM. Mechanism of action of a nanomolar potent, allosteric antagonist of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2314-24. [PMID: 22014107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid is overactive, producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, caused by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). Many GD patients also suffer from thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy or GO), as TSIs also activate TSH receptors in orbital tissue. We recently developed low molecular weight (LMW) TSH receptor antagonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GD and GO. Here, we determined the molecular pharmacology of a prototypic, nanomolar potent LMW TSH receptor antagonist, Org 274179-0. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using CHO cells heterogeneously expressing human TSH receptors and rat FRTL-5 cells endogenously expressing rat TSH receptors, we determined the potency and efficacy of Org 274179-0 at antagonizing TSH- and TSI-induced TSH receptor signalling and its cross-reactivity at related follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors. We analysed the allosteric mode of interaction of Org 274179-0 and determined whether it is an inverse agonist at five naturally occurring, constitutively active TSH receptor mutants. KEY RESULTS Nanomolar concentrations of Org 274179-0 completely inhibited TSH (and TSI)-mediated TSH receptor activation with little effect on the potency of TSH, in accordance with an allosteric mechanism of action. Conversely, increasing levels of TSH receptor stimulation only marginally reduced the antagonist potency of Org 274179-0. Org 274179-0 fully blocked the increased basal activity of all the constitutively active TSH receptor mutants tested with nanomolar potencies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nanomolar potent TSH receptor antagonists like Org 274179-0 have therapeutic potential for the treatment of GD and GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J van Koppen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medicinal Chemistry Early Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, the Netherlands.
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Wheatley M, Wootten D, Conner MT, Simms J, Kendrick R, Logan RT, Poyner DR, Barwell J. Lifting the lid on GPCRs: the role of extracellular loops. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1688-1703. [PMID: 21864311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs exhibit a common architecture of seven transmembrane helices (TMs) linked by intracellular loops and extracellular loops (ECLs). Given their peripheral location to the site of G-protein interaction, it might be assumed that ECL segments merely link the important TMs within the helical bundle of the receptor. However, compelling evidence has emerged in recent years revealing a critical role for ECLs in many fundamental aspects of GPCR function, which supported by recent GPCR crystal structures has provided mechanistic insights. This review will present current understanding of the key roles of ECLs in ligand binding, activation and regulation of both family A and family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wheatley
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Wootten
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - M T Conner
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Simms
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Kendrick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - R T Logan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - D R Poyner
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Barwell
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Tenore A, Driul D. Genomics in pediatric endocrinology-genetic disorders and new techniques. Pediatr Clin North Am 2011; 58:1061-81, ix. [PMID: 21981949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and treatment. This article introduces some of these concepts and some of the genetic techniques being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Tenore
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics DPMSC, University of Udine School of Medicine, Padiglione Petracco, Piazzale S.M. della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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16
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Jaeschke H, Mueller S, Eszlinger M, Paschke R. Lack of in vitro constitutive activity for four previously reported TSH receptor mutations identified in patients with nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and hot thyroid carcinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:815-20. [PMID: 20846293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutively activating mutations (CAMs) of the TSHR are the major cause for nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism. Re-examination of constitutive activity previously determined in CHO cell lines recently demonstrated the caveats for the in vitro determination of constitutive TSHR activity, which leads to false positive conclusions regarding the molecular origin of hyperthyroidism or hot thyroid carcinomas. DESIGN Mutations L677V and T620I identified in hot thyroid carcinomas were previously characterized in CHO and in 3T3-Vill cell lines, respectively, stably expressing the mutant without determination of TSHR expression. F666L identified in a patient with hot thyroid nodules, I691F in a family with nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and F631I identified in a hot thyroid carcinoma were not characterized for their in vitro function. Therefore, we decided to (re)evaluate the in vitro function of these five TSHR variants by determination of cell surface expression, and intracellular cAMP and inositol phosphate levels and performed additionally linear regression analyses to determine basal activity independently from the mutant's cell surface expression in COS-7 and HEK(GT) cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Only one (F631I) of the five investigated TSHR variants displayed constitutive activity for G(α) s signalling and showed correlation with the clinical phenotype. The previous false classification of T620I and L677V as CAMs is most likely related to the fact that both mutations were characterized in cell lines stably expressing the mutated receptor construct without assessing the respective receptor number per cell. Other molecular aetiologies for the nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and/or hot thyroid carcinomas in these three patients and one family should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jaeschke
- Department for Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Peltoketo H, Strauss L, Karjalainen R, Zhang M, Stamp GW, Segaloff DL, Poutanen M, Huhtaniemi IT. Female mice expressing constitutively active mutants of FSH receptor present with a phenotype of premature follicle depletion and estrogen excess. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1872-83. [PMID: 20172968 PMCID: PMC2851188 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strong gain-of-function mutations have not been identified in humans in the FSH receptor (FSHR), whereas such mutations are common among many other G protein-coupled receptors. In order to predict consequences of such mutations on humans, we first identified constitutively activated mutants of the mouse (m) Fshr and then expressed them under the human anti-Müllerian hormone promoter in transgenic mice or created knock-in mutation into the mouse genome. We show here that mutations of Asp580 in the mFSHR significantly increase the basal receptor activity. D580H and D580Y mutations of mFSHR bind FSH, but the activity of the former is neither ligand-dependent nor promiscuous towards LH/human choriogonadotropin stimulation. Transgenic expression of mFshr(D580H) in granulosa cells leads to abnormal ovarian structure and function in the form of hemorrhagic cysts, accelerated loss of small follicles, augmented granulosa cell proliferation, increased estradiol biosynthesis, and occasional luteinized unruptured follicles or teratomas. The most affected mFshr(D580H) females are infertile with disturbed estrous cycle and decreased gonadotropin and increased prolactin levels. Increased estradiol and prolactin apparently underlie the enhanced development of the mammary glands, adenomatous pituitary growth, and lipofuscin accumulation in the adrenal gland. The influence of the mFSHR(D580Y) mutation is milder, mainly causing hemorrhagic cysts in transgenic mFSHR(D580Y) and mFSHR(D580Y) -knock-in mice. The results demonstrate that gain-of-function mutations of the FSHR in mice bring about distinct and clear changes in ovarian function, informative in the search of similar mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellevi Peltoketo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, 2nd floor, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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18
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Mueller S, Jaeschke H, Paschke R. Current standards, variations, and pitfalls for the determination of constitutive TSHR activity in vitro. Methods Enzymol 2010; 485:421-36. [PMID: 21050930 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381296-4.00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively activating mutations of the TSHR are the major cause for nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, which is based on ligand independent, permanent receptor activation. Several reports have highlighted the difficulties to determine whether a TSHR mutation is constitutively active or not especially for borderline cases with only a slight increase of the basal cAMP activity. Current methods to precisely classify such mutants as constitutively active or not, are limited. In some cases, in vitro characterization of TSHR mutants has led to false positive conclusions regarding constitutive TSHR activity and subsequently the molecular origin of hyperthyroidism. For characterization of constitutive TSHR activity, a particular point to consider is that basal receptor activity tightly correlates with the receptor number expressed on the cell surface. Therefore, a comparison of the receptors basal activity in relation to the wild type is only possible with determination of the receptor cell surface expression. Thus, the experimental approaches to determine constitutive TSHR activity should consider the receptor's cell surface expression. We here provide a description of three methods for the determination of constitutive TSHR activity: (A) the evaluation of constitutive TSHR activity under conditions of equal receptor expression; (B) computation of the specific constitutive activity; and (C) the linear regression analysis (LRA). To date, LRA is the best experimental approach to characterize the mutant's basal activity as a function of TSHR cell surface expression. This approach utilizes a parallel measurement of basal cAMP values and receptor cell surface expression and therefore provides a more reliable decision with respect to the presence or absence of constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mueller
- Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, Clinic for Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Neumann S, Raaka BM, Gershengorn MC. Human TSH receptor ligands as pharmacological probes with potential clinical application. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2009; 4:669. [PMID: 20161662 PMCID: PMC2819035 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biologic role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) as an activator (agonist) of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is well known and activation of TSHR by recombinant human TSH is used clinically in patients with thyroid cancer. TSHR ligands other than TSH could be used to probe TSHR biology in thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues, and potentially be employed in patients. A number of different TSHR ligands have been reported, including TSH analogs, antibodies and small-molecule, drug-like compounds. In this review, we will provide an update on all these classes of TSHR agonists and antagonists but place emphasis on small-molecule ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neumann
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-28029, USA, Tel.: +1 301 451 6324, Fax: +1 301 480 4214
| | - Bruce M Raaka
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-28029, USA, Tel.: +1 301 451 6307, Fax: +1 301 480 4214
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Author for correspondence: Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-28029, USA, Tel.: +1 301 451 6305, Fax: +1 301 480 4214,
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20
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Tenore A, Driul D. Genomics in pediatric endocrinology--genetic disorders and new techniques. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38:471-90. [PMID: 19717000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and treatment. This article introduces some of these concepts and some of the genetic techniques being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Tenore
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics DPMSC, University of Udine School of Medicine, Padiglione Petracco, Piazzale S.M. della Misericordia, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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21
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Chen CR, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. A monoclonal antibody with thyrotropin (TSH) receptor inverse agonist and TSH antagonist activities binds to the receptor hinge region as well as to the leucine-rich domain. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3401-8. [PMID: 19299457 PMCID: PMC2703505 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody CS-17 is a TSH receptor (TSHR) inverse agonist (suppresses constitutive activity) and a TSH antagonist. Elucidation of the CS-17 epitope will provide insight into TSHR structure and function. Present information on its epitope conflicts with recent data regarding another TSHR inverse agonist antibody. To characterize further the CS-17 epitope, we exploited the observation that CS-17 does not recognize a chimeric receptor with TSHR hinge region residues 261-289 replaced with homologous rat LH receptor residues (13 mismatches). We generated individual and double TSHR mutations corresponding to these mismatches. On flow cytometry, only T273L/R274V reduced CS-17 recognition. No mutation affected TSH-stimulated cAMP generation. Because the immunogen for CS-17 generation was highly glycosylated, we also investigated whether the glycan moiety at N198, topologically adjacent to Y195 (a previously identified epitopic component), could contribute to the CS-17 epitope. Elimination of this N-linked glycan (mutations of N198 and T200) abrogated CS-17 binding without altering TSH responsiveness. However, studies with tunicamycin suggested that these mutations affected CS-17 binding by altering the polypeptide backbone rather than eliminating the glycan moiety. TSHR residues N198 and T200, like Y195, are on the convex facet of the leucine-rich domain. In summary, the present data indicate that the discontinuous epitope of CS-17, a TSHR inverse agonist and TSH antagonist, includes a component in the hinge region as well as the convex surface of the TSHR leucine-rich domain. These findings expand our present concept of glycoprotein hormone binding and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Chen
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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22
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Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) receptor (TSHR) mediates the activating action of TSH to the thyroid gland, resulting in the growth and proliferation of thyrocytes and thyroid hormone production. In Graves' disease, thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies can mimic TSH action and stimulate thyroid cells. This leads to hyperthyroidism and abnormal overproduction of thyroid hormone. TSHR-antibodies-binding epitopes on the receptor molecule are well studied. Mechanism of TSHR-autoantibodies production is more or less clear but a susceptibility gene, which is linked to their production, is still unknown. Genetic studies show no linkage between the TSHR gene and Graves' disease. Among three common polymorphisms in the TSHR gene, only the D727E germline polymorphism in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor showed an association with the disease, and this association is weak. The absence of a strong genetic effect of the TSHR polymorphisms in such a common and complex disorder as Graves' disease may be explained by a high degree of evolutionary conservation in TSHR. This can be shown by naturally existing germline and somatic mutations in the TSHR gene that cause various types of nonautoimmune and hereditary thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Chistiakov
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Peeters RP, van Toor H, Klootwijk W, de Rijke YB, Kuiper GGJM, Uitterlinden AG, Visser TJ. Polymorphisms in thyroid hormone pathway genes are associated with plasma TSH and iodothyronine levels in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2880-8. [PMID: 12788902 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism may affect thyroid hormone bioactivity. We investigated the occurrence and possible effects of SNPs in the deiodinases (D1-D3), the TSH receptor (TSHR), and the T(3) receptor beta (TR beta) genes. SNPs were identified in public databases or by sequencing of genomic DNA from 15 randomly selected subjects (30 alleles). Genotypes for the identified SNPs were determined in 156 healthy blood donors and related to plasma T(4), free T(4), T(3), rT(3), and TSH levels. Eight SNPs of interest were identified, four of which had not yet been published. Three are located in the 3'-untranslated region: D1a-C/T (allele frequencies, C = 66%, T = 34%), D1b-A/G (A = 89.7%, G = 10.3%), and D3-T/G (T = 85.5%, G = 14.2%). Four are missense SNPs: D2-A/G (Thr92Ala, Thr = 61.2%, Ala = 38.8%), TSHRa-G/C (Asp36His, Asp = 99.4%, His = 0.6%), TSHRb-C/A (Pro52Thr, Pro = 94.2%, Thr = 5.8%), and TSHRc-C/G (Asp727Glu, Asp = 90.7%, Glu = 9.3%). One is a silent SNP: TR beta-T/C (T = 96.8%, C = 3.2%). D1a-T was associated in a dose-dependent manner with a higher plasma rT(3) [CC, 0.29 +/- 0.01; CT, 0.32 +/- 0.01; and TT, 0.34 +/- 0.02 nmol/liter (mean +/- SE); P = 0.017], a higher plasma rT(3)/T(4) (P = 0.01), and a lower T(3)/rT(3) (P = 0.003) ratio. The D1b-G allele was associated with lower plasma rT(3)/T(4) (P = 0.024) and with higher T(3)/rT(3) (P = 0.08) ratios. TSHRc-G was associated with a lower plasma TSH (CC, 1.38 +/- 0.07, vs. GC, 1.06 +/- 0.14 mU/liter; P = 0.04), and with lower plasma TSH/free T(4) (P = 0.06), TSH/T(3) (P = 0.06), and TSH/T(4) (P = 0.08) ratios. No associations with TSH and iodothyronine levels were found for the other SNPs. We have analyzed eight SNPs in five thyroid hormone pathway genes and found significant associations of three SNPs in two genes (D1, TSHR) with plasma TSH or iodothyronine levels in a normal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 DR The Netherlands
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24
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Chou HT, Shi YR, Chang CT, Tsai FJ. The polymorphisms of codon 727 and 52 of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene are not associated with mitral valve prolapse syndrome in Taiwan Chinese. JAPANESE HEART JOURNAL 2002; 43:655-66. [PMID: 12558129 DOI: 10.1536/jhj.43.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A germline mutation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene has been reported to be associated with thyrotoxicosis and mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS) in a Chinese family. The role of TSHR genetic variants in MVPS has not been well studied. This study investigated the possible relationship between the polymorphisms of codon 727 and 52 of the TSHR gene and MVPS among the Chinese population in Taiwan. We studied 100 patients with MVPS diagnosed by echocardiography and 100 ageand sex-matched normal control subjects. The polymorphisms of codon 727 and 52 of the TSHR gene were identified by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis. There was no significant difference in either the genotype distribution or allelic frequencies between MVPS cases and controls for either TSHR gene D727E polymorphism ( = 0.51 and 0.45, respectively ) or P52T polymorphism (P = 0.60 and 0.31, respectively). The MVPS patients were divided into 2 subgroups: those with Graves' disease, and those without the thyroid disorder, and there were no statistical differences from the controls for both the TSHR gene D727E and P52T polymorphisms. Further categorization of the MVPS patients into mild and severe subgroups also revealed no statistical difference from controls for either the TSHR gene D727E or P52T polymorphisms. These findings suggest that the codon 727 and 52 polymorphisms of the TSHR gene are not the suitable genetic markers of MVPS in Taiwan Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tai Chou
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical College Hospital, Yuh Der Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Arturi F, Chiefari E, Tumino S, Russo D, Squatrito S, Chazenbalk G, Persani L, Rapoport B, Filetti S. Similarities and differences in the phenotype of members of an Italian family with hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism associated with an activating TSH receptor germline mutation. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25:696-701. [PMID: 12240901 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively activating germline mutations of the TSH receptor (TSH-R) are considered the cause of hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism. In this study, 10 members (8 affected and 2 unaffected) of an Italian family with hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism were investigated for the presence of mutations in the TSH-R gene. The clinical features of the disease were also analyzed. PCR-amplified fragments of the TSH-R gene were obtained from genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of each family member and analyzed by direct nucleotide sequencing and restriction analysis. An identical germline TSH-R mutation was detected in all the patients with hyperthyroidism but in none of the unaffected family members. The mutation was heterozygotic and determined the substitution of valine for methionine (codon 463; ATG-->GTG) in the second transmembrane domain of the TSH-R. When expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the Val463 mutant TSH-R induced constitutive activation of the TSH receptor. Analysis of the clinical features of our family and those of other families with hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism, including one with the same Val463 mutation, revealed wide variability in the phenotypical expression of the disease. Our findings indicate that an activating germline mutation in the TSH-R gene plays a key role in hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism although the onset of clinical manifestations and the evolution of the disease seem to depend heavily on other factors, thus far unidentified. The absence of a clear correlation between mutant genotypes and phenotypic expression of the disease currently limits the prognostic value of genetic testing in families with hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arturi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Italy
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belfiore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica G. Salvatore University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Italy
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27
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Bretones P, Duprez L, Parma J, David M, Vassart G, Rodien P. A familial case of congenital hypothyroidism caused by a homozygous mutation of the thyrotropin receptor gene. Thyroid 2001; 11:977-80. [PMID: 11716047 DOI: 10.1089/105072501753211064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the time congenital hypothyroidism appears as a sporadic disease. In addition to the rare defects in hormonosynthesis associated with goiters, the causes of congenital hypothyroidism include agenesis and ectopy of the thyroid gland. The study of some familial cases has allowed the identification of a few genes responsible for congenital hypothyroidism. We report here a familial case of congenital hypothyroidism, transmitted as a recessive trait, and caused by a homozygous mutation in the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R). The initial diagnosis of thyroid agenesis, based on the absence of tracer uptake on scintiscan, was incorrect, because ultrasound examination identified severely hypoplastic thyroid tissue in the cervical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bretones
- Department of Pediatry, Hôpital Lyon-Sud, France
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28
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Casey M, Vaughan CJ, He J, Hatcher CJ, Winter JM, Weremowicz S, Montgomery K, Kucherlapati R, Morton CC, Basson CT. Mutations in the protein kinase A R1alpha regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:R31-8. [PMID: 10974026 PMCID: PMC381290 DOI: 10.1172/jci10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myxomas are benign mesenchymal tumors that can present as components of the human autosomal dominant disorder Carney complex. Syndromic cardiac myxomas are associated with spotty pigmentation of the skin and endocrinopathy. Our linkage analysis mapped a Carney complex gene defect to chromosome 17q24. We now demonstrate that the PRKAR1alpha gene encoding the R1alpha regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) maps to this chromosome 17q24 locus. Furthermore, we show that PRKAR1alpha frameshift mutations in three unrelated families result in haploinsufficiency of R1alpha and cause Carney complex. We did not detect any truncated R1alpha protein encoded by mutant PRKAR1alpha. Although cardiac tumorigenesis may require a second somatic mutation, DNA and protein analyses of an atrial myxoma resected from a Carney complex patient with a PRKAR1alpha deletion revealed that the myxoma cells retain both the wild-type and the mutant PRKAR1alpha alleles and that wild-type R1alpha protein is stably expressed. However, in this atrial myxoma, we did observe a reversal of the ratio of R1alpha to R2beta regulatory subunit protein, which may contribute to tumorigenesis. Further investigation will elucidate the cell-specific effects of PRKAR1alpha haploinsufficiency on PKA activity and the role of PKA in cardiac growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casey
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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29
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Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) positively controls the function, differentiation, and growth of thyrocytes. TSH interacts with thyrocytes through the TSH receptor and its action is mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms. From data gathered on adrenergic receptors, it was hypothesized that TSH receptor mutations that lead to constitutive activation of the TSH receptor would also result in autonomous thyroid growth and function. Indeed, such mutations were shown to be the main molecular mechanisms leading to toxic thyroid adenomas. The same mechanism was shown to be operating in "hot" thyroid nodules from multinodular goiter. A low iodine supply seems to increase the clinical expression of such somatic mutations responsible for thyroid autonomy. Moreover, the presence of such mutations has helped to define a working model for TSH receptor physiology. The unliganded TSH receptor maintains a negative constraint on the signal transduced, whereas the presence of specific mutations activates the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Polak
- Service d'endocrinologie et de diabétologie pédiatriques (Pr Czernichow), Paris, France.
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30
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Esapa CT, Duprez L, Ludgate M, Mustafa MS, Kendall-Taylor P, Vassart G, Harris PE. A novel thyrotropin receptor mutation in an infant with severe thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 1999; 9:1005-10. [PMID: 10560955 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1999.9.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An infant girl was born at 37 weeks gestation and found to be clinically thyrotoxic at 9 months of age. Thyroid autoantibodies were negative, and thyroid function failed to normalize with medical treatment. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. DNA obtained from her thyroid gland and leukocytes was analyzed for thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) mutations using single strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing. A mobility shift of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA was detected on single strand conformation polymorphism gel. Direct sequencing identified a novel point mutation in the fifth transmembrane domain of the TSH receptor at codon 597 (GTC to CTC), resulting in the amino acid substitution of leucine for valine. The mutation was heterozygous and germline, and was not identified in DNA from either of her parents. Expression of the V597L mutant is transiently transfected COS 7 cells displayed increased constitutive cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production compared with the wild-type receptor. The mutant is expressed at very low levels on the surface of COS cells, and its response to TSH is marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Esapa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's Guy's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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