1
|
Murtada R, Finn S, Gao J. Development of mass spectrometric glycan characterization tags using acid-base chemistry and/or free radical chemistry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:269-288. [PMID: 36161326 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in glycomics, glycan characterization still remains an analytical challenge. Accordingly, numerous glycan-tagging reagents with different chemistries were developed, including those involving acid-base chemistry and/or free radical chemistry. Acid-base chemistry excels at dissociating glycans into their constituent components in a systematic and predictable manner to generate cleavages at glycosidic bonds. Glycans are also highly susceptible to depolymerization by free radical processes, which is supported by results observed from electron-activated dissociation techniques. Therefore, the free radical activated glycan sequencing (FRAGS) reagent was developed so as to possess the characteristics of both acid-base and free radical chemistry, thus generating information-rich glycosidic bond and cross-ring cleavages. Alternatively, the free radical processes can be induced via photodissociation of the specific carbon-iodine bond which gives birth to similar fragmentation patterns as the FRAGS reagent. Furthermore, the methylated-FRAGS (Me-FRAGS) reagent was developed to eliminate glycan rearrangements by way of a fixed charged as opposed to a labile proton, which would otherwise yield additional, yet unpredictable, fragmentations including internal residue losses or multiple external residue losses. Lastly, to further enhance glycan enrichment and characterization, solid-support FRAGS was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Murtada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shane Finn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moge B, Schindler B, Yeni O, Compagnon I. Fucose Migration Pathways Identified Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300538. [PMID: 36825496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Fucose is a ubiquitous monosaccharide associated to major classes of glycans. A main obstacle to the sequencing of fucosylated glycans is the migration of fucose, which leads to misinterpretations in mass spectrometry analysis. Here, using ion vibrational spectroscopy, we resolve the structure of fucosylated fragments of Lewis and blood group H antigen trisaccharides and we unveil the position and linkage of the fucose after migration. Our findings demonstrate that the structure of fragment ions resulting from fucose migration can be characterized. Additionally, we report a new type of fucose migration, which does not feature any change of mass and therefore had not been previously reported: it consists of a local migration where the fucose changes its position remaining on the initial residue. Our approach allows the characterization of glycans, an essential step to interpret glycomics data, as well as to understand underlying processes at play in mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Moge
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Oznur Yeni
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wong HTK, Chen X, Zhang S, Lui TY, Hu D, Chan TWD. Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of Doubly-Charged N-Linked Glycopeptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1458-1464. [PMID: 35762588 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three dissociation methods, including collision-induced dissociation (CID), electron capture dissociation (ECD), and electronic excitation dissociation (EED), were systematically compared for structural characterization of doubly charged glycopeptide. CID produced distinctively different tandem mass spectra for glycopeptide adducted with different charge carriers. Protonated species produced mainly glycosidic cleavages in high abundance. CID of magnesiated glycopeptide formed more cross-ring cleavages, whereas doubly sodiated species produced cleavages at both glycan and peptide moieties. The effect of charge carriers on the fragmentation in ECD and EED was lower than that in CID. ECD produced mainly peptide backbone cleavages but limited cleavages at the glycan moiety, whereas EED of glycopeptide resulted in extensive fragmentation throughout the molecular ion regardless of the charge carriers. Magnesiated species gave, however, more cross-ring cleavages than other charge carriers did. These results demonstrated that EED of magnesiated species could be used as a one-step dissociation method for comprehensive structural analysis of glycopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-T Kitty Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - T-Y Lui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - D Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - T-W Dominic Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chizhov AO, Filatov AV, Perepelov AV, Knirel YA. A New Example of Rearrangement Observed in the Tandem Mass Spectra of Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820140075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Pawar S, Hsu L, Narendar Reddy T, Ravinder M, Ren CT, Lin YW, Cheng YY, Lin TW, Hsu TL, Wang SK, Wong CH, Wu CY. Synthesis of Asymmetric N-Glycans as Common Core Substrates for Structural Diversification through Selective Enzymatic Glycosylation. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2382-2394. [PMID: 32830946 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-glycans on the cell surface provide distinct signatures that are recognized by different glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and pathogens. Most glycans in humans are asymmetric and isomeric, yet their biological functions are not well understood due to their lack of availability for studies. In this work, we have developed an improved strategy for asymmetric N-glycan assembly and diversification using designed common core substrates prepared chemically for selective enzymatic fucosylation and sialylation. The resulting 26 well-defined glycans that carry the sialic acid residue on different antennae were used in a microarray as a representative application to profile the binding specificity of hemagglutinin (HA) from the avian influenza virus (H5N2). We found distinct binding affinity for the Neu5Ac-Gal epitope linked to the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of different branches and only a minor effect in binding for the terminal galactose on different branches. Overall, the microarray analysis showed branch-biased and context-based recognition patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Pawar
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Thatikonda Narendar Reddy
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Mettu Ravinder
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tai Ren
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yang-Yu Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Porfirio S, Archer-Hartmann S, Moreau GB, Ramakrishnan G, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD, Petri WA, Azadi P. New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2020; 30:774-786. [PMID: 32248230 PMCID: PMC7526734 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being >5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Porfirio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - G Brett Moreau
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Girija Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sastre Toraño J, Gagarinov IA, Vos GM, Broszeit F, Srivastava AD, Palmer M, Langridge JI, Aizpurua‐Olaizola O, Somovilla VJ, Boons G. Ion‐Mobility Spectrometry Can Assign Exact Fucosyl Positions in Glycans and Prevent Misinterpretation of Mass‐Spectrometry Data After Gas‐Phase Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ivan A. Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M. Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Apoorva D. Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Palmer
- Waters Corporation Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road SK9 4AX Wilmslow UK
| | | | - Oier Aizpurua‐Olaizola
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Victor J. Somovilla
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sastre Toraño J, Gagarinov IA, Vos GM, Broszeit F, Srivastava AD, Palmer M, Langridge JI, Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Somovilla VJ, Boons GJ. Ion-Mobility Spectrometry Can Assign Exact Fucosyl Positions in Glycans and Prevent Misinterpretation of Mass-Spectrometry Data After Gas-Phase Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17616-17620. [PMID: 31544998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fucosylation of glycans leads to diverse structures and is associated with many biological and disease processes. The exact determination of fucoside positions by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is complicated because rearrangements in the gas phase lead to erroneous structural assignments. Here, we demonstrate that the combined use of ion-mobility MS and well-defined synthetic glycan standards can prevent misinterpretation of MS/MS spectra and incorrect structural assignments of fucosylated glycans. We show that fucosyl residues do not migrate to hydroxyl groups but to acetamido moieties of N-acetylneuraminic acid as well as N-acetylglucosamine residues and nucleophilic sites of an anomeric tag, yielding specific isomeric fragment ions. This mechanistic insight enables the characterization of unique IMS arrival-time distributions of the isomers which can be used to accurately determine fucosyl positions in glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Apoorva D Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Palmer
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, Wilmslow, UK
| | - James I Langridge
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, Wilmslow, UK
| | - Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Somovilla
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lettow M, Mucha E, Manz C, Thomas DA, Marianski M, Meijer G, von Helden G, Pagel K. The role of the mobile proton in fucose migration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4637-4645. [PMID: 30826852 PMCID: PMC6611747 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fucose migration reactions represent a substantial challenge in the analysis of fucosylated glycan structures by mass spectrometry. In addition to the well-established observation of transposed fucose residues in glycan-dissociation product ions, recent experiments show that the rearrangement can also occur in intact glycan ions. These results suggest a low-energy barrier for migration of the fucose residue and broaden the relevance of fucose migration to include other types of mass spectrometry experiments, including ion mobility-mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy. In this work, we utilize cold-ion infrared spectroscopy to provide further insight into glycan scrambling in intact glycan ions. Our results show that the mobility of the proton is a prerequisite for the migration reaction. For the prototypical fucosylated glycans Lewis x and blood group antigen H-2, the formation of adduct ions or the addition of functional groups with variable proton affinity yields significant differences in the infrared spectra. These changes correlate well with the promotion or inhibition of fucose migration through the presence or absence of a mobile proton. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Lettow
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Mucha
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Hunter College, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang Y, Wei J, Costello CE, Lin C. Characterization of Isomeric Glycans by Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography-Electronic Excitation Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1295-1307. [PMID: 29654534 PMCID: PMC6004250 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of numerous structural isomers in glycans from biological sources presents a severe challenge for structural glycomics. The subtle differences among isomeric structures demand analytical methods that can provide structural details while working efficiently with on-line glycan separation methods. Although liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for mixture analysis, the commonly utilized collision-induced dissociation (CID) method often does not generate a sufficient number of fragments at the MS2 level for comprehensive structural characterization. Here, we studied the electronic excitation dissociation (EED) behaviors of metal-adducted, permethylated glycans, and identified key spectral features that could facilitate both topology and linkage determinations. We developed an EED-based, nanoscale, reversed phase (RP)LC-MS/MS platform, and demonstrated its ability to achieve complete structural elucidation of up to five structural isomers in a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mucha E, Lettow M, Marianski M, Thomas DA, Struwe WB, Harvey DJ, Meijer G, Seeberger PH, von Helden G, Pagel K. Fucose-Migration in intakten protonierten Glykan-Ionen - ein universelles Phänomen in der Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der; Freien Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Maike Lettow
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der; Freien Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute; Department of Biochemistry; University of Oxford; Großbritannien
| | - David J. Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute; Nuffield Department of Medicine; University of Oxford; Großbritannien
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung; Potsdam Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; der Freien Universität Berlin; Deutschland
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der; Freien Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mucha E, Lettow M, Marianski M, Thomas DA, Struwe WB, Harvey DJ, Meijer G, Seeberger PH, von Helden G, Pagel K. Fucose Migration in Intact Protonated Glycan Ions: A Universal Phenomenon in Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7440-7443. [PMID: 29688603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fucose is an essential deoxysugar that is found in a wide range of biologically relevant glycans and glycoconjugates. A recurring problem in mass spectrometric analyses of fucosylated glycans is the intramolecular migration of fucose units, which can lead to erroneous sequence assignments. This migration reaction is typically assigned to activation during collision-induced dissociation (CID) in tandem mass spectrometry (MS). In this work, we utilized cold-ion spectroscopy and show for the first time that fucose migration is not limited to fragments obtained in tandem MS and can also be observed in intact glycan ions. This observation suggests a possible low-energy barrier for this transfer reaction and generalizes fucose migration to an issue that may universally occur in any type of mass spectrometry experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel A Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hecht ES, Loziuk PL, Muddiman DC. Xylose Migration During Tandem Mass Spectrometry of N-Linked Glycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:729-732. [PMID: 28127681 PMCID: PMC5373971 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the rearrangement of gas-phase ions via tandem mass spectrometry is critical to improving manual and automated interpretation of complex datasets. N-glycan analysis may be carried out under collision induced (CID) or higher energy collision dissociation (HCD), which favors cleavage at the glycosidic bond. However, fucose migration has been observed in tandem MS, leading to the formation of new bonds over four saccharide units away. In the following work, we report the second instance of saccharide migration ever to occur for N-glycans. Using horseradish peroxidase as a standard, the beta-1,2 xylose was observed to migrate from a hexose to a glucosamine residue on the (Xyl)Man3GlcNac2 glycan. This investigation was followed up in a complex N-linked glycan mixture derived from stem differentiating xylem tissue, and the rearranged product ion was observed for 75% of the glycans. Rearrangement was not favored in isomeric glycans with a core or antennae fucose and unobserved in glycans predicted to have a permanent core-fucose modification. As the first empirical observation of this rearrangement, this work warrants dissemination so it may be searched in de novo sequencing glycan workflows. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Philip L Loziuk
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wong YLE, Chen X, Li W, Wang Z, Hung YLW, Wu R, Chan TWD. Differentiation of Isomeric Ginsenosides by Using Electron-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5590-4. [PMID: 27181402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current phytochemical research on ginsengs focuses on the structural characterization and isomer differentiation of ginsenosides. In this Letter, electron-induced dissociation (EID) was initially investigated by analyzing isomeric ginsenosides. EID provided more structural information on their differentiation than collision-induced dissociation (CID) did. Glycosyl group migration previously observed in the CID of oligosaccharide ions could also be found in the EID of protonated Rg1. This rearrangement reaction would show substantial ambiguities in differentiating Rg1 from Rf. Although other charge carriers could alleviate this problem, the use of EID in dissociating deprotonated ginsenoside ions was superior to other techniques in terms of eliminating glycosyl group migration and generating diagnostic fragment ions for the differentiation of structural isomers. This study demonstrates a potential method to analyze natural products and thus help discover and evaluate novel compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Elaine Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Y-L Winnie Hung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ri Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - T-W Dominic Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Orthogonal Technologies for NISTmAb N-Glycan Structure Elucidation and Quantitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
|
17
|
Song T, Aldredge D, Lebrilla CB. A Method for In-Depth Structural Annotation of Human Serum Glycans That Yields Biological Variations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7754-62. [PMID: 26086522 PMCID: PMC5444872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins present in the vast majority of human proteins. For this reason, they are potentially new sources of biomarkers and active targets of therapeutics and vaccines. However, the absence of a biosynthetic template as in the genome and the general complexity of the structures have limited the development of methods for comprehensive structural analysis. Even now, the exact structures of many abundant N-glycans in serum are not known. Structural elucidation of oligosaccharides remains difficult and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a means of rapidly identifying released N-glycan structures using their accurate masses and retention times based on a glycan library. This serum glycan library, significantly expanded from a previous one covering glycans released from a handful of serum glycoproteins, has more than 170 complete and partial structures and constructed instead from whole serum. The method employs primarily nanoflow liquid chromatography and accurate mass spectrometry. The method allows us to readily profile N-glycans in biological fluids with deep structural analysis. This approach is used to determine the relative abundances and variations in the N-glycans from several individuals providing detailed variations in the abundances of the important N-glycans in blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States Corresponding Author
| | - Danielle Aldredge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States Corresponding Author
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States Corresponding Author
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Powerful new strategies based on mass spectrometry are revolutionizing the structural analysis and profiling of glycans and glycoconjugates. We survey here the major biosynthetic pathways that underlie the biological diversity in glycobiology, with emphasis on glycoproteins, and the approaches that can be used to address the resulting heterogeneity. Included among these are derivatizations, on- and off-line chromatography, electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and a variety of dissociation methods, the recently introduced electron-based techniques being of particular interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hua S, Jeong HN, Dimapasoc LM, Kang I, Han C, Choi JS, Lebrilla CB, An HJ. Isomer-specific LC/MS and LC/MS/MS profiling of the mouse serum N-glycome revealing a number of novel sialylated N-glycans. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4636-43. [PMID: 23534819 DOI: 10.1021/ac400195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice are the premier mammalian models for studies of human physiology and disease, bearing extensive biological similarity to humans with far fewer ethical, economic, or logistic complications. To facilitate glycomic studies based on the mouse model, we comprehensively profiled the mouse serum N-glycome using isomer-specific nano-LC/MS and -LC/MS/MS. N-Glycans were identified by accurate mass MS and structurally elucidated by MS/MS. Porous graphitized carbon nano-LC was able to separate out nearly 300 N-linked glycan compounds (including isomers) from just over 100 distinct N-linked glycan compositions. Additional MS/MS structural analysis was performed on a number of novel N-glycans, revealing the structural characteristics of modifications such as dehydration, O-acetylation, and lactylation. Experimental findings were combined with known glycobiology to generate a theoretical library of all biologically possible mouse serum N-glycan compositions. The library may be used for automated identification of complex mixtures of mouse N-glycans, with possible applications to a wide range of mouse-related research endeavors, including pharmaceutical drug development and biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serenus Hua
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou W, Håkansson K. Structural Characterization of Carbohydrates by Fourier Transform Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CURR PROTEOMICS 2011; 8:297-308. [PMID: 22389641 PMCID: PMC3289259 DOI: 10.2174/157016411798220826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) provides high mass accuracy, high sensitivity, and analytical versatility and has therefore emerged as an indispensable tool for structural elucidation of biomolecules. Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications, occurring in ~50% of proteins. However, due to the structural diversity of carbohydrates, arising from non-template driven biosynthesis, achievement of detailed structural insight is highly challenging. This review briefly discusses carbohydrate sample preparation and ionization methods, and highlights recent developments in alternative high-resolution MS/MS strategies, including infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), electron capture dissociation (ECD), and electron detachment dissociation (EDD), for carbohydrates with a focus on glycans and proteoglycans from mammalian glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zauner G, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Mass spectrometric O-glycan analysis after combined O-glycan release by beta-elimination and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone labeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1420-8. [PMID: 21803123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of protein glycosylation is an important first step towards establishing the functions of glycans in health and disease. In contrast to N-glycans which are generally enzymatically released for analysis, there is no corresponding enzyme for O-glycan liberation. Therefore, O-glycans are generally released by chemical methods involving tedious procedures. METHODS Here, a straightforward method for the combined release and labeling of O-linked glycans from glycoproteins is described. Dimethylamine serves as the releasing agent, and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) is employed for a prompt reaction with the reducing end of the freshly released O-glycan structures via an aldol condensation followed by a Michael-type addition resulting in a 2:1 stoichiometry of PMP per glycan. Samples are analyzed by nanoLC coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mucin from bovine submaxillary gland was used as a model protein to evaluate and optimize the approach that was further applied to bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) isolated from human milk. Next to previously reported O-glycan structures two additional oligosaccharides could be detected for BSSL. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the facile protocol established is suitable for the analysis of complex O-linked oligosaccharides from various biological samples. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Zauner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wuhrer M, Deelder AM, van der Burgt YEM. Mass spectrometric glycan rearrangements. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:664-80. [PMID: 21560141 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric rearrangement reactions have been reported for a large variety of compounds such as peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the case of carbohydrates this phenomenon has been described as internal residue loss. Resulting fragment ions may be misinterpreted as fragments arising from conventional glycosidic bond cleavages, which may result in incorrect structural assignment. Therefore, awareness of the occurrence of glycan rearrangements is important for avoiding misinterpretation of tandem mass spectra. In this review mass spectrometric rearrangements of both derivatized and underivatized (native) oligosaccharide structures are discussed. Similar phenomena have been reported for glycopeptides, labeled glycan structures and other biomolecules containing a carbohydrate part. Rearrangements in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates have been observed with different types of mass spectrometers. Most of the observed carbohydrate rearrangement reactions appear to be linked to the presence of a proton. Hence, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of alkali adducts or deprotonated ions often prevents rearrangement reactions, while they may happen with high efficacy with protonated glycoconjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
An HJ, Lebrilla CB. Structure elucidation of native N- and O-linked glycans by tandem mass spectrometry (tutorial). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:560-578. [PMID: 21656841 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides play important roles in many biological processes. However, the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides remains a major challenge due to the complexities of their structures. Mass spectrometry provides a powerful method for determining oligosaccharide composition. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) provides structural information with high sensitivity. Oligosaccharide structures differ from other polymers such as peptides because of the large number of linkage combinations and branching. This complexity makes the analysis of oligosaccharide unique from that of peptides. This tutorial addresses the issue of spectral interpretation of tandem MS under conditions of collision-induced dissociation (CID) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). The proper interpretation of tandem MS data can provide important structural information on different types of oligosaccharides including O- and N-linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo An
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu S, Grimm R, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Annotation and structural analysis of sialylated human milk oligosaccharides. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:856-68. [PMID: 21133381 DOI: 10.1021/pr101006u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (SHMOs) are important components of human milk oligosaccharides. Sialic acids are typically found on the nonreducing end and are known binding sites for pathogens and aid in neonates' brain development. Due to their negative charge and hydrophilic nature, they also help modulate cell-cell interactions. It has also been shown that sialic acids are involved in regulating the immune response and aid in brain development. In this study, the enriched SHMOs from pooled milk sample were analyzed by HPLC-Chip/QTOF MS. The instrument employs a microchip-based nano-LC column packed with porous graphitized carbon (PGC) to provide excellent isomer separation for SHMOs with highly reproducible retention time. The precursor ions were further examined with collision-induced dissociation (CID). By applying the proper collision energy, isomers can be readily differentiated by diagnostic peaks and characteristic fragmentation patterns. A set of 30 SHMO structures with retention times, accurate masses, and MS/MS spectra was deduced and incorporated into an HMO library. When combined with previously determined neutral components, a library with over 70 structures is obtained allowing high-throughput oligosaccharide structure identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prien JM, Prater BD, Qin Q, Cockrill SL. Mass spectrometric-based stable isotopic 2-aminobenzoic acid glycan mapping for rapid glycan screening of biotherapeutics. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1498-508. [PMID: 20108906 DOI: 10.1021/ac902617t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fast, sensitive, robust methods for "high-level" glycan screening are necessary during various stages of a biotherapeutic product's lifecycle, including clone selection, process changes, and quality control for lot release testing. Traditional glycan screening involves chromatographic or electrophoretic separation-based methods, and, although reproducible, these methods can be time-consuming. Even ultrahigh-performance chromatographic and microfluidic integrated LC/MS systems, which work on the tens of minute time scale, become lengthy when hundreds of samples are to be analyzed. Comparatively, a direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycan screening method acquires data on a millisecond time scale, exhibits exquisite sensitivity and reproducibility, and is amenable to automated peak annotation. In addition, characterization of glycan species via sequential mass spectrometry can be performed simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a quantitative high-throughput MS-based mapping approach using stable isotope 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA) for rapid "high-level" glycan screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Prien
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Rd., Longmont, Colorado 80503, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Prien JM, Prater BD, Cockrill SL. A multi-method approach toward de novo glycan characterization: a Man-5 case study. Glycobiology 2010; 20:629-47. [PMID: 20110246 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies' expectations for biotherapeutic approval are becoming more stringent with regard to product characterization, where minor species as low as 0.1% of a given profile are typically identified. The mission of this manuscript is to demonstrate a multi-method approach toward de novo glycan characterization and quantitation, including minor species at or approaching the 0.1% benchmark. Recently, unexpected isomers of the Man(5)GlcNAc(2) (M(5)) were reported (Prien JM, Ashline DJ, Lapadula AJ, Zhang H, Reinhold VN. 2009. The high mannose glycans from bovine ribonuclease B isomer characterization by ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 20:539-556). In the current study, quantitative analysis of these isomers found in commercial M(5) standard demonstrated that they are in low abundance (<1% of the total) and therefore an exemplary "litmus test" for minor species characterization. A simple workflow devised around three core well-established analytical procedures: (1) fluorescence derivatization; (2) online rapid resolution reversed-phase separation coupled with negative-mode sequential mass spectrometry (RRRP-(-)-MS(n)); and (3) permethylation derivatization with nanospray sequential mass spectrometry (NSI-MS(n)) provides comprehensive glycan structural determination. All methods have limitations; however, a multi-method workflow is an at-line stopgap/solution which mitigates each method's individual shortcoming(s) providing greater opportunity for more comprehensive characterization. This manuscript is the first to demonstrate quantitative chromatographic separation of the M(5) isomers and the use of a commercially available stable isotope variant of 2-aminobenzoic acid to detect and chromatographically resolve multiple M(5) isomers in bovine ribonuclease B. With this multi-method approach, we have the capabilities to comprehensively characterize a biotherapeutic's glycan array in a de novo manner, including structural isomers at >/=0.1% of the total chromatographic peak area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Prien
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Rd., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Itoh S, Nakajima Y, Harazono A, Kawanishi T, Yamaguchi T. Identification of glycoproteins carrying a target glycan-motif by liquid chromatography/multiple-stage mass spectrometry: identification of Lewis x-conjugated glycoproteins in mouse kidney. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3415-29. [PMID: 19453144 DOI: 10.1021/pr9000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain glycan motifs in glycoproteins are involved in several biological events and diseases. To understand the roles of these motifs, a method is needed to identify the glycoproteins that carry them. We previously demonstrated that liquid chromatography-multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) allowed for differentiation of oligosaccharides attached to Lewis-motifs, such as Lewisx(Lex, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc) from other glycans. We successfully discriminated Lex-conjugated oligosaccharides from other N-linked oligosaccharides derived from mouse kidney proteins by using Lewis-motif-distinctive ions, a deoxyhexose (dHex)+hexose (Hex)+N-acetylhexsosamine (HexNAc) fragment (m/z 512), and a Hex+HexNAc fragment (m/z 366). In the present study, we demonstrated that this method could be used to identify the Lex-conjugated glycoproteins. All proteins in the mouse kidney were digested into peptides, and the fucosylated glycopeptides were enriched by lectin-affinity chromatography. The resulting fucosylated glycopeptides were subjected to two different runs of LC-MSn using a Fourier- transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) and an ion trap-type mass spectrometer. After the first run, we picked out product ion spectra of the expected Lex-conjugated glycopeptides based on the presence of Lewis-motif-distinctive ions and assigned a peptide+HexNAc or peptide+(dHex)HexNAc fragment in each spectrum. Then the fucosylated glycopeptides were subjected to a second run in which the peptide-related fragments were set as precursor ions. We successfully identified gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (gamma-GTP1), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), and a cubilin precursor as Lex-conjugated glycoproteins by sequencing of 2-5 glycopeptides. In addition, it was deduced that cadherin 16, dipeptidase I, H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, K-K alpha precursor (H2-Kk), and alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase could be Lex-conjugated glycoproteins from the good agreement between the experimental and theoretical masses and fragment patterns. The results indicated that our method could be applicable for the identification and screening of glycoproteins carrying target glycan-motifs, such as Lewis epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suzuki H, Kameyama A, Tachibana K, Narimatsu H, Fukui K. Computationally and Experimentally Derived General Rules for Fragmentation of Various Glycosyl Bonds in Sodium Adduct Oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2008; 81:1108-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Suzuki
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kameyama
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tachibana
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukui
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilson JJ, Brodbelt JS. Ultraviolet photodissociation at 355 nm of fluorescently labeled oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5186-96. [PMID: 18505268 DOI: 10.1021/ac800315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) produces complementary fragmentation to collision-induced dissociation (CID) when implemented for activation of fluorescently labeled oligosaccharide and glycan ions. Reductive amination of oligosaccharides with fluorophore reagents results in efficient photon absorption at 355 nm, producing fragment ions from the nonreducing end that do not contain the appended fluorophore. In contrast to the fragment ions observed upon UVPD (A- and C-type ions), CID produces mainly reducing end fragments retaining the fluorophore (Y-type ions). UVPD affords better isomeric differentiation of both the lacto-N-fucopentaoses series and the lacto-N-difucohexaoses series, but in general, the combination of UVPD and CID offers the most diagnostic elucidation of complex branched oligosaccharides. Four fluorophores yielded similar MS/MS results; however, 6-aminoquinoline (6-AQ), 2-amino-9(10 H)-acridone (AMAC) and 7-aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) afforded more efficient photon absorption and subsequent dissociation than 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB). UVPD also was useful for characterization of glycans released from ribonuclease B and derivatized with 6-AQ. Lastly, electron photodetachment dissociation of oligosaccharides derivatized with 7-amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (AGA) yielded unique cross-ring cleavages similar to those obtained by electron detachment dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station A5300, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harvey DJ, Royle L, Radcliffe CM, Rudd PM, Dwek RA. Structural and quantitative analysis of N-linked glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and negative ion nanospray mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2008; 376:44-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update covering the period 2001-2002. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:125-201. [PMID: 18247413 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is the second update of the original review on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates that was published in 1999. It covers fundamental aspects of the technique as applied to carbohydrates, fragmentation of carbohydrates, studies of specific carbohydrate types such as those from plant cell walls and those attached to proteins and lipids, studies of glycosyl-transferases and glycosidases, and studies where MALDI has been used to monitor products of chemical synthesis. Use of the technique shows a steady annual increase at the expense of older techniques such as FAB. There is an increasing emphasis on its use for examination of biological systems rather than on studies of fundamental aspects and method development and this is reflected by much of the work on applications appearing in tabular form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Broberg A. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry for analysis of oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and N,N-dimethylation. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1462-9. [PMID: 17532306 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination with benzylamine followed by N,N-dimethylation (DMBA-oligosaccharides), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-ITMS). Separation of DMBA-oligosaccharides was achieved on a graphitized carbon column eluted with aqueous acetonitrile and the DMBA-oligosaccharides were detected by positive-ion mode ESI-ITMS allowing sample amounts down to approximately 30fmol of single DMBA-oligosaccharides injected on the HPLC column. MS/MS operation of the mass spectrometer resulted in the detection of diagnostic fragments, mainly belonging to the Y-series, allowing differentiation between isomeric milk oligosaccharides. HPLC/ESI-ITMS/MS/MS experiments indicated the migration of fucose residues of the DMBA milk oligosaccharides to the modified reducing end glucose residue during analysis, a migration previously only observed for proton adduct ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Broberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wuhrer M, Deelder AM. Negative-mode MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS of oligosaccharides labeled with 2-aminobenzamide. Anal Chem 2007; 77:6954-9. [PMID: 16255595 DOI: 10.1021/ac051117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF-MS of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycans was shown to allow the analysis of sodium adducts and proton adducts in the positive-ion mode as well as deprotonated species in the negative-ion mode from a single preparation spot, using N-glycans of adult worms of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni as model substances. Fragment ion analysis of these species was performed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. With laser-induced dissociation, sodium adducts and proton adducts mainly showed cleavage of glycosidic linkages. High-energy collision-induced dissociation of sodium adducts resulted in extensive cross-ring cleavages and provided information on linkage positions. Of particular value were the negative-mode MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analyses of the deprotonated N-glycans, which featured (1) various ring fragmentations giving linkage information, (2) extensive (1,3)A cross-ring cleavage of mannoses carrying an antenna readily revealing the composition of the antenna, (3) D as well as [D-18]- ions providing specifically the composition of the 6-antenna, and (4) pronounced stability of fucose linkages resulting in detailed information on fucosylation positions. The outlined approach thus allows the acquisition of both heCID MS/MS spectra of sodium adducts and LID MS/MS spectra of deprotonated species from a 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycan prepared in 6-aza-2-thiothymine, resulting in a wealth of structural information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li J, Dzieciatkowska M, Hood DW, Cox AD, Schweda EKH, Moxon ER, Richards JC. Structural characterization of sialylated glycoforms of H. influenzae by electrospray mass spectrometry: fragmentation of protonated and sodiated O-deacylated lipopolysaccharides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:952-60. [PMID: 17310472 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sialylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) glycoforms from Haemophilus influenzae were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry using a new generation hyphenated mass spectrometer which combines a triple quadrupole and a linear ion trap (Q-Trap). The fragmentation of both protonated and sodiated molecular ions from O-deacylated LPS (LPS-OH) obtained in MS(2) experiments in the positive mode was studied. The MS(2) spectra of protonated ions provided unambiguous evidence for the presence and sequence of sialylated lactosamine present in lacto-N-neotetraose oligosaccharide extensions but not for sialyl-lactose structures whilst fragmentation of sodiated adducts, [M+Na](+), afforded information diagnostic of mono- and disialylated lactose extensions. To study this we used a highly sialylated LPS from a H. influenzae strain capable of sialyl-lactose expression only. We then applied the method to the H. influenzae genome strain, Rd, in which glycoforms containing both sialyl-lactose and sialyl-lacto-N-neotetraose were detected from diagnostic B-ions at m/z 638.2 ([Neu5Ac(1) Hex(2)+Na](+)) and 657.2 ([Neu5Ac(1) Hex(1) HexNAc(1)+H](+)). Unique fragmentation patterns provided the locations and sequences of these oligosaccharide extensions. This is the first time both sialylated lactose and sialylated lacto-N-neotetraose units have been detected and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry in the same molecule. This methodology is of general applicability for determination of common sialylated oligosaccharide extension in bacterial LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dal Piaz F, De Leo M, Braca A, De Simone F, De Tommasi N. Intramolecular interchain reactions in bidesmosidic glycosides, a new insight into carbohydrate rearrangements induced by electrospray ionisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:286-96. [PMID: 17200980 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are a class of complex molecules that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and in some marine organisms. This class of compounds has a wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antiulcer, and immunoenhancing actions.1-3 Some of them also show various toxic activities such as cytotoxic, hemolytic, cardiotoxic, and teratogenic. Among these compounds, steroidal and triterpenoid saponins have long been known as components of widely used herbal drugs and pharmaceutical preparations; ginseng, Tribulus terrestris, Quillaja saponaria, and Digitalis ssp. are just a few examples. Thus, identification of saponins in herbal drugs used worldwide is of significance in phytochemical and toxicological quality control studies, and for the production of safe health products. Therefore, there is continuing demand for methods to rapidly identify and characterize these natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Sa), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harvey DJ. Proteomic analysis of glycosylation: structural determination of N- and O-linked glycans by mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2006; 2:87-101. [PMID: 15966855 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the methods, mainly based on mass spectrometry, for the structural determination of N- and O-linked carbohydrates that are post-translationally attached to a large number of proteins and which play a key role in determining the function and biophysical properties of these compounds. Analysis of these carbohydrates has proved difficult in the past due to their structural complexity. However, modern analytical methods such as mass spectrometry have the ability to elucidate most structural details at the concentration levels required for proteomics. This review describes methods for direct examination of glycoproteins by mass spectrometry, the release of N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, and the analysis of these compounds by techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry provides the most rapid method for comparing glycan profiles and is probably most appropriate for clinical studies. One of the most promising techniques for determining the structures of N-glycans in proteomic studies is negative ion fragmentation of electrosprayed ions. This technique combines high throughput with ease of structural interpretation and provides structural details that are difficult to obtain by classical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wuhrer M, Koeleman CAM, Hokke CH, Deelder AM. Mass spectrometry of proton adducts of fucosylated N-glycans: fucose transfer between antennae gives rise to misleading fragments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1747-54. [PMID: 16676317 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation behavior of fucosylated N-glycans in both protonated and sodiated form was studied by low-energy collision-induced dissociation with an ion trap mass spectrometer as well as by laser-induced dissociation with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Diantennary, core-(alpha1-6)-fucosylated N-glycans with Lewis X (Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAcbeta1-) and/or fucosylated LacdiNAc antennae (GalNAc(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAcbeta1-) were obtained from the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni and used as model substances, after labeling with 2-aminobenzamide, or as native reducing glycans. While fragment spectra of sodiated as well as protonated species obtained in both mass spectrometers resulted in B- and Y-type ions, fragmentation of proton adducts additionally gave rise to various fragment ions which had acquired fucose residues from other parts of the molecule. In particular, fucose was transferred efficiently to the Lewis X antennae suggesting the occurrence of difucosylated antennae, which could erroneously be interpreted as Lewis Y epitopes. By studying two additional model substances, this fucose gain was shown to occur by transfer of fucose between the antennae, but not by transfer of a core-(alpha1-6)-fucose. Despite the drastically different lifetimes of the ions, protonated species analyzed on the ion trap (millisecond range) and by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS (microsecond range) showed similar rearrangement patterns, suggesting that the fucose mobility goes hand in hand with decomposition. Notably, permethylation of the model N-glycans seemed to completely preclude fucose migration. This study indicates that caution should be applied with the interpretation of tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) data of protonated glycoconjugates, including glycopeptides, because of the potential occurrence of fucose rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wuhrer M, Deelder AM. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay combined with tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry of permethylated oligosaccharides: targeted characterization of specific parts of the glycan structure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:943-51. [PMID: 16470682 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) has been introduced in recent years as a valuable tool for the structural characterization of permethylated oligosaccharides. In this report, we describe the combination of MALDI in-source decay (ISD) with the subsequent TOF/TOF-MS analyses of specific fragments, allowing the detailed characterization of the selected part of the oligosaccharide molecule. Part of the second-generation fragment ions were different from those observed in conventional MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS experiments. Other fragments, which had already been observed in conventional MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and again showed up in second-generation fragment analysis, could be assigned to specific parts of the molecule. Our approach disclosed different structural features of the oligosaccharides: due to permethylation, the glycosidic linkage fragments allowed the distinction between terminal, monosubstituted and disubstituted monosaccharides and indicated the oligosaccharide sequence. Moreover, substitution positions were deduced based on characteristic cross-ring fragmentation by high-energy collision-induced fragmentation. In conclusion, combination of MALDI-ISD with TOF/TOF-MS allows the detailed characterization of specific moieties of permethylated oligosaccharides and is, therefore, a powerful technique for structural glycomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Harvey DJ. Structural determination ofN-linked glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2005; 5:1774-86. [PMID: 15832364 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews methods for the analysis of N-linked glycans by mass spectrometry with emphasis on studies conducted at the Oxford Glycobiology Institute. Topics covered are the release of glycans from sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, their purification for analysis by mass spectrometry, methods based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization for producing fragment ions, and details of their fragmentation. MALDI mass spectrometry provided a rapid method for profiling neutral N-linked glycans as their [M + Na](+) ions which could be fragmented by collision-induced decomposition to give spectra containing both glycosidic and cross-ring fragments. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was more versatile in that it was relatively easy to change the type of ion that was formed and, furthermore, unlike MALDI, electrospray did not cause extensive loss of sialic acids from sialylated glycans. Negative ions formed by addition of anions such as chloride and, particularly, nitrate, to the electrospray solvent were stable and enabled singly charged ions to be obtained from larger glycans than was possible in positive ion mode. Fragmentation of negative ions followed specific pathways that defined structural details of the glycans that were difficult to obtain by classical methods such as exoglycosidase digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Park Y, Lebrilla CB. Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to oligosaccharides. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:232-264. [PMID: 15389860 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) to the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides is described. This review covers the analyses of oligosaccharides in the context of the unique features of FTICR MS and the improvements in instrumentation that make it possible to study this class of compounds. It consists of work performed initially to understand the fundamental aspects of oligosaccharide ionization and unimolecular fragmentation. More recent investigation includes the application of the technique to samples of direct biological origin. Chemical and enzymatic degradation methods in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and the use front-end methods with FTICR MS are also discussed. The current applications including the characterization of bacterial lipooligosaccharides and phosporylated carbohydrates are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vrkic AK, O'Hair RAJ. Using non-covalent complexes to direct the fragmentation of glycosidic bonds in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:715-724. [PMID: 15121201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the gas phase chemistry of proton bound oligosaccharide (S)-ligand (L) non-covalent complexes, [S + H + L](+) has been carried out using electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry in a quadrupole ion trap. When subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID), these [S + H + L](+) complexes undergo a range of reactions that can be broadly classified into three main types: (1) Simple dissociation into the individual monomers; (2) cleavage of the oligosaccharide to form B-type sequence ions; (3) cleavage of the ligand species. The second type of reaction is particularly interesting as it can produce a "ladder series" of [B(x) + L](+) ions via ligand induced oligosaccharide bond cleavage. This novel gas phase reaction greatly simplifies the sequencing of oligosaccharides. Both the oligosaccharide and ligand were found to influence the type of reaction pathway observed, with the "ladder series" of [B(x) + L](+) ions being favored for permethylated oligosaccharides and for bifunctional ligands. Cytosine is a particularly good ligand at facilitating the formation of [B(x) + L](+) ions. Analogies with condensed phase chemistry of sugars is made and a potential mechanism for ligand induced oligosaccharide bond cleavage is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Vrkic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xie Y, Lebrilla CB. Infrared multiphoton dissociation of alkali metal-coordinated oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1590-8. [PMID: 12705590 DOI: 10.1021/ac026009w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of alkali metal-coordinated oligosaccharides was obtained in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Fragmentation of the oligosaccharides was observed for Li+- and Na+-coordinated species. For larger alkali metal ions (K+, Rb+, and Cs+), the major products were the alkali metal ions. IRMPD experiments were performed on milk oligosaccharides, and the dissociation thresholds were determined. The threshold values were found to differ for the isomers. It is suggested that the threshold may be useful for differentiating isomeric compounds. Additionally, oligosaccharide alditols from biological samples were analyzed. Comparison of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) and IRMPD spectra of oligosaccharide alditols revealed that IRMPD could be used as a complementary method to obtain structural information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|