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Desyaterik Y, Mwangi JN, McRae M, Jones AM, Kashuba ADM, Rosen EP. Application of infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for morphine imaging in brain tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5809-5817. [PMID: 37490153 PMCID: PMC10474208 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a method developed for the analysis of spatial distributions of morphine in mouse brain tissue using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. The method is also capable of evaluating spatial distributions of the antiretroviral drug abacavir. To maximize sensitivity to morphine, we analyze various Orbitrap mass spectrometry acquisition modes utilizing signal abundance and frequency of detection as evaluation criteria. We demonstrate detection of morphine in mouse brain and establish that the selected ion monitoring mode provides 2.5 times higher sensitivity than the full-scan mode. We find that distributions of morphine and abacavir are highly correlated with the Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.87. Calibration showed that instrument response is linear up to 40 pg/mm2 (3.8 μg/g of tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Desyaterik
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - MaryPeace McRae
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Austin M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Avula B, Katragunta K, Adams SJ, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Applicability of LC-QToF and Microscopical Tools in Combating the Sophisticated, Economically Motivated Adulteration of Poppy Seeds. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071510. [PMID: 37048333 PMCID: PMC10094636 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine and codeine are the two principal opiates found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and are therapeutically used for pain management. Poppy seeds with low opiates are primarily used for culinary purposes due to their nutritional and sensory attributes. Intentional adulteration of poppy seeds is common, often combined with immature, less expensive, exhausted, or substituted with morphologically similar seeds, viz., amaranth, quinoa, and sesame. For a safer food supply chain, preventive measures must be implemented to mitigate contamination or adulteration. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of P. somniferum and its adulterants is largely unknown. Pre- and post-processing further complicate the alkaloid content and may pose a significant health hazard. To address these issues, two independent methods were investigated with eight botanically verified and fifteen commercial samples. Microscopical features were established for the authenticity of raw poppy seeds. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine quantities ranged from 0.8-223, 0.2-386, and 0.1-176 mg/kg, respectively, using LC-QToF. In most cases, conventional opiates have a higher content than papaverine and noscapine. The analytical methodology provided a chemical profile of 47 compounds that can be effectively applied to distinguish poppy seeds from their adulterants and may serve as an effective tool to combat ongoing adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sebastian John Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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3
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Rakhmanov GT, Usmanov DT. Mass-spectrometric studies of kinetic characteristics of codeine molecule thermodesorption by non-stationary surface ionization method. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:127-131. [PMID: 36317372 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221136069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and surface ionization of codeine molecules С18H21O3N (m/z 299) on the surface of oxidized tungsten have been studied by a non-stationary method of voltage modulation under the same experimental conditions with a high-vacuum mass-spectrometric setup using a "black chamber" all walls of which are cooled with liquid nitrogen. For the codeine molecule dissociation with the (C-C1)β bond breaking and formation of ionizable radicals, the rate constants K+ and K0, the activation energy Е+ and Е0 of thermodesorption, and the pre-exponential factors in the continuity equation for the radicals C9H7N+CH3 (m/z 144) have been defined by surface ionization on the surface of oxidized tungsten WxOy. The results of determining the surface ionization coefficient and estimates of the ionization potentials of these radicals have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Rakhmanov
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - D T Usmanov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Zhou X, Yuan M, Li L, Wang J, Zeng Y, Chen H. Chromatographic and spectroscopic study of impurities present in thebaine obtained from Papaver bracteatum Lindl. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Towards identifying nicomorphine administration in doping control: synthesis of metabolites. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1415-1425. [PMID: 34528849 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nicomorphine is rapidly metabolized mainly to the biologically active 6-nicotinoyl morphine and morphine. In sport, morphine and nicomorphine use is prohibited whereas codeine use is permitted. Accredited laboratories routinely test for morphine hence must be able to distinguish morphine, as a metabolite of a prohibited substance, from that whose use is permitted. Results: Here we show a relatively simple method to synthesize the nicomorphine metabolites, 3-nicotinoyl and 6-nicotinoyl morphine, and indicate how they may be used to identify nicomorphine administration. Conclusion: This approach should help confirm that it is not codeine, an allowable analgesic in sport, that has been administered.
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Menéndez-Perdomo IM, Hagel JM, Facchini PJ. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MS n. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4683. [PMID: 33410198 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) have profound implications on human health owing to their potent pharmacological properties. Notable naturally occurring BIAs are the narcotic analgesics morphine, the cough suppressant codeine, the potential anticancer drug noscapine, the muscle relaxant papaverine, and the antimicrobial sanguinarine, all of which are produced in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Thebaine, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of codeine and morphine, is used in the manufacture of semisynthetic opiates, including oxycodone and naloxone. As the only commercial source of pharmaceutical opiates, opium poppy has been the focus of considerable research to understand BIA metabolism in the plant. The elucidation of several BIA biosynthetic pathways has enabled the development of synthetic biology platforms aimed at the alternative commercial production of valuable phytochemicals in microorganisms. The detection and identification of BIA pathway products and intermediates in complex extracts is essential for the continuing advancement of research in plant specialized metabolism and microbial synthetic biology. Herein, we report the use of liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole and high-resolution Orbitrap multistage mass spectrometry to characterize 44 authentic BIAs using collision-induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), and pulsed Q collision-induced dissociation (PQD) MS2 fragmentation, with MS2 CID followed by MS3 and MS4 fragmentation. Our deep library of diagnostic spectral data constitutes a valuable resource for BIAs identification. In addition, we identified 22 BIAs in opium poppy latex and roots extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian M Hagel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Gates PJ, Doble ML. An LC-MS/MS analysis of opiate residues on Thomas Chatterton's (1752-1770) memorandum book - Did he die from a laudanum overdose? Analyst 2021; 145:8104-8110. [PMID: 33084631 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
250 years after his death, Thomas Chatterton continues to create discussion amongst the literati and enchant the people of Bristol. The controversy of his life was entwinned with his writings where he passed his work off as that of a fictional medieval poet - Thomas Rowley. His premature death at the age of 17 in 1770 is also shrouded in controversy - did he commit suicide from arsenic poisoning (as stated at the original inquest into his death), or did he accidentally overdose on laudanum (as suggested by the 1947 forensic analysis)? The purpose of this study is to use state-of-art analytical methods (namely ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer) to investigate the brown stain found on his memorandum book. The conclusion of this study is that that stain is made up of, amongst other things, 18 opiate and 1 opioid degradation product - 9 of which are previously unpublished, and that the spillage was indeed due to laudanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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Valadbeigi Y, Ilbeigi V, Mirsharifi MS. Mechanism of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of morphine, codeine, and thebaine in corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry: Protonation, ammonium attachment, and carbocation formation. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4586. [PMID: 32720743 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionizations (APCIs) of morphine, codeine, and thebaine were studied in a corona discharge ion source using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) at temperature range of 100°C-200°C. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and M062X/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory were used to interpret the experimental data. It was found that in the presence of H3 O+ as reactant ion (RI), ionization of morphine and codeine proceeds via both the protonation and carbocation formation, whereas thebaine participates only in protonation. Carbocation formation (fragmentation) was diminished with decrease in the temperature. At lower temperatures, proton-bound dimers of the compounds were also formed. Ammonia was used as a dopant to produce NH4 + as an alternative RI. In the presence of NH4 + , proton transfer from ammonium ion to morphine, codeine, and thebaine was the dominant mechanism of ionization. However, small amount of ammonium attachment was also observed. The theoretical calculations showed that nitrogen atom of the molecules is the most favorable proton acceptor site while the oxygen atoms participate in ammonium attachment. Furthermore, formation of the carbocations is because of the water elimination from the protonated forms of morphine and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ilbeigi
- TOF Tech. Pars Company, Isfahan Science & Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam S Mirsharifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Skopikova M, Hashimoto M, Richomme P, Schinkovitz A. Matrix-Free Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry as an Efficient Tool for the Rapid Detection of Opiates in Crude Extracts of Papaver somniferum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:884-891. [PMID: 31825610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Having a long history of traditional medicinal applications, Papaver somniferum is also known as a source of various pharmacologically highly active opiates. Consequently, their detection from plant extracts is an important analytical task and generally addressed by methods of GC-MS and LC-MS. However, opiates do also show structural similarities to matrix molecules used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (LDI) and may therefore ionize upon simple laser irradiation. Following this analytical approach, the present work thoroughly evaluated the direct detection of opiates by matrix-free LDI in crude extracts of P. somniferum. The method facilitated the identification of 10 reported opiates by their molecular formulas without any chromatographic prepurification. Moreover, a principal component analysis based on LDI-MS data permitted the correct grouping of all extracts according to their inherent chemistry. Concluding experiments on serial dilutions of thebaine further evaluated potential quantitative applications of the method. Overall results highlight the promising potential of LDI-MS for the swift detection of opiates in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Skopikova
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
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10
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The occurrence and exposure risk assessment of psychoactive drug residues and metabolites in aquatic environment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Degradation of the opium alkaloids in pharmaceutical relics from the eighteenth century. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Haselgrübler R, Lanzerstorfer P, Röhrl C, Stübl F, Schurr J, Schwarzinger B, Schwarzinger C, Brameshuber M, Wieser S, Winkler SM, Weghuber J. Hypolipidemic effects of herbal extracts by reduction of adipocyte differentiation, intracellular neutral lipid content, lipolysis, fatty acid exchange and lipid droplet motility. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10492. [PMID: 31324860 PMCID: PMC6642187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in adipose tissue is caused by the increased size and number of adipocytes. Lipids accumulate in intracellular stores, known as lipid droplets (LDs). Recent studies suggest that parameters such as LD size, shape and dynamics are closely related to the development of obesity. Berberine (BBR), a natural plant alkaloid, has been demonstrated to possess anti-obesity effects. However, it remains unknown which cellular processes are affected by this compound or how effective herbal extracts containing BBR and other alkaloids actually are. For this study, we used extracts of Coptis chinensis, Mahonia aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris and Chelidonium majus containing BBR and other alkaloids and studied various processes related to adipocyte functionality. The presence of extracts resulted in reduced adipocyte differentiation, as well as neutral lipid content and rate of lipolysis. We observed that the intracellular fatty acid exchange was reduced in different LD size fractions upon treatment with BBR and Coptis chinensis. In addition, LD motility was decreased upon incubation with BBR, Coptis chinensis and Chelidonium majus extracts. Furthermore, Chelidonium majus was identified as a potent fatty acid uptake inhibitor. This is the first study that demonstrates the selected regulatory effects of herbal extracts on adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clemens Röhrl
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria.,Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Flora Stübl
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Jonas Schurr
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Bettina Schwarzinger
- Austrian Competence Center for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Wels, Austria
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Wieser
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Julian Weghuber
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria. .,Austrian Competence Center for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Wels, Austria.
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Campos-Mañas MC, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Sánchez Pérez JA, Agüera A. Identification of opioids in surface and wastewaters by LC/QTOF-MS using retrospective data analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:874-884. [PMID: 30769311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioids, both as prescription drugs and abuse substances, have been a hot topic and a focus of discussion in the media for the last few years. Although the literature published shows the occurrence of opioids and some of their metabolites in the aquatic environment, there are scarce data in the application of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of these compounds in the environment. The use of HRMS allows increasing the number of opioids that can be studied as well as the detection of unknown opioids, their metabolites and potential transformation products. In this work, a retrospective analysis for the identification of opioids and their metabolites using a curated database was applied to surface water and wastewater samples taken in the state of Minnesota (U.S.) in 2009, which were previously analyzed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for antidepressants. The database comprised >200 opioids including natural opiates (e.g. morphine and codeine), their semi-synthetic derivatives (e.g. heroin, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, meperidine and buprenorphine), fully synthetic opioids (e.g. fentanyl, methadone, tramadol, dextromethorphan and propoxyphene), as well as some of their metabolites (e.g. 6-monoacetylcodeine, dextrorphan, EDDP, normorphine and O-desmethyltramadol). Moreover, additional MS-MS experiments were performed to confirm their identification, as well as to recognize fragmentation patterns and diagnostic ions for several opioids. These data provide a better understanding of the historical occurrence of opioids and their metabolites in surface waters impacted by wastewater sources. The concentrations of individual opioids in surface water and wastewater effluent varied from 8.8 (EDDP) to 1640 (tramadol) ngL-1 and from 12 (dihydrocodeine) to 1288 (tramadol) ngL-1, respectively. The opioids with higher overall frequency detections were tramadol, dextromethorphan and its metabolite, dextrorphan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - E Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - José Antonio Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Grześkowiak T, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Rusińska-Roszak D, Zaporowska-Stachowiak I, Jeszka-Skowron M. Fragmentation studies of selected drugs utilized in palliative care. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:420-436. [PMID: 30400754 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718812459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of research on selected drugs used in palliative care are presented, including fentanyl, tramadol, metoclopramide, hyoscine butylbromide, midazolam, haloperidol, levomepromazine and clonazepam. Interpretation of their ESI mass spectra obtained by the use of a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer is given. As a result, fragmentation pathways described in the literature are complemented and presented with more details. On their basis, transitions for quantitative analysis are selected and chromatographic conditions for the determination of the palliative care drugs are proposed as well. These results enable future studies on palliative care drugs in elderly patients including both their quantitation in body fluids and easier identification of their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Danuta Rusińska-Roszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
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15
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In vitro metabolism of desomorphine. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Linear Ion Trap Hybrid OrbitrapMass Spectrometry for Determination of Alkaloids in Sinomeniumacutum. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071634. [PMID: 29973556 PMCID: PMC6099952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of alkaloids is challenging because of the diversity of structures and the complicated fragmentation of collision induced structural dissociation in mass spectrometry. In this study, we analyzed the alkaloids in Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehderet Wil by high resolution mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 2.6 μm) column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid) under gradient elution. A total of 52 alkaloids were well separated and 45 of them were structurally characterized, including morphinans, aporphines, benzylisoquinolines, and protoberberines. Specially, mass spectrometric study of the morphinan alkaloids were explicitly investigated. Electrostatic potential plot from simulation was calculated for determination of protonation sites. Further fragmentation analysis suggested that the C₃H₇N, CH₄O, and H₂O elimination was displayed in MS² spectrum. These fragmentation pathways are universal for morphinan alkaloids having methoxy substituted cyclohexenone or cyclohexadienone moieties. Additionally, for nitrogen oxides, an ion-neutral complex intermediate is involved in the fragmentation process, generating additional oxygenated ions. All these results provided the universal rules of fragmentation used for detection of alkaloids, and will be expected to be highly useful for comprehensive study of multi-components in the herbal medicine analysis.
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Xiao J, Song N, Lu T, Pan Y, Song J, Chen G, Sun L, Li N. Rapid characterization of TCM Qianjinteng by UPLC-QTOF-MS and its application in the evaluation of three species of Stephania. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:284-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Chen X, Hagel JM, Chang L, Tucker JE, Shiigi SA, Yelpaala Y, Chen HY, Estrada R, Colbeck J, Enquist-Newman M, Ibáñez AB, Cottarel G, Vidanes GM, Facchini PJ. A pathogenesis-related 10 protein catalyzes the final step in thebaine biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:738-743. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Straightforward analytical method to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products. Food Chem 2018; 242:443-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shangguan Y, He J, Kang Y, Wang Y, Yang P, Guo J, Huang J. Structural Characterisation of Alkaloids in Leaves and Roots of Stephania kwangsiensis by LC-QTOF-MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:101-111. [PMID: 28895207 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tuberous roots of Stephania kwangsiensis, which contain bioactive alkaloids, are used as a traditional Chinese medicine. Overexploitation of the roots has made the plant increasingly rare, and the abundant leaves of the same plant may offer a potential alternative. However, there is insufficient phytochemical information for a comparison of alkaloid compositions in the two parts. OBJECTIVE To characterise and compare the alkaloids in the leaves and roots of S. kwangsiensis. METHODS The alkaloids in S. kwangsiensis were characterised using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with positive electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(+)ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The alkaloid compositions in the leaves and roots were compared by visual inspection combined with principal component analysis (PCA) of the HPLC-MS data. RESULTS Seventy-five alkaloids comprising aporphine-, proaporphine-, protoberberine-, benzylisoquinoline-, bisbenzylisoquinoline- and morphine-type alkaloids were identified or tentatively identified in the roots and leaves of S. kwangsiensis. Sixty-three of these alkaloids have not been previously reported in this species, and three have not been previously reported in the literature. The roots and leaves had similarities in alkaloid composition but differences in the peak intensities of most alkaloids. The PCA revealed that the samples were clustered into two distinct groups, which corresponded to leaves and roots. CONCLUSION This study further clarified the chemical constituents in the roots of S. kwangsiensis, and revealed that diverse alkaloids were also present in the leaves. The comparative chemical profiling of the two parts provides useful information on their potential medicinal use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shangguan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiayong He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jixian Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
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21
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Soares JX, Alves EA, Silva AMN, de Figueiredo NG, Neves JF, Cravo SM, Rangel M, Netto ADP, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Afonso CM. Street-Like Synthesis of Krokodil Results in the Formation of an Enlarged Cluster of Known and New Morphinans. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1609-1621. [PMID: 28708940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Xavier Soares
- LAQV, REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuele Amorim Alves
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- EPSJV−Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venâncio,
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil 4.365
Avenue, Manguinhos, 21.040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - André M. N. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campo Alegre Street, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Guimarães de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Derivatives, Analytical Chemistry
Division, National Institute of Technology, Venezuela Avenue, 82, Praça
Mauá, 20081-312 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João F. Neves
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Manuela Cravo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Institute
of Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, Valonguinho Campus, Centro,
Niterói, 24020-150, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Manuel Afonso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), General Norton de Matos Avenue, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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22
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Brown H, Oktem B, Windom A, Doroshenko V, Evans-Nguyen K. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Liu G, Qiao S, Liu T, Yu H, Wang W, Zhou Y, Li Q, Li S. Simultaneous Determination of 18 Chemical Constituents in Traditional Chinese Medicine of Antitussive by UPLC–MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1540-1552. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Galanie S, Thodey K, Trenchard IJ, Filsinger Interrante M, Smolke CD. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science 2015; 349:1095-100. [PMID: 26272907 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the primary drugs used in Western medicine for pain management and palliative care. Farming of opium poppies remains the sole source of these essential medicines, despite diverse market demands and uncertainty in crop yields due to weather, climate change, and pests. We engineered yeast to produce the selected opioid compounds thebaine and hydrocodone starting from sugar. All work was conducted in a laboratory that is permitted and secured for work with controlled substances. We combined enzyme discovery, enzyme engineering, and pathway and strain optimization to realize full opiate biosynthesis in yeast. The resulting opioid biosynthesis strains required the expression of 21 (thebaine) and 23 (hydrocodone) enzyme activities from plants, mammals, bacteria, and yeast itself. This is a proof of principle, and major hurdles remain before optimization and scale-up could be achieved. Open discussions of options for governing this technology are also needed in order to responsibly realize alternative supplies for these medically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Galanie
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kate Thodey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Isis J Trenchard
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Sim HJ, Yoon SH, Kim MS, Kim B, Park HM, Hong J. Identification of alkaloid constituents from Fangchi species using pH control liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:837-854. [PMID: 26377012 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fangchi (F.) species from four different origins have been widely used to treat or prevent diseases, and their main constitutes are several types of alkaloids. Identification of alkaloids in F. species is a necessary step to understand the therapeutic properties of each different origin, but this has not yet been fully performed. METHODS Several types of alkaloids were extracted from F. species using ultrasonication with 70% CH(3)OH and the extract was partitioned at pH 2 and 12 to enrich alkaloid constituents and to remove interferences. The separation of alkaloids in the Fangchi extract was performed on a C18 column using gradient elution and their tandem mass spectra were obtained by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) to perform accurate mass measurements of fragment ions for the alkaloid constituents. RESULTS Several types of alkaloids were successfully separated and identified by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The structural assignment of individual alkaloids was performed based on convergence of MS/MS spectral data, pH partitioning behavior, LC retention behavior, and accurate mass measurements. The pH partition of the extract provided structural information about unknown alkaloids extracted from Fangchi species. A total of 28 compounds were identified and tentatively characterized, and of these 10 alkaloids were reported for the first time in the investigated F. species. CONCLUSIONS The chemical profiling of alkaloids in F. species with different origins was performed for the first time and provided diagnostic ions for diverse alkaloids in F. species. Marker compounds were suggested based on the 28 characterized compounds for quality evaluation and the differentiation of Fangchi species with four different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
- Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Daejeon, 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Daejeon, 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Liuni P, Romanov V, Binette MJ, Zaknoun H, Tam M, Pilon P, Hendrikse J, Wilson DJ. Unambiguous Characterization of Analytical Markers in Complex, Seized Opiate Samples Using an Enhanced Ion Mobility Trace Detector-Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10772-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Liuni
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Vladimir Romanov
- Smiths Detection,
Inc., 7030 Century Avenue, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 2V8, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Binette
- Canada Border
Services Agency, 79 Bentley Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 6T7, Canada
| | - Hafid Zaknoun
- Canada Border
Services Agency, 79 Bentley Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 6T7, Canada
| | - Maggie Tam
- Canada Border
Services Agency, 79 Bentley Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 6T7, Canada
| | - Pierre Pilon
- Canada Border
Services Agency, 79 Bentley Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K2E 6T7, Canada
| | - Jan Hendrikse
- Smiths Detection,
Inc., 7030 Century Avenue, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 2V8, Canada
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Thodey K, Galanie S, Smolke CD. A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:837-44. [PMID: 25151135 PMCID: PMC4167936 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Opiates and related molecules are medically essential, but their production via field cultivation of opium poppy Papaver somniferum leads to supply inefficiencies and insecurity. As an alternative production strategy, we developed baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial host for the transformation of opiates. Yeast strains engineered to express heterologous genes from P. somniferum and bacterium Pseudomonas putida M10 convert thebaine to codeine, morphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone and oxycodone. We discovered a new biosynthetic branch to neopine and neomorphine, which diverted pathway flux from morphine and other target products. We optimized strain titer and specificity by titrating gene copy number, enhancing cosubstrate supply, applying a spatial engineering strategy and performing high-density fermentation, which resulted in total opioid titers up to 131 mg/l. This work is an important step toward total biosynthesis of valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid drug molecules and demonstrates the potential for developing a sustainable and secure yeast biomanufacturing platform for opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thodey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Galanie
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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28
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Luong S, Ung AT, Kalman J, Fu S. Transformation of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide to opioid analogues by urine adulteration with pyridinium chlorochromate: potential issue for urine drug testing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1609-20. [PMID: 24895258 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is the active ingredient of 'Urine Luck', a commercially available in vitro adulterating agent used to conceal the presence of drugs in a urine specimen. The exposure of codeine and its major glucuronide metabolite codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) to PCC was investigated to determine whether PCC is an effective masking agent for these opiate compounds. METHODS Following the addition of PCC to both spiked and authentic codeine and C6G-positive urine specimens, the samples were monitored using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Stable reaction products were identified and characterized using high-resolution MS analysis and, where possible, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. RESULTS It was determined that PCC effectively oxidizes codeine and C6G, thus altering the original codeine-to-C6G ratio in the urine specimen. Four reaction products were identified for codeine: codeinone, 14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-O-methylcodeine and 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrocodeinone. Similarly, three reaction products were identified for C6G: codeinone, codeine and a lactone of C6G (tentative assignment). CONCLUSIONS Besides addressing the complications added to interpretation, more investigation is warranted to further determine their potential for use as markers for monitoring the presence of codeine and C6G in urine specimens adulterated with PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Luong
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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29
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Chen X, Facchini PJ. Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase catalyzing the final step of noscapine biosynthesis is localized to laticifers in opium poppy. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:173-184. [PMID: 24708518 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The final step in the biosynthesis of the phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid noscapine involves a purported dehydrogenation of the narcotinehemiacetal keto moiety. A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), designated noscapine synthase (NOS), that catalyzes dehydrogenation of narcotinehemiacetal to noscapine was identified in opium poppy and functionally characterized. The NOS gene was isolated using an integrated transcript and metabolite profiling strategy and subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. Noscapine synthase is highly divergent from other characterized members of the NADPH-dependent SDR superfamily involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism, and it exhibits exclusive substrate specificity for narcotinehemiacetal. Kinetic analyses showed that NOS exhibits higher catalytic efficiency with NAD+ as the cofactor compared with NADP+. Suppression of NOS transcript levels in opium poppy plants subjected to virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a corresponding reduction in the accumulation of noscapine and an increase in narcotinehemiacetal levels in the latex. Noscapine and NOS transcripts were detected in all opium poppy organs, but both were most abundant in stems. Unlike other putative biosynthetic genes clustered in the opium poppy genome, and their corresponding proteins, NOS transcripts and the cognate enzyme were abundant in latex, indicating that noscapine metabolism is completed in a distinct cell type compared with the rest of the pathway.
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Sim HJ, Kim JH, Lee KR, Hong J. Simultaneous determination of structurally diverse compounds in different Fangchi species by UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2013; 18:5235-50. [PMID: 23652992 PMCID: PMC6269714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, two morphine alkaloids, one aporphine alkaloid, syringaresinol and aristolochic acid І were selected as marker compounds and simultaneously analyzed using an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) method. These marker compounds were used for the quality control of Fangchi species of different origins, including Sinomeniumacutum, Stephaniatetrandra, Cocculustrilobus and Aristolochiafangchi. A reversed-phase UHPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of structurally diverse markers in different Fangchi species. In addition, an UHPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method was used for marker identification in Fangchi species, which provided diagnostic MS/MS spectral patterns that were dependent upon the marker structures. The UHPLC-MS/MS data were used to confirm and complement the UHPLC-DAD quality evaluation results. Additionally, magnoflorine and syringaresinol were observed for the first time in S. tetrandra and C. trilobus, respectively. Twenty different Fangchi species samples were analyzed for aristolochic acid I, syringaresinol and the alkaloids using the UHPLC-DAD and MS/MS method. Based on the levels of markers and principal component analysis (PCA), this method allowed for the clear classification of the samples into four different groups representing samples originating from the four species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea; E-Mails: (H.-J.S.); (J.H.K.)
- Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea; E-Mails: (H.-J.S.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon 440-746, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea; E-Mails: (H.-J.S.); (J.H.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9255; Fax: +82-2-961-0357
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Desgagné-Penix I, Facchini PJ. Systematic silencing of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes reveals the major route to papaverine in opium poppy. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:331-44. [PMID: 22725256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Papaverine, a major benzylisoquinoline alkaloid in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), is used as a vasodilator and antispasmodic. Conversion of the initial intermediate (S)-norcoclaurine to papaverine involves 3'-hydroxylation, four O-methylations and dehydrogenation. However, our understanding of papaverine biosynthesis remains controversial more than a century after an initial scheme was proposed. In vitro assays and in vivo labeling studies have been insufficient to establish the sequence of conversions, the potential role of the intermediate (S)-reticuline, and the enzymes involved. We used virus-induced gene silencing in opium poppy to individually suppress the expression of six genes with putative roles in papaverine biosynthesis. Suppression of the gene encoding coclaurine N-methyltransferase dramatically increased papaverine levels at the expense of N-methylated alkaloids, indicating that the main biosynthetic route to papaverine proceeds via N-desmethylated compounds rather than through (S)-reticuline. Suppression of genes encoding (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4-O-methyltransferase and norreticuline 7-O-methyltransferase, which accept certain N-desmethylated alkaloids, reduced papaverine content. In contrast, suppression of genes encoding N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase or reticuline 7-O-methyltransferase, which are specific for N-methylated alkaloids, did not affect papaverine levels. Suppression of norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase transcript levels significantly suppressed total alkaloid accumulation, implicating (S)-coclaurine as a key branch-point intermediate. The differential detection of N-desmethylated compounds in response to suppression of specific genes highlights the primary route to papaverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Desgagné-Penix I, Farrow SC, Cram D, Nowak J, Facchini PJ. Integration of deep transcript and targeted metabolite profiles for eight cultivars of opium poppy. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:295-313. [PMID: 22527754 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and analytical mass spectrometry are providing unprecedented opportunities to develop the functional genomics resources required to investigate complex biological processes in non-model plants. Opium poppy produces a wide variety of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), including the pharmaceutical compounds codeine, morphine, noscapine and papaverine. A functional genomics platform to identify novel BIA biosynthetic and regulatory genes in opium poppy has been established based on the differential metabolite profile of eight selected cultivars. Stem cDNA libraries from each of the eight opium poppy cultivars were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing and searchable expressed sequence tag databases were created from the assembled reads. These deep and integrated metabolite and transcript databases provide a nearly complete representation of the genetic and metabolic variances responsible for the differential occurrence of specific BIAs in each cultivar as demonstrated using the biochemically well characterized pathway from tyrosine to morphine. Similar correlations between the occurrence of specific transcripts and alkaloids effectively reveals candidate genes encoding uncharacterized biosynthetic enzymes as shown using cytochromes P450 potentially involved in the formation of papaverine and noscapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Dang TTT, Facchini PJ. Characterization of three O-methyltransferases involved in noscapine biosynthesis in opium poppy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:618-31. [PMID: 22535422 PMCID: PMC3375929 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid produced in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and other members of the Papaveraceae. It has been used as a cough suppressant and more recently was shown to possess anticancer activity. However, the biosynthesis of noscapine in opium poppy has not been established. A proposed pathway leading from (S)-reticuline to noscapine includes (S)-scoulerine, (S)-canadine, and (S)-N-methylcanadine as intermediates. Stem cDNA libraries and latex extracts of eight opium poppy cultivars displaying different alkaloid profiles were subjected to massively parallel pyrosequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Comparative transcript and metabolite profiling revealed the occurrence of three cDNAs encoding O-methyltransferases designated as SOMT1, SOMT2, and SOMT3 that correlated with the accumulation of noscapine in the eight cultivars. SOMT transcripts were detected in all opium poppy organs but were most abundant in aerial organs, where noscapine primarily accumulates. SOMT2 and SOMT3 showed strict substrate specificity and regiospecificity as 9-O-methyltransferases targeting (S)-scoulerine. In contrast, SOMT1 was able to sequentially 9- and 2-O-methylate (S)-scoulerine, yielding (S)-tetrahydropalmatine. SOMT1 also sequentially 3'- and 7-O-methylated both (S)-norreticuline and (S)-reticuline with relatively high substrate affinity, yielding (S)-tetrahydropapaverine and (S)-laudanosine, respectively. The metabolic functions of SOMT1, SOMT2, and SOMT3 were investigated in planta using virus-induced gene silencing. Reduction of SOMT1 or SOMT2 transcript levels resulted in a significant decrease in noscapine accumulation. Reduced SOMT1 transcript levels also caused a decrease in papaverine accumulation, confirming the selective roles for these enzymes in the biosynthesis of both alkaloids in opium poppy.
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Farrow SC, Hagel JM, Facchini PJ. Transcript and metabolite profiling in cell cultures of 18 plant species that produce benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:79-88. [PMID: 22424601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a large and diverse group of ~2500 specialized metabolites found predominantly in plants of the order Ranunculales. Research focused on BIA metabolism in a restricted number of plant species has identified many enzymes and cognate genes involved in the biosynthesis of compounds such as morphine, sanguinarine and berberine. However, the formation of most BIAs remains uncharacterized at the molecular biochemical level. Herein a compendium of sequence- and metabolite-profiling resources from 18 species of BIA-accumulating cell cultures was established, representing four related plant families. Our integrated approach consisted of the construction of EST libraries each containing approximately 3500 unigenes per species for a total of 58,787 unigenes. The EST libraries were manually triaged using known BIA-biosynthetic genes as queries to identify putative homologs with similar or potentially different functions. Sequence resources were analyzed in the context of the targeted metabolite profiles obtained for each cell culture using electrospray-ionization and collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Fragmentation analysis was used for the identification or structural characterization coupled with the relative quantification of 72 BIAs, which establishes a key resource for future work on alkaloid biosynthesis. The metabolite profile obtained for each species provides a rational basis for the prediction of enzyme function in BIA metabolism. The metabolic frameworks assembled through the integration of transcript and metabolite profiles allow a comparison of BIA metabolism across several plant species and families. Taken together, these data represent an important tool for the discovery of BIA biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Deventer K, Pozo OJ, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Direct quantification of morphine glucuronides and free morphine in urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wijekoon CP, Facchini PJ. Systematic knockdown of morphine pathway enzymes in opium poppy using virus-induced gene silencing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:1052-63. [PMID: 22098111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) remains the sole commercial source for several pharmaceutical alkaloids including the narcotic analgesics codeine and morphine, and the semi-synthetic drugs oxycodone, buprenorphine and naltrexone. Although most of the biosynthetic genes have been identified, the post-transcriptional regulation of the morphinan alkaloid pathway has not been determined. We have used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) as a functional genomics tool to investigate the regulation of morphine biosynthesis via a systematic reduction in enzyme levels responsible for the final six steps in the pathway. Specific gene silencing was confirmed at the transcript level by real-time quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and at the protein level by immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against salutaridine synthase (SalSyn), salutaridine reductase (SalR), salutaridine 7-O-acetyltransferase (SalAT), thebaine 6-O-demethylase (T6ODM), codeinone reductase (COR), and codeine O-demethylase (CODM). In some cases, silencing a specific biosynthetic gene resulted in a predictable accumulation of the substrate for the corresponding enzyme. Reduced SalSyn, SalR, T6ODM and CODM protein levels correlated with lower morphine levels and a substantial increase in the accumulation of reticuline, salutaridine, thebaine and codeine, respectively. In contrast, the silencing of genes encoding SalAT and COR resulted in the accumulation of salutaridine and reticuline, respectively, which are not the corresponding enzymatic substrates. The silencing of alkaloid biosynthetic genes using VIGS confirms the physiological function of enzymes previously characterized in vitro, provides insight into the biochemical regulation of morphine biosynthesis, and demonstrates the immense potential for metabolic engineering in opium poppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Champa P Wijekoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Dang TTT, Onoyovwi A, Farrow SC, Facchini PJ. Biochemical Genomics for Gene Discovery in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy and Related Species. Methods Enzymol 2012; 515:231-66. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394290-6.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Niessen WMA. Fragmentation pathways of drugs of abuse and their metabolites based on QTOF MS/MS and MS(E) accurate-mass spectra. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:865-875. [PMID: 21915950 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A study of the fragmentation pathways of several classes of drugs of abuse (cannabinoids, ketamine, amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), cocaine and opiates) and their related substances has been made. The knowledge of the fragmentation is highly useful for specific fragment selection or for recognition of related compounds when developing MS-based analytical methods for the trace-level determination of these compounds in complex matrices. In this work, accurate-mass spectra of selected compounds were obtained using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, performing both MS/MS and MS(E) experiments. As regards fragmentation behavior, the mass spectra of both approaches were quite similar and were useful to study the fragmentation of the drugs investigated. Accurate-mass spectra of 37 drugs of abuse and related compounds, including metabolites and deuterated analogues, were studied in this work, and structures of fragment ions were proposed. The accurate-mass data obtained allowed to confirm structures and fragmentation pathways previously proposed based on nominal mass measurements, although new insights and structure proposals were achieved in some particular cases, especially for amphetamine and ATS, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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Wick A, Wagner M, Ternes TA. Elucidation of the transformation pathway of the opium alkaloid codeine in biological wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3374-85. [PMID: 21428281 DOI: 10.1021/es103489x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Codeine, an opium alkaloid, was transformed in aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge into several transformation products (TPs). For eight TPs, the chemical structures were unambiguously identified by a multistep approach using results from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. For an additional 10 TPs, tentative structures were proposed. Most of the TPs identified exhibited only slightly modified molecular structures featuring double bond shifts, introduction of hydroxy groups, or amine demethylation. The transformation pathway of codeine in contact with activated sludge is characterized by a combination of biologically and chemically mediated reactions. Biological oxidation of codeine leads to the formation of the α,β-unsaturated ketone codeinone, which is the precursor for further abiotic and biotic transformation due to its high chemical reactivity. An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and LC tandem MS detection was developed to confirm the formation of several TPs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The mass balances were comparable to those obtained from batch experiments. An HR-MS screening approach of TPs from dihydrocodeine and morphine revealed that the knowledge from the codeine transformation pathway can be extrapolated to the distinct transformation pathways of these structurally related opium alkaloids. In total, 17 TPs were proposed for morphine and 2 TPs for dihydrocodeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Koblenz, Germany
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Agarwal B, Petersson F, Jürschik S, Sulzer P, Jordan A, Märk TD, Watts P, Mayhew CA. Use of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analytical detection of illicit and controlled prescription drugs at room temperature via direct headspace sampling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2631-9. [PMID: 21475946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first reported use of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) for the detection of a range of illicit and prescribed drugs is presented here. We describe the capabilities of PTR-TOF-MS to detect the following commonly used narcotics-ecstasy (N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), morphine, codeine, cocaine and heroin-by the direct sampling of the headspace above small solid quantities (approximately 50 mg) of the drugs placed in glass vials at room temperature, i.e. with no heating of the sample and no pre-concentration. We demonstrate in this paper the ability to identify the drugs, both illicit and prescribed, using PTR-TOF-MS through the accurate m/z assignment of the protonated parent molecule to the second decimal place. We have also included in this study measurements with an impure sample of heroin, containing typical substances found in "street" heroin, to illustrate the use of the technology for more "real-world" samples. Therefore, in a real-world complex chemical environment, a high level of confidence can be placed on the detection of drugs. Although the protonated parent is observed for all drugs, the reactant channel leading to this species is not the only one observed and neither is it necessarily the most dominant. Details on the observed fragmentation behaviour are discussed and compared to electrospray ionisation MS(n) studies available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Agarwal
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Biri B, Kalmár J, Nagy L, Sipos A, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Energy-dependent collision-induced dissociation study of buprenorphine and its synthetic precursors. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:41-49. [PMID: 21154653 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated buprenorphine ([M+H](+) ) and four related compounds was studied by electrospray quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF MS). The fragmentation pathways were investigated by using energy-dependent CID and pseudo-MS(3) (in-source CID combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)) methods. The first steps of the fragmentation are the parallel losses of the substituents from the non-aromatic ring moieties. Depending on the applied collision energies, a large number of further fragment ions arising from the cross-ring cleavages of the core-ring structure were observed. Based on the experimental results, a generalized fragmentation scheme was developed for the five buprenorphine derivatives highlighting the differences for the alternatively substituted compounds. The collision-energy-dependent fragmentation profile of buprenorphine is visualized in a two-dimensional plot to aid its fingerprint identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Biri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
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Hernández F, Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Díaz R, Ibáñez M. Rapid wide-scope screening of drugs of abuse, prescription drugs with potential for abuse and their metabolites in influent and effluent urban wastewater by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and accurate mass measurement for quantification and confirmation of morphine, codeine and their glucuronide conjugates in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2959-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Soparawalla S, Salazar GA, Sokol E, Perry RH, Cooks RG. Trace detection of non-uniformly distributed analytes on surfaces using mass transfer and large-area desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry. Analyst 2010; 135:1953-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grobe N, Zhang B, Fisinger U, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH, Guengerich FP. Mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the phenol-coupling step in endogenous morphine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24425-31. [PMID: 19561069 PMCID: PMC2782035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme in porcine liver that catalyzed the phenol-coupling reaction of the substrate (R)-reticuline to salutaridine was previously purified to homogeneity (Amann, T., Roos, P. H., Huh, H., and Zenk, M. H. (1995) Heterocycles 40, 425-440). This reaction was found to be catalyzed by human P450s 2D6 and 3A4 in the presence of (R)-reticuline and NADPH to yield not a single product, but rather (-)-isoboldine, (-)-corytuberine, (+)-pallidine, and salutaridine, the para-ortho coupled established precursor of morphine in the poppy plant and most likely also in mammals. (S)-Reticuline, a substrate of both P450 enzymes, yielded the phenol-coupled alkaloids (+)-isoboldine, (+)-corytuberine, (-)-pallidine, and sinoacutine; none of these serve as a morphine precursor. Catalytic efficiencies were similar for P450 2D6 and P450 3A4 in the presence of cytochrome b(5) with (R)-reticuline as substrate. The mechanism of phenol coupling is not yet established; however, we favor a single cycle of iron oxidation to yield salutaridine and the three other alkaloids from (R)-reticuline. The total yield of salutaridine formed can supply the 10 nm concentration of morphine found in human neuroblastoma cell cultures and in brain tissues of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Grobe
- From the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Baichen Zhang
- From the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Ursula Fisinger
- the Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität München, Karlstrasse 29, 80333 München, Germany, and
| | - Toni M. Kutchan
- From the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Meinhart H. Zenk
- From the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- the Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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Production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:564-73. [PMID: 18690217 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse class of metabolites that exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities and are synthesized through plant biosynthetic pathways comprised of complex enzyme activities and regulatory strategies. We have engineered yeast to produce the key intermediate reticuline and downstream BIA metabolites from a commercially available substrate. An enzyme tuning strategy was implemented that identified activity differences between variants from different plants and determined optimal expression levels. By synthesizing both stereoisomer forms of reticuline and integrating enzyme activities from three plant sources and humans, we demonstrated the synthesis of metabolites in the sanguinarine/berberine and morphinan branches. We also demonstrated that a human P450 enzyme exhibits a novel activity in the conversion of (R)-reticuline to the morphinan alkaloid salutaridine. Our engineered microbial hosts offer access to a rich group of BIA molecules and associated activities that will be further expanded through synthetic chemistry and biology approaches.
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Salomonsson ML, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Structural evaluation of the glucuronides of morphine and formoterol using chemical derivatization with 1,2-dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl chloride and liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2685-2697. [PMID: 18677706 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For the first time chemical derivatization of isomeric drug glucuronides with 1,2-dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl chloride (DMISC) has been successfully applied as a tool for determining the site of conjugation. This provides a way to differentiate between glucuronide isomers containing aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups. The analyses were performed with liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MSn). DMISC has previously been shown to react selectively with phenols in estrogens, thus improving sensitivity in ESI-MS. The model compounds selected for this study were commercially available standards of formoterol, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Formoterol glucuronides were produced with an enzymatic method in house. Both formoterol and morphine possess one phenolic and one aliphatic hydroxyl group where glucuronidation could take place. The product ion mass spectra of the native morphine glucuronides were indistinguishable due to the initial neutral loss of monodehydrated glucuronic acid (176 u). However, a significant difference between the isomers was observed with DMISC derivatization, as only the form with a free phenol, M6G, gave a detectable reaction product. Formoterol formed two detectable glucuronide isomers in the enzymatic reaction. Their respective sites of conjugation could not be directly determined from the product ion spectra. Reaction with DMISC, however, gave a detectable product with only one of the isomers. Based on previous experience of the preferred DMISC reactions with phenols, and interpretation of the fragmentation pattern of the derivative, it was concluded that the reactive isomer had a free phenol, and was thus conjugated on the aliphatic chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Lampinen Salomonsson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Liu K, Bo T, Liao Y, Liu H. Fragmentation pathways of heroin-related alkaloids revealed by ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2851-62. [PMID: 18712703 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) mass spectra of heroin and seven related alkaloids, i.e., morphine, codeine, O-6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), thebaine, acetylcodeine, papaverine and narcotine, have been extensively investigated in this work. The ESI mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated 6-MAM, heroin, acetylcodeine, and thebaine were comprehensively elucidated for the first time with the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was found that cleavage of the piperidine ring was the featured fragmentation route of six of the compounds, although not of papaverine and narcotine. In addition, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based separation method gave baseline resolution of all eight components. This study could play an important role in the screening for these alkaloids in different matrices by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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50
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Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Fanelli R, Bagnati R. Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:378-394. [PMID: 18421768 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Residues of illicit drugs have been recently found in urban wastewater and surface water. Their levels reflect the amount of drugs collectively excreted by consumers and can therefore be used to estimate drug abuse. An overview of the most widely used illicit drugs and of the analytical methods used for their detection in wastewater and surface water is presented here. Solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are the techniques that have been used for these investigations. Instrumental conditions and fragmentation patterns of illicit drugs and their metabolites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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