1
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Fritzen JTT, Yasumitsu CY, Silva IV, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Respiratory illness in young and adult cattle caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 2b in singular and mixed bacterial infection in a BVDV-vaccinated dairy herd. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01476-x. [PMID: 39143403 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common global health problem in dairy cattle. The definitive diagnosis of BRD is complex because its etiology involves several predisposing and determining factors. This report describes the etiology of a BRD outbreak in a dairy herd in the mesoregion of Central Eastern Paraná, which simultaneously affected young (calves and heifers) and adult (cows) Holstein-Friesian cattle. Nine biological samples, consisting of five lung samples from two cows and three suckling calves, and four nasal swab samples from heifers, were used for etiological diagnosis. The nucleic acids extracted from lung fragments and nasal swabs were subjected to PCR and RT-PCR assays for partial amplification of the genes of five viruses [bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV)] and four bacteria (Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni) involved in the etiology of BRD. All nine biological samples from the animals with BRD tested negative for BoAHV1, BRSV, BPIV-3, BCoV, and H. somni. Therefore, the involvement of these microorganisms in the etiology of BRD outbreak can be ruled out. It was possible to identify the presence of BVDV and M. bovis in singular and mixed infections of the lower respiratory tract in cattle. BVDV was also identified in two nasal swabs: one as a single etiological agent and the other in association with two bacteria (P. multocida and M. haemolytica). The phylogenetic analysis conducted in the nucleotide sequence of the 5'UTR region and Npro gene of the BVDV amplicons demonstrated that the BVDV field strains of this BRD outbreak belong to subgenotype 2b. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BVDV-2b involvement in the etiology of BRD in Brazil. Finally, it is necessary to highlight that the cattle were obtained from an open dairy herd with biannual vaccinations for BVDV-1a and - 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Isabela Vaz Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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2
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Avello V, Salazar S, González EE, Campos P, Manríque V, Mathieu C, Hugues F, Cabezas I, Gädicke P, Parra NC, Acosta J, Sánchez O, González A, Montesino R. Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Candidate against the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8734. [PMID: 39201420 PMCID: PMC11354329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Multivalent live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines are often used to control the bovine viral diarrhea disease (BVD). Still, they retain inherent disadvantages and do not provide the expected protection. This study developed a new vaccine prototype, including the external segment of the E2 viral protein from five different subgenotypes selected after a massive screening. The E2 proteins of every subgenotype (1aE2, 1bE2, 1cE2, 1dE2, and 1eE2) were produced in mammalian cells and purified by IMAC. An equimolar mixture of E2 proteins formulated in an oil-in-water adjuvant made up the vaccine candidate, inducing a high humoral response at 50, 100, and 150 µg doses in sheep. A similar immune response was observed in bovines at 50 µg. The cellular response showed a significant increase in the transcript levels of relevant Th1 cytokines, while those corresponding to the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the negative control were similar. High levels of neutralizing antibodies against the subgenotype BVDV1a demonstrated the effectiveness of our vaccine candidate, similar to that observed in the sera of animals vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. These results suggest that our vaccine prototype could become an effective recombinant vaccine against the BVD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/immunology
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Sheep
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Avello
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Santiago Salazar
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Eddy E. González
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Paula Campos
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Viana Manríque
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Christian Mathieu
- Virology Section of the SAG’s Sub-Department Network of Animal Health Laboratories, Lo Aguirre, Santiago de Chile 9020000, Chile;
| | - Florence Hugues
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán P.O. Box 537, Chile; (F.H.); (I.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Ignacio Cabezas
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán P.O. Box 537, Chile; (F.H.); (I.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paula Gädicke
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán P.O. Box 537, Chile; (F.H.); (I.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Natalie C. Parra
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile;
| | - Alaín González
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Cra. 87 No 30-65, Medellin 050026, Colombia
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160C, Chile; (V.A.); (S.S.); (P.C.); (V.M.); (J.A.)
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3
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Wang Y, Pang F. Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370050. [PMID: 38646626 PMCID: PMC11026595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), which results in significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Fortunately, various diagnostic methods available for BVDV have been established. They include etiological methods, such as virus isolation (VI); serological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC); molecular methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and CRISPR-Cas system; and biosensors. This review summarizes the current diagnostic methods for BVDV, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and proposes future perspectives for the diagnosis of BVDV, with the intention of providing valuable guidance for effective diagnosis and control of BVD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Falkenberg SM, Ma H, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Bolton MW, Raithel G, Silvis S, Neill JD, Walz PH. Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:2085. [PMID: 37896862 PMCID: PMC10612043 DOI: 10.3390/v15102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines has raised concerns regarding the lack of protection against BVDV-1b field strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenic diversity of BVDV-1b strains and better understand the breadth of antigenic relatedness using BVDV-1b antisera and antisera from vaccine strains. Results from this analysis demonstrate the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV-1b isolates and genetic assignment into the BVDV-1b subgenotype is not representative of antigenic relatedness. This is demonstrated by BVDV-1b isolates (2280N, SNc, Illc, MSU, and 2337) observed to be as antigenically dissimilar as BVDV-2a isolates when using BVDV-1b antisera. Additionally, when BVDV-1a vaccine antisera was used for comparisons, a greater percentage of BVDV-1b isolates clustered with BVDV-1a vaccine strains as part of PC1, suggesting antigenic relatedness and potentially partial protection. Collectively, data from this study would suggest that while most BVDV-1b isolates are antigenically similar, there are antigenically dissimilar BVDV-1b isolates as determined by the lack of cross-reactivity, which may contribute to the lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Hao Ma
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | | | - Gage Raithel
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - Scott Silvis
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
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5
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Grange G, Mindeguia M, Gisbert P, Meyer G. Cross-Neutralization between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2 after Vaccination with a BVDV-1a Modified-Live-Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1204. [PMID: 37515020 PMCID: PMC10383975 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) involves removing persistently infected animals from the herd, ensuring the biosecurity level of the farms and vaccination for the prevention of fetal infection. Given pestiviruses high genetic and antigenic diversities, one challenge for a BVDV vaccine is to provide the broadest possible heterologous protection against most genotypes and sub-genotypes. The Modified-Live Mucosiffa® vaccine, which contains the BVDV-1 sub-genotype 1a (BVDV-1a) cytopathic Oregon C24 strain, was shown to protect fetuses of pregnant heifers against a challenge with a BVDV-1f Han strain. In this study, we tested the cross-neutralizing antibody (NA) response of 9 heifers at 28, 203- and 363-days post-vaccination with Mucosiffa® against recent and circulating European strains of BVDV-1a, -1b, -1e, -1f and BVDV-2a. We showed that Mucosiffa® vaccination generates a stable over time NA response against all BVDV strains. NA response was greater against BVDV-1a and -1b, with no significant differences between these sub-genotypes. Interestingly the NA response against the two BVDV-2a strains was similar to that observed against the BVDV-1f Han strain, which was the challenge strain used in fetal protection studies to validate the Mucosiffa® vaccine. These results suggest that Mucosiffa® vaccination provides humoral cross-immunity, which may protect against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2a infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Mindeguia
- Clinique Vétérinaire Amikuze, 64120 Béhasque-Lapiste, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31100 Toulouse, France
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6
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Yang N, Hu N, Zhang J, Yi J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wu P, Chen C. bta-miR-2904 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by targeting viral-infection-induced autophagy via ATG13. Arch Virol 2022; 168:11. [PMID: 36576583 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small and noncoding RNA molecules (18-25 nt) that can regulate expression of their target genes post-transcriptionally. Previously, using high-throughput sequencing data obtained on a Solexa platform, we found that Bos taurus bta-miR-2904 (miR-2904) was significantly upregulated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL at 2, 6, and 18 h postinfection (hpi) compared to uninfected MDBK cells. Moreover, miR-2904 overexpression significantly reduced BVDV replication. However, the mechanism by which miR-2904 inhibits viral replication remains unclear. In this study, we used electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, dual-luciferase reporter analysis, real-time PCR, and Western blot assays to investigate the effect of the miR-2904 expression on BVDV NADL replication and virus-infection-induced autophagy. The results indicate that miR-2904 inhibits autophagy of MDBK cells by targeting autophagy-related gene 13 (ATG13), and overexpression of miR-2904 inhibited the replication of BVDV NADL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nana Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
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7
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Lack of Fetal Protection against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Vaccinated Heifer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020311. [PMID: 35215904 PMCID: PMC8879756 DOI: 10.3390/v14020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the report was to present the circulation of BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus) in the cattle population and determine the cause of the failure of vaccination failure leading to the birth of the PI (persistently infected) calf. The case study was carried out at the BVDV-free animal breeding center and cattle farm, where the vaccination program against BVDV was implemented in 2012, and each newly introduced animal was serologically and virologically tested for BVDV. In this case, a blood sample was taken from a 9-month-old breeding bull. Positive RT-PCR and negative ELISA serology results were obtained. The tests were repeated at 2-week intervals, and the results confirmed the presence of the virus and the absence of specific antibodies, i.e., persistent infection. Additionally, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed, and the BVDV-1d subgenotype was detected. The results of this study showed that pregnant heifers and cows that are vaccinated multiple times with the killed vaccine containing BVDV-1a may not be fully protected against infection with other subgenotypes of BVDV, including their fetuses, which can become PI calves.
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8
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Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF. Epidemiology of Pestivirus H in Brazil and Its Control Implications. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693041. [PMID: 34368280 PMCID: PMC8342886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with viruses in the Pestivirus A (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1, BVDV1) and B species (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2, BVDV2), members of the Pestivirus H are mainly cattle pathogens. Viruses belonging to the Pestivirus H group are known as HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPev). Genetic and antigenic characterization suggest that HoBiPev are the most divergent pestiviruses identified in cattle to date. The phylogenetic analysis of HoBiPev results in at least five subgroups (a–e). Under natural or experimental conditions, calves infected with HoBiPev strains typically display mild upper respiratory signs, including nasal discharge and cough. Although BVDV1 and BVDV2 are widely distributed and reported in many South American countries, reports of HoBiPev in South America are mostly restricted to Brazil. Despite the endemicity and high prevalence of HoBiPev in Brazil, only HoBiPev-a was identified to date in Brazil. Unquestionably, HoBiPev strains in BVDV vaccine formulations are required to help curb HoBiPev spread in endemic regions. The current situation in Brazil, where at this point only HoBiPev-a seems present, provides a more significant opportunity to control these viruses with the use of a vaccine with a single HoBiPev subtype. Despite the lack of differentiation among bovine pestiviruses by current BVDV tests, the reduced genetic variability of HoBiPev in Brazil may allow reliable identification of cases within the region. On the other hand, introducing foreign ruminants, biologicals, and genetic material to South America, especially if it originated from other HoBiPev-endemic countries, should consider the risk of introducing divergent HoBiPev subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, United States
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Okda FA, Griffith E, Sakr A, Nelson E, Webby R. New Diagnostic Assays for Differential Diagnosis Between the Two Distinct Lineages of Bovine Influenza D Viruses and Human Influenza C Viruses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:605704. [PMID: 33363244 PMCID: PMC7759653 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.605704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV), a novel orthomyxovirus, is currently emerging in cattle worldwide. It shares >50% sequence similarity with the human influenza C virus (HICV). Two clades of IDV are currently co-circulating in cattle herds in the U.S. New assays specific for each lineage are needed for accurate surveillance. Also, differential diagnosis between zoonotic human influenza C virus and the two clades of IDV are important to assess the zoonotic potential of IDV. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on two different epitopes HEF and NP and four peptides, and fluorescent focus neutralization assay to differentiate between IDV bovine and swine clades. Calf sera were obtained, and bovine samples underwent surveillance. Our results highlight the importance of position 215 with 212 in determining the heterogeneity between the two lineages. We needed IFA and FFN for tissue culture-based analysis and a BSL2 facility for analyzing virus interactions. Unfortunately, these are not available in many veterinary centers. Hence, our second aim was to develop an iELISA using specific epitopes to detect two lineages of IDVs simultaneously. Epitope-iELISA accurately detects neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies against the IDV in non-BSL2 laboratories and veterinary clinics and is cost-effective and sensitive. To differentiate between IDVs and HICVs, whole antigen blocking, polypeptides, and single-peptide ELISAs were developed. A panel of ferret sera against both viruses was used. Results suggested that both IDV and ICV had a common ancestor, and IDV poses a zoonotic risk to individuals with prior or current exposure to cattle. IDV peptides IANAGVK (286-292 aa), KTDSGR (423-428 aa), and RTLTPAT (448-455 aa) could differentiate between the two viruses, whereas peptide AESSVNPGAKPQV (203-215 aa) detected the presence of IDV in human sera but could not deny that it could be ICV, because the only two conserved influenza C peptides shared 52% sequence similarity with IDV and cross-reacted with IDV. However, blocking ELISAs differentiated between the two viruses. Diagnostic tools and assays to differentiate between ICV and IDV are required for serological and epidemiological analysis to clarify the complexity and evolution and eliminate misdiagnosis between ICV and IDV in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A Okda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth Griffith
- Department of Chemical and Therapeutic, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ahmed Sakr
- Department of Business Administration and Management, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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10
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Fernández GA, Castro EF, Rosas RA, Fidalgo DM, Adler NS, Battini L, España de Marco MJ, Fabiani M, Bruno AM, Bollini M, Cavallaro LV. Design and Optimization of Quinazoline Derivatives: New Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Front Chem 2020; 8:590235. [PMID: 33425849 PMCID: PMC7793975 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.590235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Pestivirus genus (Flaviviridae). In spite of the availability of vaccines, the virus is still causing substantial financial losses to the livestock industry. In this context, the use of antiviral agents could be an alternative strategy to control and reduce viral infections. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential for the replication of the viral genome and constitutes an attractive target for the identification of antiviral compounds. In a previous work, we have identified potential molecules that dock into an allosteric binding pocket of BVDV RdRp via a structure-based virtual screening approach. One of them, N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine [1, 50% effective concentration (EC50) = 9.7 ± 0.5 μM], was selected to perform different chemical modifications. Among 24 derivatives synthesized, eight of them showed considerable antiviral activity. Molecular modeling of the most active compounds showed that they bind to a pocket located in the fingers and thumb domains in BVDV RdRp, which is different from that identified for other non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) such as thiosemicarbazone (TSC). We selected compound 2-[4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanol (1.9; EC50 = 1.7 ± 0.4 μM) for further analysis. Compound 1.9 was found to inhibit the in vitro replication of TSC-resistant BVDV variants, which carry the N264D mutation in the RdRp. In addition, 1.9 presented adequate solubility in different media and a high-stability profile in murine and bovine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana F Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío A Rosas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Fidalgo
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria J España de Marco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Fabiani
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Bruno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia V Cavallaro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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12
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Multivariate analysis as a method to evaluate antigenic relationships between BVDV vaccine and field strains. Vaccine 2020; 38:5764-5772. [PMID: 32690424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is comprised of two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, but given the genetic diversity among pestiviruses, at least 21 subgenotypes are described for BVDV-1 and 4 for BVDV-2. Genetic characterization can be achieved through complete or partial sequencing and phylogeny, but antigenic characterization can be difficult to determine due to the antigenic diversity and cross-neutralization that exists among isolates. The traditional method for evaluating antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates is the virus neutralization (VN) assay, but interpretation of the data to determine antigenic difference can be unclear. Data from this study utilized a multivariate analysis for visualization of VN results to analyze the antigenic relationships between vaccine strains and multiple field isolates. Polyclonal sera were generated against 6 BVDV strains currently contained in vaccine formulations, and each serum was used in VN's to measure the neutralizing antibody titers against 15 BVDV field isolates characterized as prevalent and divergent subgenotypes in the USA. Principal component analysis (PCA) were performed on the VN assay datasets, and results were interpreted from PCA clustering within the PCA dendrogram and scatter plot. The results demonstrated clustering patterns among isolates suggestive of antigenic differences. While expected, the BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 isolates did not cluster together and had the greatest spatial distribution. In addition, other BVDV isolates had distinct spatial patterns suggesting antigenically divergent isolates. This analysis provides an alternative and more efficient means to analyze large VN datasets to visualize antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates. This analysis could be beneficial for vaccine development and evaluation of efficacy, since most vaccines cannot fully protect animals from the broad range diversity of BVDV viruses.
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13
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Toker EB, Aytogu G, Kadiroglu B, Ates O, Yesilbag K. Failure in dry period vaccination strategy for bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108797. [PMID: 32768238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea is a common disease of cattle and has significant impact on animal welfare worldwide. There are fundamental approaches i.e. elimination of persistently infected animals, vaccination and biosecurity measures for effective control and eradication of BVD virus (BVDV). By this study, the presence of persistent infection with divergent BVDV subgenotype in the calves in a dairy herd having regular vaccination program was investigated. In the herd, vaccinated with a killed whole virion trivalent vaccine (composed of BVDV-1a) during the dry period of the cows, abortion cases were existed in the late autumn 2019. During herd screening by BVDV antigen-ELISA, 2 out of 300 dams were detected positive. Following, by ear notch-based BVDV antigen-ELISA, 30 calves were detected positive. Confirmation of persistent BVDV infection was performed 3 weeks later by testing with antigen-ELISA, where 8 of 9 selected newborn calves were positive for the second time. The entire antigen-ELISA positive samples were subjected to virus isolation on MDBK cell culture and identified as non-cytopathogenic pestiviruses by indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Presence of pestivirus RNA was detected in the 8 isolates by panpestivirus RT-PCR. Analysis of the 5'UTR regions revealed that BVDV-1 r circulate in the herd. Results of this study lead to questioning the efficiency of dry period vaccination strategy against BVDV. But otherwise, vaccination with BVDV-1a can be inefficient for complete protection against BVDV-1 r. Therefore, serological relationship between mentioned subgenotypes or protection by current vaccines against latest field isolates needs to be investigated before development of new BVDV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Baldan Toker
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa-Turkey
| | - Gizem Aytogu
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa-Turkey
| | - Berfin Kadiroglu
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa-Turkey
| | - Ozer Ates
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa-Turkey
| | - Kadir Yesilbag
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa-Turkey.
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14
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Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030374. [PMID: 32664468 PMCID: PMC7565157 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestivirus A or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. The objective of the present study was to verify whether animals immunised with four commercial vaccines also developed a protective humoral immunity against other viral subgenotypes than those contained in each vaccine. Four groups of 25 bovines each were formed and vaccinated according to the manufacturer’s instructions of the commercial vaccines. On sera collected 28 days after the last vaccination, virus neutralisation tests (VNT) were performed using homologous and heterologous viruses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, the VNT results were comparatively evaluated through a statistical analysis. Serological results highlighted that, although with a different degree of efficiency, the four vaccines resulted in not developing a solid antibody-mediated cross-immunity against all the strains used.
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15
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Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Payton ME, Burge LJ, Step D. Immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines detecting antibodies to BVDV subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2c. Vaccine 2020; 38:4032-4037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Lysholm S, Ramabu SS, Berg M, Wensman JJ. First-time detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus, BVDV-1, in cattle in Botswana. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2019; 86:e1-e7. [PMID: 31714135 PMCID: PMC6852425 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are serious constraints for improving livestock productivity. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a virus causing grave economic losses throughout the cattle producing world. Infection is often not apparent, but the virus can also cause respiratory signs, diarrhoea, reproductive problems and immunosuppression. Risk factors for disease transmission include, but are not limited to, herd size, animal trade and grazing on communal pastures. Several prevalence studies have been conducted in southern Africa, but in Botswana the occurrence is largely unknown. In this study, blood samples were obtained from 100 goats from three villages around the capital city, Gaborone. Also, 364 blood samples from cattle around Gaborone, collected as part of another study, were analysed. The detected antibody prevalence was 0% in goats and 53.6% in cattle when using a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. Three animals from two different herds were positive for viral nucleic acids on polymerase chain reaction. The two herds with viraemic animals had significantly higher antibody prevalence compared to the other herds. Also, two of the detected viruses were sequenced and found to be most similar to BVDV-1a. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that sequencing has been performed on BVDV isolated in Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
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17
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Mirosław P, Polak M. Increased genetic variation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:278. [PMID: 31382966 PMCID: PMC6683398 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes severe economic losses and is one of the most important viral pathogens of ruminants worldwide. The infection manifests itself in a variety of clinical symptoms. Phylogenetic studies based mainly on 5’UTR of its genome, identified many different subtypes of BVDV. Previous study indicated the predominance of BVDV-1b and BVDV-1d in Poland. The aim of this study was to genotype BVDV isolates currently circulating in Polish dairy herds. Results BVDV was detected in 30 herds. Viral subtypes were identified using sequences of the 5’UTR fragment and they were confirmed within a fragment of the Npro region. Seven subtypes of BVDV-1 species have been identified: 1b, 1 g, 1f, 1d, 1r, 1 s and 1e. Conclusion The number of subtypes of BVDV in Poland evolves and 2 new subtypes have been identified for the first time. Such studies may have a positive impact on successful eradication of the virus using effective vaccines and diagnostic tests. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2029-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mirosław
- Department of Virology of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Polak
- Department of Virology of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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18
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Silveira S, Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Walz PH, Ridpath JF, Canal CW, Neill JD. In vitro method to evaluate virus competition between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains using the PrimeFlow RNA assay. Virology 2019; 536:101-109. [PMID: 31415943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV), segregated in BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species, lead to substantial economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. It has been hypothesized that there could be differences in level of replication, pathogenesis and tissue tropism between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. Thus, this study developed an in vitro method to evaluate virus competition between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. To this end the competitive dynamics of BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a strains in cell cultures was evaluated by a PrimeFlow RNA assay. Similar results were observed in this study, as was observed in an earlier in vivo transmission study. Competitive exclusion was observed as the BVDV-2a strains dominated and excluded the BVDV-1a and BVDV-1b strains. The in vitro model developed can be used to identify viral variations that result in differences in frequency of subgenotypes detected in the field, vaccine failure, pathogenesis, and strain dependent variation in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - R P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 129 Sugg Laboratory, Auburn University, AL, 36849, USA
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
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19
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Enhanced immune responses to E2 protein and DNA formulated with ISA 61 VG administered as a DNA prime–protein boost regimen against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2018; 36:5591-5599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Alpay G, Toker EB, Yeşilbağ K. Persistent BVD virus infections in offspring from imported heifers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:297-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Bollini M, Leal ES, Adler NS, Aucar MG, Fernández GA, Pascual MJ, Merwaiss F, Alvarez DE, Cavasotto CN. Discovery of Novel Bovine Viral Diarrhea Inhibitors Using Structure-Based Virtual Screening on the Envelope Protein E2. Front Chem 2018; 6:79. [PMID: 29632860 PMCID: PMC5879447 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. BVDV causes both acute and persistent infections in cattle, leading to substantial financial losses to the livestock industry each year. The global prevalence of persistent BVDV infection and the lack of a highly effective antiviral therapy have spurred intensive efforts to discover and develop novel anti-BVDV therapies in the pharmaceutical industry. Antiviral targeting of virus envelope proteins is an effective strategy for therapeutic intervention of viral infections. We performed prospective small-molecule high-throughput docking to identify molecules that likely bind to the region delimited by domains I and II of the envelope protein E2 of BVDV. Several structurally different compounds were purchased or synthesized, and assayed for antiviral activity against BVDV. Five of the selected compounds were active displaying IC50 values in the low- to mid-micromolar range. For these compounds, their possible binding determinants were characterized by molecular dynamics simulations. A common pattern of interactions between active molecules and aminoacid residues in the binding site in E2 was observed. These findings could offer a better understanding of the interaction of BVDV E2 with these inhibitors, as well as benefit the discovery of novel and more potent BVDV antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilse S Leal
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Aucar
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Fernando Merwaiss
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Diego E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Claudio N Cavasotto
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
This study demonstrated the duration of immunity over 6 months of a vaccine against key bovine respiratory disease pathogens: Parainfluenza 3, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea and Mannheimia haemolytica. This was performed by challenge on colostrum-deprived calves at the age of 2 weeks. Recent European field isolates were used as challenge strains. Clinical signs and pathogen excretion or presence were monitored. Field relevance of the viral challenge strains was analysed using phylogenic analysis. Significant reduction of excretion of the 3 viruses in vaccinated animals was a consistent finding, demonstrating the efficacy of the vaccine. Reducing shedding is indeed key to interrupting the infection transmission chain and helping to achieve the protective effects of immunisation that extend beyond the individual. A significant reduction of clinical signs and lung lesions following the Mannheimia haemolytica challenge was also observed in vaccinated animals versus controls. Comparison of the challenge strains to an array of global and European strains, including recent ones, demonstrated a high genetic proximity, supporting the potential for the vaccine to maintain similar levels of efficacy in the field over a 6-month period post vaccination.
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Runyan CA, Downey-Slinker ED, Ridpath JF, Hairgrove TB, Sawyer JE, Herring AD. Feed Intake and Weight Changes in Bos indicus-Bos taurus Crossbred Steers Following Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1b Challenge Under Production Conditions. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040066. [PMID: 29231886 PMCID: PMC5750590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has major impacts on beef cattle production worldwide, but the understanding of host animal genetic influence on illness is limited. This study evaluated rectal temperature, weight change and feed intake in Bos indicus crossbred steers (n = 366) that were challenged with BVDV Type 1b, and where family lines were stratified across three vaccine treatments of modified live (MLV), killed, (KV) or no vaccine (NON). Pyrexia classification based on 40.0 °C threshold following challenge and vaccine treatment were investigated for potential interactions with sire for weight change and feed intake following challenge. Pyrexia classification affected daily feed intake (ADFI, p = 0.05), and interacted with day (p < 0.001) for ADFI. Although low incidence of clinical signs was observed, there were marked reductions in average daily gain (ADG) and cumulative feed intake during the first 14 day post-challenge; ADG (CV of 104%) and feed efficiency were highly variable in the 14-day period immediately post-challenge as compared to the subsequent 14-day periods. A sire × vaccine strategy interaction affected ADFI (p < 0.001), and a sire by time period interaction affected ADG (p = 0.03) and total feed intake (p = 0.03). This study demonstrates that different coping responses may exist across genetic lines to the same pathogen, and that subclinical BVDV infection has a measurable impact on cattle production measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A Runyan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Agriculture, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76909-0888, USA.
| | - Erika D Downey-Slinker
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Elanco Animal Health, Larchwood, IA 51241, USA.
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- USDA-ARS National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
- Ridpath Consulting, LLC, Gilbert, IA 50105, USA.
| | - Thomas B Hairgrove
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Jason E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Andy D Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Taxis TM, Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Casas E. Circulating MicroRNAs in Serum from Cattle Challenged with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Front Genet 2017; 8:91. [PMID: 28702050 PMCID: PMC5487392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus that is often associated with respiratory disease in cattle. MicroRNAs have been proposed as indicators of exposure to respiratory pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify microRNAs in cattle that had been challenged with a non-cytopathic field strain of BVDV. Five colostrum deprived neonate Holstein calves were inoculated with BVDV (challenged) and 4 were mock challenged (control). Serum from all calves was collected at four different times: prior to challenge (day 0) and at 4, 9, and 16 days post-challenge. RNA was extracted from sera, and expression, via read counts, of small non-coding RNAs were obtained using next-generation sequencing. A total of 905,861 sequences identified 427 microRNAs. Sixty-two microRNAs had >1,000 total reads across all samples. Bta-miR-339a, bta-miR-185, bta-miR-486, Bta-miR-92a, bta-miR-30e-5p, bta-let-7c, and bta-miR-2284x were significantly different (P < 0.05) across time regardless of challenge status. Bta-miR-423-5p (P = 0.008) and bta-miR-151-3p (P = 0.005) were significantly different between challenged and control animals across time. In challenged animals, bta-miR-423-5p peaked in number of reads by day 4 and steadily declined from day 4 to day 16. In control animals, bta-miR-423-5p declined from day 0 to day 9 and increased in number by day 16. By day 16, both challenged and control animals had similar levels of bta-miR-423-5p, and these levels were similar to day 0 levels. Bta-miR-151-3p peaked at day 9 in challenged animals, while control animals decreased across time. By day 16, the number of reads of bta-miR-151-3p were similar between challenged and control animals. The level in challenged animals had returned to day 0 levels by day 16, whereas the levels for control animals was significantly lower (P = 0.006) than day 0. Further studies are needed to establish if bta-miR-423-5p or bta-miR-151-3p could be used as a biomarker for exposure to BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasia M Taxis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, AmesIA, United States
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, AmesIA, United States
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, AmesIA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, AmesIA, United States
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Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:78-83. [PMID: 28400145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is responsible for significant losses to the cattle industry. Currently, modified-live viral (MLV) and inactivated viral vaccines are available against BVDV, often in combination with other viral and bacterial antigens. Inactivated and MLV vaccines provide cattle producers and veterinarians safe and efficacious options for herd immunization to limit disease associated with BVDV infection. Vaccination of young cattle against BVDV is motivated by prevention of clinical disease and limiting viral spread to susceptible animals. For reproductive-age cattle, vaccination to prevent viremia and birth of persistently infected offspring is considered more important, while also more difficult to achieve than prevention of clinical disease. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of BVDV vaccine efficacy. In terms of preventing clinical disease, current BVDV vaccines have been demonstrated to have a rapid onset of immunity and MLV vaccines can be effectively utilized in calves possessing maternal immunity. For reproductive protection, more recent studies using multivalent MLV vaccines have demonstrated consistent fetal protection rates in the range of 85-100% in experimental studies. Proper timing and administration of BVDV vaccines can be utilized to maximize vaccine efficacy to provide an important contribution to reducing risks associated with BVDV infection. With improvements in vaccine formulations and increased understanding of the protective immune response following vaccination, control of BVDV through vaccination can be enhanced.
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Polak MP, Antos A, Rola J, Żmudziński JF. Viral shedders in a herd vaccinated against infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) without prior testing for the presence of persistently infected animals. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), is one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. The purpose of the study was to determine the BVDV infection status in a dairy herd vaccinated against BVD. Before vaccination started in 2008, there had been no prior identification or the removal of the possible source of infection (persistently infected animals). It was expected that vaccination itself would enable the elimination of viral shedders on a long term basis. Material and Methods: Serological screening for antibodies against BVDV with determination for antibodies titres, BVDV antigen, and the presence of the viral genome with phylogenetic analysis of positive samples in the herd were performed, despite the lack of any clinical problems indicating possible presence of BVDV infection. Results: 19 individuals persistently infected with BVDV were identified among calves and heifers but not in adult cattle. All virus shedders were antibody negative and the genotype of isolated virus was BVDV-1b, indicating a single source of infection. The vaccine used in the herd was composed of BVDV-1a strain. In each of the tested cowsheds, antibody titres against BVDV-1b were higher than against BVDV-1a (median values). Conclusion: Despite a long-lasting vaccination programme and relatively high sequence homology of vaccinal and field strains of BVDV (83.6%), it was not possible to avoid transplacental infections of foetuses and the birth of persistently infected calves from vaccinated heifers although the protection against clinical disease was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław P. Polak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Antos
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan F. Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Guelbenzu-Gonzalo MP, Cooper L, Brown C, Leinster S, O’Neill R, Doyle L, Graham DA. Genetic diversity of ruminant Pestivirus strains collected in Northern Ireland between 1999 and 2011 and the role of live ruminant imports. Ir Vet J 2016; 69:7. [PMID: 27354911 PMCID: PMC4924319 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-016-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae includes bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2, border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine fever virus. The two recognised genotypes of BVDV are divided into subtypes based on phylogenetic analysis, namely a-p for BVDV-1 and a-c for BVDV-2. METHODS Three studies were conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of pestiviruses present in Northern Ireland. Firstly, pestiviruses in 152 serum samples that had previously tested positive for BVDV between 1999 and 2008 were genotyped with a RT-PCR assay. Secondly, the genetic heterogeneity of pestiviruses from 91 serum samples collected between 2008 and 2011 was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of a 288 base pair portion of the 5' untranslated region (UTR). Finally, blood samples from 839 bovine and 4,437 ovine animals imported in 2010 and 2011 were tested for pestiviral RNA. Analysis of animal movement data alongside the phylogenetic analysis of the strains was carried out to identify any links between isolates and animal movement. RESULTS No BVDV-2 strains were detected. All of the 152 samples in the first study were genotyped as BVDV-1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the predominant subtype circulating was BVDV-1a (86 samples out of 91). The remaining five samples clustered close to reference strains in subtype BVDV-1b. Out of the imported animals, 18 bovine samples tested positive and 8 inconclusive (Ct ≥36), while all ovine samples were negative. Eight sequences were obtained and were defined as BVDV-1b. Analysis of movement data between herds failed to find links between herds where BVDV-1b was detected. CONCLUSION Given that only BVDV-1a was detected in samples collected between 1968 and 1999, this study suggests that at least one new subtype has been introduced to Northern Ireland between 1999 and 2011 and highlights the potential for importation of cattle to introduce new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynsey Cooper
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, UK
| | - Craig Brown
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, UK
| | - Sam Leinster
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, UK
| | - Ronan O’Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | - Liam Doyle
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs of Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
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Confer AW, Fulton RW, Step DL, Johnson BJ, Ridpath JF. Viral Antigen Distribution in the Respiratory Tract of Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subtype 2a. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:192-9. [PMID: 15753473 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-2-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissues were obtained at necropsy from the nasal vestibule, turbinates, nasopharynx, trachea, tracheobronchial bifurcation, and lung from each of 10 clinically healthy calves persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) serotype 2a. Tissues from the nasal vestibule were obtained by biopsy from five additional PI calves. Formalin-fixed tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry to localize the distribution of BVDV throughout the respiratory tract. Antigen distribution and intensity were subjectively evaluated. Throughout the respiratory tract, mononuclear leukocytes, vascular smooth muscle, and endoneural and perineural cells had BVDV immunoreactivity (BVDV-IR). Multifocally, squamous and ciliated columnar epithelium throughout the respiratory tract contained weak to moderate BVDV antigen. Viral antigen was not seen in goblet cells. BVDV-IR in mixed tubuloalveolar glands of the nasal cavity was weak to strong in serous secretory cells and ductular epithelium. Chondrocytes of the concha often contained BVDV antigen diffusely. Nasal mucus-secreting and tracheobronchial glands multifocally contained weak viral signal. In all cases, alveolar macrophages had moderate to strong BVDV-IR, whereas BVDV-IR in alveolar epithelial cells was weak to moderate. BVDV was present in interalveolar leukocytes and mesenchymal cells. Results indicate that serous secretions of the nasal cavity, productive viral infection of epithelium, and infected leukocytes in respiratory secretions are likely major sources of infectious BVDV from PI calves. The presence of BVDV antigen in respiratory epithelium is, at least, indirect support for the notion that this virus predisposes PI cattle to secondary microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Confer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 211 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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31
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Newcomer BW, Givens D. Diagnosis and Control of Viral Diseases of Reproductive Importance: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:425-41. [PMID: 27140298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 can have significant negative reproductive impacts on cattle health. Vaccination is the primary control method for the viral pathogens in US cattle herds. Polyvalent, modified-live vaccines are recommended to provide optimal protection against various viral field strains. Of particular importance to bovine viral diarrhea control is the limitation of contact of pregnant cattle with potential viral reservoirs during the critical first 125 days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 127 Sugg Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36849-5516, USA
| | - Daniel Givens
- Office of Academic Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 217 Veterinary Education Center, Auburn, AL 36849-5536, USA.
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32
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Abe Y, Tamura T, Torii S, Wakamori S, Nagai M, Mitsuhashi K, Mine J, Fujimoto Y, Nagashima N, Yoshino F, Sugita Y, Nomura T, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:61-70. [PMID: 26400674 PMCID: PMC4751118 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we genetically analyzed bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs)
isolated from 2000 to 2006 in Japan and reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were
predominant. In the present study, 766 BVDVs isolated from 2006 to 2014 in Hokkaido,
Japan, were genetically analyzed to understand recent epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis
based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′-untranslated region of viral genome revealed that
766 isolates were classified as genotype 1 (BVDV-1; 544 isolates) and genotype 2 (BVDV-2;
222). BVDV-1 isolates were further divided into BVDV-1a (93), 1b (371) and 1c (80)
subgenotypes, and all BVDV-2 isolates were grouped into BVDV-2a subgenotype (222). Further
comparative analysis was performed with BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a viruses isolated from 2001 to
2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the viral glycoprotein E2
gene, a major target of neutralizing antibodies, revealed that BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates
were further classified into several clusters. Cross-neutralization tests showed that
BVDV-1b isolates were antigenically different from BVDV-1a isolates, and almost BVDV-1a,
1b and 2a isolates were antigenically similar among each subgenotype and each E2 cluster.
Taken together, BVDV-1b viruses are still predominant, and BVDV-2a viruses have increased
recently in Hokkaido, Japan. Field isolates of BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a show genetic diversity
on the E2 gene with antigenic conservation among each subgenotype during the last 14
years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Abe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Impact of species and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus on control by vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2015; 16:40-54. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252315000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) are diverse genetically and antigenically. This diversity impacts both diagnostic testing and vaccination. In North America, there are two BVDV species, 1 and 2 with 3 subgentoypes, BVDV1a, BVDV1b and BVDV2a. Initially, US vaccines contained BVDV1a cytopathic strains. With the reporting of BVDV2 severe disease in Canada and the USA there was focus on protection by BVDV1a vaccines on BVDV2 disease. There was also emphasis of controlling persistently infected (PI) cattle resulted in studies for fetal protection afforded by BVDV1a vaccines. Initially, studies indicated that some BVDV1a vaccines gave less than 100% protection against BVDV2 challenge for fetal infection. Eventually vaccines in North America added BVDV2a to modified live virus (MLV) and killed BVDV1a vaccines. Ideally, vaccines should stimulate complete immunity providing 100% protection against disease, viremias, shedding, and 100% fetal protection in vaccinates when challenged with a range of diverse antigenic viruses (subgenotypes). There should be a long duration of immunity stimulated by vaccines, especially for fetal protection. MLV vaccines should be safe when given according to the label and free of other pathogens. While vaccines have now included BVDV1a and BVDV2a, with the discovery of the predominate subgenotype of BVDV in the USA to be BVDV1b, approximately 75% or greater in prevalence, protection in acute challenge and fetal protection studies became more apparent for BVDV1b. Thus many published studies examined protection by BVDV1a and BVDV2a vaccines against BVDV1b in acute challenge and fetal protection studies. There are no current BVDV1b vaccines in the USA. There are now more regulations on BVDV reproductive effects by the USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) regarding label claims for protection against abortion, PI calves, and fetal infections, including expectations for studies regarding those claims. Also, the USDA CVB has a memorandum providing the guidance for exemption of the warning label statement against the use of the MLV BVDV in pregnant cows and calves nursing pregnant cows. In reviews of published studies in the USA, the results of acute challenge and fetal protection studies are described, including subgenotypes in vaccines and challenge strains and the results in vaccinates and the vaccinates' fetuses/newborns. In general, vaccines provide protection against heterologous strains, ranging from 100% to partial but statistically significant protection. In recent studies, the duration of immunity afforded by vaccines was investigated and reported. Issues of contamination remain, especially since fetal bovine serums may be contaminated with noncytopathic BVDV. In addition, the potential for immunosuppression by MLV vaccines exists, and new vaccines will be assessed in the future to prove those MLV components are not immunosuppressive by experimental studies. As new subgenotypes are found, the efficacy of the current vaccines should be evaluated for these new strains.
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Gao Y, Zhao X, Sun C, Zang P, Yang H, Li R, Zhang L. A transgenic ginseng vaccine for bovine viral diarrhea. Virol J 2015; 12:73. [PMID: 25948546 PMCID: PMC4455706 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections are endemic in cattle populations worldwide and cause major economic losses. Thus, an effective vaccine is needed against the transmission of BVDV. The glycoprotein E(rns) is one of the envelope proteins of this virus and shows BVDV-related immunogenicity. Here, we report the use of Panax ginseng as an alternative production platform for the expression of glycoprotein E(rns) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. RESULT Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analyses showed that pBI121-E(rns) was stably integrated into the chromosome of transformants. ELISA assay and Western blot analysis confirmed the antigenicity of plant-derived E(rns) glycoprotein. Immunogenicity was evaluated subcutaneously in deer using a soluble protein extract of dried transgenic ginseng hairy roots. Specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against BVDV were detected following immunization. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that the E(rns) glycoprotein could be expressed in ginseng hairy roots and that plant-derived glycoprotein E(rns) retained its antigenicity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
| | - Xueliang Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of AnimCal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yang Ling, 712100, China.
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
| | - He Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
| | - Ran Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, 130118, China.
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Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K. Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1). Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:1-6. [PMID: 25487441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has various economic impacts associated with diarrhea, poor performance, an increase in the frequency of other infections and lethal outcomes. Both genotypes, namely BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, as well as different subgroups within these genotypes have been reported worldwide. Understanding the serological differences among the BVDV subgroups is important for disease epidemiology and prevention as well as vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to determine the serological relatedness among the subgroups in BVDV-1. For that purpose, sheep hyperimmune sera were collected against representative strains from 6 of the subgroups of BVDV-1 (BVDV-1a, -1b, -1d, -1f, -1h and -1l). The serum samples that gave the peak antibody titer to the homologous strains were used to perform cross neutralization assays. The highest homologous antibody titer (1:5160) was obtained against BVDV-1h. Regarding the cross neutralizing (heterologous) antibodies, the lowest titer (1:20) was produced by the BVDV-1f antiserum against the BVDV-1a and BVDV1-b viruses. The highest cross neutralizing titer (1:2580) achieved by the BVDV-1h antiserum was against the BVDV-1b strain. The cross neutralization results indicated particular serological differences between the recently described subgroup (BVDV-1l) and BVDV-1a/-1b, which are widely used in commercial vaccines. Considering the cross neutralization titers, it is concluded that selected BVDV-1l and BVDV-1h strains can be used for the development of diagnostic and control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
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36
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Risalde MA, Molina V, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Romero-Palomo F, Pedrera M, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Effects of Preinfection With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus on Immune Cells From the Lungs of Calves Inoculated With Bovine Herpesvirus 1.1. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:644-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814551579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the interstitial aggregates of immune cells observed in pulmonary parenchyma of calves preinfected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and challenged later with bovine herpesvirus 1. In addition, the intent of this research was to clarify the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus in local cell-mediated immunity and potentially in predisposing animals to bovine respiratory disease complex. Twelve Friesian calves, aged 8 to 9 months, were inoculated with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1. Ten were subsequently challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 and euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days postinoculation. The other 2 calves were euthanized prior to the second inoculation. Another cohort of 10 calves was inoculated only with bovine herpesvirus 1 and then were euthanized at the same time points. Two calves were not inoculated with any agent and were used as negative controls. Pulmonary lesions were evaluated in all animals, while quantitative and biosynthetic changes in immune cells were concurrently examined immunohistochemically to compare coinfected calves and calves challenged only with bovine herpesvirus 1. Calves preinfected with bovine viral diarrhea virus demonstrated moderate respiratory clinical signs and histopathologic evidence of interstitial pneumonia with aggregates of mononuclear cells, which predominated at 4 days postinoculation. Furthermore, this group of animals was noted to have a suppression of interleukin-10 and associated alterations in the Th1-driven cytokine response in the lungs, as well as inhibition of the response of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes against bovine herpesvirus 1. These findings suggest that bovine viral diarrhea virus preinfection could affect the regulation of the immune response as modulated by regulatory T cells, as well as impair local cell-mediated immunity to secondary respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Risalde
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria, Milano, Italy
| | - V. Molina
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK
| | - P. J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F. Romero-Palomo
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M. Pedrera
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J. C. Gómez-Villamandos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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37
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Palomares RA, Hurley DJ, Woolums AR, Parrish JE, Brock KV. Analysis of mRNA expression for genes associated with regulatory T lymphocytes (CD25, FoxP3, CTLA4, and IDO) after experimental infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus of low or high virulence in beef calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:331-8. [PMID: 25456194 PMCID: PMC7112516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been associated with lymphocyte depletion, leukopenia and impairment of leukocyte function; however, no work has been done on the relationship between BVDV and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). The objective of this study was to compare the mRNA expression of genes associated with Tregs (CD25, FoxP3, CTLA4, and IDO), after experimental infection of beef calves with low (LV) or high (HV) virulence BVDV. Thirty BVDV-naïve calves were randomly assigned to three groups. Calves were intra-nasally inoculated with LV (n=10, strain SD-1) or HV (n=10, strain 1373) BVDV or BVDV-free cell culture medium (control, n=10). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of target genes in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes and spleen on day 5 post-infection. The mRNA expression of CD25 was up-regulated in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of LV (P<0.05), but not in HV compared to the control group. The expression of FoxP3 and CTLA4 was not increased in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of either of the BVDV-inoculated groups. A dramatic up-regulation of IDO mRNA was observed in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of LV (P<0.05), but not HV compared to the control calves. In conclusion, experimental infection with BVDV did not provide evidence of Treg activation based on expression of FoxP3 and CTL4. Differential expression of CD25 and IDO mRNA on day 5 post-infection with HV or LV BVDV might reflect temporal differences in transcription occurring during the immune response elicited by these viral strains, or differences in viral infectivity of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Palomares
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - David J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Parrish
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kenny V Brock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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38
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Generation of the bovine viral diarrhea virus e0 protein in transgenic astragalus and its immunogenicity in sika deer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:372503. [PMID: 24963321 PMCID: PMC4054918 DOI: 10.1155/2014/372503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a single-stranded RNA virus, can cause fatal diarrhea syndrome, respiratory problems, and reproductive disorders in herds. Over the past few years, it has become clear that the BVDV infection rates are increasing and it is likely that an effective vaccine for BVDV will be needed. In this study, transgenic Astragalus was used as an alternative productive platform for the expression of glycoprotein E0. The immunogenicity of glycoprotein E0 expressed in transgenic Astragalus was detected in deer. The presence of pBI121-E0 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transcription was verified by reverse transcription- (RT-) PCR, and recombinant protein expression was confirmed by ELISA and Western blot analyses. Deer that were immunized subcutaneously with the transgenic plant vaccine developed specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against BVDV. This study provides a new method for a protein with weak immunogenicity to be used as part of a transgenic plant vaccine.
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39
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Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) continues to be of economic significance to the livestock industry in terms of acute disease and fetal loss. Many of the lesions relating to BVDV infection have been well described previously. The virus is perpetuated in herds through the presence of calves that are persistently infected. Relationships between various species and biotypes of BVDV and host defenses are increasingly understood. Understanding of the host defense mechanisms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity continues to improve, and the effects of the virus on these immune mechanisms are being used to explain how persistent infection develops. The noncytopathic biotype of BVDV plays the major role in its effects on the host defenses by inhibiting various aspects of the innate immune system and creation of immunotolerance in the fetus during early gestation. Recent advances have allowed for development of affordable test strategies to identify and remove persistently infected animals. With these improved tests and removal strategies, the livestock industry can begin more widespread effective control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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40
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Aguirre IM, Quezada MP, Celedón MO. Antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from alpaca (Vicugna pacos), llama (Lama glama) and bovines in Chile. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:324-30. [PMID: 24388627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Llamas and alpacas are domesticated South American camelids (SACs) important to ancestral population in the Altiplano region, and to different communities where they have been introduced worldwide. These ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the Pestivirus genus and mainly to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Seventeen Chilean BVDV isolates were analyzed by serum cross neutralization with samples obtained from five llama, six alpacas, three bovines, plus three reference strains belonging to different subgroups and genotypes. The objective was to describe antigenic differences and similarities among them. Antigenic comparison showed significant differences between different subgroups. Consequently, antigenic similarities were observed among isolates belonging to the same subgroup and also between isolates from different animal species belonging the same subgroup. Among the analyzed samples, one pair of 1b subgroup isolates showed significant antigenic differences. On the other hand, one pair of isolates from different subgroups (1b and 1j) shared antigenic similarities indicating antigenic relatedness. This study shows for the first time the presence of antigenic differences within BVDV 1b subgroup and antigenic similarities within 1j subgroup isolates, demonstrating that genetic differences within BVDV subgroups do not necessary corresponds to differences on antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Aguirre
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - M P Quezada
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - M O Celedón
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Pecora A, Malacari DA, Ridpath JF, Perez Aguirreburualde MS, Combessies G, Odeón AC, Romera SA, Golemba MD, Wigdorovitz A. First finding of genetic and antigenic diversity in 1b-BVDV isolates from Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:204-12. [PMID: 24295740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses (BVDV) in cattle results in a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild respiratory disease to fetal death and mucosal disease, depending on the virulence of the virus and the immune and reproductive status of the host. In this study 30 Argentinean BVDV isolates were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. The isolates were genotyped based on comparison of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and the E2 gene. In both phylogenetic trees, 76% of the viruses were assigned to BVDV 1b, whereas BVDV 1a, 2a and 2b were also found. Eight of the BVDV 1b isolates were further characterized by cross-neutralization tests using guinea pig antisera and sera from bovines vaccinated with two different commercial vaccines. The results demonstrated the presence of a marked antigenic diversity among Argentinean BVDV isolates and suggest the need to incorporate BVDV 1b isolates in diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pecora
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D A Malacari
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit USDA, Ames, USA
| | - M S Perez Aguirreburualde
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Combessies
- Laboratorio Azul Diagnóstico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A C Odeón
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal, INTA Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S A Romera
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M D Golemba
- Departamento de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Newcomer BW, Givens MD. Approved and experimental countermeasures against pestiviral diseases: Bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever and border disease. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:133-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Detection of contaminants in cell cultures, sera and trypsin. Biologicals 2013; 41:407-14. [PMID: 24071554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was standardization and application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of contaminants in cell cultures, sera and trypsin. Five PCR protocols were standardized to assess the presence of genetic material from mycoplasma, porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cell culture samples. PCR reactions for the genes GAPDH and beta-actin were used to evaluate the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction. The PCR protocols were applied to 88 cell culture samples from eight laboratories. The tests were also used to assess potential contamination in 10 trypsin samples and 13 fetal calf serum samples from different lots from five of the laboratories. The results showed the occurrence of the following as DNA cell culture contaminants: 34.1% for mycoplasma, 35.2% for PCV1, 23.9% for BVDV RNA and 2.3% for BLV. In fetal calf sera and trypsin samples BVDV RNA and PCV1 DNA was detected. The results demonstrated that cell culture, sera and trypsin used by different laboratories show a high rate of contaminants. The results highlight the need for monitoring cell cultures and controlling for biological contaminants in laboratories and cell banks working with these materials.
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44
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Otonel RAA, Alfieri AF, Dezen S, Lunardi M, Headley SA, Alfieri AA. The diversity of BVDV subgenotypes in a vaccinated dairy cattle herd in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:87-92. [PMID: 23877647 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that occurs worldwide with substantial economic impact on beef and dairy industries. The aim of this study was to describe the diversity of BVDV subgenotypes in persistently infected (PI) animals identified in a highly productive, regularly vaccinated, dairy cattle herd presenting with reproductive failure. Serum samples were collected from all animals within the herd (n = 692) and used to detect the presence of BVDV RNA. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, 29 cows were identified as transiently infected, three animals (two cows and one calf) as persistently infected, and one calf as putative BVDV PI animal. The sequences of 5'UTR and/or N(pro) gene of BVDV used in phylogenetic analyses revealed that the three PI animals were infected by three different BVDV subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-1d). These results demonstrated that in an open dairy cattle herd, regular vaccination against BVDV by itself is not able to prevent viral circulation in the herd. Furthermore, depending on the frequency of the acquisition of heifers and/or cows for replacement, several BVDV subgenotypes may co-exist simultaneously in the same herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A A Otonel
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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45
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Chase CCL. The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity. Biologicals 2012; 41:52-60. [PMID: 23137817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes immunosuppression of the adaptive immune response. The level of suppression of the adaptive immune response is strain dependent. The early events of antigen presentation require activation of toll-like receptors that results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV infection stimulates cytokines from macrophages in vitro but the effect of BVDV infection in vivo on macrophages or in vitro with monocytes is not clear. Antigen presentation is decreased and co-stimulatory molecules are down regulated. T-lymphocytes numbers are reduced following BVDV infection in a strain dependent manner. There is recruitment of lymphocytes to the bronchial alveolar space following cytopathic (cp) BVDV infection. Depletion of T-lymphocytes occurs in the lymphoid tissue and is strain dependent. BVDV cp T-lymphocyte responses appear to be primarily a T helper 1 response while the response following ncp BVDV induces a T helper 2 response. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), an important BVDV defense mechanism are compromised. The major neutralizing antigens are well characterized but cross-protection between strains is variable. PI animals have normal adaptive immune responses with the exception of the PI strain immunotolerance and mucosal disease may be a function of the level of gamma delta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, PO Box 2175, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Providing acquired immune protection against infection with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) is challenging due to the heterogeneity that exists among BVDV strains and the ability of the virus to infect the fetus and establish persistent infections. Both modified live and killed vaccines have been shown to be efficacious under controlled conditions. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are protective. Following natural infection or vaccination with a modified live vaccine, the majority of the B cell response (as measured by serum antibodies) is directed against the viral proteins E2 and NS2/3, with minor responses against the Erns and E1 proteins. Vaccination with killed vaccines results in serum antibodies directed mainly at the E2 protein. It appears that the major neutralizing epitopes are conformational and are located within the N-terminal half of the E2 protein. While it is thought that the E2 and NS2/3 proteins induce protective T cell responses, these epitopes have not been mapped. Prevention of fetal infections requires T and B cell response levels that approach sterilizing immunity. The heterogeneity that exists among circulating BVDV strains, works against establishing such immunity. Vaccination, while not 100% effective in every individual animal, is effective at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, PO Box 70, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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47
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Palomares RA, Givens MD, Wright JC, Walz PH, Brock KV. Evaluation of the onset of protection induced by a modified-live virus vaccine in calves challenge inoculated with type 1b bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:567-74. [PMID: 22452506 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.4.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate onset of protection induced by modified-live virus (MLV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine administered 7, 5, or 3 days before inoculation with type 1b BVDV (strain NY-1). Animals-40 calves. PROCEDURES Calves were assigned to 4 groups: an unvaccinated control group or groups vaccinated with MLV vaccine containing BVDV types 1a and 2 at 7, 5, or 3 days, before inoculation with NY-1 BVDV. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte counts, serum virus neutralization, and virus isolation (VI); nasal swab specimens (NSSs) were obtained for VI, and rectal temperatures were monitored for 14 days after inoculation. RESULTS No significant differences in leukocyte counts or rectal temperatures were detected after BVDV inoculation in vaccinated calves. Vaccinated calves had reduced viremia and viral shedding after inoculation, compared with results for unvaccinated calves. On day 5 after inoculation, a higher proportion of calves vaccinated 3 days before inoculation had positive VI from NSSs, compared with NSS VI results for calves vaccinated 5 and 7 days before inoculation. Unvaccinated calves had leukopenia on days 3, 5, and 6 and had higher rectal temperatures on days 7 and 8 after inoculation, compared with temperatures before inoculation. All unvaccinated calves had ≥ 1 positive VI result from NSSs 3 to 11 days after inoculation, and 4 became viremic. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MLV BVDV vaccine prevented fever, viremia, and leukopenia in calves challenge inoculated with NY-1 BVDV. A high proportion of calves vaccinated 3 days before inoculation shed BVDV after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Palomares
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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48
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Pedrera M, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Molina V, Risalde MA, Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Sánchez-Cordón PJ. Quantification and determination of spread mechanisms of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in blood and tissues from colostrum-deprived calves during an experimental acute infection induced by a non-cytopathic genotype 1 strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:377-84. [PMID: 22151958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To detect and monitor the sequential changes in virus levels, a reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using a TaqMan probe was carried out on frozen blood and tissues samples collected from calves experimentally infected with a non-cytopathic Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) genotype 1 strain. Blood samples were collected among days 1-14 post-inoculation (p.i). On day 3 p.i, viral RNA was detected in blood samples from six of the eight inoculated animals. Viral RNA was detected in all remaining inoculated animals between 5 and 12 days p.i. The levels of viral RNA increased along the experiment, with a maximal peak between 6 and 9 days p.i. Analysis of virus load in tissues collected from calves euthanized on days 3, 6, 9 and 14 p.i displayed that BVDV was detected on day 3 p.i, being especially abundant in tonsils and ileocaecal valve, highlighting the role of tonsils as the main earliest viral replication sites as well as the principal source for virus spread to other lymphoid tissues and visceral organs. Coinciding with the highest viraemia levels, the highest viral loads were recorded at 9 days p.i. in tonsils, ileal lymph nodes, distal ileum and spleen, showing the main role of these secondary lymphoid organs in the pathogenic mechanisms of BVDV. However, virus levels in the liver and lung increased only towards the end of the infection. This fact could influence in the appearance of bovine respiratory diseases because of the capacity of BVDV for enhancing susceptibility to secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pedrera
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba- Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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49
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50
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Hepatic immune response in calves during acute subclinical infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1. Vet J 2011; 190:e110-e116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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