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von Rossum A, Laher I, Choy JC. Immune-mediated vascular injury and dysfunction in transplant arteriosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:684. [PMID: 25628623 PMCID: PMC4290675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage organ failure but this life-saving procedure is limited by immune-mediated rejection of most grafts. Blood vessels within transplanted organs are targeted by the immune system and the resultant vascular damage is a main contributor to acute and chronic graft failure. The vasculature is a unique tissue with specific immunological properties. This review discusses the interactions of the immune system with blood vessels in transplanted organs and how these interactions lead to the development of transplant arteriosclerosis, a leading cause of heart transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
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Natural Killer Cells Play a Critical Role in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy in an Interleukin-6–Dependent Manner. Transplantation 2014; 98:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cohen SS, Powers BR, Lerch-Gaggl A, Teng RJ, Konduri GG. Impaired cerebral angiogenesis in the fetal lamb model of persistent pulmonary hypertension. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:113-8. [PMID: 25172169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is associated with increased risk of neuro-developmental impairments. Whether relative fetal hypoxia during evolution of PPHN renders the fetal brain vulnerable to perinatal brain injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that in utero ductal constriction, which induces PPHN also impairs cerebral angiogenesis. METHODS Fetal lambs with PPHN induced by prenatal ligation of the ductus arteriosus were compared to gestation matched twin controls. Freshly collected or fixed brain specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Cortical capillary density was decreased in PPHN lambs compared to controls (Glut-1, isolectin B-4 and factor VIII, n=6, p<0.05). Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels were decreased in cortical cell lysates of PPHN lambs. PPHN increased angiopoetin-1 (Ang-1) and tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (Tie-2) protein expression while angiopoetin-2 (Ang-2) protein levels were decreased (n=6, p<0.05). PPHN did not change mRNA levels of these proteins significantly (n=6). CONCLUSIONS PPHN decreased cortical capillary density in fetal lamb brain. PPHN decreased the expression of proteins involved in angiogenesis. These findings suggest that PPHN is associated with impaired cortical angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Bethany R Powers
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Alexandra Lerch-Gaggl
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ru-Jeng Teng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Girija Ganesh Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
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dos Santos RL, Podratz PL, Sena GC, Filho VSD, Lopes PFI, Gonçalves WLS, Alves LM, Samoto VY, Takiya CM, de Castro Miguel E, Moysés MR, Graceli JB. Tributyltin impairs the coronary vasodilation induced by 17β-estradiol in isolated rat heart. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:948-959. [PMID: 22852845 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.695231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triorganotins, such as tributyltin (TBT), are environmental contaminants that are commonly used as antifouling agents for boats. However, TBT is also known to alter mammalian reproductive functions. Although the female sex hormones are primarily involved in the regulation of reproductive functions, 17β-estradiol also protects against cardiovascular diseases, in that this hormone reduces the incidence of coronary artery disease via coronary vasodilation. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of 100 ng/kg TBT administered daily by oral gavage for 15 d on coronary functions in female Wistar rats. Findings were correlated with changes in sex steroids concentrations. Tributyltin significantly increased the baseline coronary perfusion pressure and impaired vasodilation induced by 17β-estradiol. In addition, TBT markedly decreased serum 17β-estradiol levels accompanied by a significant rise in serum progesterone levels. Tributyltin elevated collagen deposition in the heart interstitium and number of mast cells proximate to the cardiac vessels. There was a positive correlation between the increase in coronary perfusion pressure and incidence of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, TBT induced endothelium denudation (scanning electron microscopy) and accumulation of platelets. Moreover, TBT impaired coronary vascular reactivity to estradiol (at least in part), resulting in endothelial denudation, enhanced collagen deposition and elevated number of mast cells. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that TBT exposure may be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disorders in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lyrio dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo-UFES, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Chakkarwar VA. Fenofibrate attenuates nicotine-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in the rat. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:163-8. [PMID: 21864717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.08.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study has been designed to investigate the effect of fenofibrate on nicotine-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) in rats. Nicotine (2 mg/kg/day, i.p., 4 weeks) was administered to produce VED in rats. The development of VED was assessed by employing isolated aortic ring preparation and estimating serum and aortic concentration of nitrite/nitrate. Further, the integrity of vascular endothelium was assessed using the scanning electron microscopy of thoracic aorta. The expression of mRNA for p22phox and eNOS was assessed by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration (TBARS) and aortic superoxide anion concentration were estimated to assess oxidative stress. Moreover, the serum lipid profile was assessed by estimating serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein. The administration of nicotine induces VED by increased oxidative stress, altered lipid profile and impaired the integrity of vascular endothelium as assessed in terms of decrease in expression of mRNA for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), impairing the integrity of vascular endothelium and subsequently decreasing serum and aortic nitrite/nitrate and attenuating acetylcholine-induced endothelium dependent relaxation. Further, nicotine produced oxidative stress, assessed in terms of increase in serum TBARS and aortic superoxide anion generation and increase in expression of mRNA for p22phox. Nicotine altered the lipid profile by increasing the serum cholesterol, triglycerides and decreasing the high density lipoprotein. However, treatment with fenofibrate (32 mg/kg, p.o.) markedly prevented nicotine-induced VED by decreasing oxidative stress and improving integrity of vascular endothelium, normalising the altered lipid profile, increasing the concentration of serum and aortic nitrite/nitrate, enhancing the acetylcholine-induced endothelium dependent relaxation and decreasing serum TBARS and aortic superoxide anion generation. Thus, it may be concluded that fenofibrate has vascular protecting potential, by improving the integrity and function of vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Arvind Chakkarwar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, I.S.F. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Moga 142 001, India.
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Gatica LV, Oliveros LB, Pérez Díaz MF, Domínguez NS, Fornes MW, Gimenez MS. Implication of vitamin A deficiency on vascular injury related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Effects on the ultrastructure of rat aorta. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:97-106. [PMID: 21512820 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A deficiency induces activation of NF-kB and impairs activities of antioxidant enzymes in aorta. AIM OF THE STUDY We study the effect of vitamin A deficiency on the aorta histoarchitecture and the possibly contribution of its prooxidant and inflammatory effects to artery alterations. METHODS Twenty-one-day-old Wistar male rats were fed during 3 months with vitamin A-deficient diet (-A, n = 8) or the same diet containing 8 mg of retinol palmitate/kg of diet (+A, control, n = 8). In aortas, thiobarbituric reactive substances and reduced glutathione levels were measured by spectrophotometry. Expressions of TNF-alpha, NOX-2, VCAM-1, and TGF-beta1 were assessed by RT-PCR and Western Blot. The morphology of aorta was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In -A rats, high levels of TBARS in serum and aorta and low levels of GSH in aorta were found. An increased expression of TNF-alpha, NOX-2, VCAM-1, and TGF-beta1 in aorta from -A rats was observed. Examination of the intimal layer by light microscopy indicated the presence of an irregular surface in -A aortas. TEM studies showed large vacuoles and multivesicular bodies along the endothelium and also multivesicular bodies in the subendothelial space of aortas from -A rats. Furthermore, the histological appearance of internal elastic lamina was different from control. Small vesicles in the medial layer were observed in aortas from vitamin A-deficient rats. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A deficiency produces histoarchitectural alterations in aorta, which can be associated, at least in part, to the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by vitamin A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Gatica
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Chacabuco 917, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Devitt JJ, King CL, Lee TDG, Hancock Friesen CL. Early innate immune events induced by prolonged cold ischemia exacerbate allograft vasculopathy. J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 6:2. [PMID: 21211039 PMCID: PMC3024928 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion induced innate immune injury is inescapable in solid organ transplantation. Prolonged cold ischemia exacerbates the primary manifestation of late graft rejection, allograft vasculopathy (AV). The relationship between prolonged cold ischemia and late graft events is unclear and the subject of this study. METHODS Aortic interposition transplants were performed between fully disparate mice treated with CyclosporineA. Allografts were exposed to 20 min or 60 min of cold ischemia and harvested between 1 d-6 wk. Lesion size, smooth muscle cells (SMC), neutrophils (NØ), and CD8+ T cells were quantified. RESULTS Early SMC loss was identical in both groups. When compared to 20 min cold ischemia, grafts exposed to 60 min exhibited greater early NØ influx, greater SMC proliferation but fewer medial SMC at 1 wk and 2 wk. Subsequently, earlier and greater CD8+ T cell infiltration were seen in the 60 min group with larger lesions at every time point. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the larger neointimal lesions in grafts exposed to 60 min cold ischemia result from enhanced early innate immune events resulting in impaired SMC recovery and subsequent increased adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Devitt
- Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Verma S, Reddy K, Balakumar P. The defensive effect of benfotiamine in sodium arsenite-induced experimental vascular endothelial dysfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 137:96-109. [PMID: 19943121 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the effect of benfotiamine, a thiamine derivative, in sodium arsenite-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) in rats. Sodium arsenite (1.5 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) i.p., 2 weeks) was administered in rats to produce VED. The development of VED was assessed by employing isolated aortic ring preparation and estimating the serum and aortic concentrations of nitrite/nitrate. Further, the integrity of vascular endothelium in thoracic aorta was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the oxidative stress was assessed by estimating serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and aortic superoxide anion generation. The administration of sodium arsenite markedly produced VED by attenuating acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, decreasing serum and aortic concentrations of nitrite/nitrate, and impairing the integrity of vascular endothelium. Further, sodium arsenite produced oxidative stress by increasing serum TBARS and aortic superoxide generation. The treatment with benfotiamine (25, 50, and 100 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) p.o.) or atorvastatin (30 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) p.o., a standard agent) prevented sodium arsenite-induced VED and oxidative stress. However, the beneficial effects of benfotiamine in preventing the sodium arsenite-induced VED were attenuated by co-administration with N-omega-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (L: -NAME) (25 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1), i.p.), an inhibitor of NOS. Thus, it may be concluded that benfotiamine reduces oxidative stress and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase to enhance the generation and bioavailability of NO and subsequently improves the integrity of vascular endothelium to prevent sodium arsenite-induced experimental VED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjali Verma
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
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Kaur J, Reddy K, Balakumar P. The Novel Role of Fenofibrate in Preventing Nicotine- and Sodium Arsenite-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in the Rat. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2010; 10:227-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-010-9086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of glutathione-s-transferase mitigates transplant arteriosclerosis in rabbit carotid allografts. Transplantation 2010; 89:409-16. [PMID: 20177342 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c69838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac transplant arteriosclerosis or cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains the leading cause of graft failure and patient death in heart transplant recipients. Endothelial cell injury is crucial in the development of human atherosclerosis and may play a role in allograft vasculopathy. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is known to protect endothelial cells from damage by oxidants and toxins. However, the contribution of human GST A4-4 (hGSTA4-4) to vascular cell injury and consequent transplant arteriosclerosis is unknown. METHODS A recombinant adenoviral vector containing hGSTA4-4 gene was constructed and delivered to vascular endothelial cells in an in vivo rabbit carotid artery transplant model. Forty-five days after transplantation, allografts were harvested (n=28). Blood flow was measured by ultrasonography. In addition, grafts were analyzed by histology, morphometry, immunostaining, and western blot. RESULTS The severity of arteriosclerosis in hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts was compared with control by measuring degree of stenosis by neointima. Decrease in blood flow in hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts was significantly less than control allografts, which also developed greater intimal thickening and stenosis than hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts in the proximal and distal regions of the graft. Leukocyte and macrophage infiltration was reduced in hGSTA4-4 transduced carotid arteries. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that hGSTA4-4 overexpression protects the integrity of vessel wall from oxidative injury, and attenuates transplant arteriosclerosis.
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Wong BW, Rahmani M, Luo Z, Yanagawa B, Wong D, Luo H, McManus BM. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases human cardiac microvascular endothelial cell permeability to low-density lipoproteins. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 28:950-7. [PMID: 19716049 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell hyperpermeability is a proposed mechanism of increased lipid insudation into the vessel walls of allografts. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent inducer of vascular permeability and its expression is upregulated in human heart allografts. The goal of these experiments was to investigate the effects of VEGF on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) permeability through confluent monolayers of human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC) in vitro. METHODS VEGF mRNA and protein expression was characterized in coronary arteries from cardiac allograft vasculopathy patients as compared with healthy controls using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining of sub-adjacent sections. HCMEC were grown to confluence and treated with VEGF-A(121) or VEGF-A(165). Permeability of LDL in confluent endothelial monolayers was measured using fluorometry. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements were used to indirectly measure the tight junctional status. Immunocytochemical staining was performed to visualize changes in CD31 and zonula occludens-1. RESULTS We observed significant increases in VEGF expression within the superficial and deep intima and media of coronaries from allografts, as compared with controls. In vitro treatment with VEGF-A(121) and VEGF-A(165) significantly increased LDL passage through endothelial monolayers. We further showed that VEGF-A(121) and VEGF-A(165) caused significant decreases in TER at 2 to 4 hours post-treatment. Also, VEGF induced disruption of tight junctions, resulting in an increase in the intercellular gap formation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that VEGF increases low-density lipoprotein permeability through endothelial monolayers, and this effect is correlated with VEGF-induced disruption of endothelial tight junctions resulting in the formation of intercellular gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Wong
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (EC) line the luminal side of all blood vessels and act as a selective barrier between blood and tissue. EC are constantly exposed to biochemical and biomechanical stimuli from the blood and underlying tissue. Fluid shear stress acts in parallel to the vessel wall, resulting from friction of blood against EC. Despite the importance of flow on normal EC function, much of the information regarding EC function and dysfunction has been derived from cells harvested, grown and studied in static culture. In order to study the effects of shear stress on EC function, a number of in vitro models have been developed. This chapter provides methodology for use of a system which enables recirculation of leucocytes and cell culture medium over the endothelium for a period of several minutes to days and enables investigation of the effects of prolonged leucocyte co-culture on both the endothelial and leucocyte populations.
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Ameliorative effect of combination of benfotiamine and fenofibrate in diabetes-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and nephropathy in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:149-62. [PMID: 18830571 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study has been designed to investigate the effect of benfotiamine and fenofibrate in diabetes-induced experimental vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) and nephropathy. The single administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced diabetes, which was noted to develop VED and nephropathy in 8 weeks. The diabetes produced VED by attenuating acetylcholine-induced endothelium dependent relaxation, impairing the integrity of vascular endothelium, decreasing serum nitrite/nitrate concentration and increasing serum TBARS and aortic superoxide anion generation. Further, diabetes altered the lipid profile by increasing the serum cholesterol, triglycerides and decreasing the high density lipoprotein. The nephropathy was noted to be developed in the diabetic rat that was assessed in terms of increase in serum creatinine, blood urea, proteinuria, and glomerular damage. The benfotiamine (70 mg/kg, p.o.) and fenofibrate (32 mg/kg, p.o.) or lisinopril (1 mg/kg, p.o., a standard agent) treatments were started in diabetic rats after 1 week of STZ administration and continued for 7 weeks. The treatment with benfotiamine and fenofibrate either alone or in combination attenuated diabetes-induced VED and nephropathy. In addition, the combination of benfotiamine and fenofibrate was noted to be more effective in attenuating the diabetes-induced VED and nephropathy when compared to treatment with either drug alone or lisinopril. Treatment with fenofibrate normalizes the altered lipid profile in diabetic rats, whereas benfotiamine treatment has no effect on lipid alteration in diabetic rats. It may be concluded that diabetes-induced oxidative stress, lipids alteration, and consequent development of VED may be responsible for the induction of nephropathy in diabetic rats. Concurrent administration of benfotiamine and fenofibrate may provide synergistic benefits in preventing the development of diabetes-induced nephropathy by reducing the oxidative stress and lipid alteration, preventing the VED and subsequently improving the renal function.
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Blasi C. The autoimmune origin of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:17-32. [PMID: 18585722 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Many studies and observations suggest that it could be caused by an immune reaction against autoantigens at the endothelial level, the most relevant of which are oxidized LDL and heat shock proteins (HSP) 60/65. Endothelial dysfunction plays a fundamental role. The first antigen is related to the increased leakage and oxidation of LDL; the second to cellular reaction to stress. Experimental and clinical observations confirm the pathogenetic role of these antigens. Both innate and adaptive immunity and impaired regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune reaction are involved. Different triggering factors are examined: infectious agents, smoking, air pollution, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Analogies and differences between systemic atherosclerosis and transplant-related coronary atherosclerosis help to understand their respective nature. Immune mechanisms might be responsible for the passage from stable plaque to unstable and rupture-prone plaque. Finally, prospects of treatment and prevention are linked to the induction of tolerance to responsible antigens, activation of immune regulatory response and the use of immunomodulatory drugs.
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Khazaei M, Moien-Afshari F, Laher I. Vascular endothelial function in health and diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:49-67. [PMID: 18434105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium constitutes approximately 1% of body mass (1kg) and has a surface area of approximately 5000m(2). The endothelium is a multifunctional endocrine organ strategically placed between the vessel wall and the circulating blood, and has a key role in vascular homeostasis. The endothelium is both a target for and mediator of cardiovascular disease. The endothelium releases several relaxing and constricting factors, which can affect vascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction, whether caused by physical injury or cellular damage, leads to compensatory responses that alter the normal homeostatic properties of the endothelium. In this review, we summarized some physiological aspects of endothelial function and then we discussed endothelial dysfunction during some pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Othman RA, Suh M, Fischer G, Azordegan N, Riediger N, Le K, Jassal DS, Moghadasian MH. A comparison of the effects of fish oil and flaxseed oil on cardiac allograft chronic rejection in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1452-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01280.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both fish and flaxseed oils are major sources of different n-3 fatty acids. Beneficial effects of fish oil on posttransplantation complications have been reported. The current study aimed to compare the effects of flaxseed and fish oils in a rat cardiac allograft model. Male Fischer and Lewis rats were used as donors and recipients, respectively, to generate a heterotopic cardiac allograft model. Animals were randomly assigned into three groups and fed a diet supplemented with 1) 5% (wt/wt) safflower oil (control, n = 7), 2) 5% (wt/wt) flaxseed oil ( n = 8), or 3) 2% (wt/wt) fish oil ( n = 7), and an intraperitoneal injection of cyclosporine A (CsA; 1.5 mg·kg−1·day−1) over 12 wk. Body weight, blood pressure, plasma levels of lipids, CsA, select cytokines, as well as graft function and chronic rejection features were assessed. Body weight and blood CsA levels were similar among the groups. Relative to controls, both treated groups had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma levels of macrophage chemotactic protein-1. Treatment with fish oil significantly ( P < 0.05) lowered plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the flaxseed oil-treated group compared with the other two groups. Both flaxseed oil and fish oil may provide similar biochemical, hemodynamic, and inflammatory benefits after heart transplantation; however, neither of the oils was able to statistically significantly impact chronic rejection or histological evidence of apparent cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in this model.
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Methe H, Hess S, Edelman ER. Endothelial cell-matrix interactions determine maturation of dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1773-84. [PMID: 17559179 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fate of allo- and xenogeneic endothelial cell (EC) implants is regulated by EC-matrix interactions. While free EC are destroyed by a vigorous immune reaction, EC embedded within 3D collagen cells are well tolerated. Given the critical role DC serve in immune reactivity, we hypothesized that EC-driven DC maturation depends on EC-matrix contact. In marked contrast to DC co-cultured with a cytokine cocktail or with allo- and xenogeneic EC grown to confluence on 2D tissue culture plates, DC exposed to 3D matrix-embedded allo- and xenogeneic EC failed to mature, retaining their endocytic activity and exhibiting significantly reduced expression of maturation markers (costimulatory molecules, HLA-DR, CD83; p <0.01). Matrix-embedded EC also limited cytokine-induced maturation and activity of DC. Incubation with matrix-embedded EC inhibited DC induction of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation (p <0.002) and EC cross-activation (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, HLA-DR, TLR2 and 4; p <0.01). The endothelium in its quiescent state is confluent and substrate adherent. The former ensures secretion of growth inhibitors rather than promoters, and the latter may ensure immune acceptance. We now demonstrate for the first time that interactions of EC with an underlying 3D matrix affect the ability of EC to drive DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Methe
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
Over the last 4 decades, heart transplantation (HTx) has evolved as a mainstream therapy for heart failure. Approximately half of patients needing HTx have organ failure consequent to atherosclerosis. Despite advances in immunosuppressive drugs, long-term success of HTx is limited by the development of a particular type of coronary atherosclerosis, referred to as cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Although the exact pathogenesis of CAV remains to be established, there is strong evidence that CAV involves immunologic mechanisms operating in a milieu of nonimmunologic risk factors. The immunologic events constitute the principal initiating stimuli, resulting in endothelial injury and dysfunction, altered endothelial permeability, with consequent myointimal hyperplasia and extracellular matrix synthesis. Lipid accumulation in allograft arteries is prominent, with lipoprotein entrapment in the subendothelial tissue, through interactions with proteoglycans. The apparent endothelial "intactness" in human coronary arteries of the transplanted heart suggest that permeability and function of the endothelial barrier altered. Various insults to the vascular bed result in vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation. Activated SMCs migrate from the media into the intima, proliferate, and elaborate cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in luminal narrowing and impaired vascular function. Arteriosclerosis is a broad term that is used to encompass all diseases that lead to arterial hardening, including native atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, vein bypass graft occlusion, and CAV. These diseases exhibit many similarities; however, they are distinct from one another in numerous ways as well. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the risk factors and the pathophysiological similarities and differences between CAV and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Rahmani
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Providence Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Rezai N, Corbel SY, Dabiri D, Kerjner A, Rossi FMV, McManus BM, Podor TJ. Bone marrow-derived recipient cells in murine transplanted hearts: potential roles and the effect of immunosuppression. J Transl Med 2005; 85:982-91. [PMID: 16205656 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is intense debate regarding the origin of reparative cells in injured hearts and vasculature. To determine the contribution of recipient bone marrow (BM)-derived cells to the regeneration of cells in the vasculature of transplanted hearts and to examine the effect of immunosuppression on this phenomenon, we evaluated the fate of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive recipient BM cells in non-GFP-expressing cardiac allografts. C57BL/6 BM-GFP chimeric recipients underwent cardiac transplantation. Allografts were immunosuppressed with tacrolimus for 14 or 30 days post-transplantation or were saline treated. Hearts were excised and stained with markers for endothelial cells (EC) or smooth muscle cells (SMC). Colocalization with BM-derived recipient cells was evaluated using confocal microscopy with three-dimensional image analysis. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus did not affect the frequency of recipient BM-derived cell chimerism as EC or SMC phenotypes. A higher frequency of EC chimerism was found at 14 days as compared to 30 days post-transplantation in allograft hearts. BM-derived recipient cells are recruited to areas of donor vascular injury with intercalation of recipient EC and SMC in the setting of ongoing alloimmune recognition of the allograft. Our findings confirm that immunosuppression with tacrolimus does not affect the frequency of recipient BM-derived cell repopulation at an early time point 14 days post-transplantation. EC repopulation by BM-derived recipient cells was found to be an early event in transplanted allograft hearts, which decreased in frequency over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Rezai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital-University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Choy JC, Kerjner A, Wong BW, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Perforin mediates endothelial cell death and resultant transplant vascular disease in cardiac allografts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:127-33. [PMID: 15215168 PMCID: PMC1618552 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell-induced endothelial injury is an important event in the development of transplant vascular disease (TVD), the leading expression of chronic rejection of vascularized organ transplants. However, the precise contribution of perforin to vascular damage in allografts and resultant TVD has not been addressed in vivo. Minor histocompatability antigen mismatched mouse heterotopic cardiac transplants were performed from 129J donors into C57Bl/6 (wild-type (WT)) or perforin knockout (PKO) recipients. Perforin was abundant in immune infiltrates in the myocardium and vasculature of transplanted hearts in WT mice. Allograft coronary arteries in both WT and PKO mice had considerable vasculitis. There was also marked endothelial disruption, as well as TUNEL-positivity in the endothelial region, in coronary arteries of hearts transplanted into WT mice that was not evident in PKO recipients (P = 0.05). At 30 days post-transplantation, intimal thickening was assessed on elastic Van Gieson-stained ventricular sections. There was an average of 54.2 +/- 6.7% luminal narrowing of coronary arteries in allografts from WT mice as compared to 13.4 +/- 5.1% luminal narrowing in PKO counterparts (P < 0.00002). In summary, perforin plays a primary role in endothelial damage and the resultant onset and progression of TVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Choy
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital/University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Cantara S, Donnini S, Giachetti A, Thorpe PE, Ziche M. Exogenous BH4/Bcl-2 Peptide Reverts Coronary Endothelial Cell Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress. J Vasc Res 2004; 41:202-7. [PMID: 15031604 DOI: 10.1159/000077408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelium undergoes apoptosis when exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. ROS are believed to be the cause of damage to small vessels during ischemia-reperfusion injury and of arterial damage during atherosclerosis. Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis is mediated through the inhibition of Bcl-xl activity and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. The BH4 domain of the Bcl-2 family members is responsible for their antiapoptotic activity. The BH4 domains of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl inhibit cytochrome c release and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. METHODS AND RESULTS The purpose of this project was to study the antiapoptotic effect of cell-permeant derivative of Bcl-2 (BH4 peptide) on endothelial cells exposed to stress conditions. BH4 peptide was conjugated to the cell-permeable peptide TAT and was applied to endothelial cells under conditions of serum starvation and hydrogen peroxide treatment. TAT-BH4 reduced caspase-3 activity and prevented apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that TAT-BH4 peptide can protect endothelial cells from ROS-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cantara
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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