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Morgan DL, Merrick BA, Gerrish KE, Stockton PS, Wang Y, Foley JF, Gwinn WM, Kelly FL, Palmer SM, Ton TVT, Flake GP. Gene expression in obliterative bronchiolitis-like lesions in 2,3-pentanedione-exposed rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118459. [PMID: 25710175 PMCID: PMC4339611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is an irreversible lung disease characterized by progressive fibrosis in the small airways with eventual occlusion of the airway lumens. OB is most commonly associated with lung transplant rejection; however, OB has also been diagnosed in workers exposed to artificial butter flavoring (ABF) vapors. Research has been limited by the lack of an adequate animal model of OB, and as a result the mechanism(s) is unclear and there are no effective treatments for this condition. Exposure of rats to the ABF component, 2,3-pentanedione (PD) results in airway lesions that are histopathologically similar to those in human OB. We used this animal model to evaluate changes in gene expression in the distal bronchi of rats with PD-induced OB. Male Wistar Han rats were exposed to 200 ppm PD or air 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 2-wks. Bronchial tissues were laser microdissected from serial sections of frozen lung. In exposed lungs, both fibrotic and non-fibrotic airways were collected. Following RNA extraction and microarray analysis, differential gene expression was evaluated. In non-fibrotic bronchi of exposed rats, 4683 genes were significantly altered relative to air-exposed controls with notable down-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, in fibrotic bronchi, 3807 genes were significantly altered with a majority of genes being up-regulated in affected pathways. Tgf-β2 and downstream genes implicated in fibrosis were significantly up-regulated in fibrotic lesions. Genes for collagens and extracellular matrix proteins were highly up-regulated. In addition, expression of genes for peptidases and peptidase inhibitors were significantly altered, indicative of the tissue remodeling that occurs during airway fibrosis. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of OB. This new information is of potential significance with regard to future therapeutic targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Morgan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - B. Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Gerrish
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patricia S. Stockton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie F. Foley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William M. Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francine L. Kelly
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Palmer
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thai-Vu T. Ton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gordon P. Flake
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Shen ZJ, Braun RK, Hu J, Xie Q, Chu H, Love RB, Stodola LA, Rosenthal LA, Szakaly RJ, Sorkness RL, Malter JS. Pin1 protein regulates Smad protein signaling and pulmonary fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23294-305. [PMID: 22613712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is caused by the excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by Fb in response to TGF-β1. Here, we show that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates the production of many pro- and antifibrogenic cytokines and ECM. After acute, bleomycin injury, Pin1(-/-) mice showed reduced, pulmonary expression of collagens, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and fibrogenic cytokines but increased matrix metalloproteinases, compared with WT mice, despite similar levels of inflammation. In primary fibroblasts, Pin1 was required for TGF-β-induced phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of Smad3. In Pin1(-/-) cells, inhibitory Smad6 was found in the cytoplasm rather than nucleus. Smad6 knockdown in Pin1(-/-) fibroblasts restored TGF-β-induced Smad3 activation, translocation, and target gene expression. Therefore, Pin1 is essential for normal Smad6 function and ECM production in response to injury or TGF-β and thus may be an attractive therapeutic target to prevent excess scarring in diverse lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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The spectrum of noninfectious pulmonary complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2011; 3:143-57. [PMID: 20890072 DOI: 10.1016/s1658-3876(10)50025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Pulmonary complications, infectious and noninfectious, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The recent advances in prophylaxis and treatment of infectious complications increased the significance of noninfectious pulmonary conditions. Acute lung injury due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage or idiopathic pneumonia syndrome are the main acute complications, while bronchiolitis obliterans remains the most challenging pulmonary complications facing clinicians who are taking care of HSCT recipients. There are other noninfectious pulmonary complications following HSCT that are less frequent. This report provides a clinical update of the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics and management of the main noninfectious pulmonary complications following HSCT.
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Borthwick LA, McIlroy EI, Gorowiec MR, Brodlie M, Johnson GE, Ward C, Lordan JL, Corris PA, Kirby JA, Fisher AJ. Inflammation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in lung transplant recipients: role in dysregulated epithelial wound repair. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:498-509. [PMID: 20055810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) after lung transplant. Although TNF-alpha accentuates TGF-beta1 driven EMT in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs), we hypothesized that other acute pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated in the airways of patients with OB may also accentuate EMT and contribute to dysregulated epithelial wound repair. PBECs from lung transplant recipients were stimulated with TGF-beta1+/-IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha or activated macrophages in co-culture and EMT assessed. The quality and rate of wound closure in a standardized model of lung epithelial injury was assessed in response to above stimuli. Co-treatment with TGF-beta1+TNF-alpha or IL-1beta significantly accentuates phenotypic and some functional features of EMT compared to TGF-beta1 alone. Co-treatment with TGF-beta1+TNF-alpha or IL-1beta accelerates epithelial wound closure however the quality of repair is highly dysregulated. Co-treatment with TGF-beta1+IL-8 has no significant effect on EMT or the speed or quality of wound healing. Activated macrophages dramatically accentuate TGF-beta1-driven EMT and cause dysregulated wound repair. Crosstalk between macrophage-derived acute inflammation in the airway and elevated TGF-beta1 may favor dysregulated airway epithelial repair and fibrosis in the lung allograft via EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Borthwick
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Pandya CM, Soubani AO. Bronchiolitis obliterans following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a clinical update. Clin Transplant 2009; 24:291-306. [PMID: 19849704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled drug delivery after lung transplantation provides a unique opportunity for direct treatment of a solid organ transplant. At present, no inhaled therapies are approved for this population though several have received some development. Primary potential applications include inhaled immunosuppressive and anti-infective drugs. OBJECTIVES The objective of this article is to review potential applications of inhaled medications for lung transplant recipients, the techniques used to develop inhaled drugs and the challenges of aerosol delivery in this specific population. METHODS The results of relevant studies are reviewed and two developmental examples are presented. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Inhaled medications may provide significant advantages for lung transplant recipients. Past studies with inhaled cyclosporine and amphotericin-B provide useful guidance for clinical development of new preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Corcoran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC MUH, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lee SS, Won TB, Kim JW, Rhee CS, Lee CH, Hong SC, Min YG. Effects of dexamethasone on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta in the mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:1323-8. [PMID: 17762268 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e318064e84d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in the mouse model of allergic rhinitis. STUDY DESIGN Female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups, including two control groups and two treatment groups. METHODS General sensitization and local challenge were performed with ovalbumin (OVA). In the treatment groups, dexamethasone was injected intraperitoneally 3 hours before general sensitization or local challenge. Symptom score, eosinophil infiltration, and immunostaining for TGF-beta1 and CD4 in nasal mucosa, and TGF-beta1 and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in sera were analyzed. RESULTS Dexamethasone administration before general sensitization reduced the symptom score, OVA-specific IgE, and eosinophil infiltration and increased the serum level of TGF-beta1 significantly. Dexamethasone administration before local challenge reduced only the eosinophil infiltration significantly. Immunoreactivity of TGF-beta1 and CD4 was lower in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that dexamethasone may play an important role in the regulation of allergic reactions by at least two mechanisms; one by suppressing allergic sensitization through decrease of CD4+ T cells and increase of TGF-beta, and the other by suppressing late allergic reactions through the inhibition of proliferation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Sin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Langenbach SY, Zheng L, McWilliams T, Levvey B, Orsida B, Bailey M, Williams TJ, Snell GI. Airway vascular changes after lung transplant: potential contribution to the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 24:1550-6. [PMID: 16210129 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) remains the primary factor limiting successful lung transplantation. In asthma and lung transplantation BOS-increased sub-mucosal vascularity has been shown to contribute to airflow limitation. Vascularity has 2 components: sprouting angiogenesis (more vessels) and microvascular enlargement (larger vessels). We hypothesized that the lack of a reanastomosed bronchial arterial blood supply at the time of transplant might stimulate angiogenesis and be a risk factor for subsequent BOS. METHODS Twenty-seven initially stable lung transplant recipients (BOS 0) were recruited at 148 +/- 80 days post-transplant and underwent clinical and bronchoscopic longitudinal follow-up for at least 3 years. Eight remained stable and BOS developed in 19. Nine normal controls were also recruited. Airway vasculature was examined immunohistochemically in endobronchial biopsy (EBB) specimens with collagen IV antibody, quantified by computer image analysis, and expressed as average vessel size, vessel number, and overall vascularity. The effects of demographic, clinical, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and EBB variables on airway vasculature were analyzed in a multivariate model. RESULTS No significant differences in airway vascularity were found between stable and BOS lung transplant recipients cross-sectionally or longitudinally. However, both lung transplant groups at baseline showed significantly greater airway vascularity compared with normal controls (p < .05). Multivariate analysis suggested that the percentage of BAL CD3+ cells and acute rejection are the most influential variables on airway vasculature. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests early and persistent airway vasculature changes occur in lung transplant recipients, mainly manifested as microvascular enlargement. Potentially this baseline change contributes to airway obstruction and also puts all lung transplant recipients at risk for further exponential loss of airway caliber with any subsequent airway inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenna Y Langenbach
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW We have attempted to bring together recent findings, mainly from airway endobronchial biopsies, on the structural changes that constitute 'remodelling' in airway disease, with a particular focus on asthma. We have tried to put this into the context of classic studies on the asthma pathological phenotype. Having described these basic changes, we have then given an update on recent studies investigating the effects of corticosteroid medication on the different manifestations of remodelled airways. RECENT FINDINGS The effects of corticosteroid on airway remodelling seem to vary a great deal; some aspects are steroid responsive while others are not, or less so. It is likely that different manifestations of remodelling require different doses and timescales for treatment to be effective. SUMMARY Further longitudinal interventional studies are required, with multiple airway sampling times, to fully elucidate the full potential for corticosteroids to benefit remodelling of the airways in chronic inflammatory diseases. There needs to be more attention to pathophysiological and clinical correlations in such studies. It is likely that even when used optimally corticosteroids will have limited efficacy overall in this aspect of asthma pathogenesis. The search is on for newer and better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ward
- Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Sir William Leech Centre, The Freeman Hospital and University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Sauty A, Aubert JD. Le Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) : une cytokine de plus en plus impliquée dans la physiopathogénie des maladies pulmonaires, fibroses en particulier. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)72917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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