1
|
Bretagne D, Pâris A, Matthews D, Fougère L, Burrini N, Wagner GK, Daniellou R, Lafite P. "Mix and match" auto-assembly of glycosyltransferase domains delivers biocatalysts with improved substrate promiscuity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105747. [PMID: 38354783 PMCID: PMC10937113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyze the glycosylation of bioactive natural products, including peptides and proteins, flavonoids, and sterols, and have been extensively used as biocatalysts to generate glycosides. However, the often narrow substrate specificity of wild-type GTs requires engineering strategies to expand it. The GT-B structural family is constituted by GTs that share a highly conserved tertiary structure in which the sugar donor and acceptor substrates bind in dedicated domains. Here, we have used this selective binding feature to design an engineering process to generate chimeric glycosyltransferases that combine auto-assembled domains from two different GT-B enzymes. Our approach enabled the generation of a stable dimer with broader substrate promiscuity than the parent enzymes that were related to relaxed interactions between domains in the dimeric GT-B. Our findings provide a basis for the development of a novel class of heterodimeric GTs with improved substrate promiscuity for applications in biotechnology and natural product synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bretagne
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Pâris
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - David Matthews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Laëtitia Fougère
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Nastassja Burrini
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Daniellou
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Chaire de Cosmétologie, AgroParisTech, Orléans, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311 CNRS-Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar A, Kanak KR, Arunachalam A, Dass RS, Lakshmi PTV. Comparative transcriptome profiling and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify core genes in maize ( Zea mays L.) silks infected by multiple fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:985396. [PMID: 36388593 PMCID: PMC9647128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.985396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most popular Poaceae crop after wheat and rice and used in feed and pharmaceutical sectors. The maize silk contains bioactive components explored by traditional Chinese herbal medicine for various pharmacological activities. However, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, Trichoderma atroviride, and Ustilago maydis can infect the maize, produce mycotoxins, hamper the quantity and quality of silk production, and further harm the primary consumer's health. However, the defense mechanism is not fully understood in multiple fungal infections in the silk of Z. mays. In this study, we applied bioinformatics approaches to use the publicly available transcriptome data of Z. mays silk affected by multiple fungal flora to identify core genes involved in combatting disease response. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among intra- and inter-transcriptome data sets of control versus infected Z. mays silks. Upon further comparison between up- and downregulated genes within the control of datasets, 4,519 upregulated and 5,125 downregulated genes were found. The DEGs have been compared with genes in the modules of weighted gene co-expression network analysis to relevant specific traits towards identifying core genes. The expression pattern of transcription factors, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme), and resistance genes was analyzed. The present investigation is supportive of our findings that the gene ontology, immunity stimulus, and resistance genes are upregulated, but physical and metabolic processes such as cell wall organizations and pectin synthesis were downregulated respectively. Our results are indicative that terpene synthase TPS6 and TPS11 are involved in the defense mechanism against fungal infections in maize silk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Phytomatics Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Kanak Raj Kanak
- Fungal Genetics and Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Annamalai Arunachalam
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Botany, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Regina Sharmila Dass
- Fungal Genetics and Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - P. T. V. Lakshmi
- Phytomatics Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mendoza F, Jaña GA. Unveiling the Dynamical and Structural Features That Determine the Orientation of the Acceptor Substrate in the Landomycin Glycosyltransferase LanGT2 and Its Variant with C-Glycosylation Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:933-943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Jaña
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tiwari P, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS. Plant secondary metabolism linked glycosyltransferases: An update on expanding knowledge and scopes. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:714-739. [PMID: 27131396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The multigene family of enzymes known as glycosyltransferases or popularly known as GTs catalyze the addition of carbohydrate moiety to a variety of synthetic as well as natural compounds. Glycosylation of plant secondary metabolites is an emerging area of research in drug designing and development. The unsurpassing complexity and diversity among natural products arising due to glycosylation type of alterations including glycodiversification and glycorandomization are emerging as the promising approaches in pharmacological studies. While, some GTs with broad spectrum of substrate specificity are promising candidates for glycoengineering while others with stringent specificity pose limitations in accepting molecules and performing catalysis. With the rising trends in diseases and the efficacy/potential of natural products in their treatment, glycosylation of plant secondary metabolites constitutes a key mechanism in biogeneration of their glycoconjugates possessing medicinal properties. The present review highlights the role of glycosyltransferases in plant secondary metabolism with an overview of their identification strategies, catalytic mechanism and structural studies on plant GTs. Furthermore, the article discusses the biotechnological and biomedical application of GTs ranging from detoxification of xenobiotics and hormone homeostasis to the synthesis of glycoconjugates and crop engineering. The future directions in glycosyltransferase research should focus on the synthesis of bioactive glycoconjugates via metabolic engineering and manipulation of enzyme's active site leading to improved/desirable catalytic properties. The multiple advantages of glycosylation in plant secondary metabolomics highlight the increasing significance of the GTs, and in near future, the enzyme superfamily may serve as promising path for progress in expanding drug targets for pharmacophore discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Tiwari
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India; Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmid J, Heider D, Wendel NJ, Sperl N, Sieber V. Bacterial Glycosyltransferases: Challenges and Opportunities of a Highly Diverse Enzyme Class Toward Tailoring Natural Products. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:182. [PMID: 26925049 PMCID: PMC4757703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme subclass of glycosyltransferases (GTs; EC 2.4) currently comprises 97 families as specified by CAZy classification. One of their important roles is in the biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides by catalyzing the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to other sugar molecules. In addition GTs also catalyze the transfer of sugar moieties onto aglycons, which is of great relevance for the synthesis of many high value natural products. Bacterial GTs show a higher sequence similarity in comparison to mammalian ones. Even when most GTs are poorly explored, state of the art technologies, such as protein engineering, domain swapping or computational analysis strongly enhance our understanding and utilization of these very promising classes of proteins. This perspective article will focus on bacterial GTs, especially on classification, screening and engineering strategies to alter substrate specificity. The future development in these fields as well as obstacles and challenges will be highlighted and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Bioinformatics, Straubing Center of Science, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Straubing, Germany
| | - Norma J Wendel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Straubing Center of Science, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Straubing, Germany
| | - Nadine Sperl
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abuelizz HA, Mahmud T. Distinct Substrate Specificity and Catalytic Activity of the Pseudoglycosyltransferase VldE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:724-33. [PMID: 26051218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pseudoglycosyltransferase (PsGT) VldE is a glycosyltransferase-like protein that is similar to trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (OtsA). However, in contrast to OtsA, which catalyzes condensation between UDP-glucose and glucose 6-phosphate, VldE couples two pseudosugars to give a product with an α,α-N-pseudoglycosidic linkage. Despite their unique catalytic activity and important role in the biosynthesis of natural products, little is known about the molecular basis governing their substrate specificity and catalysis. Here, we report comparative biochemical and kinetic studies using recombinant OtsA, VldE, and their chimeric proteins with a variety of sugar and pseudosugar substrates. We found that the chimeric enzymes can produce hybrid pseudo-(amino)disaccharides, and an amino group in the acceptor is necessary to facilitate a coupling reaction with a pseudosugar donor. Furthermore, we found that the N-terminal domains of the enzymes not only play a major role in selecting the acceptors, but also control the type of nucleotidyl diphosphate moiety of the donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, USA
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a recombinant sterol 3-O-glucosyltransferase from Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. catalyzing biosynthesis of steryl glucosides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:934351. [PMID: 25250339 PMCID: PMC4163426 DOI: 10.1155/2014/934351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br., a pharmacologically important herb vernacularly called Gur-Mar (sugar eliminator), is widely known for its antidiabetic action. This property of the herb has been attributed to the presence of bioactive triterpene glycosides. Although some information regarding pharmacology and phytochemical profiles of the plant are available, no attempts have been made so far to decipher the biosynthetic pathway and key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of steryl glucosides. The present report deals with the identification and catalytic characterization of a glucosyltransferase, catalyzing biosynthesis of steryl glycosides. The full length cDNA (2572 bp) contained an open reading frame of 2106 nucleotides that encoded a 701 amino acid protein, falling into GT-B subfamily of glycosyltransferases. The GsSGT was expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme suggested its key role in the biosynthesis of steryl glucosides with catalytic preference for C-3 hydroxyl group of sterols. To our knowledge, this pertains to be the first report on cloning and biochemical characterization of a sterol metabolism gene from G. sylvestre R.Br. catalyzing glucosylation of a variety of sterols of biological origin from diverse organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants.
Collapse
|
8
|
Foshag D, Campbell C, Pawelek PD. The C-glycosyltransferase IroB from pathogenic Escherichia coli: identification of residues required for efficient catalysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1619-30. [PMID: 24960592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli C-glycosyltransferase IroB catalyzes the formation of a CC bond between enterobactin and the glucose moiety of UDP-glucose, resulting in the production of mono-, di- and tri-glucosylated enterobactin (MGE, DGE, TGE). To identify catalytic residues, we generated a homology model of IroB from aligned structures of two similar C-glycosyltransferases as templates. Superposition of our homology model onto the structure of a TDP-bound orthologue revealed residue W264 as a possible stabilizer of UDP-glucose. D304 in our model was located near the predicted site of the glucose moiety of UDP-glucose. A loop containing possible catalytic residues (H65, H66, E67) was found at the predicted enterobactin-binding site. We generated IroB variants at positions 65-67, 264, and 304 and investigated variant protein conformations and enzymatic activities. Variants were found to have Tm values similar to wild-type IroB. Fluorescence emission spectra of H65A/H66A, E67A, and D304N were superimposable with wild-type IroB. However, the emission spectrum of W264L was blue-shifted, suggesting solvent exposure of W264. While H65A/H66A retained activity (92% conversion of enterobactin, with MGE as a major product), all other IroB variants were impaired in their abilities to glucosylate enterobactin: E67A catalyzed partial (29%) conversion of enterobactin to MGE; W264L converted 55% of enterobactin to MGE; D304N was completely inactive. Activity-impaired variants were found to bind enterobactin with affinities within 2.5-fold of wild-type IroB. Given our outcomes, we propose that IroB W264 and D304 are required for binding and orienting UDP-glucose, while E67, possibly supported by H65/H66, participates in enterobactin/MGE/DGE deprotonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Foshag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Cory Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Peter D Pawelek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP), Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim HS, Kim BG, Sung S, Kim M, Mok H, Chong Y, Ahn JH. Engineering flavonoid glycosyltransferases for enhanced catalytic efficiency and extended sugar-donor selectivity. PLANTA 2013; 238:683-93. [PMID: 23801300 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are predominantly found as glycosides in plants. The glycosylation of flavonoids is mediated by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGT). UGTs attach various sugars, including arabinose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and glucuronic acid, to flavonoid aglycones. Two UGTs isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtUGT78D2 and AtUGT78D3, showed 89 % amino acid sequence similarity (75 % amino acid sequence identity) and both attached a sugar to the 3-hydroxyl group of flavonols using a UDP-sugar. The two enzymes used UDP-glucose and UDP-arabinose, respectively, and AtUGT78D2 was approximately 90-fold more efficient than AtUGT78D3 when judged by the k(cat)/K(m) value. Domain exchanges between AtUGT78D2 and AtUGT78D3 were carried out to find UGTs with better catalytic efficiency for UDP-arabinose and exhibiting dual sugar selectivity. Among 19 fusion proteins examined, three showed dual sugar selectivity, and one fusion protein had better catalytic efficiency for UDP-arabinose compared with AtUGT78D3. Using molecular modeling, the changes in enzymatic properties in the chimeric proteins were elucidated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the construction of fusion proteins with expanded sugar-donor range and enhanced catalytic efficiencies for sugar donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tracking down biotransformation to the genetic level: identification of a highly flexible glycosyltransferase from Saccharothrix espanaensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5224-32. [PMID: 23793643 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01652-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharothrix espanaensis is a member of the order Actinomycetales. The genome of the strain has been sequenced recently, revealing 106 glycosyltransferase genes. In this paper, we report the detection of a glycosyltransferase from Saccharothrix espanaensis which is able to rhamnosylate different phenolic compounds targeting different positions of the molecules. The gene encoding the flexible glycosyltransferase is not located close to a natural product biosynthetic gene cluster. Therefore, the native function of this enzyme might be not the biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite but the glycosylation of internal and external natural products as part of a defense mechanism.
Collapse
|
11
|
Song MC, Kim E, Ban YH, Yoo YJ, Kim EJ, Park SR, Pandey RP, Sohng JK, Yoon YJ. Achievements and impacts of glycosylation reactions involved in natural product biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Malik V, Black GW. Structural, functional, and mutagenesis studies of UDP-glycosyltransferases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 87:87-115. [PMID: 22607753 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398312-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the complex carbohydrates that govern many cellular functions requires the action of a diverse range of selective glycosyltransferases (GTs). Uridine diphosphate sugar-utilizing GTs (UGTs) account for the majority of characterized GTs. GTs have been classified into families (currently 92) based on amino-acid sequence similarity. However, as amino-acid sequence similarity cannot reliable predict catalytic mechanism, GTs have also been grouped into four clans based on catalytic mechanism and structural fold. GTs catalyze glycosidic bond formation with two possible stereochemical outcomes: inversion or retention of anomeric configuration. All UGTs also belong to one of two distinct structural folds, GT-A and GT-B. UGTs have conserved residues that are associated with nucleotide diphosphate sugar recognition and acceptor recognition. UGT diversification has been performed using in vitro DNA recombination, domain swapping, and random mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Malik
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Complete set of glycosyltransferase structures in the calicheamicin biosynthetic pathway reveals the origin of regiospecificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17649-54. [PMID: 21987796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108484108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are useful synthetic catalysts for generating natural products with sugar moieties. Although several natural product glycosyltransferase structures have been reported, design principles of glycosyltransferase engineering for the generation of glycodiversified natural products has fallen short of its promise, partly due to a lack of understanding of the relationship between structure and function. Here, we report structures of all four calicheamicin glycosyltransferases (CalG1, CalG2, CalG3, and CalG4), whose catalytic functions are clearly regiospecific. Comparison of these four structures reveals a conserved sugar donor binding motif and the principles of acceptor binding region reshaping. Among them, CalG2 possesses a unique catalytic motif for glycosylation of hydroxylamine. Multiple glycosyltransferase structures in a single natural product biosynthetic pathway are a valuable resource for understanding regiospecific reactions and substrate selectivities and will help future glycosyltransferase engineering.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chang A, Singh S, Phillips GN, Thorson JS. Glycosyltransferase structural biology and its role in the design of catalysts for glycosylation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:800-8. [PMID: 21592771 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous in nature and are required for the transfer of sugars to a variety of important biomolecules. This essential enzyme family has been a focus of attention from both the perspective of a potential drug target and a catalyst for the development of vaccines, biopharmaceuticals and small molecule therapeutics. This review attempts to consolidate the emerging lessons from Leloir (nucleotide-dependent) GT structural biology studies and recent applications of these fundamentals toward rational engineering of glycosylation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Härle J, Günther S, Lauinger B, Weber M, Kammerer B, Zechel D, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Rational Design of an Aryl-C-Glycoside Catalyst from a Natural Product O-Glycosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Witte MD, van der Marel GA, Aerts JMFG, Overkleeft HS. Irreversible inhibitors and activity-based probes as research tools in chemical glycobiology. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5908-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
17
|
Li X, Wang L, Bai L, Yao C, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Li Y. Cloning and characterization of a glucosyltransferase and a rhamnosyltransferase fromStreptomycessp. 139. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1544-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Combinatorial and Synthetic Biosynthesis in Actinomycetes. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE / PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS, VOL. 93 2010; 93:211-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0140-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Erb A, Weiss H, Härle J, Bechthold A. A bacterial glycosyltransferase gene toolbox: generation and applications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1812-21. [PMID: 19559449 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of many natural products produced by microorganisms can be attributed to their sugar substituents. These substituents are transferred as nucleotide-activated sugars to an aglycon by glycosyltransferases. Engineering these enzymes can broaden their substrate specificity and can therefore have an impact on the bioactivity of the secondary metabolites. In this review we present the generation of a glycosyltransferase gene toolbox which contains more than 70 bacterial glycosyltransferases to date. Investigations of the function, specificity and structure of these glycosyltransferases help to understand the great potential of these enzymes for natural product biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Erb
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Truman AW, Dias MVB, Wu S, Blundell TL, Huang F, Spencer JB. Chimeric glycosyltransferases for the generation of hybrid glycopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:676-85. [PMID: 19549605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification, an invaluable tool for generating biochemical diversity, can be catalyzed by glycosyltransferases, which attach activated sugar "donors" onto "acceptor" molecules. However, many glycosyltransferases can tolerate only minor modifications to their native substrates, thus making them unsuitable tools for current glycodiversification strategies. Here we report the production of functional chimeric glycosyltransferases by mixing and matching the N- and C-terminal domains of glycopeptide glycosyltransferases. Using this method we have generated hybrid glycopeptides and have demonstrated that domain swapping can result in a predictable switch of substrate specificity, illustrating that N- and C-terminal domains predominantly dictate acceptor and donor specificity, respectively. The determination of the structure of a chimera in complex with a sugar donor analog shows that almost all sugar-glycosyltransferase binding interactions occur in the C-terminal domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Truman
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park SH, Park HY, Cho BK, Yang YH, Sohng JK, Lee HC, Liou K, Kim BG. Reconstitution of antibiotics glycosylation by domain exchanged chimeric glycosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Härle J, Bechthold A. Chapter 12. The power of glycosyltransferases to generate bioactive natural compounds. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:309-33. [PMID: 19374988 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), which catalyze the attachment of a sugar moiety to an aglycone are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of many valuable natural products. Their use in pharmaceutical biotechnology is becoming more and more visible. The promiscuity of GTs has prompted efforts to modify sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products. Here, we present the state of the art in this field. After describing the importance of GTs in determining the functions of natural products, a general survey of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions is documented. This is followed by an overview of crystallized GT-B superfamily members and a discussion of the amino acids of these GTs involved in substrate binding. The main chapter is concerned with emphasizing the application of GTs in metabolic pathway engineering leading to novel unnatural bioactive compounds. A strategy to explore new GTs is presented as well as strategies to generate artificial GTs either randomly or in a rational design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Härle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Erb A, Luzhetskyy A, Hardter U, Bechthold A. Cloning and Sequencing of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Saquayamycin Z and Galtamycin B and the Elucidation of the Assembly of Their Saccharide Chains. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1392-401. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Daum M, Peintner I, Linnenbrink A, Frerich A, Weber M, Paululat T, Bechthold A. Organisation of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and Tailoring Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of the Tetracyclic Quinone Glycoside Antibiotic Polyketomycin. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1073-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Erb A, Krauth C, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Differences in the substrate specificity of glycosyltransferases involved in landomycins A and E biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:1067-76. [PMID: 19352642 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A lanGT4 mutant of the landomycin A producer Streptomyces cyanogenus S136 was constructed, leading to the production of landomycin D with two deoxy sugars in the side chain and proving that LanGT4 is responsible for attaching the third deoxy sugar of the hexasaccharide side chain. Heterologous expression of lndGT4 of the landomycin E producer Streptomyces globisporus 1912 in the lanGT4 mutant restored landomycin A production, indicating that LndGT4, like LanGT4, also has the ability to work iteratively. A S. cyanogenus S136 mutant with a mutation in lanGT1, encoding a D: -olivosyltransferase, was shown to produce landomycin I with one deoxy sugar and, surprisingly, a new landomycin derivative (landomycin L) containing a D: -olivose followed by an L: -rhodinose. Heterologous expression of lndGT1 of S. globisporus 1912 in the lanGT1 mutant did not restore landomycin A production but led to the formation of a second new landomycin derivative (landomycin K) containing an unusual pentasaccharide chain (D: -olivose-D: -olivose-L: -rhodinose-D: -olivose-L: -rhodinose). The formation of landomycin L and landomycin K is most probably attributed to the high substrate flexibility of the rhodinosyltransferase LanGT4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Erb
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krauth C, Fedoryshyn M, Schleberger C, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Engineering a function into a glycosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:28-35. [PMID: 19171303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As glycosyltransferases found in nature often show distinct substrate specificity, glycosyltransferase engineering is an important research field. In this work, we were able to introduce an activity into a glycosyltransferase involved in natural product (landomycin E) biosynthesis. This was achieved by recognizing hot spot amino acids in glycosyltransferases which are strongly involved in determining substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Krauth
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Williams GJ, Gantt RW, Thorson JS. The impact of enzyme engineering upon natural product glycodiversification. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:556-64. [PMID: 18678278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification of natural products is an effective strategy for small molecule drug development. Recently, improved methods for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosyl donors has spurred the characterization of natural product glycosyltransferases (GTs), revealing that the substrate specificity of many naturally occurring GTs as too stringent for use in glycodiversification. Protein engineering of natural product GTs has emerged as an attractive approach to overcome this limitation. This review highlights recent progress in the engineering/evolution of enzymes relevant to natural product glycodiversification with a particular focus upon GTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Williams
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park SH, Park HY, Sohng JK, Lee HC, Liou K, Yoon YJ, Kim BG. Expanding substrate specificity of GT-B fold glycosyltransferase via domain swapping and high-throughput screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:988-94. [PMID: 18985617 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis and diversification of therapeutically important natural products, and the majority of them belong to the GT-B superfamily, which is composed of separate N- and C-domains that are responsible for the recognition of the sugar acceptor and donor, respectively. In an effort to expand the substrate specificity of GT, a chimeric library with different crossover points was constructed between the N-terminal fragments of kanamycin GT (kanF) and the C-terminal fragments of vancomycin GT (gtfE) genes by incremental truncation method. A plate-based pH color assay was newly developed for the selection of functional domain-swapped GTs, and a mutant (HMT31) with a crossover point (N-kanF-669 bp and 753 bp-gtfE-C) for domain swapping was screened. The most active mutant HMT31 (50 kDa) efficiently catalyzed 2-DOS (aglycone substrate for KanF) glucosylation using dTDP-glucose (glycone substrate for GtfE) with k(cat)/K(m) of 162.8 +/- 0.1 mM(-1) min(-1). Moreover, HMT31 showed improved substrate specificity toward seven more NDP-sugars. This study presents a domain swapping method as a potential means to glycorandomization toward various syntheses of 2-DOS-based aminoglycoside derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Osmani SA, Bak S, Møller BL. Substrate specificity of plant UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases predicted from crystal structures and homology modeling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:325-47. [PMID: 19217634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant family 1 UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of a plethora of bioactive natural products. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 120 UGT encoding genes have been identified. The crystal-based 3D structures of four plant UGTs have recently been published. Despite low sequence conservation, the UGTs show a highly conserved secondary and tertiary structure. The sugar acceptor and sugar donor substrates of UGTs are accommodated in the cleft formed between the N- and C-terminal domains. Several regions of the primary sequence contribute to the formation of the substrate binding pocket including structurally conserved domains as well as loop regions differing both with respect to their amino acid sequence and sequence length. In this review we provide a detailed analysis of the available plant UGT crystal structures to reveal structural features determining substrate specificity. The high 3D structural conservation of the plant UGTs render homology modeling an attractive tool for structure elucidation. The accuracy and utility of UGT structures obtained by homology modeling are discussed and quantitative assessments of model quality are performed by modeling of a plant UGT for which the 3D crystal structure is known. We conclude that homology modeling offers a high degree of accuracy. Shortcomings in homology modeling are also apparent with modeling of loop regions remaining as a particularly difficult task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Osmani
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thibodeaux C, Melançon C, Liu HW. Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Features and applications of bacterial glycosyltransferases: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:945-52. [PMID: 18777021 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity of many natural products including valuable antibiotics and anticancer therapeutics depends on their sugar moieties. Changes in the structures of these sugars can deeply influence the biological activity, specificity and pharmacological properties of the parent compounds. The chemical synthesis of such sugar ligands is exceedingly difficult to carry out and therefore impractical to establish on a large scale. Therefore, glycosyltransferases are essential tools for chemoenzymatic and in vivo approaches for the development of complex glycosylated natural products. In the last 10 years, several examples of successful alteration and diversification of natural product glycosylation patterns via metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification have been described. Due to the relaxed substrate specificity of many sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases involved in natural product biosynthesis, it is possible to obtain novel glycosylated compounds using different methods. In this review, we would like to provide an overview of recent advances in diversification of the glycosylated natural products and glycosyltransferase engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cartwright AM, Lim EK, Kleanthous C, Bowles DJ. A kinetic analysis of regiospecific glucosylation by two glycosyltransferases of Arabidopsis thaliana: domain swapping to introduce new activities. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15724-31. [PMID: 18378673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801983200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Family 1 glycosyltransferases (GTs) recognize a wide range of natural and non-natural scaffolds and have considerable potential as biocatalysts for the synthesis of small molecule glycosides. Regiospecificity of glycosylation is an important property, given that many acceptors have multiple potential glycosylation sites. This study has used a domain-swapping approach to explore the determinants of regiospecific glycosylation of two GTs of Arabidopsis thaliana, UGT74F1 and UGT74F2. The flavonoid quercetin was used as a model acceptor, providing five potential sites for O-glycosylation by the two GTs. As is commonly found for many plant GTs, both of these enzymes produce distinct multiple glycosides of quercetin. A high performance liquid chromatography method has been established to perform detailed steady-state kinetic analyses of these concurrent reactions. These data show the influence of each parameter in determining a GT product formation profile toward quercetin. Interestingly, construction and kinetic analyses of a series of UGT74F1/F2 chimeras have revealed that mutating a single amino acid distal to the active site, Asn-142, can lead to the development of a new GT with a more constrained regiospecificity. This ability to form the 4 '-O-glucoside of quercetin is transferable to other flavonoid scaffolds and provides a basis for preparative scale production of flavonoid 4 '-O-glucosides through the use of whole-cell biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Cartwright
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Natural-product sugar biosynthesis and enzymatic glycodiversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9814-59. [PMID: 19058170 PMCID: PMC2796923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active small-molecule natural products produced by microorganisms derive their activities from sugar substituents. Changing the structures of these sugars can have a profound impact on the biological properties of the parent compounds. This realization has inspired attempts to derivatize the sugar moieties of these natural products through exploitation of the sugar biosynthetic machinery. This approach requires an understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of each target sugar and detailed mechanistic knowledge of the key enzymes. Scientists have begun to unravel the biosynthetic logic behind the assembly of many glycosylated natural products and have found that a core set of enzyme activities is mixed and matched to synthesize the diverse sugar structures observed in nature. Remarkably, many of these sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases also exhibit relaxed substrate specificity. The promiscuity of these enzymes has prompted efforts to modify the sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products through metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification. In applied biomedical research, these studies will enable the development of new glycosylation tools and generate novel glycoforms of secondary metabolites with useful biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Williams GJ, Zhang C, Thorson JS. Expanding the promiscuity of a natural-product glycosyltransferase by directed evolution. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:657-62. [PMID: 17828251 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, many of which are decorated with essential sugar residues, continue to serve as a key platform for drug development. Adding or changing sugars attached to such natural products can improve the parent compound's pharmacological properties, specificity at multiple levels, and/or even the molecular mechanism of action. Though some natural-product glycosyltransferases (GTs) are sufficiently promiscuous for use in altering these glycosylation patterns, the stringent specificity of others remains a limiting factor in natural-product diversification and highlights a need for general GT engineering and evolution platforms. Herein we report the use of a simple high-throughput screen based on a fluorescent surrogate acceptor substrate to expand the promiscuity of a natural-product GT via directed evolution. Cumulatively, this study presents variant GTs for the glycorandomization of a range of therapeutically important acceptors, including aminocoumarins, flavonoids and macrolides, and a potential template for engineering other natural-product GTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Williams
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baig I, Kharel M, Kobylyanskyy A, Zhu L, Rebets Y, Ostash B, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A, Fedorenko VA, Rohr J. On the acceptor substrate of C-glycosyltransferase UrdGT2: three prejadomycin C-Glycosides from an engineered mutant of Streptomyces globisporus 1912 DeltalndE(urdGT2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7842-6. [PMID: 17061307 PMCID: PMC2881212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuriy Rebets
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Bohdan Ostash
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Victor A. Fedorenko
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082 (USA), Fax: (+1) 859-257-7564
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kopp M, Rupprath C, Irschik H, Bechthold A, Elling L, Müller R. SorF: a glycosyltransferase with promiscuous donor substrate specificity in vitro. Chembiochem 2007; 8:813-9. [PMID: 17407127 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylations are well-established steps in numerous biosynthetic pathways, and the attached sugar moieties often influence the specificity or pharmacology of the modified compounds. The sorangicins belong to the polyketide family of natural products, and exhibit antibiotic activity through inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase. We have identified the sorangicin biosynthetic gene cluster in the producing myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce12. Within the cluster, sorF encodes a putative glycosyltransferase. To determine its function in sorangicin biosynthesis, SorF was heterologously expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After purification by affinity chromatography, SorF was found to glucosylate sorangicin A in vitro, utilizing UDP-alpha-D-glucose as the natural donor substrate. Additionally, SorF showed high flexibility towards further UDP- and dTDP-sugars and was able to transfer several other sugar moieties-alpha-D-galactose, alpha-D-xylose, beta-L-rhamnose, and 6-deoxy-4-keto-alpha-D-glucose-onto the aglycon. SorF is therefore one of the rare glycosyltransferases able to transfer both D- and L-sugars, and could thus be used to generate novel sorangiosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Kopp
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, P. O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Unusual sugar biosynthesis and natural product glycodiversification. Nature 2007; 446:1008-16. [PMID: 17460661 DOI: 10.1038/nature05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and the attachment of sugar units to biological acceptor molecules catalyse an array of chemical transformations and coupling reactions. In prokaryotes, both common sugar precursors and their enzymatically modified derivatives often become substituents of biologically active natural products through the action of glycosyltransferases. Recently, researchers have begun to harness the power of these biological catalysts to alter the sugar structures and glycosylation patterns of natural products both in vivo and in vitro. Biochemical and structural studies of sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases, coupled with advances in bioengineering methodology, have ushered in a new era of drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thibodeaux
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, 1 University Station A4810, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hertweck C, Luzhetskyy A, Rebets Y, Bechthold A. Type II polyketide synthases: gaining a deeper insight into enzymatic teamwork. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:162-90. [PMID: 17268612 DOI: 10.1039/b507395m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in understanding of the biosynthesis of polyketides produced by type II PKS systems at the genetic, biochemical and structural levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baig I, Kharel M, Kobylyanskyy A, Zhu L, Rebets Y, Ostash B, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A, Fedorenko VA, Rohr J. Über das Acceptorsubstrat der C-Glycosyltransferase UrdGT2: drei Prejadomycin-C-glycoside aus einer konstruierten Mutante vonStreptomyces globisporus 1912 ΔlndE(urdGT2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Bihlmaier C, Welle E, Hofmann C, Welzel K, Vente A, Breitling E, Müller M, Glaser S, Bechthold A. Biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyenoyltetramic acid alpha-lipomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2113-21. [PMID: 16723573 PMCID: PMC1479109 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00007-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens Tü117 produces the acyclic polyene antibiotic alpha-lipomycin. The entire biosynthetic gene cluster (lip gene cluster) was cloned and characterized. DNA sequence analysis of a 74-kb region revealed the presence of 28 complete open reading frames (ORFs), 22 of them belonging to the biosynthetic gene cluster. Central to the cluster is a polyketide synthase locus that encodes an eight-module system comprised of four multifunctional proteins. In addition, one ORF shows homology to those for nonribosomal peptide synthetases, indicating that alpha-lipomycin belongs to the classification of hybrid peptide-polyketide natural products. Furthermore, the lip cluster includes genes responsible for the formation and attachment of d-digitoxose as well as ORFs that resemble those for putative regulatory and export functions. We generated biosynthetic mutants by insertional gene inactivation. By analysis of culture extracts of these mutants, we could prove that, indeed, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of lipomycin had been cloned, and additionally we gained insight into an unusual biosynthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bihlmaier
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Boll R, Hofmann C, Heitmann B, Hauser G, Glaser S, Koslowski T, Friedrich T, Bechthold A. The Active Conformation of Avilamycin A Is Conferred by AviX12, a Radical AdoMet Enzyme. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14756-63. [PMID: 16537546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601508200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic avilamycin A is produced by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57. Avilamycin belongs to the family of orthosomycins with a linear heptasaccharide chain linked to a terminal dichloroisoeverninic acid as aglycone. The gene cluster for avilamycin biosynthesis contains 54 open reading frames. Inactivation of one of these genes, namely aviX12, led to the formation of a novel avilamycin derivative named gavibamycin N1. The structure of the new metabolite was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR analysis. It harbors glucose as a component of the heptasaccharide chain instead of a mannose moiety in avilamycin A. Antibacterial activity tests against a spectrum of Gram-positive organisms showed that the new derivative possesses drastically decreased biological activity in comparison to avilamycin A. Thus, AviX12 seems to be implicated in converting avilamycin to its bioactive conformation by catalyzing an unusual epimerization reaction. Sequence comparisons grouped AviX12 in the radical S-adenosylmethionine protein family. AviX12 engineered with a His tag was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The iron sulfur cluster [Fe-S] present in radical AdoMet enzymes was detected in purified AviX12 by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raija Boll
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hofmann C, Boll R, Heitmann B, Hauser G, Dürr C, Frerich A, Weitnauer G, Glaser SJ, Bechthold A. Genes Encoding Enzymes Responsible for Biosynthesis of L-Lyxose and Attachment of Eurekanate during Avilamycin Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:1137-43. [PMID: 16242656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oligosaccharide antibiotic avilamycin A is composed of a polyketide-derived dichloroisoeverninic acid moiety attached to a heptasaccharide chain consisting of six hexoses and one unusual pentose moiety. We describe the generation of mutant strains of the avilamycin producer defective in different sugar biosynthetic genes. Inactivation of two genes (aviD and aviE2) resulted in the breakdown of the avilamycin biosynthesis. In contrast, avilamycin production was not influenced in an aviP mutant. Inactivation of aviGT4 resulted in a mutant that accumulated a novel avilamycin derivative lacking the terminal eurekanate residue. Finally, AviE2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and the gene product was characterized biochemically. AviE2 was shown to convert UDP-D-glucuronic acid to UDP-D-xylose, indicating that the pentose residue of avilamycin A is derived from D-glucose and not from D-ribose. Here we report a UDP-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase in actinomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kamra P, Gokhale RS, Mohanty D. SEARCHGTr: a program for analysis of glycosyltransferases involved in glycosylation of secondary metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:W220-5. [PMID: 15980457 PMCID: PMC1160210 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SEARCHGTr is a web-based software for the analysis of glycosyltransferases (GTrs) involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of pharmaceutically important compounds like adriamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin etc. This software has been developed based on a comprehensive analysis of sequence/structural features of 102 GTrs of known specificity from 52 natural product biosynthetic gene clusters. SEARCHGTr is a powerful tool that correlates sequences of GTrs to the chemical structures of their corresponding substrates. This software indicates the donor/acceptor specificity and also identifies putative substrate binding residues. In addition, it provides interfaces to other public databases like GENBANK, SWISS-PROT, CAZY, PDB, PDBSum and PUBMED for extracting various information on GTrs homologous to the query sequence. SEARCHGTr would provide new dimension to our previously developed bioinformatics tool NRPS-PKS. Together, these tools facilitate comprehensive computational analysis of proteins involved in biosynthesis of aglycone core and its downstream glycosylations. Apart from presenting opportunities for rational design of novel natural products, these tools would assist in the identification of biosynthetic products of secondary metabolite gene clusters found in newly sequenced genomes. SEARCHGTr can be accessed at http://www.nii.res.in/searchgtr.html.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debasisa Mohanty
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +91 11 26703749; Fax: +91 11 26162125;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Weitnauer G, Hauser G, Hofmann C, Linder U, Boll R, Pelz K, Glaser SJ, Bechthold A. Novel avilamycin derivatives with improved polarity generated by targeted gene disruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1403-11. [PMID: 15489167 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The oligosaccharide antibiotics avilamycin A and C are produced by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tu57. Both consist of a heptasaccharide chain, which is attached to a polyketide-derived dichloroisoeverninic acid moiety. They show excellent antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Both molecules are modified by O-methylation at different positions, which contributes to poor water solubility and difficulties in galenical drug development. In order to generate novel avilamycin derivatives with improved polarity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, we generated a series of mutants with one, two, or three mutated methyltransferase genes. Based on the structure of the novel avilamycin derivatives, the exact function of three methyltransferases, AviG2, AviG5, and AviG6, involved in avilamycin biosynthesis could be assigned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Weitnauer
- Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bechthold A, Weitnauer G, Luzhetskyy A, Berner M, Bihlmeier C, Boll R, Dürr C, Frerich A, Hofmann C, Mayer A, Treede I, Vente A, Luzhetskyy M. Glycosyltransferases and other tailoring enzymes as tools for the generation of novel compounds. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:147-63. [PMID: 15645720 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27055-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bechthold
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kubo A, Arai Y, Nagashima S, Yoshikawa T. Alteration of sugar donor specificities of plant glycosyltransferases by a single point mutation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 429:198-203. [PMID: 15313223 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In comparison with the amino acid sequences of seven species of glucosyltransferases and six species of galactosyltransferases, glutamine and histidine are highly conserved as the last amino acid residue of a glycosyltransferase-specific conserved region (UDPGT) in glucosyltransferases and galactosyltransferases, respectively. Consequently, the sugar donor specificities of glycosyltransferases are successfully altered by a single amino acid point mutation. UDP-galactose:anthocyanin galactosyltransferase (ACGaT), isolated from Aralia cordata, acquired glucosyltransferase activity in addition to the inherent galactosyltransferase activity by replacing histidine with glutamine. In contrast, UDP-glucose:flavonoid glucosyltransferase (UBGT), isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, did not acquire galactosyltransferase activity by replacing glutamine with histidine, and exhibited a remarkable decrease in glucosyltransferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kubo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ostash B, Rix U, Rix LLR, Liu T, Lombo F, Luzhetskyy A, Gromyko O, Wang C, Braña AF, Méndez C, Salas JA, Fedorenko V, Rohr J. Generation of New Landomycins by Combinatorial Biosynthetic Manipulation of the LndGT4 Gene of the Landomycin E Cluster in S. globisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:547-55. [PMID: 15123249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3 kb DNA fragment from the Streptomyces globisporus 1912 landomycin E (LaE) biosynthetic gene cluster (lnd) was completely sequenced. Three open reading frames were identified, lndGT4, lndZ4, and lndZ5, whose probable translation products resemble a glycosyltransferase, a reductase, and a hydroxylase, respectively. Studies of generated mutants from disruption and complementation experiments involving the lndGT4 gene allowed us to determine that LndGT4 controls the terminal L-rhodinose sugar attachment during LaE biosynthesis and that LndZ4/LndZ5 are responsible for the unique C11-hydroxylation of the landomycins. Generation of the novel landomycins F, G, and H in the course of these studies provided evidence for the flexibility of lnd glycosyltransferases toward their acceptor substrates and a basis for initial structure-activity relationships within the landomycin family of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of L'viv, Grushevskyy st. 4, L'viv 79005, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thorson JS, Barton WA, Hoffmeister D, Albermann C, Nikolov DB. Structure-Based Enzyme Engineering and Its Impact on In Vitro Glycorandomization. Chembiochem 2003; 5:16-25. [PMID: 14695508 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Thorson
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rix U, Remsing LL, Hoffmeister D, Bechthold A, Rohr J. Urdamycin L: a novel metabolic shunt product that provides evidence for the role of the urdM gene in the urdamycin A biosynthetic pathway of Streptomyces fradiae TU 2717. Chembiochem 2003; 4:109-11. [PMID: 12512084 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rix
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 907 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hu Y, Walker S. Remarkable structural similarities between diverse glycosyltransferases. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:1287-96. [PMID: 12498881 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
From a functional standpoint, glycosyltransferases (GTases) comprise one the most diverse group of enzymes in existence. Every category of biopolymer (oligosaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) plus numerous natural products are modified by GTases, with remarkably varied effects. Given the structural and functional diversity of the products of glycosyl transfer combined with the often distant evolutionary relationships between glycosyltransferases, it is not surprising that sequence homologies between glycosyltransferases are low. What is surprising is that the majority of glycosyltransferases belong to only two structural superfamilies, implying that nature has come up with only a few solutions to the ubiquitous problem of how to catalyze glycosyl transfer. The conservation of GTase structure suggests that it will be simpler to manipulate glycosyltransferases for various applications than previously envisioned. A new age in glycoconjugate chemistry is beginning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|