1
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Ren A, Sun J, Yin W, Westerberg LS, Miller H, Lee P, Candotti F, Guan F, Lei J, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. Signaling networks in B cell development and related therapeutic strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:877-891. [PMID: 34528729 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0221-088rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are essential for Ab production during humoral immune responses. From decades of B cell research, there is now a detailed understanding of B cell subsets, development, functions, and most importantly, signaling pathways. The complicated pathways in B cells and their interactions with each other are stage-dependent, varying with surface marker expression during B cell development. With the increasing understanding of B cell development and signaling pathways, the mechanisms underlying B cell related diseases are being unraveled as well, making it possible to provide more precise and effective treatments. In this review, we describe several essential and recently discovered signaling pathways in B cell development and take a look at newly developed therapeutic strategies targeted at B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Dinur-Schejter Y, Zaidman I, Mor-Shaked H, Stepensky P. The Clinical Aspect of Adaptor Molecules in T Cell Signaling: Lessons Learnt From Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701704. [PMID: 34456914 PMCID: PMC8397411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor molecules lack enzymatic and transcriptional activities. Instead, they exert their function by linking multiple proteins into intricate complexes, allowing for transmitting and fine-tuning of signals. Many adaptor molecules play a crucial role in T-cell signaling, following engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR). In this review, we focus on Linker of Activation of T cells (LAT) and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 KDa (SLP-76). Monogenic defects in these adaptor proteins, with known roles in T-cell signaling, have been described as the cause of human inborn errors of immunity (IEI). We describe the current knowledge based on defects in cell lines, murine models and human patients. Germline mutations in Adhesion and degranulation adaptor protein (ADAP), have not resulted in a T-cell defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dinur-Schejter
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Hadassah Ein-Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Zaidman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Utley A, Chavel C, Lightman S, Holling GA, Cooper J, Peng P, Liu W, Barwick BG, Gavile CM, Maguire O, Murray-Dupuis M, Rozanski C, Jordan MS, Kambayashi T, Olejniczak SH, Boise LH, Lee KP. CD28 Regulates Metabolic Fitness for Long-Lived Plasma Cell Survival. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107815. [PMID: 32579940 PMCID: PMC7405645 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable humoral immunity against epidemic infectious disease requires the survival of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPC longevity is dependent on metabolic programs distinct from short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs); however, the mechanistic basis for this difference is unclear. We have previously shown that CD28, the prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor, is expressed on both LLPCs and SLPCs but is essential only for LLPC survival. Here we show that CD28 transduces pro-survival signaling specifically in LLPCs through differential SLP76 expression. CD28 signaling in LLPCs increased glucose uptake, mitochondrial mass/respiration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Unexpectedly, CD28-mediated regulation of mitochondrial respiration, NF-κB activation, and survival was ROS dependent. IRF4, a target of NF-κB, was upregulated by CD28 activation in LLPCs and decreased IRF4 levels correlated with decreased glucose uptake, mitochondrial mass, ROS, and CD28-mediated survival. Altogether, these data demonstrate that CD28 signaling induces a ROS-dependent metabolic program required for LLPC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Utley
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Chavel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shivana Lightman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - G Aaron Holling
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James Cooper
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine M Gavile
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Orla Maguire
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Megan Murray-Dupuis
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl Rozanski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott H Olejniczak
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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4
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Lev A, Lee YN, Sun G, Hallumi E, Simon AJ, Zrihen KS, Levy S, Beit Halevi T, Papazian M, Shwartz N, Somekh I, Levy-Mendelovich S, Wolach B, Gavrieli R, Vernitsky H, Barel O, Javasky E, Stauber T, Ma CA, Zhang Y, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Hendel A, Yablonski D, Milner JD, Somech R. Inherited SLP76 deficiency in humans causes severe combined immunodeficiency, neutrophil and platelet defects. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211562. [PMID: 33231617 PMCID: PMC7690938 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway is an ensemble of numerous proteins that are crucial for an adequate immune response. Disruption of any protein involved in this pathway leads to severe immunodeficiency and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we describe an infant with severe immunodeficiency who was found to have novel biallelic mutations in SLP76. SLP76 is a key protein involved in TCR signaling and in other hematopoietic pathways. Previous studies of this protein were performed using Jurkat-derived human leukemic T cell lines and SLP76-deficient mice. Our current study links this gene, for the first time, to a human immunodeficiency characterized by early-onset life-threatening infections, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, severe neutrophil defects, and impaired platelet aggregation. Hereby, we characterized aspects of the patient's immune phenotype, modeled them with an SLP76-deficient Jurkat-derived T cell line, and rescued some consequences using ectopic expression of wild-type SLP76. Understanding human diseases due to SLP76 deficiency is helpful in explaining the mixed T cell and neutrophil defects, providing a guide for exploring human SLP76 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atar Lev
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Guangping Sun
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Division of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren S Zrihen
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shiran Levy
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Beit Halevi
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maria Papazian
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Neta Shwartz
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ido Somekh
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- The Israeli National Hemophilia Center and Thrombosis Unit, The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Baruch Wolach
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Ronit Gavrieli
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Helly Vernitsky
- Division of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elisheva Javasky
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tali Stauber
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Chi A Ma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayal Hendel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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5
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Luu TT, Wagner AK, Schmied L, Meinke S, Freund JE, Kambayashi T, Ravens I, Achour A, Bernhardt G, Chambers BJ, Höglund P, Kadri N. IL-15 and CD155 expression regulate LAT expression in murine DNAM1 + NK cells, enhancing their effectors functions. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:494-504. [PMID: 31834938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells characterized by their ability to spontaneously lyse tumor and virally infected cells. We have recently demonstrated that IL-15-sufficient DC regulate NK cell effector functions in mice. Here, we established that among ITAM-proximal signaling molecules, the expression levels of the scaffold molecule Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) and its transcription factor ELF-1 were reduced 4 days after in vivo depletion of DC. Addition of IL-15, a cytokine presented by DC to NK cells, regulates LAT expression in NK cells with a significant effect on the DNAM1+ subset compared to DNAM1- cells. We also found that LAT expression is regulated via interaction of the DNAM1 receptor with its ligand CD155 in both immature and mature NK cells, independently of NK cell education. Finally, we found that LAT expression within DNAM1+ NK cells might be responsible for enhanced calcium mobilization following the triggering of activating receptors on NK cells. Altogether, we found that LAT expression is tightly regulated in DNAM1+ NK cells, via interaction(s) with DC, which express CD155 and IL-15, resulting in rapid activation of the DNAM1+ subset during activating receptor triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Luu
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Schmied
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacquelyn E Freund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Building 11, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Building 11, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinic for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Urbanczyk S, Stein M, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Mougiakakos D, Mielenz D. Regulation of Energy Metabolism during Early B Lymphocyte Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2192. [PMID: 30060475 PMCID: PMC6121686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important feature of humoral immunity is the adaptation of the diversity of newly generated B cell receptors, that is, the antigen receptor repertoire, to the body's own and foreign structures. This includes the transient propagation of B progenitor cells and B cells, which possess receptors that are positively selected via anabolic signalling pathways under highly competitive conditions. The metabolic regulation of early B-cell development thus has important consequences for the expansion of normal or malignant pre-B cell clones. In addition, cellular senescence programs based on the expression of B cell identity factors, such as Pax5, act to prevent excessive proliferation and cellular deviation. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during early B cell development in bone marrow. We focus on the regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at the transition from non-transformed pro- to pre-B cells and discuss some ongoing issues. We introduce Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 as a potential regulator of glycolysis in pro-B cells that has also been linked to Ca2+-mediated mitoflashes. Mitoflashes are bioenergetic mitochondrial events that control mitochondrial metabolism and signalling in both healthy and disease states. We discuss how Ca2+ fluctuations in pro- and pre-B cells may translate into mitoflashes in early B cells and speculate about the consequences of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Merle Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Gutzeit C, Chen K, Cerutti A. The enigmatic function of IgD: some answers at last. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1101-1113. [PMID: 29733429 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgD emerged soon after IgM at the time of inception of the adaptive immune system. Despite its evolutionary conservation from fish to humans, the specific functions of IgD have only recently begun to be elucidated. Mature B cells undergo alternative mRNA splicing to express IgD and IgM receptors with identical antigenic specificity. The enigma of dual IgD and IgM expression has been tackled by several recent studies showing that IgD helps peripheral accumulation of physiologically autoreactive B cells through its functional unresponsiveness to self-antigens but prompt readiness against foreign antigens. IgD achieves this balance by attenuating IgM-mediated anergy while promoting specific responses to multimeric non-self-antigens. Additional research has clarified how and why certain mucosal B cells become plasmablasts or plasma cells specializing in IgD secretion. In particular, the microbiota has been shown to play an important role in driving class switch-mediated replacement of IgM with IgD. Secreted IgD appears to enhance mucosal homeostasis and immune surveillance by "arming" myeloid effector cells such as basophils and mast cells with IgD antibodies reactive against mucosal antigens, including commensal and pathogenic microbes. Here we will review these advances and discuss their implications in humoral immunity in human and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gutzeit
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Studies Team (MIST), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Studies Team (MIST), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Wang LN, Gao MH, Wang B, Cong BB, Zhang SC. A role for GPI-CD59 in promoting T-cell signal transduction via LAT. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541246 PMCID: PMC5835848 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Cross-linking of CD59 with specific monoclonal antibodies can cause a series of intracellular signal transduction events. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Linker for activation of T-cells (LAT) is a crucial adaptor protein in T-cell signaling, and its phosphorylation and palmitoylation are essential for its localization and function. In a previous study by the present authors, it was demonstrated that CD59 may be responsible for LAT palmitoylation, thereby regulating T-cell signal transduction. The present study detected the co-localization of LAT and CD59 in lipid rafts by transfecting Jurkat cells with lentivirus vectors carrying the LAT-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein. In addition, LAT and CD59 were shown to have a synergistic effect on the proliferation of Jurkat cells. The results also indicated that CD59 may transfer the palmitate group from phosphatidylinositol to LAT to form LAT palmitate, which then localizes to lipid rafts to regulate T-cell activation. The results of the present study provided novel insights into the role of CD59 in T-cell signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Gao
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Cong
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Chao Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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9
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Dolezal E, Infantino S, Drepper F, Börsig T, Singh A, Wossning T, Fiala GJ, Minguet S, Warscheid B, Tarlinton DM, Jumaa H, Medgyesi D, Reth M. The BTG2-PRMT1 module limits pre-B cell expansion by regulating the CDK4-Cyclin-D3 complex. Nat Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28628091 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing pre-B cells in the bone marrow alternate between proliferation and differentiation phases. We found that protein arginine methyl transferase 1 (PRMT1) and B cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) are critical components of the pre-B cell differentiation program. The BTG2-PRMT1 module induced a cell-cycle arrest of pre-B cells that was accompanied by re-expression of Rag1 and Rag2 and the onset of immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements. We found that PRMT1 methylated cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), thereby preventing the formation of a CDK4-Cyclin-D3 complex and cell cycle progression. Moreover, BTG2 in concert with PRMT1 efficiently blocked the proliferation of BCR-ABL1-transformed pre-B cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results identify a key molecular mechanism by which the BTG2-PRMT1 module regulates pre-B cell differentiation and inhibits pre-B cell leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Dolezal
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simona Infantino
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Friedel Drepper
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Börsig
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aparajita Singh
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wossning
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gina J Fiala
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Volkmann C, Brings N, Becker M, Hobeika E, Yang J, Reth M. Molecular requirements of the B-cell antigen receptor for sensing monovalent antigens. EMBO J 2016; 35:2371-2381. [PMID: 27634959 PMCID: PMC5090217 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How the B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) is activated upon interaction with its cognate antigen or with anti‐BCR antibodies is not fully understood. We have recently shown that B‐cell activation is accompanied by the opening of the pre‐organized BCR oligomers, an observation that strengthens the role of receptor reorganization in signalling. We have now analysed the BCR oligomer opening and signalling upon treatment with different monovalent stimuli. Our results indicate that monovalent antigens are able to disturb and open the BCR oligomer, but that this requires the presence and activity of the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn. We have also shown that monovalent Fab fragments of anti‐BCR antibodies can open the BCR oligomers as long as they directly interact with the antigen‐binding site. We found that monovalent antigen binding opens both the IgM‐BCR and IgD‐BCR, but calcium signalling is only seen in cells expressing IgM‐BCR; this provides a molecular basis for IgM‐ and IgD‐BCR functional segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Volkmann
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Naema Brings
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianying Yang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Knackmuss U, Lindner SE, Aneichyk T, Kotkamp B, Knust Z, Villunger A, Herzog S. MAP3K11 is a tumor suppressor targeted by the oncomiR miR-125b in early B cells. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:242-52. [PMID: 26138442 PMCID: PMC4678593 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression and thereby control most, if not all, biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been linked to a variety of human diseases including cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanism often remains unclear. Here we have screened a miRNA expression library in a growth factor-dependent mouse pre-B-cell system to identify miRNAs with oncogenic activity. We show that miR-125b is sufficient to render pre-B cells growth factor independent and demonstrate that continuous expression of miR-125b is necessary to keep these cells in a transformed state. Mechanistically, we find that the expression of miR-125b protects against apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal, and that it blocks the differentiation of pre-B to immature B cells. In consequence, miR-125b-transformed cells maintain expression of their pre-B-cell receptor that provides signals for continuous proliferation and survival even in the absence of growth factor. Employing microarray analysis, we identified numerous targets of miR-125b, but only reconstitution of MAP3K11, a critical regulator of mitogen- and stress-activated kinase signaling, interferes with the cellular fitness of the transformed cells. Together, this indicates that MAP3K11 might function as an important tumor suppressor neutralized by oncomiR-125b in B-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Knackmuss
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S E Lindner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Aneichyk
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Kotkamp
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Z Knust
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Herzog
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Eswaran J, Sinclair P, Heidenreich O, Irving J, Russell LJ, Hall A, Calado DP, Harrison CJ, Vormoor J. The pre-B-cell receptor checkpoint in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:1623-31. [PMID: 25943180 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) and its immature form, the precursor-BCR (pre-BCR), have a central role in the control of B-cell development, which is dependent on a sequence of cell-fate decisions at specific antigen-independent checkpoints. Pre-BCR expression provides the first checkpoint, which controls differentiation of pre-B to immature B-cells in normal haemopoiesis. Pre-BCR signalling regulates and co-ordinates diverse processes within the pre-B cell, including clonal selection, proliferation and subsequent maturation. In B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL), B-cell development is arrested at this checkpoint. Moreover, malignant blasts avoid clonal extinction by hijacking pre-BCR signalling in favour of the development of BCP-ALL. Here, we discuss three mechanisms that occur in different subtypes of BCP-ALL: (i) blocking pre-BCR expression; (ii) activating pre-BCR-mediated pro-survival and pro-proliferative signalling, while inhibiting cell cycle arrest and maturation; and (iii) bypassing the pre-BCR checkpoint and activating pro-survival signalling through pre-BCR independent alternative mechanisms. A complete understanding of the BCP-ALL-specific signalling networks will highlight their application in BCP-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eswaran
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Sinclair
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - O Heidenreich
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Irving
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L J Russell
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Hall
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D P Calado
- 1] Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK [2] Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - C J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Vormoor
- 1] Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Smrz D, Cruse G, Beaven MA, Kirshenbaum A, Metcalfe DD, Gilfillan AM. Rictor negatively regulates high-affinity receptors for IgE-induced mast cell degranulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5924-32. [PMID: 25378594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rictor is a regulatory component of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2). We have previously demonstrated that rictor expression is substantially downregulated in terminally differentiated mast cells as compared with their immature or transformed counterparts. However, it is not known whether rictor and mTORC2 regulate mast cell activation. In this article, we show that mast cell degranulation induced by aggregation of high-affinity receptors for IgE (FcεRI) is negatively regulated by rictor independently of mTOR. We found that inhibition of mTORC2 by the dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor Torin1 or by downregulation of mTOR by short hairpin RNA had no impact on FcεRI-induced degranulation, whereas downregulation of rictor itself resulted in an increased sensitivity (∼50-fold) of cells to FcεRI aggregation with enhancement of degranulation. This was linked to a similar enhancement in calcium mobilization and cytoskeletal rearrangement attributable to increased phosphorylation of LAT and PLCγ1. In contrast, degranulation and calcium responses elicited by the G protein-coupled receptor ligand, C3a, or by thapsigargin, which induces a receptor-independent calcium signal, was unaffected by rictor knockdown. Overexpression of rictor, in contrast with knockdown, suppressed FcεRI-mediated degranulation. Taken together, these data provide evidence that rictor is a multifunctional signaling regulator that can regulate FcεRI-mediated degranulation independently of mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smrz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Michael A Beaven
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arnold Kirshenbaum
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alasdair M Gilfillan
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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14
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Alsadeq A, Hobeika E, Medgyesi D, Kläsener K, Reth M. The role of the Syk/Shp-1 kinase-phosphatase equilibrium in B cell development and signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:268-76. [PMID: 24899508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction from the BCR is regulated by the equilibrium between kinases (e.g., spleen tyrosine kinase [Syk]) and phosphatases (e.g., Shp-1). Previous studies showed that Syk-deficient B cells have a developmental block at the pro/pre-B cell stage, whereas a B cell-specific Shp-1 deficiency promoted B-1a cell development and led to autoimmunity. We generated B cell-specific Shp-1 and Syk double-knockout (DKO) mice and compared them to the single-knockout mice deficient for either Syk or Shp-1. Unlike Syk-deficient mice, the DKO mice can generate mature B cells, albeit at >20-fold reduced B cell numbers. The DKO B-2 cells are all Syk-negative, whereas the peritoneal B1 cells of the DKO mice still express Syk, indicating that they require this kinase for their proper development. The DKO B-2 cells cannot be stimulated via the BCR, whereas they are efficiently activated via TLR or CD40. We also found that in DKO pre-B cells, the kinase Zap70 is associated with the pre-BCR, suggesting that Zap70 is important to promote B cell maturation in the absence of Syk and SHP-1. Together, our data show that a properly balanced kinase/phosphatase equilibrium is crucial for normal B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Alsadeq
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
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15
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Palmitoylated transmembrane adaptor proteins in leukocyte signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:895-902. [PMID: 24440308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are structurally related proteins that have no enzymatic function, but enable inducible recruitment of effector molecules to the plasma membrane, usually in a phosphorylation dependent manner. Numerous surface receptors employ TRAPs for either propagation or negative regulation of the signal transduction. Several TRAPs (LAT, NTAL, PAG, LIME, PRR7, SCIMP, LST1/A, and putatively GAPT) are known to be palmitoylated that could facilitate their localization in lipid rafts or tetraspanin enriched microdomains. This review summarizes expression patterns, binding partners, signaling pathways, and biological functions of particular palmitoylated TRAPs with an emphasis on the three most recently discovered members, PRR7, SCIMP, and LST1/A. Moreover, we discuss in silico methodology used for discovery of new family members, nature of their binding partners, and microdomain localization.
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16
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17
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Li CY, Peng J, Ren LP, Gan LX, Lu XJ, Liu Q, Gu W, Guo XJ. Roles of histone hypoacetylation in LAT expression on T cells and Th2 polarization in allergic asthma. J Transl Med 2013; 11:26. [PMID: 23360572 PMCID: PMC3598218 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linker for activation of T cells (LAT), a transmembrane adaptor protein, plays a role in T cell and mast cell function, while it remains unclear how histone modifications mediate LAT expression in allergic asthma. The present study aimed at understanding alterations of lymphocyte LAT in patients with asthma and potential mechanisms by which histone modulation may be involved in. METHOD The expression of LAT mRNA was checked by Quantitative real-time PCR and histone hypoacetylation on LAT promoter was detected by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the expression of LAT mRNA in peripheral blood T cells from patients with asthma decreased, as compared to healthy controls. Peripheral blood T cells were treated with pCMV-myc-LAT, pCMV-myc or LAT-siRNA plasmid. Over-expression of LAT mRNA and decrease of Th2 cytokine production were noted, which could be prevented by the inhibition of LAT. The further investigation of the role of histone was performed in an asthma model induced by allergen. Histone hypoacetylation on LAT promoter could inhibit LAT expression and enhanced Th2 differentiation, while trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, promoted LAT expression and inhibited Th2 cytokine production. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that histone hypoacetylation may regulate LAT expression on T cells and modify Th2 polarization in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-ye Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
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18
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Dühren-von Minden M, Übelhart R, Schneider D, Wossning T, Bach MP, Buchner M, Hofmann D, Surova E, Follo M, Köhler F, Wardemann H, Zirlik K, Veelken H, Jumaa H. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is driven by antigen-independent cell-autonomous signalling. Nature 2012; 489:309-12. [PMID: 22885698 DOI: 10.1038/nature11309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expression is an important feature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), one of the most prevalent B-cell neoplasias in Western countries. The presence of stereotyped and quasi-identical BCRs in different CLL patients suggests that recognition of specific antigens might drive CLL pathogenesis. Here we show that, in contrast to other B-cell neoplasias, CLL-derived BCRs induce antigen-independent cell-autonomous signalling, which is dependent on the heavy-chain complementarity-determining region (HCDR3) and an internal epitope of the BCR. Indeed, transferring the HCDR3 of a CLL-derived BCR provides autonomous signalling capacity to a non-autonomously active BCR, whereas mutations in the internal epitope abolish this capacity. Because BCR expression was required for the binding of secreted CLL-derived BCRs to target cells, and mutations in the internal epitope reduced this binding, our results indicate a new model for CLL pathogenesis, with cell-autonomous antigen-independent signalling as a crucial pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dühren-von Minden
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Ta VBT, de Bruijn MJW, Matheson L, Zoller M, Bach MP, Wardemann H, Jumaa H, Corcoran A, Hendriks RW. Highly Restricted Usage of Ig H Chain VH14 Family Gene Segments in Slp65-Deficient Pre-B Cell Leukemia in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4842-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Lesourne R, Zvezdova E, Song KD, El-Khoury D, Uehara S, Barr VA, Samelson LE, Love PE. Interchangeability of Themis1 and Themis2 in thymocyte development reveals two related proteins with conserved molecular function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1154-61. [PMID: 22732588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Themis1, a recently identified T cell protein, has a critical function in the generation of mature CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) (CD4 and CD8 single-positive [SP]) thymocytes and T cells. Although Themis1 has been shown to bind to the adaptor proteins LAT and Grb2, previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding whether thymocytes from Themis1(-/-) mice exhibit TCR-mediated signaling defects. In this study, we demonstrate that, in the absence of Themis1, TCR-mediated signaling is selectively impaired in CD4 SP and CD8 SP thymocytes but is not affected in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes despite high expression of Themis1 in double-positive thymocytes. Like Themis1, Themis2, a related member of the Themis family, which is expressed in B cells and macrophages, contains two conserved cysteine-based domains, a proline-rich region, and a nuclear localization signal. To determine whether Themis1 and Themis2 can perform similar functions in vivo, we analyzed T cell development and TCR-mediated signaling in Themis1(-/-) mice reconstituted with either Themis1 or Themis2 transgenes. Notably, Themis1 and Themis2 exhibited the same potential to restore T cell development and TCR-mediated signaling in Themis1(-/-) mice. Both proteins were tyrosine phosphorylated and were recruited within Grb2 signaling complexes to LAT following TCR engagement. These results suggest that conserved molecular features of the Themis1 and Themis2 proteins are important for their biological activity and predict that Themis1 and Themis2 may perform similar functions in T and B cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Lesourne
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Dilek N, Poirier N, Usal C, Martinet B, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Control of transplant tolerance and intragraft regulatory T cell localization by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CCL5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4209-16. [PMID: 22450806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature cells that are believed to inhibit immune responses in the contexts of cancer and organ transplantation, in association with regulatory T cells (Treg). However, the way in which MDSC cooperate with Treg remains elusive. In this study, we used DNA microarrays to analyze gene expression in blood-derived MDSC from rat recipients of kidney allografts. We found CCL5 (Rantes), a chemotactic C-C motif 5 chemokine, to be strongly downregulated after treatment with a tolerizing regimen. The amount of CCL5 protein was also lower in the plasma of tolerant recipients, whereas intragraft CCL5 was unchanged. Because CCL5 is chemotactic for Treg, we hypothesized that a gradient of CCL5 between the graft and peripheral blood might contribute to the intragraft localization of Treg in tolerant animals. To test this hypothesis, we treated tolerant rat recipients of kidney allografts with recombinant rat CCL5 to restore normal plasma concentrations. This led to a strong reduction in intragraft Treg monitored by immunohistofluorescence and by quantitative real-time PCR measurement of Foxp3 mRNA. Ultimately, this treatment led to an increase in serum creatinine concentrations and to kidney graft rejection after about a month. The kidney function of syngeneic grafts was not affected by a similar administration of CCL5. These data highlight the contribution of MDSC to the establishment of a graft-to-periphery CCL5 gradient in tolerant kidney allograft recipients, which controls recruitment of Treg to the graft where they likely contribute to maintaining tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahzli Dilek
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1064, Nantes F-44093, France
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22
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Chevrier S, Genton C, Malissen B, Malissen M, Acha-Orbea H. Dominant Role of CD80-CD86 Over CD40 and ICOSL in the Massive Polyclonal B Cell Activation Mediated by LAT(Y136F) CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:27. [PMID: 22566911 PMCID: PMC3342035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated interactions between T and B cells are crucial for inducing physiological B cell responses. Mutant mice in which tyrosine 136 of linker for activation of T cell (LAT) is replaced by a phenylalanine (LatY136F) exhibit a strong CD4+ T cell proliferation in the absence of intended immunization. The resulting effector T cells produce high amounts of TH2 cytokines and are extremely efficient at inducing polyclonal B cell activation. As a consequence, these LatY136F mutant mice showed massive germinal center formations and hypergammaglobulinemia. Here, we analyzed the involvement of different costimulators and their ligands in such T–B interactions both in vitro and in vivo, using blocking antibodies, knockout mice, and adoptive transfer experiments. Surprisingly, we showed in vitro that although B cell activation required contact with T cells, CD40, and inducible T cell costimulator molecule-ligand (ICOSL) signaling were not necessary for this process. These observations were further confirmed in vivo, where none of these molecules were required for the unfolding of the LAT CD4+ T cell expansion and the subsequent polyclonal B cell activation, although, the absence of CD40 led to a reduction of the follicular B cell response. These results indicate that the crucial functions played by CD40 and ICOSL in germinal center formation and isotype switching in physiological humoral responses are partly overcome in LatY136F mice. By comparison, the absence of CD80–CD86 was found to almost completely block the in vitro B cell activation mediated by LatY136F CD4+ T cells. The role of CD80–CD86 in T–B cooperation in vivo remained elusive due to the upstream implication of these costimulatory molecules in the expansion of LatY136F CD4+ T cells. Together, our data suggest that CD80 and CD86 costimulators play a key role in the polyclonal B cell activation mediated by LatY136F CD4+ T cells even though additional costimulatory molecules or cytokines are likely to be required in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chevrier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fuller DM, Zhu M, Ou-Yang CW, Sullivan SA, Zhang W. A tale of two TRAPs: LAT and LAB in the regulation of lymphocyte development, activation, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2011; 49:97-108. [PMID: 21136199 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) link antigen receptor engagement to downstream cellular processes. Although these proteins typically lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, they are phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues following lymphocyte activation, allowing them to function as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-molecular signaling complexes. Among the many TRAPs that have been discovered in recent years, the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) family of adaptor proteins plays an important role in the positive and negative regulation of lymphocyte maturation, activation, and differentiation. Of the two members in this family, LAT is an indispensable component controlling T cell and mast cell activation and function; LAB (linker for activation of B cells), also called NTAL, is necessary to fine-tune lymphocyte activation and may be a key regulator of innate immune responses. Here, we review recent advances on the function of LAT and LAB in the regulation of development and activation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Fuller
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hendriks RW, Bredius RG, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ. Biology and novel treatment options for XLA, the most common monogenetic immunodeficiency in man. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1003-21. [PMID: 21635151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.585971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in man, and is caused by a single genetic defect. Inactivating mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are invariably the cause of XLA,. XLA is characterized by a differentiation arrest at the pre-B cell stage, the absence of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections, making it an insidious disease that gradually disables the patient, and can result in death due to chronic lung disease. Current treatment involves prophylactic antibiotics and immunoglobulin infusions, which are non-curative. This disease is a good candidate for curative hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy, which could correct the B cell and myeloid deficiencies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of BTK in B cell development, the clinical features of XLA, and the possibilities of gene therapy for XLA, covering the literature from 1995 to 2010. EXPERT OPINION Work from various laboratories demonstrates the feasibility of using gene-corrected HSCs to complement the immune defects of Btk-deficiency in mice. We propose that it is timely to start clinical programs to develop stem cell based therapy for XLA, using gene-corrected autologous HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hořejší V, Otáhal P, Brdička T. LAT - an important raft-associated transmembrane adaptor protein. Delivered on 6 July 2009 at the 34th FEBS Congress in Prague, Czech Republic. FEBS J 2010; 277:4383-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Orr SJ, McVicar DW. LAB/NTAL/Lat2: a force to be reckoned with in all leukocytes? J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:11-9. [PMID: 20643813 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LAB/NTAL/Lat2 is a transmembrane adaptor protein closely related to LAT. It is expressed in various myeloid and lymphoid cells, many of which also express LAT. Phosphorylation of LAB occurs following engagement of various ITAM- and non-ITAM-linked receptors and can play positive and negative roles following receptor engagement. LAT binds PLCγ directly, resulting in efficient Ca²+ flux and degranulation. However, LAB does not contain a PLCγ-binding motif and only binds PLCγ indirectly, possibly via Grb2, thereby resulting in suboptimal signaling. As LAT can signal more efficiently than LAB, competition between the 2 for space/substrates in the lipid rafts can attenuate signaling. This competition model requires coexpression of LAT; however, LAB is repressive, even in cells lacking substantial LAT expression such as macrophages and mature B cells. The reported interaction between LAB and the ubiquitin E3-ligase c-Cbl suggests 1 possible mechanism for LAT-independent inhibition by LAB, but such a model requires further investigation. Given the wide-reaching expression pattern of LAB, LAB has the ability to modulate signaling in virtually every type of leukocyte. Regardless of its ultimate mode of action, the potent regulatory capability of LAB proves this protein to be a complex adaptor that warrants continued, substantial scrutiny by biochemists and immunologists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selinda J Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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N-linked glycosylation selectively regulates autonomous precursor BCR function. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:759-65. [PMID: 20622883 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developing B cells express distinct classes of B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that differ in their heavy chain (HC). Although only muHC is expressed in early stages, deltaHC-containing BCRs dominate on the surface of mature B cells. The reason for the tightly regulated expression of these receptors is poorly understood. Here we show that muHC was specifically required for precursor BCR (pre-BCR) function and that deltaHC was unable to form a functional pre-BCR. A conserved asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation site at position 46 (N46) in the first conserved domain of muHC was absolutely required for pre-BCR function, and swapping that domain with deltaHC resulted in a functional deltaHC-containing pre-BCR. When tested in the context of the BCR, muHC with a mutant N46 showed normal function, which indicated that N46-glycosylation is specifically required for pre-BCR function. Our results suggest an unexpected mode of pre-BCR function, in which binding of the surrogate light chain to N46 mediates autonomous crosslinking and, concomitantly, receptor formation.
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Fuller DM, Zhang W. Regulation of lymphocyte development and activation by the LAT family of adapter proteins. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:72-83. [PMID: 19909357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane adapter proteins (TRAPs) are critical components of signaling pathways in lymphocytes, linking antigen receptor engagement to downstream cellular processes. While these proteins lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, their phosphorylation following receptor ligation allows them to function as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-molecular signaling complexes. Many TRAPs have recently been discovered, and numerous studies demonstrate their roles in the positive and negative regulation of lymphocyte maturation, activation, and differentiation. One such example is the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) family of adapter proteins. While LAT has been shown to play an indispensable role in T-cell and mast cell function, the other family members, linker for activation of B cells (LAB) and linker for activation of X cells (LAX), are necessary to fine-tune immune responses. In addition to its well-established role in the positive regulation of lymphocyte activation, LAT exerts an inhibitory effect on T-cell receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, LAT, along with LAB and LAX, plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining tolerance. Here, we review recent data concerning the regulation of lymphocyte development and activation by the LAT family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Fuller
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Miazek A, Macha K, Łaszkiewicz A, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kisielow P. Peripheral Thy1+ lymphocytes rearranging TCR-gammadelta genes in LAT-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2596-605. [PMID: 19701892 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor molecule indispensable for development of alphabeta and gammadelta T lymphocytes. Surprisingly, using a new model of LAT-deficient mice we found that despite arrested thymic development, a discrete population of cells with active Lat promoter, expressing Thy1 molecules, accumulated in peripheral lymphoid organs of homozygous (Lat(Inv/Inv)) mutant mice. By measuring frequencies of TCR gene rearrangements in conjunction with a panel of cell surface Ag, we dissected two subsets of these Thy1(+) cells. Thy1(dull) cells expressed markers of NK lymphocytes and contained low frequency of TCR-gamma gene rearrangements without detectable TCR-delta rearrangements. Thy1(high) cells resembled immature CD44(+)CD25(+) thymocytes and contained high frequency of non-productive TCR-gamma and TCR-delta rearrangements, indicating that cells displaying molecular signatures of commitment toward gammadelta T-cell lineage can develop and populate lymphoid tissues of LAT-deficient mice. Phenotypically similar Thy1(high) cells were also found in lymph nodes of lymphocyte-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice but not in T lymphocyte proficient, heterozygous Lat(+/Inv) mice suggesting that Thy1(high) cells of LAT-deficient mice identified in this study accumulate in peripheral lymphoid organs as a result of congenital lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Hundt M, Harada Y, De Giorgio L, Tanimura N, Zhang W, Altman A. Palmitoylation-dependent plasma membrane transport but lipid raft-independent signaling by linker for activation of T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1685-94. [PMID: 19592663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a dually palmitoylated transmembrane adaptor protein essential for T cell development and activation. However, whether LAT palmitoylation and/or lipid raft localization are required for its function is controversial. To address this question, we used a combination of biochemical, imaging, and genetic approaches, including LAT retrovirus-transduced mouse T cells and bone marrow chimeric mice. A nonpalmitoylated, non-lipid raft-residing mutant of transmembrane LAT could not reconstitute T cell development in bone marrow chimeric mice. This mutant was absent from the plasma membrane (PM) and was restricted mainly to the Golgi apparatus. A chimeric, nonpalmitoylated LAT protein consisting of the PM-targeting N-terminal sequence of Src kinase and the LAT cytoplasmic domain (Src-LAT) localized as a peripheral membrane protein in the PM, but outside lipid rafts. Nevertheless, Src-LAT restored T cell development and activation. Lastly, monopalmitoylation of LAT on Cys(26) (but not Cys(29)) was required and sufficient for its PM transport and function. Thus, the function of LAT in T cells requires its PM, but not raft, localization, even when expressed as a peripheral membrane protein. Furthermore, LAT palmitoylation functions primarily as a sorting signal required for its PM transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hundt
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Svojgr K, Burjanivova T, Vaskova M, Kalina T, Stary J, Trka J, Zuna J. Adaptor molecules expression in normal lymphopoiesis and in childhood leukemia. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Köhler F, Hug E, Eschbach C, Meixlsperger S, Hobeika E, Kofer J, Wardemann H, Jumaa H. Autoreactive B cell receptors mimic autonomous pre-B cell receptor signaling and induce proliferation of early B cells. Immunity 2008; 29:912-21. [PMID: 19084434 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of early immature B cells express autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that are, according to the current view, negatively selected to avoid the production of self-reactive antibodies. Here, we show that polyreactive BCRs, which recognize multiple self-antigens, induced autonomous signaling and selective expansion of B cell precursors in a manner comparable to the pre-BCR. We found that the pre-BCR was capable of recognizing multiple self-antigens and that a signaling-deficient pre-BCR lacking the non-Ig region of the surrogate-light-chain component lambda5 was rescued by the complementarity-determining region 3 derived from heavy chains of polyreactive receptors. Importantly, bone marrow B cells from mice carrying Ig transgenes for an autoreactive BCR showed increased cell-cycle activity, which could not be detected in cells lacking the transgenic BCR. Together, the pre-BCR has evolved to ensure self-recognition because autoreactivity is required for positive selection of B cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Köhler
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Oda A, Ono T, Yamamoto M, Goitsuka R, Kitamura D. PKC eta directs induction of IRF-4 expression and Ig kappa gene rearrangement in pre-BCR signaling pathway. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1417-26. [PMID: 18780722 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signals promote pre-B cell differentiation, in which the adaptor protein B-cell linker (BLNK) plays a crucial role. However, the molecular pathways downstream of BLNK are currently unclear. Utilizing pre-B leukemia cell lines (BKO84 and others) derived from BLNK-deficient mice as in vitro models of the pre-B cell differentiation, we have demonstrated that reconstitution of BLNK as well as an active form of protein kinase C (PKC)eta induces the differentiation events, such as pre-BCR down-regulation and kappa gene rearrangement. Here we show that the same events are induced by cross-linking of pre-BCR with anti-mu antibody in these pre-B cell lines, as well as in ex vivo pre-B cells from BLNK-deficient mice, suggesting a function of BLNK as an internal cross-linker of pre-BCR. Anti-mu treatment of BKO84 cells up-regulated membrane recruitment of PKC eta and the expression of IRF-4, a transcription factor known to promote light chain gene rearrangements. Anti-mu induction of surface kappa chain on BKO84 cells was blocked by reagents that inhibit phospholipase C or PKC. Enforced expression of the active PKC eta in BKO84 cells resulted in up-regulation of IRF-4 expression. Conversely, siRNA-mediated silencing of PKC eta expression strikingly attenuated the anti-mu-induced IRF-4 expression and kappa gene rearrangement, which were restored by PKC eta reconstitution. Finally, enforced expression of IRF-4, but not of BLNK, in the PKC eta-silenced BKO84 cells resulted in kappa gene rearrangement. These results indicate that PKC eta directs the induction of IRF-4 expression downstream of BLNK in the pre-BCR signaling pathway promoting kappa gene rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Oda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
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35
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Erk kinases link pre-B cell receptor signaling to transcriptional events required for early B cell expansion. Immunity 2008; 28:499-508. [PMID: 18356083 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) plays a crucial role in the development of immature B cells. Although certain aspects of proximal pre-BCR signaling have been studied, the intermediate signal transducers and the distal transcription modulators are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of both Erk1 and Erk2 kinases was associated with defective pre-BCR-mediated cell expansion as well as a block in the transition of pro-B to pre-B cells. Phosphorylation of transcription factors Elk1 and CREB was mediated by Erk, and a dominant-negative mutation in the Erk-mediated phosphorylation sites of Elk1 or CREB suppressed pre-BCR-mediated cell expansion as well as expression of genes including Myc, which is involved in the cell-cycle progression. Together, our results identify a crucial role for Erk kinases in regulating B cell development by initiating transcriptional regulatory network and thereby pre-BCR-mediated cell expansion.
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Quandt D, Hoff H, Rudolph M, Fillatreau S, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. A new role of CTLA-4 on B cells in thymus-dependent immune responses in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7316-24. [PMID: 18025174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression of CTLA-4 (CD152) on the cell surface of B cells and its consequences for the humoral immune response in vivo are unknown. We investigated the expression of CTLA-4 mRNA and protein in B cells in T cell-independent or -dependent ways. B cells in the presence of Ag-stimulated Th2 cells expressed mRNA of CTLA-4 and up-regulated intracellular CTLA-4 protein. Using a liposome-enhanced staining technique, we show for the first time, that surface CTLA-4 protein is expressed by 11-15% of B cells in a T cell-dependent culture system. To dissect the role of CTLA-4 on B cells in vivo, we used bone marrow chimeric mice in which only B cells were CTLA-4 deficient. These mice showed that early B cell development and homeostasis is not influenced by CTLA-4 deficiency of B cells. Ag-specific responses after immunization of the chimeric mice revealed elevated levels of IgM Abs in mice deficient for B cell CTLA-4. We propose that CTLA-4 signals on B cells determine the early fate of B cells in thymus-dependent immune responses.
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Dluzniewska J, Zou L, Harmon IR, Ellingson MT, Peterson EJ. Immature hematopoietic cells display selective requirements for adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein in development and homeostatsis. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3208-19. [PMID: 17948263 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP) modulates T cell development and function and promotes TCR signaling. Regulation of ADAP protein expression during thymopoiesis and in development of other hematopoietic lineages has not been explored. Using intracellular staining, we detected ADAP protein in bone marrow lymphocyte precursors. Like its binding partner SH2-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa, ADAP is dynamically regulated during thymocyte positive selection. ADAP is also found in unconventional thymocytes, including NKT, CD8alphaalpha, and TCRgammadelta T cells. In peripheral T cells, ADAP is up-regulated after TCR stimulation and with acquisition of memory status. Although absent in splenic B cells, ADAP is present in pro-B cells, as well as in BM erythrocyte and myeloid progenitors. Studies with radiation chimeras show that ADAP is dispensable for NKT, CD8alphaalpha and TCRgammadelta T cell development, while confirming that ADAP is required for optimal development of conventional TCRalphabeta T cells in the thymus. Interestingly, ADAP is necessary for CD8alphaalpha homeostasis in the small intestinal epithelium, yet is dispensable for optimal reconstitution of splenic B cell populations. Our observations highlight the dynamic regulation of ADAP during T cell maturation and document expression patterns that suggest a possible role for ADAP in development of non-T hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dluzniewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Schebesta A, McManus S, Salvagiotto G, Delogu A, Busslinger GA, Busslinger M. Transcription factor Pax5 activates the chromatin of key genes involved in B cell signaling, adhesion, migration, and immune function. Immunity 2007; 27:49-63. [PMID: 17658281 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 represses B lineage-inappropriate genes and activates B cell-specific genes in B lymphocytes. Here we have identified 170 Pax5-activated genes. Conditional mutagenesis demonstrated that the Pax5-regulated genes require continuous Pax5 activity for normal expression in pro-B and mature B cells. Expression of half of the Pax5-activated genes is either absent or substantially reduced upon Pax5 loss in plasma cells. Direct Pax5 target genes were identified based on their protein synthesis-independent activation by a Pax5-estrogen receptor fusion protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Pax5 together with chromatin profiling by ChIP-on-chip analysis demonstrated that Pax5 directly activates the chromatin at promoters or putative enhancers of Pax5 target genes. The Pax5-activated genes code for key regulatory and structural proteins involved in B cell signaling, adhesion, migration, antigen presentation, and germinal-center B cell formation, thus revealing a complex regulatory network that is activated by Pax5 to control B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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39
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Halcomb KE, Contreras CM, Hinman RM, Coursey TG, Wright HL, Satterthwaite AB. Btk and phospholipase C gamma 2 can function independently during B cell development. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1033-42. [PMID: 17372989 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pre-BCR and the BCR regulate B cell development via a signalosome nucleated by the adaptor protein B cell linker protein (BLNK). Formation of this complex facilitates activation of phospholipase C (PLC) gamma2 by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). To determine whether Btk and PLCgamma2 also have separate functions, we generated Btk(-/-)PLCgamma2(-/-) mice. They demonstrated a block in development at the pre-B stage and increased pre-BCR surface expression. This phenotype was more severe than that of Btk(-/-) or PLCgamma2(-/-) mice. Although both Btk and PLCgamma2 were required for proliferation of splenic B cells in response to BCR cross-linking, they contributed differently to anti-IgM-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Btk(-/-) and PLCgamma2(-/-) mice each had a reduced frequency of Iglambda-expressing B cells and impaired migration of pre-B cells towards stromal cell-derived factor 1. However, the increase in pre-B cell malignancy that occurs in BLNK(-/-) mice in the absence of Btk was not observed in the absence of PLCgamma2. Thus, Btk and PLCgamma2 act both in concert and independently throughout B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Halcomb
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
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40
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Herzog S, Jumaa H. The N terminus of the non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) confers inhibitory effects on pre-B cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2336-43. [PMID: 17277139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SLP-65 and the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) are central adaptor proteins that link the activated pre-BCR to downstream events in pre-B cells. Recently, a new transmembrane adaptor called NTAL/LAB/LAT2 (hereafter called NTAL for non-T cell activation linker) with striking functional and structural similarity to LAT has been identified in B cells. In this study, we compare the function of NTAL and LAT in pre-BCR signaling and show that, in contrast to LAT, NTAL does not induce pre-BCR down-regulation, calcium flux, or pre-B cell differentiation. To test whether differences between NTAL-mediated and LAT-mediated signaling are caused by the missing phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma binding motif in NTAL, we inserted the PLC-gamma1/2 binding motif of LAT into NTAL. This insertion rendered NTAL capable of activating pre-BCR down-regulation and calcium flux. Unexpectedly however, the ability of NTAL to induce calcium flux was not sufficient to promote pre-B cell differentiation, suggesting that the PLC-gamma binding motif has only partial effects on NTAL-mediated pre-BCR signaling. By generating chimeric swap mutants, we identified the N terminus of NTAL as an inhibitory domain that prevents pre-B cell differentiation while allowing pre-BCR down-regulation and receptor-mediated calcium flux. Our data suggest that, in addition to the missing PLC-gamma1/2 binding motif, the N terminus is responsible for the functional differences between NTAL and LAT in pre-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Herzog
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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Meixlsperger S, Köhler F, Wossning T, Reppel M, Müschen M, Jumaa H. Conventional Light Chains Inhibit the Autonomous Signaling Capacity of the B Cell Receptor. Immunity 2007; 26:323-33. [PMID: 17331747 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signals from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), consisting of mu heavy chain (muHC) and conventional light chain (LC), and its precursor the pre-BCR, consisting of muHC and surrogate light chain (SLC), via the adaptor protein SLP-65 regulate the development and function of B cells. Here, we compare the effect of SLC and conventional LC expression on receptor-induced Ca(2+) flux in B cells expressing an inducible form of SLP-65. We found that SLC expression strongly enhanced an autonomous ability of muHC to induce Ca(2+) flux irrespective of additional receptor crosslinking. In contrast, LC expression reduced this autonomous muHC ability and resulted in antigen-dependent Ca(2+) flux. These data indicate that autonomous ligand-independent signaling can be induced by receptor forms other than the pre-BCR. In addition, our data suggest that conventional LCs play an important role in the inhibition of autonomous receptor signaling, thereby allowing further B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Meixlsperger
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Song H, Zhang J, Chiang YJ, Siraganian RP, Hodes RJ. Redundancy in B Cell Developmental Pathways: c-Cbl Inactivation Rescues Early B Cell Development through a B Cell Linker Protein-Independent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:926-35. [PMID: 17202354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in the adaptor protein B cell linker protein (BLNK) results in a substantial but incomplete block in B cell development, suggesting that alternative pathways exist for B lineage differentiation. Another adaptor protein, c-Cbl, plays a negative regulatory role in several BCR-signaling pathways. We therefore investigated the role of c-Cbl during B cell development and addressed the possibility that redundancies in pathways for B cell differentiation could be further revealed by eliminating negative effects mediated by c-Cbl. Strikingly, c-Cbl inactivation reversed a number of the critical defects in early B cell differentiation that are seen in BLNK-deficient mice. c-Cbl(-/-)BLNK(-/-) mice exhibited normalized down-regulation of pre-BCR and CD43, up-regulation of MHC class II, and augmented L chain rearrangement, resulting in a successful transition from pre-B cells to immature B cells. c-Cbl inactivation also reversed the potentially tumor-predisposing hyperproliferative response of BLNK(-/-) pre-B cells to IL-7. Pre-BCR cross-linking induced enhanced and prolonged tyrosine phosphorylation in c-Cbl(-/-)BLNK(-/-) pre-BCR(+) pre-B cells compared with c-Cbl(+/-)BLNK(-/-) cells, including elevated phosphorylation of Lyn, Syk, Btk, and phospholipase C-gamma2. Our studies suggest that some, but not all, pre-BCR-triggered developmental events can be mediated by BLNK-independent pathways that are negatively regulated by c-Cbl, and further suggest that different events during early B cell development require different strength or duration of pre-BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Song
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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43
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Abstract
In adult mammals, bone marrow pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells generate B lymphoid-specified progeny that progress through a series of well-characterized stages before generating B-cell receptor expressing B lymphocytes. These functionally immature B lymphocytes then migrate to the spleen wherein they differentiate through transitional stages into follicular or marginal zone B lymphocytes capable of responding to T-dependent and -independent antigens, respectively. During the terminal stages of B lymphocyte development in the bone marrow, as well as immediately following egress into the peripheral compartments, B lymphocytes are counterselected to eliminate B lymphocytes with potentially dangerous self-reactivity. These developmental and selection events in the bone marrow and periphery are dependent on the integration of intrinsic genetic programs with extrinsic microenvironmental signals that drive progenitors toward increasing B lineage commitment and maturation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the various stages of primary and secondary B lymphocyte development with an emphasis on the selection processes that affect decisions at critical checkpoints. Our intent is to stress the concept that at many steps in the developmental process leading to a mature immunocompetent B lymphocyte, B lineage cells are integrating multiple and different signaling inputs that are translated into specific and appropriate cell fate decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Lymphopoiesis/genetics
- Models, Immunological
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Monroe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Genton C, Wang Y, Izui S, Malissen B, Delsol G, Fournié GJ, Malissen M, Acha-Orbea H. The Th2 lymphoproliferation developing in LatY136F mutant mice triggers polyclonal B cell activation and systemic autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2285-93. [PMID: 16887989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lat(Y136F) knock-in mice harbor a point mutation in Tyr(136) of the linker for activation of T cells and show accumulation of Th2 effector cells and IgG1 and IgE hypergammaglobulinemia. B cell activation is not a direct effect of the mutation on B cells since in the absence of T cells, mutant B cells do not show an activated phenotype. After adoptive transfer of linker for activation of T cell mutant T cells into wild-type, T cell-deficient recipients, recipient B cells become activated. We show in vivo and in vitro that the Lat(Y136F) mutation promotes T cell-dependent B cell activation leading to germinal center, memory, and plasma cell formation even in an MHC class II-independent manner. All the plasma and memory B cell populations found in physiological T cell-dependent B cell responses are found. Characterization of the abundant plasmablasts found in secondary lymphoid organs of Lat(Y136F) mice revealed the presence of a previously uncharacterized CD93-expressing subpopulation, whose presence was confirmed in wild-type mice after immunization. In Lat(Y136F) mice, B cell activation was polyclonal and not Ag-driven because the increase in serum IgG1 and IgE concentrations involved Abs and autoantibodies with different specificities equally. Although the noncomplement-fixing IgG1 and IgE are the only isotypes significantly increased in Lat(Y136F) serum, we observed early-onset systemic autoimmunity with nephritis showing IgE autoantibody deposits and severe proteinuria. These results show that Th2 cells developing in Lat(Y136F) mice can trigger polyclonal B cell activation and thereby lead to systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Genton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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45
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Crespo M, Villamor N, Giné E, Muntañola A, Colomer D, Marafioti T, Jones M, Camós M, Campo E, Montserrat E, Bosch F. ZAP-70 expression in normal pro/pre B cells, mature B cells, and in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:726-34. [PMID: 16467082 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ZAP-70 gene is normally expressed in T and natural killer cells, where it is required for the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. More recently, it has been described that ZAP-70 contributes to the B-cell development at early stages of B-cell differentiation in mice. The purpose was to investigate the presence of ZAP-70 in normal pro/pre B cells and mature B cells and in tumoral cells from B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ZAP-70 expression was ascertained by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Analysis of ZAP-70 and other signaling proteins of the pre-TCR/TCR was done by Western blot. RESULTS ZAP-70 was expressed in pro/pre B cells but not in normal mature B cells derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or tonsil. Among tumoral cells, ZAP-70 was expressed in 56% of B-ALLs with pro/pre B-cell phenotype and in 4 of 6 Burkitt/ALL lymphomas. In B-ALL cells, expression of CD38 protein correlated with ZAP-70 expression (P = 0.05). Mutational analysis of the ZAP-70 gene revealed the absence of mutations in cases lacking ZAP-70 expression. Moreover, other elements of the pre-TCR/TCR signaling pathway, like LAT and Lck, were also found in B-ALL cells. CONCLUSIONS Among normal B-cell subsets, ZAP-70 was found expressed in normal pro/pre B cells but not in a significant proportion of normal B cells with mature phenotype. Moreover, the presence of ZAP-70 in B-ALLs probably reflects their cellular origin. The lack of ZAP-70 expression in normal mature B cells suggests that its expression in mature-derived neoplasms with different cellular origin, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, might be due to an aberrant phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Crespo
- Department of Hematology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Yamamoto M, Hayashi K, Nojima T, Matsuzaki Y, Kawano Y, Karasuyama H, Goitsuka R, Kitamura D. BASH-novel PKC-Raf-1 pathway of pre-BCR signaling induces kappa gene rearrangement. Blood 2006; 108:2703-11. [PMID: 16794253 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) is thought to signal transcriptional activation of the immunoglobulin light (L) chain gene locus, proceeding to its V-J rearrangement. The pre-BCR signaling pathway for this process is largely unknown but may involve the adaptor protein BASH (BLNK/SLP-65). Here we report that the pre-B leukemia cell lines established from affected BASH-deficient mice rearrange kappaL-chain gene locus and down-regulate pre-BCR upon PMA treatment or BASH reconstitution. Analyses with specific inhibitors revealed that activation of novel PKC (nPKC) and MEK, but not Ras, is necessary for the rearrangement. Accordingly, retroviral transduction of active PKCeta, PKCepsilon, or Raf-1, but not Ras, induced the kappa gene rearrangement and expression in the pre-B-cell line. Tamoxifen-mediated BASH reconstitution resulted in the translocation of PKCeta to the plasma membrane and kappa chain expression. These data make evident that the Ras-independent BASH-nPKC-Raf-1 pathway of pre-BCR signaling induces the L-chain gene rearrangement and expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Preleukemia/genetics
- Preleukemia/immunology
- Preleukemia/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
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Kölsch U, Arndt B, Reinhold D, Lindquist JA, Jüling N, Kliche S, Pfeffer K, Bruyns E, Schraven B, Simeoni L. Normal T-cell development and immune functions in TRIM-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3639-48. [PMID: 16612002 PMCID: PMC1447406 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.9.3639-3648.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane adaptor molecule TRIM is strongly expressed within thymus and in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. Previous studies suggested that TRIM is an integral component of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex and might be involved in regulating TCR cycling. To elucidate the in vivo function of TRIM, we generated TRIM-deficient mice by homologous recombination. TRIM(-/-) mice develop normally and are healthy and fertile. However, the animals show a mild reduction in body weight that appears to be due to a decrease in the size and/or cellularity of many organs. The morphology and anatomy of nonlymphoid as well as primary and secondary lymphoid organs is normal. The frequency of thymocyte and peripheral T-cell subsets does not differ from control littermates. In addition, a detailed analysis of lymphocyte development revealed that TRIM is not required for either positive or negative selection. Although TRIM(-/-) CD4(+) T cells showed an augmented phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt, the in vitro characterization of peripheral T cells indicated that proliferation, survival, activation-induced cell death, migration, adhesion, TCR internalization and recycling, TCR-mediated calcium fluxes, tyrosine phosphorylation, and mitogen-activated protein family kinase activation are not affected in the absence of TRIM. Similarly, the in vivo immune response to T-dependent and T-independent antigens as well as the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a complex Th1-mediated autoimmune model, is comparable to that of wild-type animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TRIM is dispensable for T-cell development and peripheral immune functions. The lack of an evident phenotype could indicate that TRIM shares redundant functions with other transmembrane adaptors involved in regulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Kölsch
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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48
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Xu S, Huo J, Chew WK, Hikida M, Kurosaki T, Lam KP. Phospholipase Cγ2 Dosage Is Critical for B Cell Development in the Absence of Adaptor Protein BLNK. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4690-8. [PMID: 16585562 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell linker (BLNK) protein and phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2) are components of the BCR signalosome that activate calcium signaling in B cells. Mice lacking either molecule have a severe but incomplete block in B lymphopoiesis. In this study, we generated BLNK-/- PLCgamma2-/- mice to examine the effect of simultaneous disruption of both molecules on B cell development. We showed that BLNK-/- PLCgamma2-/- mice had compounded defects in B cell maturation compared with either single mutant, suggesting that these two molecules cooperatively or synergistically signaled B lymphopoiesis. However, Ig H chain allelic exclusion was maintained in single and double mutants, indicating that signals propagated by BLNK and PLCgamma2 were not involved in this process. Interestingly, in the absence of BLNK, B cell development was dependent on plcgamma2 gene dosage. This was evidenced by the proportionate decrease in splenic B cell population and increase in bone marrow surface pre-BCR+ cells in PLCgamma2-diploid, -haploid, and -null animals. Intracellular calcium signaling and ERK activation in response to BCR engagement were also proportionately decreased and delayed, respectively, with stepwise reduction of plcgamma2 dosage in a BLNK(null) background. Thus, these data indicate the importance of BLNK not only as a conduit to specifically channel BCR-signaling pathways and as a scaffold for the assembling of macromolecular complex, but also as an efficient aggregator or concentrator of PLCgamma2 molecules to effect optimal signaling for B cell generation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
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49
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Koretzky GA, Abtahian F, Silverman MA. SLP76 and SLP65: complex regulation of signalling in lymphocytes and beyond. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:67-78. [PMID: 16493428 DOI: 10.1038/nri1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SLP76 and SLP65 are adaptor proteins that lack intrinsic enzymatic activity but contain multiple protein-binding domains. These proteins are essential for signalling downstream of integrins and receptors that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. The absence of these adaptor proteins profoundly affects various lineages in the haematopoietic compartment and severely compromises vascular development, highlighting their importance as regulators of signalling cascades. In this Review, we discuss the role of SLP76 and SLP65 in several signalling pathways in haematopoietic cells, with an emphasis on recent studies that provide insight into their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Koretzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 415 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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50
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Finco TS, Justice-Healy GE, Patel SJ, Hamilton VE. Regulation of the human LAT gene by the Elf-1 transcription factor. BMC Mol Biol 2006; 7:4. [PMID: 16464244 PMCID: PMC1382244 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The LAT gene encodes an intracellular adaptor protein that links cell-surface receptor engagement to numerous downstream signalling events, and thereby plays an integral role in the function of cell types that express the gene, including T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and platelets. To date, the mechanisms responsible for the transcriptional regulation of this gene have not been investigated. Results In this study we have mapped the transcriptional start sites for the human LAT gene and localized the 5' and 3' boundaries of the proximal promoter. We find that the promoter contains both positive and negative regulatory regions, and that two binding sites for the Ets family of transcription factors have a strong, positive effect on gene expression. Each site binds the Ets family member Elf-1, and overexpression of Elf-1 augments LAT promoter activity. The promoter also contains a Runx binding site adjacent to one of the Ets sites. This site, which is shown to bind Runx-1, has an inhibitory effect on gene expression. Finally, data is also presented indicating that the identified promoter may regulate cell-type specific expression. Conclusion Collectively, these results provide the first insights into the transcriptional regulation of the LAT gene, including the discovery that the Ets transcription factor Elf-1 may play a central role in its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Finco
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | | | - Shivani J Patel
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
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