Effects of the Chinese herbal formula Shi-Bi-Lin on cytokine release from the human mast cell line

Integrating 16S rRNA Sequencing, Microflora Metabolism, and Network Pharmacology to Investigate the Mechanism of SBL in Alleviating HDM-Induced Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a series of allergic reactions to allergens in the nasal mucosa and is one of the most common allergic diseases that affect both children and adults. Shi-Bi-Lin (SBL) is the modified formula of Cang Er Zi San (CEZS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula used for treating AR. Our study aims to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of SBL in house dust mite-induced AR by regulating gut microflora metabolism. In vivo studies showed that nasal allergies and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the nasal epithelium were significantly suppressed by SBL. Moreover, SBL restored the impaired nasal epithelial barrier function with an increased tight junction protein expression and reduced the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Interestingly, SBL significantly reconstituted the abundance and composition of gut microbiota in AR mice; it increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial genera and decreased the relative abundance of harmful genera. SBL also restored immune-related metabolisms, which were significantly increased and correlated with suppressing inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, a network analysis and molecular docking indicated IL-6 was a possible target drug candidate for the SBL treatment. SBL dramatically reduced the IL-6 level in the nasal lavage fluid (NALF), suppressing the IL-6 downstream Erk1/2 and AKT/PI3K signaling pathways. In conclusion, our study integrates 16S rRNA sequencing, microflora metabolism, and network pharmacology to explain the immune mechanism of SBL in alleviating HDM-induced allergic rhinitis.

ESP-B4 promotes nasal epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing miR-146a-5p to modulate Smad3/GATA-3 thus relieving allergic rhinitis: ESP-B4/miR-146a-5p in AR

BACKGROUND

Though generally a mild affliction, allergic rhinitis (AR) is very common and causes considerable discomfort. Ephedra sinica polysaccharide is a candidate cost-effective therapy to relieve AR symptoms.

PURPOSE

We explore the molecular mechanism of pure polysaccharide ESP-B4 action in AR.

METHODS

RPMI2650 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide to induce an in vitro sensitization model, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated. A rat model of AR was established using ovalbumin as the allergen and was treated with Ephedra sinica polysaccharide to observe changes in rhinitis symptoms, nasal mucosa histopathology and molecular pathology. ESP-B4-treated sensitized cells were adopted in vitro to verify effect of Ephedra sinica polysaccharide on miR-146a-5p expression in RPMI2650 cell-derived EVs and helper T cell differentiation.

RESULTS

miR-146a-5p inhibited Smad3, impeded the Smad3/GATA-3 interaction, upregulated IFN-γ expression, and promoted CD4⁺T cell Th1 differentiation. Treatment with ESP-B4 relieved AR in rats, and elevated miR-146a-5p in the EVs from the nasal epithelial cells, apparently in relation to effects on helper T cell Th1/Th2 equilibrium.

CONCLUSION

Overall, ESP-B4 can promote miR-146a-5p secretion, affect the Th1/Th2 balance of helper T cells, and relieve AR symptoms through Smad3/GATA-3 interaction, thus presenting a potential strategy for AR treatment.

A review on the relationship of mast cells and macrophages in breast cancer - Can herbs or natural products facilitate their anti-tumor effects?

Breast cancer is an inflammation-related cancer whose tumor microenvironment is largely infiltrated by inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells including mast cells and macrophages have been elucidated to be vital participants in breast tumor proliferation, survival, invasion and migration. However, the functions of mast cells and macrophages in breast cancer are quite distinct based on recent data. Mast cells exhibit both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral functions on breast cancer, while high number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are strongly correlated with poor prognosis and higher risk of distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. Besides, many natural products/extracts have been reported to regulate mast cells and macrophages. In this review, the roles of mast cells and macrophages play in breast cancer are discussed and a summary of those natural products/herbs regulating the functions of mast cells or macrophages is also presented.

Identifying the Chinese Herbal Medicine Network and Core Formula for Allergic Rhinitis on a Real-World Database

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with a primary diagnosis of AR (ICD-9-CM code: 477.9) in 2010 were included, and the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan was used as the data source. Association rule mining and social network analysis were used to establish and explore the CHM network. Possible molecular pathways of the CHM network were summarized and compared with commonly used western medicine (WM) by conducting overrepresentation analysis in the Reactome pathway database. The potential proteins acted by CHMs were obtained from the CHM ingredient-protein databases, including STITCH, TCMSP, TCMID, and TCM@Taiwan.

RESULTS

There were 89,148 AR subjects found in 2010, and a total of 33,507 patients ever used CHM. On an average, 5.6 types of CHMs were utilized per prescription. Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang was used most frequently (25.5% of 222,279 prescriptions), while Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang with Xin-Yi-San was the most commonly prescribed CHM-CHM combination. Up to six distinctive clusters could be found among the CHM network, and core CHMs could be found for AR, such as Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang and Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang. A total of 140 molecular pathways were covered by the CHM network (2,432 ingredients from 31 kinds of CHMs), while 39 WMs covered 55 pathways. Among pathways responding to the immune system, WM mainly acted on cytokine signaling-related pathways, while CHM mostly acted on neutrophil/macrophage-related innate pathways and dendritic cell-related adaptive immunity pathways.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated and analyzed the CHM network for AR. Core CHM for AR and possible molecular pathways were presented as well, and this information is crucial for researchers to select candidates for CHM-related studies.

Complementary therapies in allergic rhinitis

Objective. To determine the prevalence of herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods. In this prospective study, patients who were diagnosed with perennial allergic rhinitis were questioned about their use of natural products/herbal therapies for their symptoms. Results. In total, 230 patients were enrolled. Overall, 37.3% of the patients stated that they had used natural products/herbal therapies at least once. Women were more likely than men to use herbal supplements (38.3% versus 32.4%). Ten different types of herbal supplements were identified, with stinging nettle (Urtica dioicath), black elderberry (Sambucus nigra), and Spirulina being the most common (12.6%, 6.1%, and 5.7%, resp.). Conclusion. This study found a high prevalence of herbal treatment usage for the relief of allergic rhinitis symptoms in Turkey. The herbal products identified in this study and in the literature are discussed.

The influence of traditional herbal formulas on cytokine activity

Many of the botanical "immunomodulators", a class of herbal medicines widely recognized in traditional medical systems such as Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurvedic Medicine, alter immune function and may offer clinically relevant therapeutics or leads to therapeutics. Many of these traditional remedies are prepared from combinations of medicinal plants which may influence numerous molecular pathways. These effects may differ from the sum of effects from the individual plants and therefore, research demonstrating the effects of the formula is crucial for insights into the effects of traditional remedies. In this review we surveyed the primary literature for research that focused on combinations of medicinal plants and effects on cytokine activity. The results demonstrate that many extracts of herb mixtures have effects on at least one cytokine. The most commonly studies cytokines were IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF and IFN-γ. The majority of the formulas researched derived from TCM. The following formulas had activity on at least three cytokines; Chizukit N, CKBM, Daeganghwal-tang, Food Allergy Formula, Gamcho-Sasim-Tang, Hachimi-jio-gan, Herbkines, Hochuekki, Immune System Formula, Jeo-Dang-Tang, Juzen-taiho-to, Kakkon-to, Kan jang, Mao-Bushi-Saishin-to, MSSM-002, Ninjin-youei-to, PG201, Protec, Qing-huo-bai-du-yin, Qingfu Guanjieshu, Sambucol Active Defense, Seng-fu-tang, Shin-Xiao-Xiang, Tien Hsien, Thuja formula, Unkei-to, Vigconic, Wheeze-relief-formula, Xia-Bai-San, Yangyuk-Sanhwa-Tang, Yi-fey Ruenn-hou, and Yuldahansotang. Of the western based combinations, formulas with Echinacea spp. were common and showed multiple activities. Numerous formulas demonstrated activity on both gene and protein expression. The research demonstrates that the reviewed botanical formulas modulate cytokine activity, although the bulk of the research is in vitro. Therapeutic success using these formulas may be partially due to their effects on cytokines. Further study of phytotherapy on cytokine related diseases/syndromes is necessary.

Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: complementary treatments for the 21st century

Even in the 21st century, some seeds of tradition remain firmly grounded regardless of the technological advancements of humankind. One such "tradition" involves using unconventional means-including mental healing, herbal formulas, and healing hand therapies such as acupuncture-to treat chronic illnesses. Although mental healing is unproven and energy therapy is not completely understood, acupuncture, herbal therapy, and sublingual immunotherapy have been described more extensively with mixed results that lack consistency and high-quality scientific data. Researchers are working to modernize these traditional therapies in the treatment of allergic disorders and using advanced technology to alter what some call "the earth's natural healing power" in hopes of developing a new, integrative form of medicine.

Complementary and alternative medicine: herbs, phytochemicals and vitamins and their immunologic effects

Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are used in more than 80% of the world's population and are becoming an increasing component of the US health care system, with more than 70% of the population using CAM at least once and annual spending reaching as much as $34 billion. Since the inception of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, there has been an enormous increase in the number of basic science and therapy-based clinical trials exploring CAM. The subspecialty of allergy and immunology represents a particularly fertile area with a large number of CAM therapies that have been shown to affect the immune system. Recent work has uncovered potential biochemical mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory pathway of many supplemental vitamins (A, D, and E) that appear to affect the differentiation of CD4(+) cell T(H)1 and T(H)2 subsets. Other research has shown that herbs such as resveratrol, quercetin, and magnolol may affect transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB and the signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus kinase pathways with resultant changes in cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Clinically, there have been hundreds of trials looking at the effect of CAM on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. This article reviews the history of CAM and its use among patients, paying special attention to new research focusing on herbals, phytochemicals, and vitamins and their potential interaction with the immune system.

Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis using Shi-Bi-Lin, a Chinese herbal formula

AIM OF THE STUDY

Shi-Bi-Lin (SBL) is modified from the classic formula Cang-Er-Zi-San which has been used to treat chronic rhinitis, paranasal sinusitis and allergic rhinitis by herbal practitioners. The present study aimed at patients with moderate to severe perennial allergic rhinitis. SBL which has been shown effective in treating a guinea-pig model of allergic rhinitis, was evaluated for its efficacy and safety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

126 allergic rhinitis patients were recruited in a double-blind randomized control trial. Half of the patients received SBL capsules and the others half received placebo for 4 weeks. Symptoms scores, physician's evaluation, nose examination, quality of life, adverse effects, serum cytokines were evaluated before and after treatment.

RESULTS

SBL was found to be safe and effective in relieving some symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis, improving the nose condition, and enhancing some domains of quality of life when compare to placebo, (p<0.05). In the 2 weeks follow up after treatment completion, the SBL enjoyed a prolongation of symptom control (p=0.05).

CONCLUSION

SBL relieved symptoms of nose blockage among patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, and some aspects of the quality of life were also improved. The improvement was sustained for at least 2 weeks after treatment. No serious adverse events were encountered.

Complementary therapy in allergic rhinitis

The term complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) refers to those therapeutic and diagnostic approaches different from conventional allopathic medicine. CAM may encompass homeopathy, acupuncture, phytotherapy, antioxidant therapy, and numerous holistic or behavioral techniques. Allergists and physicians of all disciplines are confronted with patients using CAM treatments, making it imperative that they become familiar with the scientific literature surrounding them. Given the high prevalence of allergic diseases and associated costs of CAM treatments, proof of CAM therapies is needed to establish appropriate guidelines for their use. Efficacy of CAM modalities should be established with randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, including adverse-effects monitoring. Of all the CAM therapies examined to treat allergic rhinitis, some herbal therapies and antioxidants demonstrate a trend toward some clinical efficacy. Researchers have yet to determine how to integrate these CAM modalities into the general treatment paradigm of allergic rhinitis.

Traditional Chinese medicine for the therapy of allergic disorders

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The trend of increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in westernized countries poses a significant health problem and lasting cures for them are often not available. Many suffering from allergies and asthma seek alternative therapies including traditional Chinese medicines, fueling a surge in western interest in traditional Chinese herbal remedies. Information regarding the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese herbal remedies is scant but studies appearing in English language journals are on the rise. This review summarizes the important publications focusing on traditional Chinese medicine therapies for allergic disorders in the year 2005.

RECENT FINDINGS

Very few studies describing well controlled clinical trials testing traditional Chinese herbal therapies for allergic diseases appeared in PubMed in 2005. Food allergy specifically does not seem to be a disorder traditionally recognized in the traditional Chinese medicine literature. Most in-vitro studies for anti-allergic properties of traditional Chinese herbs and formulas focus on mast cell inhibition.

SUMMARY

Clinical trials for anti-asthma traditional Chinese medicine formulas, anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention, anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention, and modified Mai Men Dong Tang, show promise as efficacious treatments for asthma. Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 is a traditional Chinese medicine formula with good potential for a long-lasting treatment for food allergy. More rigorous studies are needed to fully elucidate the benefits and safety of traditional Chinese herbal medicines and the mechanisms that mediate their effects.

Efforts to achieve healthy aging

Longevity is a blessing as long as good health is not lost. However, the tendency to have a decline on normal physiological activities is inevitable because of the natural processes of degeneration at all levels: molecular, cellular and organic. Hence, the elderly people frequently suffer from cardiovascular problems and skeletal deteriorations that gradually develop to disabilities. Awareness of factors leading to unhealthy aging has led to the formation of different professional groups that aim at the maintenance of health of aging community. The approach tends to be target orientated for the European and US groups, aiming at hormonal replacements and detoxification. In contrast, the oriental groups have been keeping their traditional belief of prevention and internal balance, using nutritional arrangements and non-strenuous exercise as means of maintaining health.

Effect of a Chinese herbal formula, Shi-Bi-Lin, on an experimental model of allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Jia Wei Cang Er Zi San, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been used to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) for several centuries. However, its effect on experimental animal models and its therapeutic mechanism remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of Shu-Bi-Lin, a modified Jia Wei Cang Er Zi San, on an animal model of AR.

METHODS

Shu-Bi-Lin was administered to the guinea pig model of AR. Meanwhile, an antihistamine-treated group for the treatment control, an ovalbumin-sensitized and untreated group for the positive control, and a sham-sensitized, sham-challenged group for the sham control were studied in parallel. Symptomatic and some pathophysiologic variables were evaluated.

RESULTS

Sneezing and nasal scratching after challenges were significantly ameliorated in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group compared with the ovalbumin-sensitized and untreated group, but rhinorrhea volume was not reduced. Shu-Bi-Lin significantly suppressed the production of IgG1 in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. The thromboxane B2 level in nasal lavage fluid was significantly deceased in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group; however, the reduction in histamine and peptide leukotriene levels did not reach statistical significance. In addition, eosinophil infiltration and endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the nasal tissues were reduced in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group.

CONCLUSIONS

Shu-Bi-Lin could alleviate the nasal symptoms of AR, and its mechanism might be related to its inhibitory effect on type I anaphylaxis reactions and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal tissues, as well as the inhibition of some mediators related to AR.