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Van Cauter R, Serteyn D, Lejeune JP, Rousset A, Caudron I. Evaluation of the appearance of osteochondrosis lesions by two radiographic examinations in sport horses aged from 12 to 36 months. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286213. [PMID: 37220101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease characterized by a defect of enchondral ossification. This pathological condition develops and evolves during growth and is influenced by various factors, in particular genetic and environmental. However, little research has been conducted on the dynamic of this condition in horses after the age of 12 months. The retrospective study presented here investigates changes in osteochondrosis lesions through two standardized radiographic examinations carried out on young Walloon sport horses after one year of age (mean age at first and second examination was 407 (±41) and 680 (±117) days respectively). Each examination, analyzed independently by three veterinarians, included latero-medial views of the fetlocks, hocks, stifles, plantarolateral-dorsomedial hocks view and additional radiograph if the operator deemed it necessary. Each joint site was graded as healthy, osteochondrosis (OC) or osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) affected. A group of 58 horses was studied, among them 20 presented one or more osteochondrosis lesions for a total of 36 lesions present during at least one examination. In this population, 4 animals (6.9%) presented osteochondrosis during only one examination (2 at the first examination and 2 at the second one). Moreover, it was possible to demonstrate the appearance, disappearance and more generally the evolution of 9/36 lesions (25%) within the different joints. The results of the study suggest that, although substantial main limitations, osteochondrosis lesions can evolve after the age of 12 months in sport horses. Knowing this is useful in helping to decide the appropriate radiographic diagnosis timing and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Van Cauter
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alycia Rousset
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Caudron
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in Horses - Molecular Background of its Pathogenesis and Perspectives for Progenitor Stem Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:374-390. [PMID: 30796679 PMCID: PMC6534522 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (osteochondrosis dissecans; OCD) is a disease syndrome of growing cartilage related to different clinical entities such as epiphysitis, subchondral cysts and angular carpal deformities, which occurs in growing animals of all species, including horses. Nowadays, these disorders are affecting increasing numbers of young horses worldwide. As a complex multifactorial disease, OCD is initiated when failure in cartilage canals because of existing ischemia, chondrocyte biogenesis impairment as well as biochemical and genetic disruptions occur. Recently, particular attention have been accorded to the definition of possible relations between OCD and some metabolic disorders; in this way, implication of mitochondrial dysfunctions, endoplasmic reticulum disruptions, oxidative stress or endocrinological affections are among the most considered axes for future researches. As one of the most frequent cause of impaired orthopaedic potential, which may result in a sharp decrease in athletic performances of the affected animals, and lead to the occurrence of complications such as joint fragility and laminitis, OCD remains as one of the primary causes of considerable economic losses in all sections of the equine industry. It would therefore be important to provide more information on the exact pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying early OC(D) lesions, in order to implement innovative strategies involving the use of progenitor stem cells, which are considered nowadays as a promising approach to regenerative medicine, with the potential to treat numerous orthopaedic disorders, including osteo-degenerative diseases, for prevention and reduction of incidence of the disease, not only in horses, but also in human medicine, as the equine model is already widely accepted by the scientific community and approved by the FDA, for the research and application of cellular therapies in the treatment of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
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3
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Moore-Colyer M, Tuthill P, Bannister I, Daniels S. Growth Rates of Thoroughbred Foals and In Vitro Gut Health Parameters When Fed a Cereal or an All-Fiber Creep Feed. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 93:103191. [PMID: 32972676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditions and the economic advantage when producing big athletic Thoroughbred (TB) yearlings for sale encourage owners to feed high levels of cereals. Such diets can predispose gastric ulceration and developmental orthopedic diseases, impacting negatively on future careers. This study aimed to (1) determine if an all-fiber creep feed (total mixed fiber ration [TMFR] would sustain equal growth rates in TB foals versus a cereal-based stud cube (SC) and (2) compare pH and lactate produced by SC and TMFR in in vitro foregut and hindgut conditions. Eight TB foals in matched-pairs were fed SC or TMFR for 18 weeks. Weight gain (average daily gain [ADG]), height at wither and hip, heart girth, and body length were recorded weekly. Similar growth rates were recorded for all measurements. The ADG of TMFR and SC were 1 and 1.1 kg per head per day, respectively. In vitro foregut incubation of SC and TMFR at 37°C in pepsin HCl solution for 6 hours produced higher pH 5.84 (TMFR) compared with 5.33 (SC) (P < .05). Gas production measured fermentation rate, acidity, and lactate from TMFR and SC, incubated with fecal inoculum from the foals on the same diet. Fermentation rates and lag times were equal for both feeds; total gas produced at t50 and y50 were greater (P < .05) for SC. Lactate and pH levels were lower and higher, respectively, for the TMFR. This study showed that similar growth in TB foals was achieved on the TMFR feed and that potentially better gut health, denoted by higher pH and lower lactate levels, could be maintained by fiber compared with cereal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriel Moore-Colyer
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, UK.
| | - Philippa Tuthill
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Isobel Bannister
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Simon Daniels
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, UK
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4
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Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Related to Horses' Performance: From GWAS to Post-GWAS. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071173. [PMID: 32664293 PMCID: PMC7401650 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is assumed that the athletic performance of horses is influenced by a large number of genes; however, to date, not many genomic studies have been performed to identify candidate genes. In this study we performed a systematic review of genome-wide association studies followed by functional analyses aiming to identify the most candidate genes for horse performance. We were successful in identifying 669 candidate genes, from which we built biological process networks. Regulatory elements (transcription factors, TFs) of these genes were identified and used to build a gene–TF network. Genes and TFs presented in this study are suggested to play a role in the studied traits through biological processes related with exercise performance, for example, positive regulation of glucose metabolism, regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production, skeletal system development, cellular response to fatty acids and cellular response to lipids. In general, this study may provide insights into the genetic architecture underlying horse performance in different breeds around the world. Abstract Integration of genomic data with gene network analysis can be a relevant strategy for unraveling genetic mechanisms. It can be used to explore shared biological processes between genes, as well as highlighting transcription factors (TFs) related to phenotypes of interest. Unlike other species, gene–TF network analyses have not yet been well applied to horse traits. We aimed to (1) identify candidate genes associated with horse performance via systematic review, and (2) build biological processes and gene–TF networks from the identified genes aiming to highlight the most candidate genes for horse performance. Our systematic review considered peer-reviewed articles using 20 combinations of keywords. Nine articles were selected and placed into groups for functional analysis via gene networks. A total of 669 candidate genes were identified. From that, gene networks of biological processes from each group were constructed, highlighting processes associated with horse performance (e.g., regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin and regulation of actin polymerization and depolymerization). Transcription factors associated with candidate genes were also identified. Based on their biological processes and evidence from the literature, we identified the main TFs related to horse performance traits, which allowed us to construct a gene–TF network highlighting TFs and the most candidate genes for horse performance.
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Abstract
Orthopedic diseases are a common cause for limited exercise capacity in the horse. They often underlie genetic risk factors, which can affect bone, articular cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and adnexal structures among others. The genetic effects can directly interfere with tissue development and skeletal growth or can trigger degenerative or inflammatory processes. Many of these diseases of the locomotor system like osteochondrosis are complex and can be affected by multifactorial influences. For this reason, it is important for those performing diagnostic procedures to have a comprehensive knowledge of orthopedic diseases, their prevalence within breeds, and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17p, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17p, Hannover 30559, Germany
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6
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Fradinho MJ, Mateus L, Bernardes N, Bessa RJB, Caldeira RM, Ferreira-Dias G. Growth patterns, metabolic indicators and osteoarticular status in the Lusitano horse: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219900. [PMID: 31314780 PMCID: PMC6636759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a healthy musculoskeletal system is of high concern for horse breeders and users. A longitudinal field study was performed in order to: (i) evaluate growth patterns and long-term changes on bone quality, bone metabolism, growth factors and metabolic variables in the Lusitano horse; and (ii) retrospectively assess whether these changes were related with radiographic findings regarding osteochondrosis-like lesions (OC) at the onset of training. Thirty-four Lusitano foals born and raised at four stud-farms, were periodically weighed (BW), and measured (withers height-WH) from birth to 36 months of age. On the same days, blood samples were collected for determination of osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), leptin, insulin, glucose, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and magnesium plasma concentrations, and quantitative ultrasound measurements were performed on the right third metacarpal bone (McIII). At the end of the study horses underwent radiographic examination of the four fetlocks, hocks and stifles. According to their radiographic status (OC negative vs. OC positive), Richards growth function was adjusted to BW and WH data. Instantaneous BW and WH growth rates (BW IADG and WH IADG) were calculated for each foal, from the resolution of the first derivative of growth models for seven age-classes. The presence of radiographic findings compatible with OC at the onset of training was associated with changes in BW and WH growth rates. Positive horses presented higher BW IADG from six to 18 months of age and lower WH IADG before 45 days of age (P<0.001). Speed of sound measurements (SOS), bone markers, growth factors and other metabolic variables change markedly with age (P<0.01). OC positive horses tended to have lower SOS values at the lateral region of McIII, lower IGF-I, and higher insulin and PTH concentrations (P<0.1). This study provides indirect evidence that monitoring foals’ growth during the first year of life may be of assistance in managing the occurrence of OC. Further studies with a higher number of animals and a controlled feed intake should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Fradinho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Luísa Mateus
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Caldeira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Litsky A, Durgam S, Podico G, Li Z, Lima FS. Administration of enrofloxacin during late pregnancy failed to induce lesions in the resulting newborn foals. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:136-143. [PMID: 31009093 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin cross the equine placenta without causing gross cartilage or tendon lesions in the 9-month fetus; however, long-term effects of in utero fluoroquinolone exposure remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of fetal exposure to enrofloxacin on the resulting foal's cartilage and tendon strength. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy mares at 280 days' gestation were allocated into four groups: untreated (n = 5), therapeutic treatment (7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO × 14 days, n = 6), supratherapeutic treatment (15 mg/kg, PO × 14 days, n = 6) and no mare treatment with treatment of the foals post-partum (n = 2). Mares were allowed to carry pregnancy to term, and foals were maintained on pasture for 5 weeks. After that foals were euthanized, and their articular cartilage and extensor and flexor tendons were examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. Tendon strength was tested by loading until failure. RESULTS Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses in late gestation did not result in cartilaginous lesions or clinical lameness in any foal by 5 weeks old. Tensile strength was greater in hind tendons than front tendons, but no difference was found between foals born from treated and control mares. Expectedly, osteochondral changes were present both in foals born from enrofloxacin-treated mares and in negative control foals with no apparent association with fluoroquinolone treatment during pregnancy. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one time point in gestation was evaluated, and mares treated in the study were healthy at time of treatment. Additionally, it is possible that the assessments performed herein were not sensitive enough to detect subtle or functional changes in the articular cartilage. Further studies are needed to determine if enrofloxacin administration during late pregnancy potentiates osteochondral alterations in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS While this study did not assess other stages of gestation or long-term foal outcomes, short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the resulting foals by 5 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Litsky
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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8
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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9
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Outcome after arthroscopic treatment of lateral femoral trochlear ridge osteochondrosis in sport horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 26:105-9. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-12-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To determine the short- and long-term outcome for sport horses after arthroscopic treatment of osteochondrosis of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur.Methods: A retrospective study was performed using the medical records of horses intended for use as English sport horses. Outcome was obtained through telephone questionnaire.Results: Thirty-seven horses, mainly Warmbloods, underwent arthroscopic surgery for treatment of lateral femoral trochlear ridge osteochondrosis. Short-term outcome revealed that 27 of 37 horses had no complications. Seven horses had postoperative lameness and effusion which eventually resolved in four horses. Long-term outcome was available for 29 horses, of which 19 were performing to full expectations. Five horses were athletic but at a lower level than expected, and five horses were unable to be used. The depth of the lesion was significantly associated with short-term complications of effusion and lameness. The depth and length of the lesion were not associated with the long-term outcome, but involvement of structures other than the lateral trochlear ridge (patella, medial trochlear ridge) was associated with a worse prognosis.Clinical significance: The prognosis for sport horses following stifle arthroscopy for lateral trochlear ridge is similar to that reported in other studies and lesions at other sites within the stifle joint.
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10
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Ortved KF. Surgical Management of Osteochondrosis in Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:379-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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11
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Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a common and clinically important joint disorder that occurs in human beings and in multiple animal species, most commonly pigs, horses, and dogs. This disorder is defined as a focal disturbance of enchondral ossification and is regarded as having a multifactorial etiology, with no single factor accounting for all aspects of the disease. The most commonly cited etiologic factors are heredity, rapid growth, anatomic conformation, trauma, and dietary imbalances; however, only heredity and anatomic conformation are well supported by the scientific literature. The way in which the disease is initiated has been debated. Although formation of a fragile cartilage, failure of chondrocyte differentiation, subchondral bone necrosis, and failure of blood supply to the growth cartilage all have been proposed as the initial step in the pathogenesis, the recent literature strongly supports failure of blood supply to growth cartilage as being the most likely. The term osteochondrosis has been used to describe a wide range of different lesions among different species. We suggest a refinement of this terminology to include the modifiers latens (lesion confined to epiphyseal cartilage), manifesta (lesion accompanied by delay in endochondral ossification), and dissecans (cleft formation through articular cartilage). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the disease, focusing on the most commonly cited theories, recent research findings, and our own views regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, in order to provide a better understanding of this apparently complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ytrehus
- Section for Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Mirams M, Ayodele BA, Tatarczuch L, Henson FM, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Identification of novel osteochondrosis--Associated genes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:404-11. [PMID: 26296056 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of articular osteochondrosis, cartilage is retained in subchondral bone, but the pathophysiology of this condition of growing humans and domestic animals is poorly understood. A subtractive hybridization study was undertaken to compare gene expression between the cartilage of early experimentally induced equine osteochondrosis lesions and control cartilage. Of the many putative differentially expressed genes identified, eight were confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis as differentially expressed, in addition to those already known to be associated with early lesions. Genes encoding vacuolar H(+)-ATPase V0 subunit d2 (ATP6V0D2), cathepsin K, integrin-binding sialoprotein, integrin αV, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, lumican, osteopontin, and thymosin β4 (TMSB4) were expressed at higher levels in lesions than in control cartilage. These genes included 34 genes not previously identified in cartilage. Some genes identified as associated with early lesions are known chondrocyte hypertrophy-associated genes, and in transmission electron microscopy studies normal hypertrophic chondrocytes were observed in lesions. Differential expression of ATP6V0D2 and TMSB4 in the cartilage of early naturally occurring osteochondrosis lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results identify novel osteochondrosis-associated genes and provide evidence that articular osteochondrosis does not necessarily result from failure of chondrocytes to undergo hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Mirams
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Babatunde A Ayodele
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Liliana Tatarczuch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances M Henson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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13
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Peugnet P, Mendoza L, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Dubois C, Reigner F, Caudron I, Deliège B, Toquet MP, Richard E, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Lejeune JP, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Longitudinal Study of Growth and Osteoarticular Status in Foals Born to Between-Breed Embryo Transfers. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Meira CT, Fortes MR, Farah MM, Porto-Neto LR, Kelly M, Moore SS, Pereira GL, Chardulo LAL, Curi RA. Speed Index in the Racing Quarter Horse: A Genome-wide Association Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Desjardin C, Riviere J, Vaiman A, Morgenthaler C, Diribarne M, Zivy M, Robert C, Le Moyec L, Wimel L, Lepage O, Jacques C, Cribiu E, Schibler L. Omics technologies provide new insights into the molecular physiopathology of equine osteochondrosis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:947. [PMID: 25359417 PMCID: PMC4233069 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondrosis (OC(D)) is a juvenile osteo-articular disorder affecting several mammalian species. In horses, OC(D) is considered as a multifactorial disease and has been described as a focal disruption of endochondral ossification leading to the development of osteoarticular lesions. Nevertheless, OC(D) physiopathology is poorly understood. Affected horses may present joint swelling, stiffness and lameness. Thus, OC(D) is a major concern for the equine industry. Our study was designed as an integrative approach using omics technologies for the identification of constitutive defects in epiphyseal cartilage and/or subchondral bone associated with the development of primary lesions to further understand OC(D) pathology. This study compared samples from non-affected joints (hence lesion-free) from OC(D)-affected foals (n = 5, considered predisposed samples) with samples from OC-free foals (n = 5) considered as control samples. Consequently, results are not confounded by changes associated with the evolution of the lesion, but focus on altered constitutive molecular mechanisms. Comparative proteomics and micro computed tomography analyses were performed on predisposed and OC-free bone and cartilage samples. Metabolomics was also performed on synovial fluid from OC-free, OC(D)-affected and predisposed joints. Results Two lesion subtypes were identified: OCD (lesion with fragment) and OC (osteochondral defects). Modulated proteins were identified using omics technologies (2-DE proteomics) in cartilage and bone from affected foals compare to OC-free foals. These were associated with cellular processes including cell cycle, energy production, cell signaling and adhesion as well as tissue-specific processes such as chondrocyte maturation, extracellular matrix and mineral metabolism. Of these, five had already been identified in synovial fluid of OC-affected foals: ACTG1 (actin, gamma 1), albumin, haptoglobin, FBG (fibrinogen beta chain) and C4BPA (complement component 4 binding protein, alpha). Conclusion This study suggests that OCD lesions may result from a cartilage defect whereas OC lesions may be triggered by both bone and cartilage defects, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms responsible for the equine osteochondrosis lesion subtypes and predisposition could be due to a defect in both bone and cartilage. This study will contribute to refining the definition of OC(D) lesions and may improve diagnosis and development of therapies for horses and other species, including humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-947) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Schibler
- INRA, UMR1313, Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER-stress in the physiopathology of equine osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:328-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Power J, Hernandez P, Wardale J, Henson FMD. Alterations in sclerostin protein in lesions of equine osteochondrosis. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000005. [PMID: 26392871 PMCID: PMC4562441 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2013-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common and clinically important joint disease that occurs in many species, including humans, pigs, chickens and horses. It has been described as a focal failure of endochondral ossification (EO), but no cellular/molecular mechanisms are fully described that explain the cause of this condition. Recently a Wnt signalling inhibitor, sclerostin, has been described in osteoarthritic cartilage, where it has been proposed to protect damaged cartilage from degradation. Cartilage degradation is a key event in EO, thus, abnormalities of sclerostin in growth cartilage could, potentially, lead to a failure of EO and, thus, OC. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to localise sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Growth cartilage was harvested from the distal femur of horses aged between 6 and 18 months. Cartilage was classified as normal or having lesions consistent with a diagnosis of early OC. IHC was used to identify sclerostin protein in cartilage sections. Sclerostin protein distribution was semiquantified using a grading system and shown to be upregulated throughout all three zones of cartilage in lesions of OC (IHC score 8.1 compared to IHC score of 0.88). These results indicate that sclerostin may be contributing to the development of OC lesions by inhibiting extracellular matrix remodelling or may reflect the response of damaged cartilage. Clearly, further work is required to fully characterise this observation but, with antisclerostin antibodies used to treat human osteoporosis, the possibility of development of a systemic treatment of OC remains a potential goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Power
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Paula Hernandez
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - John Wardale
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Frances M D Henson
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
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Singh C, Rai RK, Sinha N. Experimental aspect of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of biomaterials such as bones. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013; 54:18-25. [PMID: 23731548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy is increasingly becoming a popular technique to probe micro-structural details of biomaterial such as bone with pico-meter resolution. Due to high-resolution structural details probed by SSNMR methods, handling of bone samples and experimental protocol are very crucial aspects of study. We present here first report of the effect of various experimental protocols and handling methods of bone samples on measured SSNMR parameters. Various popular SSNMR experiments were performed on intact cortical bone sample collected from fresh animal, immediately after removal from animal systems, and results were compared with bone samples preserved in different conditions. We find that the best experimental conditions for SSNMR parameters of bones correspond to preservation at -20 °C and in 70% ethanol solution. Various other SSNMR parameters were compared corresponding to different experimental conditions. Our study has helped in finding best experimental protocol for SSNMR studies of bone. This study will be of further help in the application of SSNMR studies on large bone disease related animal model systems for statistically significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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19
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Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) develops in growing horses due to disturbed differentiation and maturation of cartilage, particularly at the predilection sites of the fetlock, hock and stifle joints. Horses with osteochondrotic lesions are at a high risk of developing orthopaedic problems later in life. This article briefly reviews the published heritability estimates for OC and offers perspectives for selection in the horse industry. Heritabilities for OC in Warmblood and Standardbred horses have been estimated at 0.1-0.4 in animal threshold models. Whole genome scans using microsatellites have identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the eight most important QTL have been refined using dense marker maps. Genome-wide association studies with single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed further QTL in Thoroughbred, Standardbred and Hanoverian horses. Only a few QTL have corresponding locations among the different breeds. Comparative genomics using positional candidate genes and next-generation-sequencing may lead to new insights into the genetic determination of equine OC and might help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis. Implementation of selection schemes based on breeding values, or even genomic selection against OC, should be considered as an option for improving equine musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Riddick TL, Duesterdieck-Zellmer K, Semevolos SA. Gene and protein expression of cartilage canal and osteochondral junction chondrocytes and full-thickness cartilage in early equine osteochondrosis. Vet J 2012; 194:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Gambling on putative biomarkers of osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis by equine synovial fluid proteomics. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4478-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Secombe CJ, Lester GD. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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MACHADO TSL, CORREIA da SILVA LCL, BACCARIN RYA, MICHELACCI YM. Synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate indicates abnormal joint metabolism in asymptomatic osteochondritic horses. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:404-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Teyssèdre S, Dupuis MC, Guérin G, Schibler L, Denoix JM, Elsen JM, Ricard A. Genome-wide association studies for osteochondrosis in French Trotter horses. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:45-53. [PMID: 21841084 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide association study for osteochondrosis (OC) in French Trotter horses was carried out to detect QTL using genotype data from the Illumina EquineSNP50 BeadChip assay. Analysis data came from 161 sire families of French Trotter horses with 525 progeny and family sizes ranging from 1 to 20. Genotypes were available for progeny (n = 525) and sires with at least 2 progeny (n = 98). Radiographic data were obtained from progeny using at least 10 views to reveal OC. All radiographic findings were described by at least 2 veterinary experts in equine orthopedics, and severity indices (scores) were assigned based on the size and location of the lesion. Traits used were a global score, the sum of all severity scores lesions (GM, quantitative measurement), and the presence or absence of OC on the fetlock (FM), hock (HM), and other sites (other). Data were analyzed using 2 mixed models including fixed effects, polygenic effects, and SNP or haplotype cluster effects. By combining results with both methods at moderate evidence of association threshold P < 5 × 10(-5), this genome-wide association study displayed 1 region for GM on the Equus caballus chromosome (ECA) 13, 2 for HM on ECA 3 and 14, and 1 for other on ECA 15. One region on ECA 3 for HM represented the most significant hit (P = 3 × 10(-6)). By comparing QTL between traits at a decreased threshold (P < 5 × 10(-4)), the 4 QTL detected for GM were associated to a QTL detected for FM or HM but never both. Another interesting result was that no QTL were found in common between HM and FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teyssèdre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 631, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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25
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Gray S, Staniar W. Growth hormone, glucose, insulin, and NEFA patterns in meal fed Quarter Horse weanlings. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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de Grauw JC, Donabédian M, van de Lest CHA, Perona G, Robert C, Lepage O, Martin-Rosset W, van Weeren PR. Assessment of synovial fluid biomarkers in healthy foals and in foals with tarsocrural osteochondrosis. Vet J 2011; 190:390-5. [PMID: 21216637 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although alterations in biomarkers of cartilage turnover in synovial fluid (SF) have been demonstrated in horses with osteochondrosis (OC), there have been few investigations of such alterations in animals <1 year old. In this study tarsocrural SF samples from foals aged 18, 22 and 52 weeks of age were assessed for: (1) 'turnover' biomarkers of type II collagen (CPII and C2C) and proteoglycan (CS846 and glycosaminoglycans [GAG]); (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity; (3) insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1; (4) transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1; (5) prostaglandin (PG) E(2); and (6) leukotriene B(4). Using a linear mixed model, the concentration of biomarkers was compared between animals that developed or did not develop radiographic evidence of OC at 24 or 48 weeks of age. The CPII:C2C ratio tended to be higher in OC-affected joints compared to controls at all ages, and this difference was statistically significant at 22 weeks of age. The concentrations of CS846 and IGF-1, and the CS846:GAG ratio were reduced in OC-affected joints relative to controls at 18 weeks of age only. At 52 weeks of age, the PGE(2) concentration was lower in joints with OC. Overall, there appears to be a consistent anabolic shift in type II collagen turnover in juvenile joints affected by OC. Aberrant proteoglycan turnover is not a hallmark of the late repair of this lesion but reduced concentrations of IGF-1 in SF may be associated with early-stage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Grauw
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Orr N, Back W, Gu J, Leegwater P, Govindarajan P, Conroy J, Ducro B, Van Arendonk JAM, MacHugh DE, Ennis S, Hill EW, Brama PAJ. Genome-wide SNP association-based localization of a dwarfism gene in Friesian dwarf horses. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 2:2-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Serteyn D, Piquemal D, Vanderheyden L, Lejeune JP, Verwilghen D, Sandersen C. Gene expression profiling from leukocytes of horses affected by osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:965-70. [PMID: 20108324 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental disease that affects growing horses and that severely affects their ability to perform. The genetic basis of its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to analyze the transcript profile of leukocytes from horses affected with OC. Two transcriptome libraries were constructed from leukocytes of OC-affected and non-OC-affected horses using digital gene expression analysis (DGE) and real-time PCR. Statistical analysis allowed selection of 1,008 tags upregulated in the non-OC-affected group and 1,545 tags upregulated in the OC-affected group. Among these genes, 16 regulated genes and 5 housekeeping genes were selected. Metabolic pathways analysis showed an obvious dysregulation of several signaling pathways related to cartilage formation or cartilage repair, including Wnt, Indian hedgehog, and TGF-beta signaling. Other genes, including ISG, ApoB, MGAT4, and TBC1D9, showed a significantly different expression between groups. These genes may play a role in high carbohydrate diet, abnormal insulin metabolism, or inflammation, mechanisms suspected to be involved in OC. This DGE analysis of the transcript profile of leukocytes from OC-affected horses demonstrated significant differences in comparison to the control library. These results open new perspectives for the understanding of equine OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Serteyn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, The Equine Clinic, B41, 4000 Sart Timan, Belgium.
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29
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Rossdale PD, Ousey JC. Fetal programming for athletic performance in the horse: potential effects of IUGR. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Rossdale PD, Ousey JC. Fetal programming for athletic performance in the horse: potential effects of IUGR. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2002.tb00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Prevalence of various radiographic manifestations of osteochondrosis and their correlations between and within joints in Dutch Warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:11-6. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x334794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Early changes in biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and their association to the occurrence of osteochondrosis (OC) in the horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:253-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x273657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lampe V, Dierks C, Komm K, Distl O. Identification of a new quantitative trait locus on equine chromosome 18 responsible for osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3477-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Lampe V, Dierks C, Distl O. Refinement of a quantitative trait locus on equine chromosome 5 responsible for fetlock osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Anim Genet 2009; 40:553-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Mirams M, Tatarczuch L, Ahmed YA, Pagel CN, Jeffcott LB, Davies HMS, Mackie EJ. Altered gene expression in early osteochondrosis lesions. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:452-7. [PMID: 18932239 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a condition involving defective endochondral ossification and retention of cartilage in subchondral bone. The pathophysiology of this condition is poorly characterized, but it has been proposed that the fundamental defect is failure of chondrocyte hypertrophy. The aim of the current study was to characterize phenotypic changes in chondrocytes associated with the initiation of osteochondrosis. Early lesions were induced in an equine model of osteochondrosis by feeding foals a high energy diet for 8 or 15 weeks. Lesions in articular-epiphyseal growth cartilage were examined histologically and by quantitative PCR analysis of expression of a number of genes representative of pathways that regulate chondrocyte behavior during endochondral ossification. There were more cells present in clusters in the lesions compared to normal articular cartilage. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13, type I collagen, type X collagen, and Runx2 mRNA was significantly greater in the lesions compared to normal cartilage from the same joint. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, type II collagen, connective tissue growth factor, aggrecan, Sox9, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mRNA was not significantly different in lesions than in control cartilage. These observations suggest that osteochondrosis does not result from failure of chondrocytes to undergo hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Mirams
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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36
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Wittwer C, Hamann H, Distl O. The candidate gene XIRP2 at a quantitative gene locus on equine chromosome 18 associated with osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints of South German Coldblood horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 100:481-6. [PMID: 19304740 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A whole-genome scan for radiological signs of osteochondrosis (OC) and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in South German Coldblood (SGC) horses using 250 microsatellite markers identified a genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fetlock OCD and a chromosome-wide QTL for hock OC on Equus caballus chromosome (ECA) 18 at a relative position of 45.9-78.2 cM. The aim of this study was to analyze associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes for OC in this QTL region using 96 SGC horses. The OC-QTL on ECA18 could be confirmed and narrowed down to an interval of 13 Mb between GALNT13 and Xin actin-binding repeat containing 2 (XIRP2). SNPs in the XIRP2 gene were significantly associated with fetlock OC, fetlock OCD, and hock OC. The significant associations of SNPs in XIRP2 could be confirmed in linear animal models controlling for systematic environmental and residual quantitative genetic effects. The significant additive genetic effects of the intronic SNPs (AJ885515:g.159A>G, AJ885515:g.445T>C) in XIRP2 were 0.15 (P = 0.01) for fetlock OC, 0.27 (P = 0.01) for fetlock OCD, and 0.15-0.16 (P = 0.01-0.02) for hock OC. Homozygous (A/A or T/T) and heterozygous horses were at a 1.3- to 2.4-fold higher risk for fetlock and hock OC. These results suggest that dominant variants of XIRP2 may be involved in pathogenesis of equine OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wittwer
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Bünteweg 17p, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Refinement of a quantitative gene locus on equine chromosome 16 responsible for osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Animal 2009; 3:1224-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Farinacci M, Gaspardo B, Colitti M, Stefanon B. Dietary administration of Curcumin modifies transcriptional profile of genes involved in inflammatory cascade in horse leukocytes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Colitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Università di Udine, Italy
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Wittwer C, Dierks C, Hamann H, Distl O. Associations between Candidate Gene Markers at a Quantitative Trait Locus on Equine Chromosome 4 Responsible for Osteochondrosis Dissecans in Fetlock Joints of South German Coldblood Horses. J Hered 2008; 99:125-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esm106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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40
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Vervuert I, Winkelsett S, Christmann L, Bruns E, Hoppen HO, Distl O, Hertsch B, Coenen M. Evaluation of the influences of exercise, birth date, and osteochondrosis on plasma bone marker concentrations in Hanoverian Warmblood foals. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1319-23. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Wittwer C, Hamann H, Rosenberger E, Distl O. Genetic parameters for the prevalence of osteochondrosis in the limb joints of South German Coldblood horses. J Anim Breed Genet 2007; 124:302-7. [PMID: 17868083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heritabilities were estimated for osteochondrosis (OC) in fetlock and hock joints and palmar/plantar osseous fragments in fetlock joints of South German Coldblood (SGC) horses using Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) under a linear animal model. The analyses were based on the results of a standardized radiographic examination of 167 SGC horses with a mean age of 14 months. The heritabilities linearly estimated and transformed onto the liability scale were for OC in fetlock joints 0.16 and for OC in hock joints 0.04. Considering fetlock and hock OC together, results in a heritability of 0.17. Palmar/plantar osseus fragments of the fetlock joints showed a heritability of 0.48. We concluded that there is most likely a genetic component in the variation of the development of osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints as well as for palmar/plantar osseus fragments of fetlock joints of the investigated population of SGC horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wittwer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Staniar WB, Kronfeld DS, Akers RM, Harris PA. Insulin-like growth factor I in growing thoroughbreds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91:390-9. [PMID: 17845246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this longitudinal study was to characterize growth and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in pasture-raised thoroughbreds fed two sources of dietary energy. Mares and foals were randomly assigned to either a sugar and starch (SS) or fat and fibre (FF)-rich feed, and plasma IGF-I and growth were measured once a month from 1 to 16 months of age. These dependent variables were also compared with day length and ambient temperature. There was an association between plasma IGF-I concentration and average daily gain (ADG) (r = 0.32, p < 0.001). There were also clear seasonal patterns in both ADG and plasma IGF-I, with high values in June and May, and a low value in March. Plasma IGF-I and ADG were positively associated with day length and temperature. Plasma IGF-I was never higher (p > 0.10) in the FF group when compared with the SS group, and was higher in the SS group during a rapid growth phase in the spring of year 2 (p < 0.10). The results establish an association between ADG and IGF-I in the horse and indicate that environment and age may influence this relationship. In addition, plasma IGF-I is influenced by dietary energy source at particular times of year. This link has important implications in designing feeding management strategies that are aimed at addressing skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Staniar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Dierks C, Löhring K, Lampe V, Wittwer C, Drögemüller C, Distl O. Genome-wide search for markers associated with osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:739-47. [PMID: 17906894 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide scan was performed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for osteochondrosis (OC) and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in horses. The marker set comprised 260 microsatellites. We collected data from 211 Hanoverian warmblood horses consisting of 14 paternal half-sib families. Traits used were OC (fetlock and/or hock joints affected), OCD (fetlock and/or hock joints affected), fetlock OC, fetlock OCD, hock OC, and hock OCD. The first genome scan included 172 microsatellite markers. In a second step 88 additional markers were chosen to refine putative QTLs found in the first scan. Genome-wide significant QTLs were located on equine chromosomes 2, 4, 5, and 16. QTLs for fetlock OC and hock OC partly overlapped on the same chromosomes, indicating that these traits may be genetically related. QTLs reached the chromosome-wide significance level on eight different equine chromosomes: 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 19, and 21. This whole-genome scan was a first step toward the identification of candidate genome regions harboring genes responsible for equine OC. Further investigations are necessary to refine the map positions of the QTLs already identified for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dierks
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Wittwer C, Löhring K, Drögemüller C, Hamann H, Rosenberger E, Distl O. Mapping quantitative trait loci for osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints and palmar/plantar osseus fragments in fetlock joints of South German Coldblood horses. Anim Genet 2007; 38:350-7. [PMID: 17559552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for osteochondrosis (OC) and palmar/plantar osseous fragments (POF) in fetlock joints in a whole-genome scan of 219 South German Coldblood horses. Symptoms of OC and POF were checked by radiography in 117 South German Coldblood horses at a mean age of 17 months. The radiographic examination comprised the fetlock and hock joints of all limbs. The genome scan included 157 polymorphic microsatellite markers. All microsatellite markers were equally spaced over the 31 autosomes and the X chromosome, with an average distance of 17.7 cM and a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of 63%. Sixteen chromosomes harbouring putative QTL regions were further investigated by genotyping the animals with 93 additional markers. QTL that had chromosome-wide significance by non-parametric Z-means and LOD scores were found on 10 chromosomes. This included seven QTL for fetlock OC and one QTL on ECA18 associated with hock OC and fetlock OC. Significant QTL for POF in fetlock joints were located on equine chromosomes 1, 4, 8, 12 and 18. This genome scan is an important step towards the identification of genes responsible for OC in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wittwer
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Vijarnsorn M, Riley CB, Ryan DAJ, Rose PL, Shaw RA. Identification of infrared absorption spectral characteristics of synovial fluid of horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:517-23. [PMID: 17472451 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy within the midinfrared range to differentiate synovial fluid samples of joints with osteochondrosis from those of control samples. ANIMALS 33 horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 horses free of tarsocrural joint disease. PROCEDURES FTIR spectroscopy of synovial fluid was used. Sixty-four synovial fluid samples from the tarsocrural joint were collected. Of these, 33 samples were from horses with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 from control joints. Disease-associated features within infrared spectra of synovial fluid were statistically selected for spectral classification, and the variables identified were used in a classification model. Linear discriminant analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to develop a classifier to identify joints with osteochondrosis. RESULTS 12 significant subregions were identified that met the selection criteria. The stepwise discriminant procedure resulted in the final selection of 6 optimal regions that most contributed to the discriminatory power of the classification algorithm. Infrared spectra derived from synovial fluid of joints with osteochondrosis were differentiated from the control samples with accuracy of 77% (81% specificity and 73% sensitivity). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The disease-associated characteristics of infrared spectra of synovial fluid from joints with osteochondrosis may be exploited via appropriate feature selection and classification algorithms to differentiate joints with osteochondrosis from those of control joints. Further study with larger sample size including age-, breed-, and sex-matched control horses would further validate the clinical value of infrared spectroscopy for the diagnosis of osteochondrosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchanok Vijarnsorn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
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Koch TG, Heerkens T, Thomsen PD, Betts DH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical cord blood. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:26. [PMID: 17537254 PMCID: PMC1904213 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no published studies on stem cells from equine cord blood although commercial storage of equine cord blood for future autologous stem cell transplantations is available. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been isolated from fresh umbilical cord blood of humans collected non-invasively at the time of birth and from sheep cord blood collected invasively by a surgical intrauterine approach. Mesenchymal stem cells isolation percentage from frozen-thawed human cord blood is low and the future isolation percentage of MSCs from cryopreserved equine cord blood is therefore expectedly low. The hypothesis of this study was that equine MSCs could be isolated from fresh whole equine cord blood. Results Cord blood was collected from 7 foals immediately after foaling. The mononuclear cell fraction was isolated by Ficoll density centrifugation and cultured in a DMEM low glucose based media at 38.5°C in humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. In 4 out of 7 samples colonies with MSC morphology were observed. Cellular morphology varied between monolayers of elongated spindle-shaped cells to layered cell clusters of cuboidal cells with shorter cytoplasmic extensions. Positive Alizarin Red and von Kossa staining as well as significant calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed osteogenesis. Histology and positive Safranin O staining of matrix glycosaminoglycans illustrated chondrogenesis. Oil Red O staining of lipid droplets confirmed adipogenesis. Conclusion We here report, for the first time, the isolation of mesenchymal-like stem cells from fresh equine cord blood and their differentiation into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. This novel isolation of equine cord blood MSCs and their preliminary in vitro differentiation positions the horse as the ideal pre-clinical animal model for proof-of-principle studies of cord blood derived MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7,1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tammy Heerkens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Preben D Thomsen
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7,1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Effect of Prophylactic Intramuscular Administration of Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan on Developmental and Traumatic Joint Injuries in Thoroughbred Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gangl M, Serteyn D, Lejeune JP, Schneider N, Grulke S, Peters F, Vila T, Deby-Dupont G, Deberg M, Henrotin Y. A type II-collagen derived peptide and its nitrated form as new markers of inflammation and cartilage degradation in equine osteochondral lesions. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82:68-75. [PMID: 16780906 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Markers of cartilage breakdown enable studying the degradation of cartilage matrix in equine joint pathologies. This study was designed to determine the levels of Coll2-1, a peptide of the triple helix of type II collagen, and Coll2-1NO(2), its nitrated form in the plasma of healthy horses (controls; n=37) and horses suffering from osteochondrosis (n=34). Clinical and arthroscopic scores were attributed reflecting the severity of lesions and were related to the plasma levels of Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO(2). The median of Coll2-1 was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the mean of Coll2-1NO(2) showed significant elevation in the pathological group. However, the measurement means of scoring classes did not vary significantly. The markers were able to differentiate the group of horses suffering from osteochondrosis from the group of healthy horses. The elevation of Coll2-1NO(2) in the pathological group indicates an inflammation, mediated through reactive oxygen species and/or increased myeloperoxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gangl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B41, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Gee E, Davies M, Firth E, Jeffcott L, Fennessy P, Mogg T. Osteochondrosis and copper: Histology of articular cartilage from foals out of copper supplemented and non-supplemented dams. Vet J 2007; 173:109-17. [PMID: 16314126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) supplementation of dams in late gestation may be protective against articular cartilage abnormalities in foals. Articular cartilage was harvested from 22 Thoroughbred foals at 160 days of age, at sites predisposed to osteochondrosis (OC), and examined for evidence of early cartilage abnormalities and established dyschondroplastic (DCP) lesions to determine if there were any significant differences due to mare Cu supplementation by injection during late gestation, or foal liver Cu concentration. Cu supplemented mares received calcium Cu edetate injections in late gestation (250 mg at around 220, 248, 276 and 304 days gestation, then every two weeks until foaling). Foals were euthanased at 160 days of age and articular cartilage was harvested from four defined sites. Samples were examined for histological appearance of chondrocytes after staining with haematoxylin and eosin, and were also stained with toluidine blue to indicate proteoglycan content. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected by histochemistry, and histocytochemical techniques were used to determine the expression of cathepsin B. Cu supplementation of the dam, or liver Cu concentration of the foal at birth or 160 days of age had no statistically significant effect on the frequency of cartilage irregularities observed grossly, or abnormalities detected histologically at four defined sites. ALP expression was similar in all samples. Cathepsin B expression varied between sites, and was seen in chondrocyte clusters. The intensity of toludine blue staining varied between sites. Minor histological cartilage abnormalities were observed in cartilage from clinically normal animals. These abnormalities might be 'early' dyschondroplastic lesions, which could resolve or progress. The role of Cu in the development, resolution or progression of dyschondroplastic lesions is poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gee
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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