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Chowdhury VS. Heat Stress Biomarker Amino Acids and Neuropeptide Afford Thermotolerance in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:1-11. [PMID: 32055190 PMCID: PMC6993887 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With global warming, heat stress is becoming a pressing concern worldwide. In chickens, heat stress reduces food intake and growth, and increases body temperature and stress responses. Although it is believed that young chicks do not experience heat stress as they need a higher ambient temperature to survive, our series of studies in young chicks showed that they are sensitive to heat stress. This review summarizes current knowledge on amino acid metabolisms during heat stress, with special emphasis on the hypothermic functions of l-citrulline (l-Cit) and l-leucine (l-Leu), and the functions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in terms of body temperature and heat stress regulation in chicks. Amino acid metabolism is severely affected by heat stress. For example, prolonged heat stress reduces plasma l-Cit in chicks and l-Leu in the brain and liver of embryos. l-Cit and l-Leu supplementation affords thermotolerance in young chicks. NPY expression is increased in the brains of heat-exposed chicks. NPY has a hypothermic action under control thermoneutral temperature and heat stress in chicks. The NPY-sub-receptor Y5 is a partial mediator of the hypothermic action of NPY. Further, NPY stimulates brain dopamine concentrations and acts as an anti-stress agent in heat-exposed fasted, but not fed chicks. In conclusion, young chicks can serve as a model animal for the study of heat stress in chickens. l-Cit, l-Leu, and NPY were identified as biomarkers of heat stress, with the potential to afford thermotolerance in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Lab of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Eltahan HM, Bahry MA, Yang H, Han G, Nguyen LTN, Ikeda H, Ali MN, Amber KA, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Central NPY-Y5 sub-receptor partially functions as a mediator of NPY-induced hypothermia and affords thermotolerance in heat-exposed fasted chicks. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29208684 PMCID: PMC5727273 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of chicks to a high ambient temperature (HT) has previously been shown to increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the brain. Furthermore, it was found that NPY has anti‐stress functions in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The aim of the study was to reveal the role of central administration of NPY on thermotolerance ability and the induction of heat‐shock protein (HSP) and NPY sub‐receptors (NPYSRs) in fasted chicks with the contribution of plasma metabolite changes. Six‐ or seven‐day‐old chicks were centrally injected with 0 or 375 pmol of NPY and exposed to either HT (35 ± 1°C) or control thermoneutral temperature (CT: 30 ± 1°C) for 60 min while fasted. NPY reduced body temperature under both CT and HT. NPY enhanced the brain mRNA expression of HSP‐70 and ‐90, as well as of NPYSRs‐Y5, ‐Y6, and ‐Y7, but not ‐Y1, ‐Y2, and ‐Y4, under CT and HT. A coinjection of an NPYSR‐Y5 antagonist (CGP71683) and NPY (375 pmol) attenuated the NPY‐induced hypothermia. Furthermore, central NPY decreased plasma glucose and triacylglycerol under CT and HT and kept plasma corticosterone and epinephrine lower under HT. NPY increased plasma taurine and anserine concentrations. In conclusion, brain NPYSR‐Y5 partially afforded protective thermotolerance in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The NPY‐mediated reduction in plasma glucose and stress hormone levels and the increase in free amino acids in plasma further suggest that NPY might potentially play a role in minimizing heat stress in fasted chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Eltahan
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Linh T N Nguyen
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohamed N Ali
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Ministry, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khairy A Amber
- Division for Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Kafr-Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chowdhury VS, Han G, Bahry MA, Tran PV, Do PH, Yang H, Furuse M. L-Citrulline acts as potential hypothermic agent to afford thermotolerance in chicks. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Osaka T. Hypothermia induced by inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in anesthetized rats: contributions of the forebrain and vagal afferents. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:652-660. [PMID: 28177663 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Mercaptoacetate (MA) is an antimetabolic drug that inhibits the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source. The intravenous injection of MA (1.2 mmol·kg-1) elicited an increase in tail skin temperature and a decrease in body core temperature in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked, artificially ventilated rats, although administration of the same amount of NaCl did not. The respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher after administration of MA than that after the saline treatment. On the other hand, heat production was increased by either the MA- or NaCl-injection, suggesting a nonspecific effect caused by the hyperosmolality of the solutions. These results indicate that the MA-induced hypothermia was caused by an increase in heat loss but not by a decrease in heat production. The amplitudes of heat loss responses to MA in rats fasted overnight were significantly smaller than those in fed ones, suggesting a mechanism for suppression of heat loss in the fasted state. Rats pretreated with vagotomy, capsaicin-induced desensitization of sensory nerve fibers or decerebration did not exhibit the MA-induced hypothermic responses. It is possible that the MA-induced heat loss and hypothermia were mediated by the vagal afferents and required the forebrain for the full expression of the responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Osaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku 162-8636, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku 162-8636, Japan
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Osaka T. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose-induced hypothermia in anesthetized rats: Lack of forebrain contribution and critical involvement of the rostral raphe/parapyramidal regions of the medulla oblongata. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:73-80. [PMID: 26146232 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systemic or central administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), a competitive inhibitor of glucose utilization, induces hypothermia in awake animals and humans. This response is mediated by the central nervous system, though the neural mechanism involved is largely unknown. In this study, I examined possible involvement of the forebrain, which contains the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, and the medullary rostral raphe/parapyramidal regions (rRPa/PPy), which mediate hypoxia-induced heat-loss responses, in 2DG-induced hypothermia in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked, artificially ventilated rats. The intravenous injection of 2DG (250mgkg(-1)) elicited an increase in tail skin temperature and decreases in body core temperature and the respiratory exchange ratio, though it did not induce any significant change in the metabolic rate. These results indicate that the hypothermic response was caused by an increase in heat loss, but not by a decrease in heat production and that it was accompanied by a decrease in carbohydrate utilization and/or an increase in lipid utilization as energy substrates. Complete surgical transection of the brainstem between the hypothalamus and the midbrain had no effect on the 2DG-induced hypothermic responses, suggesting that the hindbrain, but not the forebrain, was sufficient for the responses. However, pretreatment of the rRPa/PPy with the GABAA receptor blocker bicuculline methiodide, but not with vehicle saline, greatly attenuated the 2DG-induced responses, suggesting that the 2DG-induced hypothermia was mediated, at least in part, by GABAergic neurons in the hindbrain and activation of GABAA receptors on cutaneous sympathetic premotor neurons in the rRPa/PPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Osaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku 162-8636, Japan.
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Dacks PA, Moreno CL, Kim ES, Marcellino BK, Mobbs CV. Role of the hypothalamus in mediating protective effects of dietary restriction during aging. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:95-106. [PMID: 23262258 PMCID: PMC3626742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) can extend lifespan and reduce disease burden across a wide range of animals and yeast but the mechanisms mediating these remarkably protective effects remain to be elucidated despite extensive efforts. Although it has generally been assumed that protective effects of DR are cell-autonomous, there is considerable evidence that many whole-body responses to nutritional state, including DR, are regulated by nutrient-sensing neurons. In this review, we explore the hypothesis that nutrient sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus hierarchically regulate the protective responses of dietary restriction. We describe multiple peripheral responses that are hierarchically regulated by the hypothalamus and we present evidence for non-cell autonomous signaling of dietary restriction gathered from a diverse range of models including invertebrates, mammalian cell culture, and rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny A. Dacks
- Department of Neurosciences and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY 10019
| | - Cesar L. Moreno
- Department of Neurosciences and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Esther S. Kim
- Department of Neurosciences and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Bridget K. Marcellino
- Department of Neurosciences and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Charles V. Mobbs
- Department of Neurosciences and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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Polakof S, Mommsen TP, Soengas JL. Glucosensing and glucose homeostasis: from fish to mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:123-49. [PMID: 21871969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on two topics related to glucose in vertebrates. In a first section devoted to glucose homeostasis we describe how glucose levels fluctuate and are regulated in different classes of vertebrates. The detection of these fluctuations is essential for homeostasis and for other physiological processes such as regulation of food intake. The capacity of that detection is known as glucosensing, and the different mechanisms through which it occurs are known as glucosensors. Different glucosensor mechanisms have been demonstrated in different tissues and organs of rodents and humans whereas the information obtained for other vertebrates is scarce. In the second section of the review we describe the present knowledge regarding glucosensor mechanisms in different groups of vertebrates, with special emphasis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Polakof
- INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Navas CA, Gomes FR, Carvalho JE. Thermal relationships and exercise physiology in anuran amphibians: Integration and evolutionary implications. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:344-362. [PMID: 17703978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal and water balance are coupled in anurans, and species with particularly permeable skin avoid overheating more effectively than minimizing variance of body temperature. In turn, temperature affects muscle performance in several ways, so documenting the mean and variance of body temperature of active frogs can help explain variation in behavioral performance. The two types of activities studied in most detail, jumping and calling, differ markedly in duration and intensity, and there are distinct differences in the metabolic profile and fiber type of the supporting muscles. Characteristics of jumping and calling also vary significantly among species, and these differences have a number of implications that we discuss in some detail throughout this paper. One question that emerges from this topic is whether anuran species exhibit activity temperatures that match the temperature range over which they perform best. Although this seems the case, thermal preferences are variable and may not necessarily reflect typical activity temperatures. The performance versus temperature curves and the thermal limits for anuran activity reflect the thermal ecology of species more than their systematic position. Anuran thermal physiology, therefore, seems to be phenotypically plastic and susceptible to adaptive evolution. Although generalizations regarding the mechanistic basis of such adjustments are not yet possible, recent attempts have been made to reveal the mechanistic basis of acclimation and acclimatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Navas
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14 No 321, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP Brazil.
| | - Fernando R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr. S/N, CEP, 18628-000, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A, No 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP Brazil
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Bicego KC, Barros RCH, Branco LGS. Physiology of temperature regulation: comparative aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 147:616-639. [PMID: 16950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few environmental factors have a larger influence on animal energetics than temperature, a fact that makes thermoregulation a very important process for survival. In general, endothermic species, i.e., mammals and birds, maintain a constant body temperature (Tb) in fluctuating environmental temperatures using autonomic and behavioural mechanisms. Most of the knowledge on thermoregulatory physiology has emerged from studies using mammalian species, particularly rats. However, studies with all vertebrate groups are essential for a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of Tb. Ectothermic vertebrates-fish, amphibians and reptiles-thermoregulate essentially by behavioural mechanisms. With few exceptions, both endotherms and ectotherms develop fever (a regulated increase in Tb) in response to exogenous pyrogens, and regulated hypothermia (anapyrexia) in response to hypoxia. This review focuses on the mechanisms, particularly neuromediators and regions in the central nervous system, involved in thermoregulation in vertebrates, in conditions of euthermia, fever and anapyrexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kênia C Bicego
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morfology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata C H Barros
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bícego-Nahas KC, Gargaglioni LH, Branco LG. Seasonal changes in the preferred body temperature, cardiovascular, and respiratory responses to hypoxia in the toad,Bufo paracnemis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 289:359-65. [PMID: 11351323 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estivation is accompanied by a reduction of oxygen consumption in amphibians during drought. We tested the hypothesis that, during the dry season, the toad Bufo paracnemis selects a lower preferred body temperature (T(b)), and would be less sensitive to hypoxia, than during its active period. Therefore, during winter (dry season in São Paulo state, Brazil) and summer, we measured the effects of hypoxia (7% inspired O(2)) on preferred T(b). Additionally, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption were also measured in toads at 15 and 25 degrees C. Blood gases were measured at 25 degrees C. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher during summer in toads at 25 degrees C. Under normoxia, preferred T(b) was higher during summer than during winter, and hypoxia caused a drop in preferred T(b) during both seasons. In both seasons, toads at 15 degrees C showed reduced pulmonary ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure, and hypoxia had no effect. At 25 degrees C during summer only, hypoxia caused an increase in ventilation. Season had no effect on blood gases. We conclude that B. paracnemis displays an endogenous seasonal pattern of thermoregulation and control of ventilation. The decreased preferred T(b) and the physiological responses to hypoxia may be beneficial to toads encountering drought and when food is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Bícego-Nahas
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Branco LG, Steiner AA. Central thermoregulatory effects of lactate in the toad Bufo paracnemis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1999; 122:457-61. [PMID: 10422260 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia induces a regulated decrease in body temperature (Tb; anapyrexia) in organisms ranging from protozoans to mammals, but very little is known about the mechanisms involved. Several candidates have been suggested to mediate hypoxia-induced anapyrexia, among them lactate, which is a classical compansion of hypoxic stress in vertebrates. The present study was designed to assess the central thermoregulatory effects of lactate in Bujo paracnemis. Toads equipped with a temperature probe were tested over a thermal gradient (10-40 degrees C). Lactate injected systemically (4.0 mmol kg-1) caused a significant reduction of Tb from 24.6 +/- 2.1 to 17.4 +/- 3.9 degrees C. To assess the role of central thermoregulatory mechanisms, a lower dose (0.4 mmol kg-1) of lactate was injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle or systemically. Intracerebroventricular injection of lactate caused a similar decrease in Tb, whereas systemic injection caused no change. The data indicate that lactate may play a role in hypoxia-induced anapyrexia in central rather than peripheral sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Branco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirao, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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