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Tenger M, Van Meervenne S, Varjonen K, Tidholm A, Rohdin C. Epilepsy in British Shorthair cats in Sweden. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:550-557. [PMID: 34431738 PMCID: PMC11104252 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211036795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of epileptic seizures and of presumed idiopathic epilepsy (PIE, describing epilepsy of unknown origin) in a cohort of British Shorthair (BSH) cats in Sweden. The secondary objective was to describe epileptic seizure characteristics and outcome for cats with PIE. METHODS Owners of BSH cats born between 2006 and 2016 and registered with SVERAK (the Swedish Cat Clubs' National Association) were invited to reply to a questionnaire about their cat's general health. Owners who indicated that their cat had experienced epileptic seizures were invited to participate in an in-depth telephone interview about the epileptic seizures. The clinical characteristics of epileptic seizures in BSH cats were determined from the results of the interview. RESULTS In this population comprising 1645 BSH cats (representing 28% of registered BSHs), the prevalence of epileptic seizures was 0.9% and for PIE it was 0.7%. BSH cats with PIE presented with infrequent but consistent epileptic seizures. Twenty-seven percent of BSH cats with epileptic seizures had cluster seizures but none presented with status epilepticus. None of the BSH cats was treated with antiepileptic drugs, and none of the owners reported epileptic seizure remission in their cat. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The prevalence of PIE in this population of BSH cats was 0.7%. The prevalence of epileptic seizures was 0.9%. In general, PIE in the BSH cat displayed a relatively benign phenotype where progression of epileptic seizures was uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Tidholm
- Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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O'Neill DG, Phillipps SA, Egan JR, Brodbelt D, Church DB, Volk HA. Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2582-2594. [PMID: 32974979 PMCID: PMC7694832 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little epidemiological evaluation of recurrent seizure disorders in cats currently exists in veterinary literature. Objectives To report the prevalence and risk factors for recurrent seizure disorders (RSD) and epilepsy in cats presented to primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom (UK). Animals A total of 285 547 cats under veterinary care during 2013 presenting to 282 primary care clinics in the UK. Methods Cohort study using multivariable logistic regression modeling for risk factor analysis. Results There were 458 confirmed RSD cases, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15‐0.18). A subset of 114 (24.89%) cases was recorded as having epilepsy, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.04% (95% CI, 0.03‐0.5). Increasing age was significantly associated with increasing odds of RSD. Breed, sex, neuter status, and body weight were not associated with RSD. Epilepsy was most frequently diagnosed in adult to middle‐aged cats. Cats aged 3.0 to <6.0 years had 3.32 times higher odds of epilepsy diagnosis compared to cats <3.0 years of age. Insured cats were more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy compared to noninsured cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gerard O'Neill
- Royal Veterinary College-Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A Phillipps
- University of Liverpool Institute of Veterinary Science Ringgold Standard Institution-Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Jordon R Egan
- Royal Veterinary College-Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Brodbelt
- Royal Veterinary College-Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David B Church
- Royal Veterinary College-Clinical Sciences and Services, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Holger A Volk
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
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Fujita A, Ota M, Kato K. Urinary volatile metabolites of amygdala-kindled mice reveal novel biomarkers associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10586. [PMID: 31332211 PMCID: PMC6646363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting mammals, including humans. Uncontrolled epilepsy is associated with poor quality of life, accidents, and sudden death. In particular, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, which easily gets out of control in human adults. The aim of this study was to profile urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a mouse model of TLE using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirteen urinary VOCs exhibited differential abundance between epileptic and control mice, and the corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were greater than 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on these 13 VOCs separated epileptic from sham operated-mice, suggesting that all these 13 VOCs are epilepsy biomarkers. Promax rotation and dendrogram analysis concordantly separated the 13 VOCs into three groups. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis extracted methanethiol; disulfide, dimethyl; and 2-butanone as predictors. Based on known metabolic systems, the results suggest that TLE induced by amygdala stimulation could affect both endogenous metabolites and the gut flora. Future work will elucidate the physiological meaning of the VOCs as end-products of metabolic networks and assess the impact of the metabolic background involved in development of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fujita
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manami Ota
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Kato
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Hazenfratz M, Taylor SM. Recurrent seizures in cats: Diagnostic approach - when is it idiopathic epilepsy? J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:811-823. [PMID: 30139320 PMCID: PMC10816265 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1-3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the first of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 1 outlines the classification and terminology used to describe epilepsy and epileptic seizures in cats, and discusses some of the most common and unique causes of recurrent seizures in cats. The diagnostic approach to cats with recurrent seizures is addressed, as are criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. AUDIENCE This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hazenfratz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
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Mariani CL. Terminology and classification of seizures and epilepsy in veterinary patients. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 28:34-41. [PMID: 24070679 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy is a controversial and dynamic topic that has undergone many iterations in human medicine. The International League against Epilepsy is a multinational organization that has formed a number of task forces and subcommittees to study this issue, and has ratified several reports outlining recommended terminology and classification schemes for human patients. Veterinary publications on this issue have generally adapted these schemes to fit small animal patients, but a formally endorsed system to classify seizures and epilepsy has never been developed for veterinary patients. This review outlines the classification systems that have been published for human patients and summarizes previous efforts by veterinary authors to utilize these methods. Finally, a set of definitions and terminology for use in veterinary patients is proposed, which includes a glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology and a diagnostic scheme for classification of individual patients. This document is intended as a starting point of discussion, which will hopefully eventually result in a formally ratified document that will be useful for communication between health professionals, the design of clinical trials and for guiding treatment decisions and prognostication for veterinary patients with seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A. Epilepsy in cats: theory and practice. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:255-63. [PMID: 24438024 PMCID: PMC4857998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary literature on epilepsy in cats is less extensive than that for dogs. The present review summarizes the most important human definitions related to epilepsy and discusses the difficulties in applying them in daily veterinary practice. Epileptic seizures can have a wide range of clinical signs and are not necessarily typical in all cases. Whether a seizure event is epileptic can only be suspected based on clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings as electroencephalography diagnostic techniques have not yet been developed to a sufficiently accurate level in veterinary medicine. In addition, the present review aims to describe other diagnoses and nonepileptic conditions that might be mistaken for epileptic seizures. Seizures associated with hippocampal lesions are described and discussed extensively, as they seem to be a special entity only recognized in the past few years. Furthermore, we focus on clinical work‐up and on treatment that can be recommended based on the literature and summarize the limited data available relating to the outcome. Critical commentary is provided as most studies are based on very weak evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Wahle AM, Brühschwein A, Matiasek K, Putschbach K, Wagner E, Mueller RS, Fischer A. Clinical characterization of epilepsy of unknown cause in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:182-8. [PMID: 24237601 PMCID: PMC4895554 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of feline epilepsy of unknown cause (EUC) requires a thorough diagnostic evaluation, otherwise the prevalence of EUC could be overestimated. HYPOTHESIS Feline EUC is a clinically defined disease entity, which differs from feline hippocampal necrosis by the absence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal alteration of the hippocampus. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of EUC in a hospital population of cats by applying well-defined inclusion criteria, and (2) to describe the clinical course of EUC. ANIMALS Eighty-one cats with recurrent seizures. METHODS Retrospective study--medical records were reviewed for cats presented for evaluation of recurrent seizures (2005-2010). Inclusion criteria were a defined diagnosis based on laboratory data, and either MRI or histopathology. Final outcome was confirmed by telephone interview with the owner. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed to evaluate hippocampal morphology and signal alterations. RESULTS Epilepsy of unknown cause was diagnosed in 22% of cats with epilepsy. Physical, neurologic, and laboratory examinations, and either 1.5 T MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis or postmortem examination failed to identify an underlying cause. Cats with EUC had a higher survival rate (P < .05) and seizure remission occurred frequently (44.4%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A detailed clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging with MRI is recommended in any cat with recurrent seizures. The prognosis of cats with normal MRI findings and a clinical diagnosis of EUC are good. Standardized imaging guidelines should be established to assess the hippocampus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wahle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Palus V, Eminaga S, Cherubini GB. Seizuring cat: what to ask, what to do? COMPANION ANIMAL 2013. [PMCID: PMC7162338 DOI: 10.12968/coan.2013.18.7.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A seizuring cat can be a challenging case for every veterinarian and, therefore, the correct diagnosis and the appropriate management of such a case requires understanding of the most common causes of feline seizures. The underlying cause of the seizures should be investigated by a thorough questioning of the diagnostic approach and most likely diagnoses. If the cause of the seizures can be found then the appropriate therapeutic approach may improve the prognosis. The treatment of the feline seizures is similar to the canine patients; however, the differences should be kept in mind. This article is tailored to answer the most common questions that veterinary surgeons should ask themselves when dealing with a seizuring cat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- in Veterinary Neurology Dick White Referrals Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk, CB8 0UH
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Pákozdy Á, Leschnik M, Sarchahi AA, Tichy AG, Thalhammer JG. Clinical comparison of primary versus secondary epilepsy in 125 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:910-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study 125 cats with recurrent seizures were analysed. The main goal was to investigate the aetiology and compare primary epilepsy (PE) with secondary epilepsy (SE) regarding signalment, history, ictal pattern, clinical and neurological findings. Seizure aetiology was classified as PE in 47 (38%) and SE in 78 (62%) cats. SE was caused mainly by intracranial neoplasia (16), hippocampal necrosis (14), toxicosis (eight), and encephalitis (seven). A significant difference between PE and SE was found in: age, body weight, duration of seizure, occurrence of status epilepticus and neurological deficits. Status epilepticus, altered interictal neurological status and seizure onset over the age of 7 years indicated SE more frequently than PE. If the seizures occurred during resting conditions and rapid running occurred the aetiology was more likely to be PE than SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Pákozdy
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Leschnik
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Asghar Sarchahi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
| | - Alexander G. Tichy
- Institute of Physics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann G. Thalhammer
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Penning VA, Connolly DJ, Gajanayake I, McMahon LA, Luis Fuentes V, Chandler KE, Volk HA. Seizure-like episodes in 3 cats with intermittent high-grade atrioventricular dysfunction. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:200-5. [PMID: 19175741 PMCID: PMC7166599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V A Penning
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
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Schriefl S, Steinberg TA, Matiasek K, Ossig A, Fenske N, Fischer A. Etiologic classification of seizures, signalment, clinical signs, and outcome in cats with seizure disorders: 91 cases (2000–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1591-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.10.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Timmann D, Cizinauskas S, Tomek A, Doherr M, Vandevelde M, Jaggy A. Retrospective analysis of seizures associated with feline infectious peritonitis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 10:9-15. [PMID: 17765591 PMCID: PMC7128422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seizures have been reported frequently in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) but have not been studied in detail in association with this disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of neurological signs in a population of 55 cats with a histopathologically confirmed neurological form of FIP. Seizure patterns were determined and it was attempted to relate occurrence of seizures with age, breed, sex and neuropathological features. Fourteen cats had seizure(s), while 41 cats had no history of seizure(s). Generalised tonic–clonic seizures were seen in nine cats; and complex focal seizures were observed in four patients. The exact type of seizure could not be determined in one cat. Status epilepticus was observed in one patient but seizure clusters were not encountered. Occurrence of seizures was not related to age, sex, breed or intensity of the inflammation in the central nervous system. However, seizures were significantly more frequent in animals with marked extension of the inflammatory lesions to the forebrain (P = 0.038). Thus, the occurrence of seizures in FIP indicates extensive brain damage and can, therefore, be considered to be an unfavourable prognostic sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Timmann
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Tomek A, Cizinauskas S, Doherr M, Gandini G, Jaggy A. Intracranial neoplasia in 61 cats: localisation, tumour types and seizure patterns. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:243-53. [PMID: 16600653 PMCID: PMC10822545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse retrospectively a feline population with intracranial neoplastic diseases, to document seizure patterns in these animals and to determine whether partial seizures were more frequently associated with structural brain lesions then generalised seizures. In addition, a comparison was made within the population with intracranial neoplasia between two groups of cats: one with and one without seizures. Special emphasis was given to the evaluation of tumour type, localisation and size of the lesion and its correlation with seizure prevalence. Sixty-one cats with histopathological diagnosis of intracranial tumour were identified. Fourteen cats (23%; group A) had a history of seizure(s). Forty-seven cats (77%; group B) had no history of seizure(s). Generalised tonic-clonic seizures were seen in eight cats (57%) and were the most common seizure pattern in our cats with intracranial neoplasia. Clusters of seizures were observed in six cats. Status epilepticus was observed in one patient. The mean age of the cats was 7.9 years within group A (median 8.5) and 9.3 years (median 10) within group B. The cats with lymphoma within both groups were significantly younger than cats with meningioma. In both groups meningioma and lymphoma were confirmed to be the most frequent tumour type, followed by glial cell tumours. The prevalence of the seizures in patients with glial cell tumours was 26.7%, 26.3% in patients with lymphomas and 15% in cases with meningiomas. In 33 cases (54.1%) the tumours were localised in the forebrain, 15 tumours (24.6%) were in the brainstem, four (6.6%) in the cerebellum and nine tumours (14.7%) had multifocal localisation. Parietal lobe and basal ganglia mostly affected group A. In group B tumours were most frequently located in the parietal and frontal lobes as well as in the diencephalon. A positive association was documented between the localisation of a tumour in the forebrain and seizure occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Tomek
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Neurology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Seizure Disorders and Treatment Options. CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2006. [PMCID: PMC7149571 DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Barnes HL, Chrisman CL, Mariani CL, Sims M, Alleman AR. Clinical signs, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures: 17 cases (1997-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225:1723-6. [PMID: 15626223 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical signs, results of diagnostic testing, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 17 cats with seizures. PROCEDURE Only those cats in which an underlying metabolic abnormality causing the seizures had been identified, diagnostic imaging of the brain and CSF analysis had been done, or a necropsy had been performed were included. Seizures were classified as being a result of metabolic disease, symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy resulting from a structural lesion of the brain), or probably symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy without any extracranial or identifiable intracranial disease that is not suspected to be genetic in origin). RESULTS 3 cats had seizures associated with an underlying metabolic disease (hepatic encephalopathy), 7 had symptomatic epilepsy (3 with neoplasia and 4 with meningoencephalitis), and 7 had probably symptomatic epilepsy. Six of the 7 cats with symptomatic epilepsy died or were euthanatized within 3 months after the diagnosis was made, whereas 6 of the 7 cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy survived for at least 12 months after the diagnosis was made. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy may have a good long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Barnes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
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Kline KL. Complementary and alternative medicine for neurologic disorders. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2002; 17:25-33. [PMID: 11890124 DOI: 10.1053/svms.2002.29075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine in treating neurologic disorders has increased in popularity in response to advances in human alternative and integrative therapies. Neurolocalization of lesions to the brain, spinal cord, and neuromuscular systems is discussed, as well as the diagnostics and therapeutics used to treat such disorders. Emphasis is placed on integrative and alternative treatments for such neurologic diseases as seizures, cerebrovascular accidents, canine cognitive disorder, meningitis, intervertebral disc disease, fibrocartilagenous embolism, degenerative myelopathy, and myopathies. Thorough physical and neurologic examinations, establishment of a correct diagnosis, and integrative therapeutics are aimed at improving the overall quality of life of the veterinary patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kline
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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