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Associations of insulin and insulin-like growth factors with physical performance in old age in the Boyd Orr and Caerphilly studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30096. [PMID: 22253890 PMCID: PMC3254635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulate growth and are involved in determining muscle mass, strength and body composition. We hypothesised that IGF-I and IGF-II are associated with improved, and insulin with worse, physical performance in old age. Methods Physical performance was measured using the get-up and go timed walk and flamingo balance test at 63–86 years. We examined prospective associations of insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 with physical performance in the UK-based Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS; n = 739 men); and cross-sectional insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in the Boyd Orr cohort (n = 182 men, 223 women). Results In confounder-adjusted models, there was some evidence in CaPS that a standard deviation (SD) increase in IGF-I was associated with 1.5% faster get-up and go test times (95% CI: −0.2%, 3.2%; p = 0.08), but little association with poor balance, 19 years later. Coefficients in Boyd Orr were in the same direction as CaPS, but consistent with chance. Higher levels of insulin were weakly associated with worse physical performance (CaPS and Boyd Orr combined: get-up and go time = 1.3% slower per SD log-transformed insulin; 95% CI: 0.0%, 2.7%; p = 0.07; OR poor balance 1.13; 95% CI; 0.98, 1.29; p = 0.08), although associations were attenuated after controlling for body mass index (BMI) and co-morbidities. In Boyd Orr, a one SD increase in IGFBP-2 was associated with 2.6% slower get-up and go times (95% CI: 0.4%, 4.8% slower; p = 0.02), but this was only seen when controlling for BMI and co-morbidities. There was no consistent evidence of associations of IGF-II, or IGFBP-3 with physical performance. Conclusions There was some evidence that high IGF-I and low insulin levels in middle-age were associated with improved physical performance in old age, but estimates were imprecise. Larger cohorts are required to confirm or refute the findings.
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Chesik D, Wilczak N, De Keyser J. The insulin-like growth factor system in multiple sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:203-26. [PMID: 17531843 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Present therapeutic strategies for MS reduce inflammation and its destructive consequences, but are not effective in the progressive phase of the disease. There is a need for neuroprotective and restorative therapies in MS. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is of considerable interest because it is not only a potent neuroprotective trophic factor but also a survival factor for cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage and possesses a potent myelinogenic capacity. However, the IGF system is complex and includes not only IGF-1 and IGF-2 and their receptors but also modulating IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), of which six have been identified. This chapter provides an overview of the role of the IGF system in the pathophysiology of MS, relevant findings in preclinical models, and discusses the possible use of IGF-1 as a therapeutic agent for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chesik
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fernandez AM, Carro EM, Lopez-Lopez C, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I treatment for cerebellar ataxia: Addressing a common pathway in the pathological cascade? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:134-41. [PMID: 15950289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we review evidence supporting the use of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) for treatment of cerebellar ataxia, a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases of low incidence but high societal impact. Most types of ataxia display not only motor discoordination, but also additional neurological problems including peripheral nerve dysfunctions. Therefore, a feasible therapy should combine different strategies aimed to correct the various disturbances specific for each type of ataxia. For cerebellar deficits, and most probably also for other types of brain deficits, the use of a wide-spectrum neuroprotective factor such as IGF-I may prove beneficial. Intriguingly, both ataxic animals as well as human patients show altered serum IGF-I levels. While the pathogenic significance of IGF-I, if any, in this varied group of diseases is difficult to envisage, disrupted IGF-I neuroprotective signaling may constitute a common stage in the pathological cascade associated to neuronal death. Indeed, treatment with IGF-I has proven effective in animal models of ataxia. Based on this pre-clinical evidence we propose that IGF-I should be tested in clinical trials of cerebellar ataxia in those cases where either serum IGF-I deficiency (as in primary cerebellar atrophy) or loss of sensitivity to IGF-I (as in ataxia telangiectasia) has been reported. Taking advantage of the widely protective and anabolic actions of IGF-I on peripheral tissues, this neurotrophic factor may provide additional therapeutic advantages for many of the disturbances commonly associated to ataxia such as cardiopathy, muscle wasting, or immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avda. Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Hui HNT, Metherell LA, Ng KL, Savage MO, Camacho-Hübner C, Clark AJL. Novel growth hormone receptor mutation in a Chinese patient with Laron syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:209-13. [PMID: 15751611 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2005.18.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Laron syndrome, growth hormone (GH) insensitivity syndrome, caused by a mutation of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, is extremely rare in the Chinese population. We report a Chinese girl diagnosed with Laron syndrome at age 1.9 years with height -4.9 SDS, basal GH 344 mIU/ml, IGF-I <12 ng/ml, IGFBP-3 <0.2 mg/ml, and undetectable GHBP. A novel mutation of the GHR, not previously described, was identified at the donor splice site of intron 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton N T Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Varela-Nieto I, Morales-Garcia JA, Vigil P, Diaz-Casares A, Gorospe I, Sánchez-Galiano S, Cañon S, Camarero G, Contreras J, Cediel R, Leon Y. Trophic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the inner ear. Hear Res 2004; 196:19-25. [PMID: 15464297 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have a pivotal role during nervous system development and in its functional maintenance. IGF-I and its high affinity receptor (IGF1R) are expressed in the developing inner ear and in the postnatal cochlear and vestibular ganglia. We recently showed that trophic support by IGF-I is essential for the early neurogenesis of the chick cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG). In the chicken embryo otic vesicle, IGF-I regulates developmental death dynamics by regulating the activity and/or levels of key intracellular molecules, including lipid and protein kinases such as ceramide kinase, Akt and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Mice lacking IGF-I lose many auditory neurons and present increased auditory thresholds at early postnatal ages. Neuronal loss associated to IGF-I deficiency is caused by apoptosis of the auditory neurons, which presented abnormally increased levels of activated caspase-3. It is worth noting that in man, homozygous deletion of the IGF-1 gene causes sensory-neural deafness. IGF-I is thus necessary for normal development and maintenance of the inner ear. The trophic actions of IGF-I in the inner ear suggest that this factor may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, "Alberto Sols", Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Gascón F, Valle M, Martos R, Zafra M, Morales R, Castaño MA. Childhood obesity and hormonal abnormalities associated with cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:193-7. [PMID: 15167218 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000130021.16182.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that overweight and obesity increase the risk of certain cancers. Studies in adults support the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and oestrogens in the pathogeneses of several cancers. We propose that hormone alterations described as risk factors for cancer in obese adults are present in prepubertal obese children. A group of obese children aged 6-9 years (n=40), and control group paired for age and sex, were used for the study. The obese children presented a significantly high level of IGF-I (P=0.0173) and insulin (P=0.0250), with a drop in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P=0.0282). The 17 beta-oestradiol (E2)/SHBG ratio increase in obese subjects was marginally significant (P=0.0635). Grouping together all the children in quartiles for insulin and body mass index, the upper quartiles showed a rise in IGF-I and E2/SHBG. In a multivariant correlation analysis, only height (partial r=0.2464) and insulin (partial r=0.3002) were independent prediction variables for IGF-I concentration. The only variables statistically correlated with the E2/SHBG ratio were insulin (r=0.2879) and IGF-I (r=0.4140). The obese children in our study showed hormone changes described as risk factors for cancer in obese adults. These changes were significantly associated with the hyperinsulinaemia. We hypothesize that this potential risk should be taken into account given the long period of exposure involved in the presence of hormone alterations at such early ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gascón
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Valle de los Pedroches Hospital, 14400 Pozoblanco, Cordoba, Spain.
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Li JB, Wang CY, Chen JW, Feng ZQ, Ma HT. Expression of liver insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and its serum level in rats with diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:255-9. [PMID: 14716834 PMCID: PMC4717015 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of diabetic duration and blood glucose level on insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene expression and serum IGF-1 level.
METHODS: Diabetes was induced into Sprague Dawley rats by alloxan and then the rats were subdivided into different groups with varying blood glucose level and diabetic duration. The parameters were measured as follows: IGF-1 mRNA by reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), IGF-1 peptide and serum IGF-1 concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: During early diabetic stage (week 2), in comparison with normal control group (NC), IGF-1 mRNA (1.17 ± 0.069 vs 0.79 ± 0.048, P < 0.001; 1.17 ± 0.069 vs 0.53 ± 0.023, P < 0.0005, respectively), IGF-1 peptide contents [(196.66 ± 14.9) ng·mg-1vs (128.2 ± 11.25) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0005; (196.66 ± 14.9) ng·mg-1vs (74.43 ± 5.33) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0001, respectively] were reduced in liver tissues of diabetic rats. The IGF-1 gene downregulation varied with glucose control level of the diabetic state, and deteriorated gradually further with duration of diabetes. By month 6, hepatic tissue IGF-1mRNA was 0.71 ± 0.024 vs 1.12 ± 0.056, P < 0.001; 0.47 ± 0.021 vs 1.12 ± 0.056, P < 0.0005, respectively. IGF-1 peptide was (114.35 ± 8.09) ng·mg-1vs (202.05 ± 15.73) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0005; (64.58 ± 3.89) ng·mg-1vs (202.05 ± 15.73) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0001 respectively. Serum IGF-1 was also lowered in diabetic group with poor control of blood glucose. On week 2, serum IGF-1 concentrations were (371.0 ± 12.5) ng·mg-1vs (511.2 ± 24.7) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0005, (223.2 ± 9.39) ng·mg-1vs (511.2 ± 24.7) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0001 respectively. By month 6, (349.6 ± 18.62) ng·mg-1vs (520.7 ± 26.32) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0005, (188.5 ± 17.35 vs 520.7 ± 26.32) ng·mg-1, P < 0.0001, respectively. Serum IGF-1 peptide change was significantly correlated with that in liver tissue (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). Furthermore, No difference was found in the above parameters between diabetic rats with euglycemia and non-diabetic control group.
CONCLUSION: The influence of diabetic status on IGF-1 gene expression in liver tissues is started from early diabetic stage, causing down regulation of IGF-1 expression, and progresses with the severity and duration of diabetic state. Accordingly serum IGF-1 level decreases. This might indicate that liver tissue IGF-1 gene expression is greatly affected in diabetes, thus contributing to reduction of serum IGF-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Varela-Nieto I, de la Rosa EJ, Valenciano AI, León Y. Cell death in the nervous system: lessons from insulin and insulin-like growth factors. Mol Neurobiol 2003; 28:23-50. [PMID: 14514984 DOI: 10.1385/mn:28:1:23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an essential process for proper neural development. Cell death, with its similar regulatory and executory mechanisms, also contributes to the origin or progression of many or even all neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of the mechanisms that regulate cell death during neural development may provide new targets and tools to prevent neurodegeneration. Many studies that have focused mainly on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), have shown that insulin-related growth factors are widely expressed in the developing and adult nervous system, and positively modulate a number of processes during neural development, as well as in adult neuronal and glial physiology. These factors also show neuroprotective effects following neural damage. Although some specific actions have been demonstrated to be anti-apoptotic, we propose that a broad neuroprotective role is the foundation for many of the observed functions of the insulin-related growth factors, whose therapeutical potential for nervous system disorders may be greater than currently accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Lee JE. Low IGF-1 suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity, by A. Hellström, C. Perruzzi, M. Ju, E. Engström, A Hård, J. Liu, K. Albertson-Wikland, B. Carlsson, A. Niklasson, L. Sjödell, D. LeRoith, D. Senger, and L. Smith. PNAS 98:5804-8, 2001. Surv Ophthalmol 2003; 48:234-5. [PMID: 12686308 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alsina B, Giraldez F, Varela-Nieto I. Growth Factors and Early Development of Otic Neurons: Interactions between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Signals. Curr Top Dev Biol 2003; 57:177-206. [PMID: 14674481 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(03)57006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Alsina
- DCEXS-Universitat Pomepu Fabra, Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Camarero G, Villar MA, Contreras J, Fernández-Moreno C, Pichel JG, Avendaño C, Varela-Nieto I. Cochlear abnormalities in insulin-like growth factor-1 mouse mutants. Hear Res 2002; 170:2-11. [PMID: 12208536 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) modulates inner ear cell proliferation, differentiation and survival in culture. Its function in human hearing was first evidenced by a report of a boy with a homozygous deletion of the Igf-1 gene, who showed severe sensorineural deafness [Woods et al., New Engl. J. Med. 335 (1996) 1363-1367]. To better understand the in vivo role of IGF-1 during inner ear differentiation and maturation, we studied the cochleae of Igf-1 gene knockout mice by performing morphometric stereological analyses, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy on postnatal days 5 (P5), P8 and P20. At P20, but not at P5, the volumes of the cochlea and cochlear ganglion were significantly reduced in mutant mice, although the reduction was less severe than whole body dwarfism. A significant decrease in the number and average size of auditory neurons was also evident at P20. IGF-1-deficient cochlear neurons showed increased apoptosis, along with altered expression of neurofilament 200 kDa and vimentin. The eighth nerve, the cochlear ganglion and the fibers innervating the sensory cells of the organ of Corti of the P20 mouse mutants presented increased expression of vimentin, whereas the expression of neurofilament was decreased. In addition, the myelin sheath was severely affected in ganglion neurons. In conclusion, IGF-1 deficit in mice severely affects postnatal survival, differentiation and maturation of the cochlear ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Camarero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cohen
- Pediatric Endocrinology, ULCA, MDCC 22-315, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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