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Abstract
The enormous diversity of antibodies is a key element to combat infections. Antibodies containing pathogen receptors were a surprising discovery that contrasted antibody diversification through classic recombination events. However, such insert-containing antibodies were thus far exclusively detected in African individuals exposed to malaria parasites and were identified as screening byproducts or through hypothesis-driven search. The prevalence and complexity of insertion events remained elusive. In this study, we devise an unbiased, systematic approach to identify inserts in the human antibody repertoire. We show that inserts from distant genomic regions occur in the majority of donors and are independent of Plasmodium falciparum preexposure. Our findings suggest that four distinct classes of insertion events contribute diversity to the human antibody repertoire. Recombination of antibody genes in B cells can involve distant genomic loci and contribute a foreign antigen-binding element to form hybrid antibodies with broad reactivity for Plasmodium falciparum. So far, antibodies containing the extracellular domain of the LAIR1 and LILRB1 receptors represent unique examples of cross-chromosomal antibody diversification. Here, we devise a technique to profile non-VDJ elements from distant genes in antibody transcripts. Independent of the preexposure of donors to malaria parasites, non-VDJ inserts were detected in 80% of individuals at frequencies of 1 in 104 to 105 B cells. We detected insertions in heavy, but not in light chain or T cell receptor transcripts. We classify the insertions into four types depending on the insert origin and destination: 1) mitochondrial and 2) nuclear DNA inserts integrated at VDJ junctions; 3) inserts originating from telomere proximal genes; and 4) fragile sites incorporated between J-to-constant junctions. The latter class of inserts was exclusively found in memory and in in vitro activated B cells, while all other classes were already detected in naïve B cells. More than 10% of inserts preserved the reading frame, including transcripts with signs of antigen-driven affinity maturation. Collectively, our study unravels a mechanism of antibody diversification that is layered on the classical V(D)J and switch recombination.
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2
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Mikulasova A, Kent D, Trevisan-Herraz M, Karataraki N, Fung KTM, Ashby C, Cieslak A, Yaccoby S, van Rhee F, Zangari M, Thanendrarajan S, Schinke C, Morgan GJ, Asnafi V, Spicuglia S, Brackley CA, Corcoran AE, Hambleton S, Walker BA, Rico D, Russell LJ. Epigenomic translocation of H3K4me3 broad domains over oncogenes following hijacking of super-enhancers. Genome Res 2021; 32:1343-1354. [PMID: 34933939 PMCID: PMC9341503 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276042.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are important drivers of haematological malignancies whereby proto-oncogenes are activated by juxtaposition with enhancers, often called enhancer hijacking. We analyzed the epigenomic consequences of rearrangements between the super-enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH) and proto-oncogene CCND1 that are common in B cell malignancies. By integrating BLUEPRINT epigenomic data with DNA breakpoint detection, we characterized the normal chromatin landscape of the human IGH locus and its dynamics after pathological genomic rearrangement. We detected an H3K4me3 broad domain (BD) within the IGH locus of healthy B cells that was absent in samples with IGH-CCND1 translocations. The appearance of H3K4me3-BD over CCND1 in the latter was associated with overexpression and extensive chromatin accessibility of its gene body. We observed similar cancer-specific H3K4me3-BDs associated with hijacking of super-enhancers of other common oncogenes in B cell (MAF, MYC, and FGFR3/NSD2) and T cell malignancies (LMO2, TLX3, and TAL1). Our analysis suggests that H3K4me3-BDs can be created by super-enhancers and supports the new concept of epigenomic translocation, in which the relocation of H3K4me3-BDs from cell identity genes to oncogenes accompanies the translocation of super-enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kent
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute
| | | | | | - Kent T M Fung
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute
| | - Cody Ashby
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Hambleton
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute
| | - Brian A Walker
- Indiana University, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Lisa J Russell
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute;
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Stoeckle JH, Davies FE, Williams L, Boyle EM, Morgan GJ. The evolving role and utility of off-label drug use in multiple myeloma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:355-373. [PMID: 36046752 PMCID: PMC9400732 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape for multiple myeloma (MM) has dramatically changed over the last three decades, moving from no US Food and Drug Administration approvals and two active drug classes to over 19 drug approvals and at least eight different active classes. The advances seen in MM therapy have relied on both a structured approach to obtaining new labels and cautious off-label drug use. Although there are country and regional differences in drug approval processes, many of the basic principles behind off-label drug use in MM can be summarized into four main categories: 1) use of a therapy prior to the current approval regulations; 2) widespread use of a therapy following the release of promising clinical trial results but prior to drug approval; 3) use of a cheap therapy supported by clinical safety and efficacy data but without commercial backing; and 4) niche therapies for small well-defined patient populations where large clinical trials with sufficient power may be difficult to perform. This review takes a historical approach to discuss how off-label drug use has helped to shape the current treatment approach for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Stoeckle
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Louis Williams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eileen M Boyle
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Possible Therapeutic Potential of Disulfiram for Multiple Myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2087-2096. [PMID: 34205025 PMCID: PMC8293232 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease of the plasma cells representing approximately 10% of all hemato-oncological diseases. Detection of the disease is most probable at around 65 years of age, and the average survival of patients is estimated to be 5–10 years, specifically due to frequent relapses and resistance to the therapy used. Thus, the search for new therapeutic approaches is becoming a big challenge. Disulfiram (DSF), a substance primarily known as a medication against alcoholism, has often been mentioned in recent years in relation to cancer treatment for its secondary anti-cancer effects. Recent studies performed on myeloma cell lines confirm high inhibition of the cell growth activity if a complex of disulfiram and copper is used. Its significant potential is now being seen in the cure of haematological malignities.
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Wong KY, Chim CS. Venetoclax, bortezomib and S63845, an MCL1 inhibitor, in multiple myeloma. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:728-737. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Venetoclax, an orally available BCL2-selective inhibitor, has demonstrated promising single-agent anti-tumour activity in myeloma especially patients with t(11;14). Herein, whether venetoclax sensitivity could be enhanced or restored in combination with bortezomib or S63845, a novel MCL1-selective inhibitor, was examined in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs), including bortezomib-resistant HMCLs.
Methods
By MTS assay, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and hence sensitivity/resistance to venetoclax, bortezomib and S63845 were determined.
Key findings
Venetoclax (IC50 ≥100 nm), bortezomib (IC50 ≥50 nm) and S63845 (IC50 ≥100 nm) resistance was observed in nine (75%), three (25%) and six (50%) HMCLs, respectively. Moreover, venetoclax sensitivity was independent of bortezomib (R2 = 0.1107) or S63845 (R2 = 0.0213) sensitivity. Venetoclax sensitivity correlated with high mRNA ratio of BCL2/MCL1 (P = 0.0091), BCL2/BCL2L1 (P = 0.0182) and low MCL1 expression (P = 0.0091). In HMCLs sensitive to both venetoclax and bortezomib/S63845, venetoclax combined with S63845 showed stronger synergistic effect than combined with bortezomib. Moreover, in venetoclax-resistant HMCLs, S63845, but not bortezomib, significantly restored venetoclax sensitivity. Conversely, bortezomib combined with S63845 did not result in augmented bortezomib sensitivity or abolishment of bortezomib resistance.
Conclusions
Regardless of t(11;14), combination of venetoclax with S63845 is a promising strategy in enhancing venetoclax sensitivity or overcoming venetoclax resistance in myeloma therapy, hence warrant future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yeung Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chor Sang Chim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Cytoplasmic cyclin D1 controls the migration and invasiveness of mantle lymphoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13946. [PMID: 29066743 PMCID: PMC5654982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a hematologic neoplasm characterised by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation leading to aberrant cyclin D1 expression. The cell functions of cyclin D1 depend on its partners and/or subcellular distribution, resulting in different oncogenic properties. We observed the accumulation of cyclin D1 in the cytoplasm of a subset of MCL cell lines and primary cells. In primary cells, this cytoplasmic distribution was correlated with a more frequent blastoid phenotype. We performed immunoprecipitation assays and mass spectrometry on enriched cytosolic fractions from two cell lines. The cyclin D1 interactome was found to include several factors involved in adhesion, migration and invasion. We found that the accumulation of cyclin D1 in the cytoplasm was associated with higher levels of migration and invasiveness. We also showed that MCL cells with high cytoplasmic levels of cyclin D1 engrafted more rapidly into the bone marrow, spleen, and brain in immunodeficient mice. Both migration and invasion processes, both in vivo and in vitro, were counteracted by the exportin 1 inhibitor KPT-330, which retains cyclin D1 in the nucleus. Our data reveal a role of cytoplasmic cyclin D1 in the control of MCL cell migration and invasion, and as a true operator of MCL pathogenesis.
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Lakshman A, Alhaj Moustafa M, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Buadi FK, Lacy MQ, Dingli D, Fonder AL, Hayman SR, Hobbs MA, Gonsalves WI, Hwa YL, Kapoor P, Leung N, Go RS, Lin Y, Kourelis TV, Lust JA, Russell SJ, Zeldenrust SR, Kyle RA, Kumar SK. Natural history of t(11;14) multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 32:131-138. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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DEPTOR maintains plasma cell differentiation and favorably affects prognosis in multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:92. [PMID: 28420429 PMCID: PMC5395780 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The B cell maturation process involves multiple steps, which are controlled by relevant pathways and transcription factors. The understanding of the final stages of plasma cell (PC) differentiation could provide new insights for therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we explore the role of DEPTOR, an mTOR inhibitor, in the terminal differentiation of myeloma cells, and its potential impact on patient survival. Methods The expression level of DEPTOR in MM cell lines and B cell populations was measured by real-time RT-PCR, and/or Western blot analysis. DEPTOR protein level in MM patients was quantified by capillary electrophoresis immunoassay. RNA interference was used to downregulate DEPTOR in MM cell lines. Results DEPTOR knockdown in H929 and MM1S cell lines induced dedifferentiation of myeloma cells, as demonstrated by the upregulation of PAX5 and BCL6, the downregulation of IRF4, and a clear reduction in cell size and endoplasmic reticulum mass. This effect seemed to be independent of mTOR signaling, since mTOR substrates were not affected by DEPTOR knockdown. Additionally, the potential for DEPTOR to be deregulated in MM by particular miRNAs was investigated. The ectopic expression of miR-135b and miR-642a in myeloma cell lines substantially diminished DEPTOR protein levels, and caused dedifferentiation of myeloma cells. Interestingly, the level of expression of DEPTOR protein in myeloma patients was highly variable, the highest levels being associated with longer progression-free survival. Conclusions Our results demonstrate for the first time that DEPTOR expression is required to maintain myeloma cell differentiation and that high level of its expression are associated with better outcome. Primary samples used in this study correspond to patients entered into GEM2010 trial (registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01237249, 4 November 2010). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0461-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kim GY, Gabrea A, Demchenko YN, Bergsagel L, Roschke AV, Kuehl WM. Complex IGH rearrangements in multiple myeloma: Frequent detection discrepancies among three different probe sets. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:467-74. [PMID: 24585545 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary IGH translocations involving seven recurrent partner loci and oncogenes are present in about 40% of multiple myeloma tumors. Secondary IGH rearrangements, which occur in a smaller fraction of tumors, usually are complex structures, including insertions or translocations that can involve three chromosomes, and often with involvement of MYC. The main approach to detect IGH rearrangements is interphase-but sometimes metaphase-FISH strategies that use a telomeric variable region probe and a centromeric constant region/ Eα enhancer or 3' flanking probe to detect a separation of these two probes, or a fusion of these probes with probes located at nonrandom partner sites in the genome. We analyzed 18 myeloma cell lines for detection discrepancies among Vysis, Cytocell, and in-house IGH probe sets that hybridize with differing sequences in the IGH locus. There were no detection discrepancies for the three telomeric IGH probes, or for unrearranged IGH loci or primary IGH translocations using the centromeric IGH probes. However, the majority of complex IGH rearrangements had detection discrepancies among the three centromeric IGH probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Y Kim
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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10
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Gourzones-Dmitriev C, Kassambara A, Sahota S, Rème T, Moreaux J, Bourquard P, Hose D, Pasero P, Constantinou A, Klein B. DNA repair pathways in human multiple myeloma: role in oncogenesis and potential targets for treatment. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2760-73. [PMID: 23966156 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, cells are faced with thousands of DNA lesions, which have to be repaired to preserve cell survival and function. DNA repair is more or less accurate and could result in genomic instability and cancer. We review here the current knowledge of the links between molecular features, treatment, and DNA repair in multiple myeloma (MM), a disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells producing a monoclonal immunoglobulin. Genetic instability and abnormalities are two hallmarks of MM cells and aberrant DNA repair pathways are involved in disease onset, primary translocations in MM cells, and MM progression. Two major drugs currently used to treat MM, the alkylating agent Melphalan and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib act directly on DNA repair pathways, which are involved in response to treatment and resistance. A better knowledge of DNA repair pathways in MM could help to target them, thus improving disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gourzones-Dmitriev
- CHU Montpellier; Institute of Research in Biotherapy; Montpellier, France; INSERM; U1040; Montpellier, France
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11
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Dolloff NG, Allen JE, Dicker DT, Aqui N, Vogl D, Malysz J, Talamo G, El-Deiry WS. Sangivamycin-like molecule 6 exhibits potent anti-multiple myeloma activity through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase-9. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2321-30. [PMID: 22964485 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant treatment advances over the past decade, multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely incurable. In this study we found that MM cells were remarkably sensitive to the death-inducing effects of a new class of sangivamycin-like molecules (SLM). A panel of structurally related SLMs selectively induced apoptosis in MM cells but not other tumor or nonmalignant cell lines at submicromolar concentrations. SLM6 was the most active compound in vivo, where it was well tolerated and significantly inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of MM tumors. We determined that the anti-MM activity of SLM6 was mediated by direct inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), which resulted in transcriptional repression of oncogenes that are known to drive MM progression (MAF, CCND1, MYC, and others). Furthermore, SLM6 showed superior in vivo anti-MM activity more than the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol, which is currently in clinical trials for MM. These findings show that SLM6 is a novel CDK9 inhibitor with promising preclinical activity as an anti-MM agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Dolloff
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive CH046, Office T4419, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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12
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Greisman HA, Hoffman NG, Yi HS. Rapid high-resolution mapping of balanced chromosomal rearrangements on tiling CGH arrays. J Mol Diagn 2011; 13:621-33. [PMID: 21907824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and classification of many cancers depends in part on the identification of large-scale genomic aberrations such as chromosomal deletions, duplications, and balanced translocations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) can detect chromosomal imbalances on a genome-wide scale but cannot reliably identify balanced chromosomal rearrangements. We describe a simple modification of array CGH that enables simultaneous identification of recurrent balanced rearrangements and genomic imbalances on the same microarray. Using custom tiling oligonucleotide arrays and gene-specific linear amplification primers, translocation CGH (tCGH) maps balanced rearrangements to ∼100-base resolution and facilitates the rapid cloning and sequencing of novel rearrangement breakpoints. As proof of principle, we used tCGH to characterize nine of the most common gene fusions in mature B-cell neoplasms and myeloid leukemias. Because tCGH can be performed in any CGH-capable laboratory and can screen for multiple recurrent translocations and genome-wide imbalances, it should be of broad utility in the diagnosis and classification of various types of lymphomas, leukemias, and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey A Greisman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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13
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Novel therapies in MM: from the aspect of preclinical studies. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:344-354. [PMID: 21881879 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of MM; however, MM remains incurable. The development and progression of multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex multi-step process involving genetic abnormalities in tumor cells at both early and late stages. Moreover, soluble factors and cell-cell contact within the tumor bone marrow (BM) microenvironment promotes MM cell growth, survival, and drug resistance. A number of novel agents targeting both tumor cells and growth factors in the BM milieu have been developed. Currently they are under evaluation in preclinical studies, as single agents and/or in combination, to improve outcome of MM patients.
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Anderson KC, Carrasco RD. Pathogenesis of myeloma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 6:249-74. [PMID: 21261519 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of post-germinal center, terminally differentiated B cells. It is characterized by a multifocal proliferation of clonal, long-lived plasma cells within the bone marrow (BM) and associated skeletal destruction, serum monoclonal gammopathy, immune suppression, and end-organ sequelae. MM is preceded by an age-progressive premalignant condition termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Unlike the genomes of most hematological malignancies, and similar to those of solid-tissue neoplasms, MM genomes are typified by numerous structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations as well as mutations in a number of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, some of which have been linked to disease pathogenesis and clinical behavior. Recent studies have also defined the importance of interactions between the MM cells and their BM microenvironment, dysregulation in signaling pathways and in a specialized subpopulation of cells within the tumor (termed myeloma cancer stem cells) for tumor cell growth and survival, and the development of resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Evidence of a role for the novel zinc-finger transcription factor ZKSCAN3 in modulating Cyclin D2 expression in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 2010; 30:1329-40. [PMID: 21057542 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cyclin D2 contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, and can occur through translocations that activate MAF/MAFB or MMSET/FGFR3. However, cyclin D2 induction can also be seen in the absence of such translocations, such as in patients with hyperdiploid disease, through unknown mechanisms. In UniGene cluster data-mining and ECgene analysis, we found that zinc-finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3 (ZKSCAN3), a novel transcription factor, is overrepresented in this malignancy, and three consensus ZKSCAN3 binding sites were found in the cyclin D2 promoter. Analysis of a panel of myeloma cell lines, primary patient samples and datasets from Oncomine and the Multiple Myeloma Genomics Portal (MMGP) revealed expression of ZKSCAN3 messenger RNA (mRNA) in a majority of samples. Studies of cell lines by western blotting, and of primary tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry, showed ZKSCAN3 protein expression in a majority, and in a manner that paralleled messenger levels in cell lines. ZKSCAN3 overexpression was associated with increased gene copy number or genomic DNA gain/amplification in a subset based on analysis of data from the MMGP, and from fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of cell lines and primary samples. Overexpression of ZKSCAN3 induced cyclin D2 promoter activity in a MAF/MAFB-independent manner, and to an extent that was influenced by the number of consensus ZKSCAN3 binding sites. Moreover, ZKSCAN3 protein expression correlated with cyclin D2 levels in cell lines and primary samples, and its overexpression induced cyclin D2. Conversely, ZKSCAN3 suppression using small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced cyclin D2 levels, and, importantly, inhibited myeloma cell line proliferation. Finally, ZKSCAN3 was noted to specifically bind to oligonucleotides representing sequences from the cyclin D2 promoter, and to the endogenous promoter itself in myeloma cells. Taken together, the data support the conclusion that ZKSCAN3 induction represents a mechanism by which myeloma cells can induce cyclin D2 dysregulation, and contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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A novel Aurora-A kinase inhibitor MLN8237 induces cytotoxicity and cell-cycle arrest in multiple myeloma. Blood 2010; 115:5202-13. [PMID: 20382844 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-259523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A is a mitotic kinase that regulates mitotic spindle formation and segregation. In multiple myeloma (MM), high Aurora-A gene expression has been correlated with centrosome amplification and proliferation; thus, inhibition of Aurora-A in MM may prove to be therapeutically beneficial. Here we assess the in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activity of MLN8237, a small-molecule Aurora-A kinase inhibitor. Treatment of cultured MM cells with MLN8237 results in mitotic spindle abnormalities, mitotic accumulation, as well as inhibition of cell proliferation through apoptosis and senescence. In addition, MLN8237 up-regulates p53 and tumor suppressor genes p21 and p27. Combining MLN8237 with dexamethasone, doxorubicin, or bortezomib induces synergistic/additive anti-MM activity in vitro. In vivo anti-MM activity of MLN8237 was confirmed using a xenograft-murine model of human-MM. Tumor burden was significantly reduced (P = .007) and overall survival was significantly increased (P < .005) in animals treated with 30 mg/kg MLN8237 for 21 days. Induction of apoptosis and cell death by MLN8237 were confirmed in tumor cells excised from treated animals by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. MLN8237 is currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials in patients with advanced malignancies, and our preclinical results suggest that MLN8237 may be a promising novel targeted therapy in MM.
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Plasma cell leukemia producing monoclonal immunoglobulin E. Int J Hematol 2009; 90:402-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Beaupre DM, McCafferty-Grad J, Bahlis NJ, Boise LH, Lichtenheld MG. Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors Enhance Death Receptor Signals and Induce Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 44:2123-34. [PMID: 14959858 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy in which Ras may be constitutively active either via interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signaling or by mutation. Inactivation of Ras may be achieved with farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors a class of drugs which have shown promise in clinical trials particularly in patients with acute leukemia. This report investigates the efficacy of two distinct classes of FTase inhibitors in diverse myeloma cell lines and primary isolates. While Ras signaling has traditionally been linked to myeloma cell growth, we found that these compounds also potently triggered cell death. Death induced by perillic acid (PA) was caspase dependent without evidence of death receptor activation. Apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and activation of caspase-9 and 3 but proceeded despite over-expression of Bcl-XL a known correlate of relapsed and chemorefractory myeloma. In addition, Fas ligand and TRAIL mediated apoptosis was potentiated in death receptor resistant (U266) and sensitive (RPMI 8226/S) cell lines. Of clinical relevance, the FTase inhibitor R115777 induced cell death in myeloma lines at doses observed in clinical trials. Furthermore, both R115777 and PA induced cell death in primary isolates with relative specificity. Taken together these preclinical data provide evidence that FTase inhibitors may be an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin M Beaupre
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Cancer Center, USA
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Liu H, Huang J, Wang J, Jiang S, Bailey AS, Goldman DC, Welcker M, Bedell V, Slovak ML, Clurman B, Thayer M, Fleming WH, Epner E. Transvection mediated by the translocated cyclin D1 locus in mantle cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1843-58. [PMID: 18625744 PMCID: PMC2525596 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and some cases of multiple myeloma (MM), cyclin D1 expression is deregulated by chromosome translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. To evaluate the mechanisms responsible, gene targeting was used to study long-distance gene regulation. Remarkably, these targeted cell lines lost the translocated chromosome (t(11;14)). In these MCL and MM cells, the nonrearranged cyclin D1 (CCND1) locus reverts from CpG hypomethylated to hypermethylated. Reintroduction of the translocated chromosome induced a loss of methylation at the unrearranged CCND1 locus, providing evidence of a transallelic regulatory effect. In these cell lines and primary MCL patient samples, the CCND1 loci are packaged in chromatin-containing CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and nucleophosmin (NPM) at the nucleolus. We show that CTCF and NPM are bound at the IgH 3′ regulatory elements only in the t(11;14) MCL cell lines. Furthermore, NPM short hairpin RNA produces a specific growth arrest in these cells. Our data demonstrate transvection in human cancer and suggest a functional role for CTCF and NPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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20
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Gabrea A, Martelli ML, Qi Y, Roschke A, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD, Sawyer JR, Kuehl WM. Secondary genomic rearrangements involving immunoglobulin or MYC loci show similar prevalences in hyperdiploid and nonhyperdiploid myeloma tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:573-90. [PMID: 18381641 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) is thought to involve at least two pathways, which generate hyperdiploid (HRD) or nonhyperdiploid (NHRD) tumors, respectively. Apart from chromosome content, the two pathways are distinguished by five primary immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) rearrangements (4p16, FGFR3, and MMSET; 6p21, CCND3; 11q13, CCND1; 16q23, MAF; 20q12, MAFB) that are present mainly in NHRD tumors. To determine the prevalence and structures of IGH, immunoglobulin (IG) light chain, and MYC genomic rearrangements in MM, we have done comprehensive metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses on 48 advanced MM tumors and 47 MM cell lines. As expected, the prevalence of the five primary IGH rearrangements was nearly 70% in NHRD tumors, but only 12% in HRD tumors. However, IGH rearrangements not involving one of the five primary partners, and IG light chain rearrangements, have a similar prevalence in HRD and NHRD tumors. In addition, MYC rearrangements, which are thought to be late progression events that sometimes do not involve an IG heavy or light chain locus, also have a similar prevalence in HRD and NHRD tumors. In contrast to the primary IGH rearrangements, which usually are simple balanced translocations, these other IG rearrangements usually have complex structures, as previously described for MYC rearrangements in MM. We conclude that IG light chain and MYC rearrangements, as well as secondary IGH rearrangements, make similar contributions to the progression of both HRD and NHRD MM tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabrea
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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21
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AID-dependent activation of a MYC transgene induces multiple myeloma in a conditional mouse model of post-germinal center malignancies. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:167-80. [PMID: 18242516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By misdirecting the activity of Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID) to a conditional MYC transgene, we have achieved sporadic, AID-dependent MYC activation in germinal center B cells of Vk*MYC mice. Whereas control C57BL/6 mice develop benign monoclonal gammopathy with age, all Vk*MYC mice progress to an indolent multiple myeloma associated with the biological and clinical features highly characteristic of the human disease. Furthermore, antigen-dependent myeloma could be induced by immunization with a T-dependent antigen. Consistent with these findings in mice, more frequent MYC rearrangements, elevated levels of MYC mRNA, and MYC target genes distinguish human patients with multiple myeloma from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy, implicating a causal role for MYC in the progression of monoclonal gammopathy to multiple myeloma.
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Glassford J, Rabin N, Lam EWF, Yong KL. Functional regulation of D-type cyclins by insulin-like growth factor-I and serum in multiple myeloma cells. Br J Haematol 2008; 139:243-54. [PMID: 17897300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
D-type cyclin genes are universally dysregulated in multiple myeloma (MM), but the functional consequences are unclear as D-type cyclin gene expression does not correlate with proliferation or disease progression. We examined the protein expression and regulation of D-type cyclins and other cell cycle regulators in human myeloma cell lines and primary CD138(+) plasma cells (PCs). Cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, CDK6, p27(Kip1) p18(INK4C) and retinoblastoma protein (pRb) were absent in normal PCs, heterogeneously expressed in primary MM cells and positively correlated with disease activity/progression. Cyclins D1 and D2 complexed with both CDK4 and CDK6, suggesting that both phosphorylate pRb in MM. Furthermore, cyclin D2 expressed via either t(14;16) or t(4;14) IgH translocations was functionally upregulated by fetal calf serum or insulin-like growth factor-I, leading to pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle entry/progression, and in some cases inversely correlated with p27(Kip1). However, pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression mediated by cyclin D1 expressed via t(11;14) was less dependent on exogenous stimuli. These data suggest that the presence or absence of specific IgH translocations underlying aberrant D-type cyclin expression may influence their response to mitogens in the bone marrow microenvironment. We showed for the first time that D-type cyclins are functionally regulated in MM, differentially responsive to exogenous growth factors and upregulated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Glassford
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK.
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23
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24
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Vanura K, Montpellier B, Le T, Spicuglia S, Navarro JM, Cabaud O, Roulland S, Vachez E, Prinz I, Ferrier P, Marculescu R, Jäger U, Nadel B. In vivo reinsertion of excised episomes by the V(D)J recombinase: a potential threat to genomic stability. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e43. [PMID: 17298184 PMCID: PMC1820826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that signal joints, the byproducts of V(D)J recombination, are not involved in the dynamics of the rearrangement process. Evidence has now started to accumulate that this is not the case, and that signal joints play unsuspected roles in events that might compromise genomic integrity. Here we show both ex vivo and in vivo that the episomal circles excised during the normal process of receptor gene rearrangement may be reintegrated into the genome through trans-V(D)J recombination occurring between the episomal signal joint and an immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor target. We further demonstrate that cryptic recombination sites involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia–associated chromosomal translocations constitute hotspots of insertion. Eventually, the identification of two in vivo cases associating episomal reintegration and chromosomal translocation suggests that reintegration events are linked to genomic instability. Altogether, our data suggest that V(D)J-mediated reintegration of episomal circles, an event likely eluding classical cytogenetic screenings, might represent an additional potent source of genomic instability and lymphoid cancer. Lymphoid cells recognize billions of pathogens as a result of gene rearrangements that generate pathogen-specific B- and T-cell receptors. This genetic reshuffling, called V(D)J recombination, occasionally misfires and damages genomic integrity. When such aberrations dysregulate proto-oncogenes, cancer ensues. It has become increasingly clear that multiple oncogenes acting in different cellular pathways can cooperate to cause cancer. Nevertheless, in the case of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, about a third of cases display oncogene activation in the absence of identified aberration, suggesting the presence of additional mechanisms of chromosomal alteration. In the hunt for such mechanisms, episomal circles (DNA segments that are excised during V(D)J recombination) have recently drawn attention. Moreover, signal joints, short sequences formed after gene rearrangements, once considered harmless, now appear to take part in events that might compromise genomic integrity. Using ex vivo recombination assays and genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that episomal circles may be reintegrated into the genome through recombination occurring between the episomal signal joints and a T-cell receptor target. Furthermore, we show that cryptic recombination sites located in the vicinity of oncogenes constitute hotspots of episomal insertion. Altogether, our results suggest that reintegration of excised episomal circles constitute a potential source of genomic instability and cancer in leukemia and lymphoma. Episomal DNA circles are the by-products of immunoreceptor gene rearrangements in lymphoid cells. Episomal circles can be reintegrated into the genome by
trans-V(D)J recombination and cause oncogene deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Vanura
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertrand Montpellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Navarro
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Cabaud
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Vachez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Immo Prinz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U631, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6102, Marseille, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hideshima T, Mitsiades C, Tonon G, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Understanding multiple myeloma pathogenesis in the bone marrow to identify new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:585-98. [PMID: 17646864 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by complex heterogeneous cytogenetic abnormalities. The bone marrow microenvironment promotes multiple myeloma cell growth and resistance to conventional therapies. Although multiple myeloma remains incurable, novel targeted agents, used alone or in combination, have shown great promise to overcome conventional drug resistance and improve patient outcome. Recent oncogenomic studies have further advanced our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, providing the framework for new prognostic classification and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Ilić V, Milosević-Jovcić N, Marković D, Petrović S, Stefanović G. A biased Gm haplotype and Gm paraprotein allotype in multiple myeloma suggests a role for the Gm system in myeloma development. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 34:119-25. [PMID: 17373937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The association between a particular Gm haplotype and susceptibility to multiple myeloma (MM) is not clear. The reason is probably because no investigations have so far been carried out on the relationship between the Gm haplotype, which represents the inherited combination of IgG Gm allotypes, and the Gm allotype expressed at the IgG paraprotein (M-component), which reflects the enhanced gene expression within the haplotype in MM. We studied the incidence of Gm allotypic markers present in IgG subclasses in the serum from 52 patients with MM and in parallel with the isolated IgG paraproteins. The results showed that 84.6% of the patients were heterozygous for haplotypes Gm(a; z; n-; g;)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) and 15.3% were homozygous for Gm(f; n/n-; b1; b0; b5), while no homozygous Gm(a; z; n-; g) individuals were found among the studied patients. The incidence of these combinations in the healthy population in Serbia is 34%, 66% and < 1%, respectively. Subjects with Gm(a; z; n-; g)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) combination are over 10 times [odds ratio (OR) = 10.69; 95% confidence interval 1.67-68] as likely to be affected by the disease as the subjects with homozygous Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) combination (OR = 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.06-2.23). However, despite the Gm heterozygosity, most of the Gm(a; z; n-; g;)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) positive patients with MM (86.3%) had IgG paraprotein with the allotypic marker from the Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) haplotype. Together with patients homozygous for this haplotype, the relative number of patients with serum IgG paraprotein carrying allotypic marker from the Gm(f; n/n-; b1; b0; b5) haplotype was 88.5%. These results suggest that the development of an M-component could be related to a disturbance on chromosome 14q32 carrying the Gm (f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) set of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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27
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Edry E, Melamed D. Class switch recombination: a friend and a foe. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:244-51. [PMID: 17500041 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effector functions of the antibody are determined by the heavy chain constant region (CH). During CSR the primarily expressed mu constant region (Cmu) of the heavy chain is replaced with a downstream isotype Cgamma, Calpha or Cepsilon. The murine immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus contains eight different CH genes. Class switch recombination (CSR) involves a recombination between two different repetitive switch (S) region sequences, located upstream of each CH gene and the deletion of the intervening DNA. However, this protecting mechanism is also involved in aberrant chromosomal translocations and generation of B cell malignancies. It is also involved in susceptibility to autoimmunity. The current review focuses on the basic mechanism of CSR and the adverse outcomes that it may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Edry
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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28
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Sathanoori M, Shekhter-Levin S, Marks SM, Swerdlow SH. Derivative (14)t(11;14)(q13;q32)t(11;14)(p11.2;p11.2): a novel unbalanced variant of the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation in mantle cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 172:158-64. [PMID: 17213026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 62-year-old man who presented with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Examination of the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen revealed involvement by mantle cell lymphoma, with some blastoid features and an atypical phenotype. Spleen and bone marrow classical chromosome analysis followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a novel and unusual unbalanced variant of the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation, resulting in a complex derivative chromosome harboring the IGH/CCND1 fusion gene. This chromosome was designated as der(14)t(11;14)(q13;q32)t(11;14)(p11.1;p11.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Sathanoori
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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29
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Guglielmelli T, Giugliano E, Cappia S, Papotti M, Saglio G. Frequency and distribution of trisomy 11 in multiple myeloma patients: relation with overexpression of CCND1 and t(11;14). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 173:51-6. [PMID: 17284370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myelomas (MM) recently have been stratified into five groups (TC1-TC5) on the basis of the presence of the recurrent IgH chromosomal translocation and cyclin D expression. Cyclin D1 is detectable in up to one third of MM patients and plays crucial role in the regulation of G1-S transition in cell cycle. To evaluate the mechanisms of cyclin D1 overexpression, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with specific probes for the CCND1 gene and t(11;14)(q13;q32) were performed on highly purified plasma cells from bone marrow samples of 30 MM patients at diagnosis. CCND1 gene overexpression was detected in 14/30 cases (46.6%). Patients with evidence of the t(11;14) showed strong nuclear staining for cyclin D1 (TC1 group) and 7/8 demonstrated CCND1 overexpression. The remaining 7/15 cases with increased CCND1 gene copy numbers lacked the t(11;14) and showed low to negative levels of cyclin D1 protein (TC2 group). Trisomy 11 was demonstrated in 2/8 cases carrying the t(11;14) (TC1), 6/7 overexpressing cyclin D1 without the translocation (TC2), and 4/15 negative for both alterations (TC3-TC5). According to our data, trisomy 11 does not appear to directly cause CCND1 gene overexpression because it was present in 4/15 patients without the overexpression of the CCND1 gene and in 2/8 patients carrying the t(11;14). One patient belonging to the TC2 group overexpressed cyclin D1 and lacked both trisomy and translocation, suggesting that cyclin D1 can be dysregulated by additional mechanisms. In the TC2 group, trisomy 11 may probably be considered as a recurrent polisomy of the hyperdiploid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommasina Guglielmelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin and St. Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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30
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Gabrea A, Leif Bergsagel P, Michael Kuehl W. Distinguishing primary and secondary translocations in multiple myeloma. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:1225-33. [PMID: 16829212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant post-germinal center tumor of somatically-mutated, isotype-switched plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. It often is preceded by a stable pre-malignant tumor called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which can sporadically progress to MM. Five recurrent primary translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus on chromosome 14q32 have been identified in MGUS and MM tumors. The five partner loci include 11q13, 6p21, 4p16, 16q23, and 20q12, with corresponding dysregulation of CYCLIN D1, CYCLIN D3, FGFR3/MMSET, c-MAF, and MAFB, respectively, by strong enhancers in the IgH locus. The five recurrent translocations, which are present in 40% of MM tumors, typically are simple reciprocal translocations, mostly having breakpoints within or near IgH switch regions but sometimes within or near VDJ or JH sequences. It is thought that these translocations are caused by aberrant IgH switch recombination, and possibly by aberrant somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells, thus providing an early and perhaps initiating event in transformation. A MYC gene is dysregulated by complex translocations and insertions as a very late event during the progression of MM tumors. Since the IgH switch recombination and somatic hypermutation mechanism are turned off in plasma cells and plasma cell tumors, the MYC rearrangements are thought to be mediated by unknown mechanisms that contribute to structural genomic instability in all kinds of tumors. These rearrangements, which often but not always juxtapose MYC near one of the strong immunoglobulin enhancers, provide a paradigm for secondary translocations. It is hypothesized that secondary translocations not involving a MYC gene can occur at any stage of tumorigenesis, including in pre-malignant MGUS tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabrea
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105, USA
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31
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Finette BA. Analysis of mutagenic V(D)J recombinase mediated mutations at the HPRT locus as an in vivo model for studying rearrangements with leukemogenic potential in children. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:1049-64. [PMID: 16807138 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a multifactorial malignancy with many distinctive developmentally specific features that include age specific acquisition of deletions, insertions and chromosomal translocations. The analysis of breakpoint regions involved in these leukemogenic genomic rearrangements has provided evidence that many are the consequence of V(D)J recombinase mediated events at both immune and non-immune loci. Hence, the direct investigation of in vivo genetic and epigenetic features in human peripheral lymphocytes is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms responsible for the specificity and frequency of these leukemogenic non-immune V(D)J recombinase events. In this review, I will present the utility of analyzing mutagenic V(D)J recombinase mediated genomic rearrangements at the HPRT locus in humans as an in vivo model system for understanding the mechanisms responsible for leukemogenic genetic alterations observed in children with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Finette
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, E203 Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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32
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Knutsen T, Vakulchuk A, Mosijczuk AD, Gabrea A, Ried T, Tretyak N. Complex rearrangements involving der(8)t(8;20) and der(14)t(8;14)t(11;14), CCND1, and duplication of IgH constant region in acute plasmablastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 164:137-41. [PMID: 16434317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on a rapidly fatal case of acute plasmablastic leukemia in a 72-year-old male from The Ukraine, who was 70 km away from Chernobyl at the time of the atomic accident in 1986. Spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies of a bone marrow sample obtained at diagnosis revealed a hypodiploid karyotype with 45 chromosomes and two novel complex rearrangements, der(8)t(8;20)(p11.2;p?12) and der(14)t(8;14)(p?;p11.2)t(11;14)(q13;q32), with juxtaposition of CH (constant region of IgH) sequences to the oncogene CCND1 (translocated to 14q32). FISH analysis demonstrated that the CH on the der(14) was duplicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turid Knutsen
- Genetics Branch, Center for Clinical Research, National Cancer Institute, 50 South Drive, Room 1408, Bethesda, MD 20892-8010, USA.
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33
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Ross FM, Ibrahim AH, Vilain-Holmes A, Winfield MO, Chiecchio L, Protheroe RKM, Strike P, Gunasekera JL, Jones A, Harrison CJ, Morgan GJ, Cross NCP. Age has a profound effect on the incidence and significance of chromosome abnormalities in myeloma. Leukemia 2005; 19:1634-42. [PMID: 15990862 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple high throughput micro-fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique (FISH) was used to detect chromosome 13 deletions (delta13), immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements, t(11;14)(q13;q32), t(4;14)(p16;q32), t(14;16)(q23;q32), p53 loss, and numerical changes of chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 17 in 228 cases of multiple myeloma (MM), including 33 asymptomatic/smouldering MM (SMM). The patients were not part of a clinical trial and were from 30 different hospitals. In all, 98.4% of cases were abnormal, with 43% having IgH rearrangements and 42% Delta13. The low incidence of IgH rearrangements was due to a decrease in this finding with age (P = 0.001) and the relatively high proportion of elderly patients in our study population (41% >70 years old). The incidence of specific IgH translocations was t(4;14) 11%, t(11;14) 16% and t(14;16) 3%. Univariate statistical testing showed delta13 (P = 0.002), and t(14;16) (P = 0.005) to be associated with shorter survival. This effect was exaggerated for patient's aged 70 years or under but no effect on survival was seen for those over 70 years. In younger patients t(4;14) (P = 0.044) and p53 deletion (P < 0.001) were also significant poor prognostic indicators. Multivariate analysis showed delta13 and t(14;16) to be independent prognostic variables when considered with age and clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Ross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, LRF UK Myeloma Forum Cytogenetics Group, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.
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34
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Cremer FW, Kartal M, Hose D, Bila J, Buck I, Bellos F, Raab MS, Brough M, Moebus A, Hager HD, Goldschmidt H, Moos M, Bartram CR, Jauch A. High incidence and intraclonal heterogeneity of chromosome 11 aberrations in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma detected by multiprobe interphase FISH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 161:116-24. [PMID: 16102581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma, additional copies of chromosome 11 material, reported to confer an unfavorable prognosis, have been found in 20-45% of patients. To assess the incidence and extent of chromosome 11 aberrations, we performed interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on CD138+ bone marrow plasma cells of 50 newly diagnosed myeloma patients, using seven locus-specific probes for chromosome 11, one for 13q14.3, and a probe set for translocation t(11;14). In 33 of 50 patients, chromosome 11 aberrations were found. Results indicated a marked intraclonal heterogeneity: in 13 patients, trisomy 11; in 10 patients, subclones with trisomy 11 and partial trisomies 11q coexisted; in 6 patients, only a partial trisomy 11q; and in 6 patients, a tetrasomy or partial tetrasomy 11. The coexistence of subclones with varying extent and copy numbers of chromosome 11 material indicates ongoing structural changes and clonal evolution. Hybridization results delineated 11q23 and 11q25 as the most frequently gained regions, which supports a relevant pathogenetic role of genes on 11q23 and 11q25. To confirm the high incidence of 11q23 gains, a further 50 patients (total n=100) were analyzed for 11q23 and 13q14.3. Myeloma with gains of 11q23 showed a low frequency of deletion 13q14.3 and may prove to be a distinct subgroup of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich W Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Tatetsu H, Okuno Y, Nakamura M, Matsuno F, Sonoki T, Taniguchi I, Uneda S, Umezawa K, Mitsuya H, Hata H. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a novel nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells in an IκBα-independent manner. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1114-20. [PMID: 16020669 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is constitutively activated in multiple myeloma cells. Several proteasome inhibitors have been shown to be effective against multiple myeloma and may act by inhibiting degradation of IkappaBalpha. Here, we examined the biological effects of a new type of NF-kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), which is reported to directly inhibit the cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of NF-kappaB. A multiple myeloma cell line, 12PE, which is defective for IkappaBalpha protein, was utilized to determine if IkappaBalpha is concerned with the action of DHMEQ. Meanwhile, U266 was used as a multiple myeloma cell line with normal IkappaBalpha. A proteasome inhibitor, gliotoxin, which is an inhibitor of degradation of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha, failed to inhibit translocation of NF-kappaB in 12PE. In contrast, DHMEQ equally inhibited translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus and induced apoptosis to both multiple myeloma cell lines, suggesting that apoptosis resulting from DHMEQ is IkappaBalpha independent. DHMEQ also induced apoptosis in freshly isolated multiple myeloma cells. After DHMEQ treatment, cleavage of caspase-3 and down-regulation of cyclin D1 were observed in both cell lines. In addition, administration of DHMEQ resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume in a plasmacytoma mice model compared with control mice. Our results show that DHMEQ could potentially be a new type of molecular target agent for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lesage
- Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Signalisation, Université de Caen, Caen, France
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37
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Liu H, Wang J, Epner EM. Cyclin D1 activation in B-cell malignancy: association with changes in histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and RNA polymerase II binding to both promoter and distal sequences. Blood 2004; 104:2505-13. [PMID: 15226187 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 expression is deregulated by chromosome translocation in mantle cell lymphoma and a subset of multiple myeloma. The molecular mechanisms involved in long-distance gene deregulation remain obscure, although changes in acetylated histones and methylated CpG dinucleotides may be important. The patterns of DNA methylation and histone acetylation were determined at the cyclin D1 locus on chromosome 11q13 in B-cell malignancies. The cyclin D1 promoter was hypomethylated and hyperacetylated in expressing cell lines and patient samples, and methylated and hypoacetylated in nonexpressing cell lines. Domains of hyperacetylated histones and hypomethylated DNA extended over 120 kb upstream of the cyclin D1 gene. Interestingly, hypomethylated DNA and hyperacetylated histones were also located at the cyclin D1 promoter but not the upstream major translocation cluster region in cyclin D1-nonexpressing, nontumorigenic B and T cells. RNA polymerase II binding was demonstrated both at the cyclin D1 promoter and 3' immunoglobulin heavy-chain regulatory regions only in malignant B-cell lines with deregulated cyclin D1 expression. Our results suggest a model where RNA polymerase II bound at IgH regulatory sequences can activate the cyclin D1 promoter by either long-range polymerase transfer or tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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38
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Specht K, Haralambieva E, Bink K, Kremer M, Mandl-Weber S, Koch I, Tomer R, Hofler H, Schuuring E, Kluin PM, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L. Different mechanisms of cyclin D1 overexpression in multiple myeloma revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative analysis of mRNA levels. Blood 2004; 104:1120-6. [PMID: 15090460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(11;14)(q13;q32) is the most common translocation in multiple myeloma (MM), resulting in up-regulation of cyclin D1. We used a segregation fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to detect t(11;14) breakpoints in primary MM cases and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantify cyclin D1 and MYEOV (myeloma overexpressed) expression, another putative oncogene located on chromosome 11q13. High levels of cyclin D1 mRNA (cyclin D1/TBP [TATA box binding protein] ratio > 95) were found exclusively in the presence of a t(11;14) translocation (11/48 cases; P <.00001). In addition, a subgroup of MM cases (15/48) with intermediate to low cyclin D1 mRNA (cyclin D1/TBP ratio between 2.3 and 20) was identified. FISH analysis ruled out a t(11; 14) translocation and 11q13 amplification in these cases; however, in 13 of 15 patients a chromosome 11 polysomy was demonstrated (P <.0001). These results indicate an effect of gene dosage as an alternative mechanism of cyclin D1 deregulation in MM. The absence of chromosome 11 abnormalities in 2 of 15 patients with intermediate cyclin D1 expression supports that there are presumably other mechanism(s) of cyclin D1 deregulation in MM patients. Our data indicate that deregulation of MYEOV is not favored in MM and further strengthens the role of cyclin D1 overexpression in lymphoid malignancies with a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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39
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Fonseca R, Barlogie B, Bataille R, Bastard C, Bergsagel PL, Chesi M, Davies FE, Drach J, Greipp PR, Kirsch IR, Kuehl WM, Hernandez JM, Minvielle S, Pilarski LM, Shaughnessy JD, Stewart AK, Avet-Loiseau H. Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1546-58. [PMID: 14989251 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much has been learned regarding the biology and clinical implications of genetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Because of recent advances in the field, an International Workshop was held in Paris in february of 2003. This summary describes the consensus recommendations arising from that meeting with special emphasis on novel genetic observations. For instance, it is increasingly clear that translocations involving the immunoglobin heavy-chain locus are important for the pathogenesis of one-half of patients. As a corollary, it also clear that the remaining patients, lacking IgH translocations, have hyperdiploidy as the hallmark of their disease. Several important genetic markers are associated with a shortened survival such as chromosome 13 monosomy, hypodiploidy, and others. The events leading the transformation of the monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to myeloma are still unclear. One of the few differential genetic lesions between myeloma and MGUS is the presence of ras mutations in the latter. Gene expression platforms are capable of detecting many of the genetic aberrations found in the clonal cells of myeloma. Areas in need of further study were identified. The study of the genetic aberrations will likely form the platform for targeted therapy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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40
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Aventín A, Nomdedéu J, Briones J, Espinosa I, Bordes R, Sierra J. Insertion of the CCND1 gene into the IgH locus in a case of leukaemic small cell mantle lymphoma with normal chromosomes 11 and 14. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:798-800. [PMID: 14514791 PMCID: PMC1770075 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.10.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation is considered to be the cytogenetic hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma. This report describes a case of leukaemic mantle cell lymphoma in which conventional cytogenetics on stimulated peripheral blood cells showed a 46,XY, t(1;12)(p21;q23)/46,XY karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis using a dual colour immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH)/CCND1 probe showed a fusion hybridisation signal on one normal chromosome 14, indicating that an insertion of the CCND1 gene into the 14q32/IgH locus had taken place. Overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein was demonstrated on bone marrow trephine by immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aventín
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Fonseca R, Debes-Marun CS, Picken EB, Dewald GW, Bryant SC, Winkler JM, Blood E, Oken MM, Santana-Dávila R, González-Paz N, Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Greipp PR. The recurrent IgH translocations are highly associated with nonhyperdiploid variant multiple myeloma. Blood 2003; 102:2562-7. [PMID: 12805059 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploid is ubiquitous in multiple myeloma (MM), and 4 cytogenetic subcategories are recognized: hypodiploid (associated with a shorter survival), pseudodiploid, hyperdiploid, and near-tetraploid MM. The hypodiploid, pseudodiploid, and near-tetraploid karyotypes can be referred to as the nonhyperdiploid MM. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) translocations are seen in 60% of patients. We studied the relation between aneuploidy and IgH translocations in MM. Eighty patients with MM and abnormal metaphases were studied by means of interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect IgH translocations. We also studied a second cohort of 199 patients (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG]) for IgH translocations, chromosome 13 monosomy/deletions (Delta13), and ploidy by DNA content. Mayo Clinic patients with abnormal karyotypes and FISH-detected IgH translocation were more likely to be nonhyperdiploid (89% versus 39%, P <.0001). Remarkably, 88% of tested patients with hypodiploidy (16 of 18) and 90% of tested patients with tetraploidy (9 of 10) had an IgH translocation. ECOG patients with IgH translocations were more likely to have nonhyperdiploid MM by DNA content (68% versus 21%, P <.001). This association was seen predominantly in patients with recurrent chromosome partners to the IgH translocation (11q13, 4p16, and 16q23). The classification of MM into hyperdiploidy and nonhyperdiploidy is dictated largely by the recurrent (primary) IgH translocations in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca
- Mayo Clinic Division of Hematology, The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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42
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Soverini S, Cavo M, Cellini C, Terragna C, Zamagni E, Ruggeri D, Testoni N, Tosi P, De Vivo A, Amabile M, Grafone T, Ottaviani E, Giannini B, Cangini D, Bonifazi F, Neri A, Fabris S, Tura S, Baccarani M, Martinelli G. Cyclin D1 overexpression is a favorable prognostic variable for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and single or double autologous transplantation. Blood 2003; 102:1588-94. [PMID: 12730120 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a sensitive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to quantify cyclin D1 mRNA levels in bone marrow samples collected at diagnosis from 74 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients who were randomized to undergo either single or double autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as part of first-line therapy for their malignancy. In 46 cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and/or conventional cytogenetics were performed to detect chromosome 11 abnormalities. Patients with the t(11;14) or trisomy 11 significantly overexpressed cyclin D1 (P <.0001) in comparison with patients without 11q abnormalities, who had cyclin D1 mRNA levels similar to healthy donors. Overall, 32 (43%) of 74 patients showed cyclin D1 overexpression. No difference was found between cyclin D1-positive (group A) and cyclin D1-negative (group B) patients with respect to presenting clinical and laboratory characteristics, including chromosome 13 abnormalities, as well as to response to therapy and overall survival, both of which were calculated on an intent-to-treat basis. Patients who overexpressed cyclin D1 had significantly longer duration of remission in comparison with patients who did not (41 vs 26 months, respectively; P =.02). As a result, median event-free survival (EFS) was longer in group A than in group B (33 vs 24 months, respectively; P =.055). We concluded that cyclin D1 overexpression is closely associated with 11q abnormalities and identifies a subset of MM patients who are more likely to have prolonged duration of remission and EFS following autologous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soverini
- Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology Seràgnoli, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
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43
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Kovalchuk AL, Kim JS, Janz S. E mu/S mu transposition into Myc is sometimes a precursor for T(12;15) translocation in mouse B cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:2842-50. [PMID: 12743607 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Misguided immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) has been implicated in the origin of Myc-activating chromosomal translocations, T(12;15), in BALB/c mouse plasmacytomas (PCTs). CSR has also been involved in the progression of T(12;15); for example, the approximation of Myc to the 3'-C alpha enhancer. This study provides evidence for an additional mechanism by which aberrant CSR may facilitate T(12;15): transposition of Ig heavy-chain (IgH) sequences to Myc. Five IgH transposons containing the intronic heavy-chain enhancer, E mu, and a truncated switch mu region, S mu, were found in the first intron of Myc in lymph node cells of IL-6 transgenic BALB/c mice. In two cases E mu/S mu transposition primed Myc to get involved in apparent trans-chromosomal CSR to C gamma 1, presumably leading to T(12;15). Translocations preceded by E mu/S mu transposition can sometimes be distinguished from de novo translocations by molecular fingerprints in translocation breakpoint regions (Ig switch region [S] inversions and unusual gene orders in composite S regions). The presence of such fingerprints in some PCTs suggests that the tumors sometimes evolve from transposition-bearing precursors. We propose that E mu/S mu transposition to Myc may facilitate plasmacytomagenesis by sensitizing Myc to undergo T(12;15) translocation. T(12;15), in turn, juxtaposes Myc to the 3'-C alpha enhancer, which appears to be required for deregulating Myc in a manner that is conducive to PCT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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44
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Dyer MJS. The pathogenetic role of oncogenes deregulated by chromosomal translocation in B-cell malignancies. Int J Hematol 2003; 77:315-20. [PMID: 12774917 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin (IG) loci play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many subtypes of mature B-cell malignancy. Although all the common IG translocations have been cloned, cloning of rare but nonetheless recurrent translocations continues to allow identification of genes of importance to the development of both normal and malignant B-cells. Clustering of breakpoints within the IG gene segments has allowed development of polymerase chain reaction methods that facilitate cloning. IG translocations result in overexpression of a wide variety of genes ranging from cell surface receptors to transcriptional repressors. Genes recently shown to be involved in such translocations include BCL11A and MALT1. As with the acute leukemias, different translocations in B-cell lymphomas may target different proteins that interact directly. A common endpoint for several translocations is activation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Analysis of the mechanisms of transformation may define new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J S Dyer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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45
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Abstract
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a clonal B-cell disorder characterized by the production of a monoclonal paraprotein and lymphoplasmacytic clonal expansion. The genetic basis of this disorder is poorly understood. We have recently found that the genetic makeup of WM cells is different from that commonly reported for multiple myeloma (MM), follicular lymphoma, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH) translocations could not be detected in any case, and a molecular analysis showed that the IgH locus switch mu retained its germline configuration. Aneuploidy was not detected using chromosome enumeration probes. The only recurrent chromosome abnormality found was deletion of 6q21. The lack of legitimate of illegitimate rearrangements at the IgH locus suggests that other mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Given the clear evidence of a familial form of WM and the currently presumed genomic stability of the clonal cells, it is likely that a single gene defect may be responsible for disease pathogenesis. Having found deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 as the only recurrent aberration, we speculate that a gene involved in B-cell maturation or survival at this locus may be inactivated as a cause of WM.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Switch Region
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Karyotyping
- Mutation
- Translocation, Genetic
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/genetics
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelandt F J Schop
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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46
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Avet-Loiseau H, Garand R, Lodé L, Harousseau JL, Bataille R. Translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) is the hallmark of IgM, IgE, and nonsecretory multiple myeloma variants. Blood 2003; 101:1570-1. [PMID: 12393502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to address the issue of cytogenetic features of multiple myeloma (MM) variants, we have analyzed a series of 8 IgM, 9 IgD, 2 IgE, and 14 nonsecretory (NS) MM cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization. A very high incidence (83%) of t(11;14)(q13;q32) was detected in the IgM (7 of 8), IgE (2 of 2), and NS (11 of 14) MM cases, but not in the IgD cases (2 of 9). Of note, no t(4;14) was observed in this cohort of patients. This increased incidence of t(11;14) was associated with 2 dominant features in these variants, namely, a "lymphoplasmacytic" presentation mainly in IgM MM and a lower secreting capacity in the others, 2 features previously associated with t(11;14). Of major interest, t(11;14) was never observed in Waldenström macroglobulinemia or in IgG/IgA "lymphoplasmacytic" lymphomas. Thus, for unknown reasons, t(11;14) is the hallmark of IgM, IgE, and NS MM, (but not IgD MM), with a 5-fold increase of its incidence compared to that of IgG and IgA MM.
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47
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Schop RFJ, Kuehl WM, Van Wier SA, Ahmann GJ, Price-Troska T, Bailey RJ, Jalal SM, Qi Y, Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Fonseca R. Waldenström macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions. Blood 2002; 100:2996-3001. [PMID: 12351413 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.8.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is characterized by t(9;14)(p13;q32) in 50% of patients who lack paraproteinemia. Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), which has an immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraproteinemia, is classified as an LPL. Rare reports have suggested that WM sometimes is associated with 14q23 translocations, deletions of 6q, and t(11;18)(q21;q21). We tested for these abnormalities in the clonal cells of WM patients. We selected patients with clinicopathologic diagnosis of WM (all had IgM levels greater than 1.5 g/dL). Southern blot assay was used to detect legitimate and illegitimate IgH switch rearrangements. In addition to conventional cytogenetic (CC) and multicolor metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) analyses, we used interphase FISH to screen for t(9;14)(p13;q32) and other IgH translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), and 6q21 deletions. Genomic stability was also assessed using chromosome enumeration probes for chromosomes 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 17 in 15 patients. There was no evidence of either legitimate or illegitimate IgH rearrangements by Southern blot assay (n = 12). CC (n = 37), M-FISH (n = 5), and interphase FISH (n = 42) failed to identify IgH or t(11;18) translocations. Although tumor cells from most patients were diploid for the chromosomes studied, deletions of 6q21 were observed in 42% of patients. In contrast to LPL tumors that are not associated with paraproteinemia and that have frequent t(9;14)(p13;q32) translocations, IgH translocations are not found in WM, a form of LPL tumor distinguished by IgM paraproteinemia. However, WM tumor cells, which appear to be diploid or near diploid, often have deletions of 6q21.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia/genetics
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
- Sequence Deletion
- Translocation, Genetic
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/genetics
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelandt F J Schop
- Department of Hematology and Internal Medicine and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kovalchuk AL, Janz S. Isotype switch-mediated CH deletions are a recurrent feature of Myc/CH translocations in peritoneal plasmacytomas in mice. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:423-6. [PMID: 12216069 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene activating chromosomal translocations that interrupt IGH switch (S) regions at 14q32 are thought to be caused by misguided IGH isotype switching in postgerminal center B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell myelomas in humans. Aberrant switching also seems to be involved in altering the fine structure of the translocation in some of these tumors, but the significance of these changes is not known. Here we report on 3 cases of IL-6 transgenic mouse plasmacytomas (PCT) that harbor T(12;15) translocations that had been modified by frustrated switch attempts that result in C(H) deletions. When considered together with 6 similar cases of PCT described previously, our observations suggest that secondary deletions in C(H) are a regular feature in the molecular evolution of T(12;15) translocations and, thereby, in the progression of PCT. We propose that the T(12;15)(+) mouse PCT offers a uniquely valuable model system for elucidating the dual role of abnormal isotype switching in causation and 'remodeling' of chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Poulsen TS, Silahtaroglu AN, Gisselø CG, Tommerup N, Johnsen HE. Detection of illegitimate rearrangements within the immunoglobulin light chain loci in B cell malignancies using end sequenced probes. Leukemia 2002; 16:2148-55. [PMID: 12357370 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Accepted: 05/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Translocations involving the immunoglobulin loci are recurring events of B cell oncogenesis. The majority of translocations involve the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus, while a minor part involves the immunoglobulin light chain loci consisting of the kappa light chain (IGK) located at 2p11.2 and the lambda light chain (IGL) located at 22q11.2. We characterised BAC clones, spanning the IGK and IGL loci, for detection of illegitimate rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Within the IGL region we have identified six end sequenced probes (22M5, 1152K19, 2036J16, 3188M21, 3115E23 and 274M7) covering the variable (IGLV) cluster and two probes (165G5 and 31L9) covering the constant (IGLC) cluster. Within the IGK region four probes (969D7, 316G9, 122B6 and 2575M21) have been identified covering the variable (IGKV) cluster, and one probe (1021F11) covering the IGK constant (IGKC) cluster. A series of 24 cell lines of different origin have been analysed for the presence of translocations involving the immunoglobulin light chain loci by dual-colour FISH where the split of the variable cluster and the constant cluster indicated a translocation. Probes established in this study can be used for universal screening of illegitimate rearrangements within the immunoglobulin light chain loci in B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Poulsen
- The Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology L, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumour of plasma cells with a median survival of two to three years. Karyotypic instability is seen at the earliest stage of the disease and increases with disease progression, leading to extreme genetic abnormalities similar to solid tumours. Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain region on chromosome 14q32 are clearly important in the pathogenesis of most myelomas. This review focuses on the different genetic abnormalities found in myeloma and discusses possible pathogenetic mechanisms and the implications for biologically based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pratt
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, UK.
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