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Srour L, El Hajj N. The ribosome's comeback: new role in body weight regulation. Trends Genet 2024; 40:815-816. [PMID: 39089934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The recent discovery of an association between ribosomal DNA (rDNA) copy number and body mass index (BMI) by Law et al. sheds light on a possible role of 45S rDNA in body-weight regulation. This finding opens new avenues for further investigations into the effect of rDNA on various human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luma Srour
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nady El Hajj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Pessoa J, Carvalho C. Human RNA Polymerase II Segregates from Genes and Nascent RNA and Transcribes in the Presence of DNA-Bound dCas9. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8411. [PMID: 39125980 PMCID: PMC11312690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) dysfunction is frequently implied in human disease. Understanding its functional mechanism is essential for designing innovative therapeutic strategies. To visualize its supra-molecular interactions with genes and nascent RNA, we generated a human cell line carrying ~335 consecutive copies of a recombinant β-globin gene. Confocal microscopy showed that Pol II was not homogeneously concentrated around these identical gene copies. Moreover, Pol II signals partially overlapped with the genes and their nascent RNA, revealing extensive compartmentalization. Using a cell line carrying a single copy of the β-globin gene, we also tested if the binding of catalytically dead CRISPR-associated system 9 (dCas9) to different gene regions affected Pol II transcriptional activity. We assessed Pol II localization and nascent RNA levels using chromatin immunoprecipitation and droplet digital reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Some enrichment of transcriptionally paused Pol II accumulated in the promoter region was detected in a strand-specific way of gRNA binding, and there was no decrease in nascent RNA levels. Pol II preserved its transcriptional activity in the presence of DNA-bound dCas9. Our findings contribute further insight into the complex mechanism of mRNA transcription in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pessoa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
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3
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Sibai DS, Tremblay MG, Lessard F, Tav C, Sabourin-Félix M, Robinson M, Moss T. TTF1 control of LncRNA synthesis delineates a tumor suppressor pathway directly regulating the ribosomal RNA genes. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31303. [PMID: 38764354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p14/19ARF regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by controlling the nucleolar localization of Transcription Termination Factor 1 (TTF1). However, the role played by TTF1 in regulating the rRNA genes and in potentially controlling growth has remained unclear. We now show that TTF1 expression regulates cell growth by determining the cellular complement of ribosomes. Unexpectedly, it achieves this by acting as a "roadblock" to synthesis of the noncoding LncRNA and pRNA that we show are generated from the "Spacer Promoter" duplications present upstream of the 47S pre-rRNA promoter on the mouse and human ribosomal RNA genes. Unexpectedly, the endogenous generation of these noncoding RNAs does not induce CpG methylation or gene silencing. Rather, it acts in cis to suppress 47S preinitiation complex formation and hence de novo pre-rRNA synthesis by a mechanism reminiscent of promoter interference or occlusion. Taken together, our data delineate a pathway from p19ARF to cell growth suppression via the regulation of ribosome biogenesis by noncoding RNAs and validate a key cellular growth law in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany S Sibai
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel G Tremblay
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Tav
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marianne Sabourin-Félix
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Moss
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Yang F, Guo X, Bao Y, Li R. The role of ribosomal DNA methylation in embryonic development, aging and diseases. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:23. [PMID: 39085958 PMCID: PMC11290161 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) constitutes a remarkably conserved DNA sequence within species, located in the area of the nucleolus, and responsible for coding three major types of rRNAs (18S, 5.8S and 28S). While historical investigations into rDNA focused on its structure and coding capabilities, recent research has turned to explore its functional roles in various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the main findings of rDNA methylation with embryonic development, aging and diseases in multiple species, including epigenetic alterations, related biological processes and potential applications of rDNA methylation. We present an overview of current related research and identify gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xutong Guo
- National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiming Bao
- National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Rujiao Li
- National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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González-Arzola K. The nucleolus: Coordinating stress response and genomic stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195029. [PMID: 38642633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The perception that the nucleoli are merely the organelles where ribosome biogenesis occurs is challenged. Only around 30 % of nucleolar proteins are solely involved in producing ribosomes. Instead, the nucleolus plays a critical role in controlling protein trafficking during stress and, according to its dynamic nature, undergoes continuous protein exchange with nucleoplasm under various cellular stressors. Hence, the concept of nucleolar stress has evolved as cellular insults that disrupt the structure and function of the nucleolus. Considering the emerging role of this organelle in DNA repair and the fact that rDNAs are the most fragile genomic loci, therapies targeting the nucleoli are increasingly being developed. Besides, drugs that target ribosome synthesis and induce nucleolar stress can be used in cancer therapy. In contrast, agents that regulate nucleolar activity may be a potential treatment for neurodegeneration caused by abnormal protein accumulation in the nucleolus. Here, I explore the roles of nucleoli beyond their ribosomal functions, highlighting the factors triggering nucleolar stress and their impact on genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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6
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Priyadarshini N, Venkatarama Puppala N, Jayaprakash JP, Khandelia P, Sharma V, Mohannath G. Downregulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells correlates with rDNA promoter hypermethylation. Gene 2023; 888:147793. [PMID: 37696422 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes carry hundreds of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes as tandem arrays, which generate rRNA for protein synthesis. Humans carry ∼ 400 rRNA gene copies and their expression is epigenetically regulated. Dysregulation of rRNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis are characteristic features of cancers. Targeting aberrant rRNA expression for cancer therapy is being explored. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the most prevalent cancers globally. Using quantitative PCR and bisulfite sequencing, we show that rRNA genes are downregulated and their promoters are hypermethylated in HNSCC cell lines. These findings may have relevance for prognosis and diagnosis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Priyadarshini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Navinchandra Venkatarama Puppala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Jayasree Peroth Jayaprakash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Piyush Khandelia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Gireesha Mohannath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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7
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Razzaq A, Bejaoui Y, Alam T, Saad M, El Hajj N. Ribosomal DNA Copy Number Variation is Coupled with DNA Methylation Changes at the 45S rDNA Locus. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2229203. [PMID: 37368968 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2229203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ribosomal DNA (rDNA) copy number (CN) has been challenging to analyse, and its sequence has been excluded from reference genomes due to its highly repetitive nature. The 45S rDNA locus encodes essential components of the cell, nevertheless rDNA displays high inter-individual CN variation that could influence human health and disease. CN alterations in rDNA have been hypothesized as a possible factor in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and were shown to be altered in Schizophrenia patients. We tested whether whole-genome bisulphite sequencing can be used to simultaneously quantify rDNA CN and measure DNA methylation at the 45S rDNA locus. Using this approach, we observed high inter-individual variation in rDNA CN, and limited intra-individual copy differences in several post-mortem tissues. Furthermore, we did not observe any significant alterations in rDNA CN or DNA methylation in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) brains in 16 ASD vs 11 control samples. Similarly, no difference was detected when comparing neurons form 28 Schizophrenia (Scz) patients vs 25 controls or oligodendrocytes from 22 Scz samples vs 20 controls. However, our analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between CN and DNA methylation at the 45S rDNA locus in multiple tissues. This was observed in brain and confirmed in small intestine, adipose tissue, and gastric tissue. This should shed light on a possible dosage compensation mechanism that silences additional rDNA copies to ensure homoeostatic regulation of ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Razzaq
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yosra Bejaoui
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tanvir Alam
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamad Saad
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nady El Hajj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Tooley KB, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Ocañas SR, Machalinski AH, Pham KD, Hoolehan W, Kulpa AM, Stanford DR, Freeman WM. Differential usage of DNA modifications in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:45. [PMID: 37953264 PMCID: PMC10642035 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular identity is determined partly by cell type-specific epigenomic profiles that regulate gene expression. In neuroscience, there is a pressing need to isolate and characterize the epigenomes of specific CNS cell types in health and disease. In this study, we developed an in vivo tagging mouse model (Camk2a-NuTRAP) for paired isolation of neuronal DNA and RNA without cell sorting and then used this model to assess epigenomic regulation, DNA modifications in particular, of gene expression between neurons and glia. RESULTS After validating the cell-specificity of the Camk2a-NuTRAP model, we performed TRAP-RNA-Seq and INTACT-whole genome oxidative bisulfite sequencing (WGoxBS) to assess the neuronal translatome and epigenome in the hippocampus of young mice (4 months old). WGoxBS findings were validated with enzymatic methyl-Seq (EM-Seq) and nanopore sequencing. Comparing neuronal data to microglial and astrocytic data from NuTRAP models, microglia had the highest global mCG levels followed by astrocytes and then neurons, with the opposite pattern observed for hmCG and mCH. Differentially modified regions between cell types were predominantly found within gene bodies and distal intergenic regions, rather than proximal promoters. Across cell types there was a negative correlation between DNA modifications (mCG, mCH, hmCG) and gene expression at proximal promoters. In contrast, a negative correlation of gene body mCG and a positive relationship between distal promoter and gene body hmCG with gene expression was observed. Furthermore, we identified a neuron-specific inverse relationship between mCH and gene expression across promoter and gene body regions. CONCLUSIONS Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia demonstrate different genome-wide levels of mCG, hmCG, and mCH that are reproducible across analytical methods. However, modification-gene expression relationships are conserved across cell types. Enrichment of differential modifications across cell types in gene bodies and distal regulatory elements, but not proximal promoters, highlights epigenomic patterning in these regions as potentially greater determinants of cell identity. These findings also demonstrate the importance of differentiating between mC and hmC in neuroepigenomic analyses, as up to 30% of what is conventionally interpreted as mCG can be hmCG, which often has a different relationship to gene expression than mCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla B Tooley
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ana J Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sarah R Ocañas
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Adeline H Machalinski
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Kevin D Pham
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Walker Hoolehan
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Adam M Kulpa
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - David R Stanford
- Center for Biomedical Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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9
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Blokhina Y, Buchwalter A. Modeling the consequences of age-linked rDNA hypermethylation with dCas9-directed DNA methylation in human cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562830. [PMID: 37904963 PMCID: PMC10614900 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes encode the structural RNAs of the ribosome and are present in hundreds of copies in mammalian genomes. Age-linked DNA hypermethylation throughout the rDNA constitutes a robust "methylation clock" that accurately reports age, yet the consequences of hypermethylation on rDNA function are unknown. We confirmed that pervasive hypermethylation of rDNA occurs during mammalian aging and senescence while rDNA copy number remains stable. We found that DNA methylation is exclusively found on the promoters and gene bodies of inactive rDNA. To model the effects of age-linked methylation on rDNA function, we directed de novo DNA methylation to the rDNA promoter or gene body with a nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) - DNA methyltransferase fusion enzyme in human cells. Hypermethylation at each target site had no detectable effect on rRNA transcription, nucleolar morphology, or cellular growth rate. Instead, human UBF and Pol I remain bound to rDNA promoters in the presence of increased DNA methylation. These data suggest that promoter methylation is not sufficient to impair transcription of the human rDNA and imply that the human rDNA transcription machinery may be resilient to age-linked rDNA hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Blokhina
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco
- present address: NewLimit, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Abigail Buchwalter
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco
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10
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Nguyen T, Mills JC, Cho CJ. The coordinated management of ribosome and translation during injury and regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1186638. [PMID: 37427381 PMCID: PMC10325863 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1186638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse acute and chronic injuries induce damage responses in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, and numerous cell types in the gastrointestinal tract demonstrate remarkable resilience, adaptability, and regenerative capacity in response to stress. Metaplasias, such as columnar and secretory cell metaplasia, are well-known adaptations that these cells make, the majority of which are epidemiologically associated with an elevated cancer risk. On a number of fronts, it is now being investigated how cells respond to injury at the tissue level, where diverse cell types that differ in proliferation capacity and differentiation state cooperate and compete with one another to participate in regeneration. In addition, the cascades or series of molecular responses that cells show are just beginning to be understood. Notably, the ribosome, a ribonucleoprotein complex that is essential for translation on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the cytoplasm, is recognized as the central organelle during this process. The highly regulated management of ribosomes as key translational machinery, and their platform, rough endoplasmic reticulum, are not only essential for maintaining differentiated cell identity, but also for achieving successful cell regeneration after injury. This review will cover in depth how ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and translation are regulated and managed in response to injury (e.g., paligenosis), as well as why this is essential for the proper adaptation of a cell to stress. For this, we will first discuss how multiple gastrointestinal organs respond to stress through metaplasia. Next, we will cover how ribosomes are generated, maintained, and degraded, in addition to the factors that govern translation. Finally, we will investigate how ribosomes and translation machinery are dynamically regulated in response to injury. Our increased understanding of this overlooked cell fate decision mechanism will facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal tract tumors, focusing on ribosomes and translation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles J. Cho
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Tooley KB, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Ocañas SR, Machalinski AH, Pham KD, Stanford DR, Freeman WM. Differential usage of DNA modifications in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543497. [PMID: 37333391 PMCID: PMC10274634 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Cellular identity is determined partly by cell type-specific epigenomic profiles that regulate gene expression. In neuroscience, there is a pressing need to isolate and characterize the epigenomes of specific CNS cell types in health and disease. This is especially true as for DNA modifications where most data are derived from bisulfite sequencing that cannot differentiate between DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation. In this study, we developed an in vivo tagging mouse model (Camk2a-NuTRAP) for paired isolation of neuronal DNA and RNA without cell sorting and then used this model to assess epigenomic regulation of gene expression between neurons and glia. Results After validating the cell-specificity of the Camk2a-NuTRAP model, we performed TRAP-RNA-Seq and INTACT whole genome oxidative bisulfite sequencing to assess the neuronal translatome and epigenome in the hippocampus of young mice (3 months old). These data were then compared to microglial and astrocytic data from NuTRAP models. When comparing the different cell types, microglia had the highest global mCG levels followed by astrocytes and then neurons, with the opposite pattern observed for hmCG and mCH. Differentially modified regions between cell types were predominantly found within gene bodies and distal intergenic regions, with limited differences occurring within proximal promoters. Across cell types there was a negative correlation between DNA modifications (mCG, mCH, hmCG) and gene expression at proximal promoters. In contrast, a negative correlation of mCG with gene expression within the gene body while a positive relationship between distal promoter and gene body hmCG and gene expression was observed. Furthermore, we identified a neuron-specific inverse relationship between mCH and gene expression across promoter and gene body regions. Conclusions In this study, we identified differential usage of DNA modifications across CNS cell types, and assessed the relationship between DNA modifications and gene expression in neurons and glia. Despite having different global levels, the general modification-gene expression relationship was conserved across cell types. The enrichment of differential modifications in gene bodies and distal regulatory elements, but not proximal promoters, across cell types highlights epigenomic patterning in these regions as potentially greater determinants of cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla B. Tooley
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Ana J. Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Sarah R. Ocañas
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Adeline H. Machalinski
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Kevin D. Pham
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - David R. Stanford
- Center for Biomedical Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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12
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Ravaioli F, Bacalini MG, Giuliani C, Pellegrini C, D’Silva C, De Fanti S, Pirazzini C, Giorgi G, Del Re B. Evaluation of DNA Methylation Profiles of LINE-1, Alu and Ribosomal DNA Repeats in Human Cell Lines Exposed to Radiofrequency Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9380. [PMID: 37298336 PMCID: PMC10253908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that environmental agents can induce alterations in DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) are radiations emitted by everyday devices, which have been classified as "possibly carcinogenic"; however, their biological effects are unclear. As aberrant DNAm of genomic repetitive elements (REs) may promote genomic instability, here, we sought to determine whether exposure to RF-EMFs could affect DNAm of different classes of REs, such as long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1), Alu short interspersed nuclear elements and ribosomal repeats. To this purpose, we analysed DNAm profiles of cervical cancer and neuroblastoma cell lines (HeLa, BE(2)C and SH-SY5Y) exposed to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF through an Illumina-based targeted deep bisulfite sequencing approach. Our findings showed that radiofrequency exposure did not affect the DNAm of Alu elements in any of the cell lines analysed. Conversely, it influenced DNAm of LINE-1 and ribosomal repeats in terms of both average profiles and organisation of methylated and unmethylated CpG sites, in different ways in each of the three cell lines studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ravaioli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (C.D.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Maria Giulia Bacalini
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (C.D.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Camilla Pellegrini
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (C.D.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Chiara D’Silva
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (C.D.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Sara De Fanti
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (C.D.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Brunella Del Re
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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13
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Ni C, Buszczak M. The homeostatic regulation of ribosome biogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 136:13-26. [PMID: 35440410 PMCID: PMC9569395 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The continued integrity of biological systems depends on a balance between interdependent elements at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. This is particularly true for the generation of ribosomes, which influence almost every aspect of cell and organismal biology. Ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) is an energetically demanding process that involves all three RNA polymerases, numerous RNA processing factors, chaperones, and the coordinated expression of 79-80 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). Work over the last several decades has revealed that the dynamic regulation of ribosome production represents a major mechanism by which cells maintain homeostasis in response to changing environmental conditions and acute stress. More recent studies suggest that cells and tissues within multicellular organisms exhibit dramatically different levels of ribosome production and protein synthesis, marked by the differential expression of RiBi factors. Thus, distinct bottlenecks in the RiBi process, downstream of rRNA transcription, may exist within different cell populations of multicellular organisms during development and in adulthood. This review will focus on our current understanding of the mechanisms that link the complex molecular process of ribosome biogenesis with cellular and organismal physiology. We will discuss diverse topics including how different steps in the RiBi process are coordinated with one another, how MYC and mTOR impact RiBi, and how RiBi levels change between stem cells and their differentiated progeny. In turn, we will also review how regulated changes in ribosome production itself can feedback to influence cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Ni
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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14
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Watt KE, Macintosh J, Bernard G, Trainor PA. RNA Polymerases I and III in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 136:49-63. [PMID: 35422389 PMCID: PMC9550887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that are globally required for the translation of all proteins in all cells. Ribosome biogenesis, which is essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival, commences with transcription of a variety of RNAs by RNA Polymerases I and III. RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), while RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes 5S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNA) in addition to a wide variety of small non-coding RNAs. Interestingly, despite their global importance, disruptions in Pol I and Pol III function result in tissue-specific developmental disorders, with craniofacial anomalies and leukodystrophy/neurodegenerative disease being among the most prevalent. Furthermore, pathogenic variants in genes encoding subunits shared between Pol I and Pol III give rise to distinct syndromes depending on whether Pol I or Pol III function is disrupted. In this review, we discuss the global roles of Pol I and III transcription, the consequences of disruptions in Pol I and III transcription, disorders arising from pathogenic variants in Pol I and Pol III subunits, and mechanisms underpinning their tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin En Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Julia Macintosh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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15
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Regulation of ribosomal RNA gene copy number, transcription and nucleolus organization in eukaryotes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:414-429. [PMID: 36732602 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the first biological machineries to be created seems to have been the ribosome. Since then, organisms have dedicated great efforts to optimize this apparatus. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contained within ribosomes is crucial for protein synthesis and maintenance of cellular function in all known organisms. In eukaryotic cells, rRNA is produced from ribosomal DNA clusters of tandem rRNA genes, whose organization in the nucleolus, maintenance and transcription are strictly regulated to satisfy the substantial demand for rRNA required for ribosome biogenesis. Recent studies have elucidated mechanisms underlying the integrity of ribosomal DNA and regulation of its transcription, including epigenetic mechanisms and a unique recombination and copy-number control system to stably maintain high rRNA gene copy number. In this Review, we disucss how the crucial maintenance of rRNA gene copy number through control of gene amplification and of rRNA production by RNA polymerase I are orchestrated. We also discuss how liquid-liquid phase separation controls the architecture and function of the nucleolus and the relationship between rRNA production, cell senescence and disease.
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16
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Potabattula R, Trapphoff T, Dittrich M, Fic K, Ptak GE, Dieterle S, Haaf T. Ribosomal DNA methylation in human and mouse oocytes increases with age. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1214-1232. [PMID: 35157611 PMCID: PMC8876901 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An age-dependent increase in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) methylation has been observed across a broad spectrum of somatic tissues and the male mammalian germline. Bisulfite pyrosequencing (BPS) was used to determine the methylation levels of the rDNA core promoter and the rDNA upstream control element (UCE) along with two oppositely genomically imprinted control genes (PEG3 and GTL2) in individual human germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes from 90 consenting women undergoing fertility treatment because of male infertility. Apart from a few (4%) oocytes with single imprinting defects (in either PEG3 or GTL2), the analyzed GV oocytes displayed correct imprinting patterns. In 95 GV oocytes from 42 younger women (26-32 years), the mean methylation levels of the rDNA core promoter and UCE were 7.4±4.0% and 9.3±6.1%, respectively. In 79 GV oocytes from 48 older women (33-39 years), methylation levels increased to 9.3±5.3% (P = 0.014) and 11.6±7.4% (P = 0.039), respectively. An age-related increase in oocyte rDNA methylation was also observed in 123 mouse GV oocytes from 29 4-16-months-old animals. Similar to the continuously mitotically dividing male germline, ovarian aging is associated with a gain of rDNA methylation in meiotically arrested oocytes. Oocytes from the same woman can exhibit varying rDNA methylation levels and, by extrapolation, different epigenetic ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kinga Fic
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna E. Ptak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Dieterle
- Fertility Center, Dortmund, Germany
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Witten/Herdecke University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Rodriguez-Algarra F, Seaborne RAE, Danson AF, Yildizoglu S, Yoshikawa H, Law PP, Ahmad Z, Maudsley VA, Brew A, Holmes N, Ochôa M, Hodgkinson A, Marzi SJ, Pradeepa MM, Loose M, Holland ML, Rakyan VK. Genetic variation at mouse and human ribosomal DNA influences associated epigenetic states. Genome Biol 2022; 23:54. [PMID: 35164830 PMCID: PMC8842540 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) displays substantial inter-individual genetic variation in human and mouse. A systematic analysis of how this variation impacts epigenetic states and expression of the rDNA has thus far not been performed. RESULTS Using a combination of long- and short-read sequencing, we establish that 45S rDNA units in the C57BL/6J mouse strain exist as distinct genetic haplotypes that influence the epigenetic state and transcriptional output of any given unit. DNA methylation dynamics at these haplotypes are dichotomous and life-stage specific: at one haplotype, the DNA methylation state is sensitive to the in utero environment, but refractory to post-weaning influences, whereas other haplotypes entropically gain DNA methylation during aging only. On the other hand, individual rDNA units in human show limited evidence of genetic haplotypes, and hence little discernible correlation between genetic and epigenetic states. However, in both species, adjacent units show similar epigenetic profiles, and the overall epigenetic state at rDNA is strongly positively correlated with the total rDNA copy number. Analysis of different mouse inbred strains reveals that in some strains, such as 129S1/SvImJ, the rDNA copy number is only approximately 150 copies per diploid genome and DNA methylation levels are < 5%. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates that rDNA-associated genetic variation has a considerable influence on rDNA epigenetic state and consequently rRNA expression outcomes. In the future, it will be important to consider the impact of inter-individual rDNA (epi)genetic variation on mammalian phenotypes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A E Seaborne
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Amy F Danson
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Present Address: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selin Yildizoglu
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Harunori Yoshikawa
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Pui Pik Law
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zakaryya Ahmad
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Victoria A Maudsley
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ama Brew
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nadine Holmes
- DeepSeq, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mateus Ochôa
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alan Hodgkinson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Marzi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Madapura M Pradeepa
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Loose
- DeepSeq, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michelle L Holland
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Vardhman K Rakyan
- The Blizard Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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18
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Denisenko O. Epigenetics of Ribosomal RNA Genes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S103-S131. [PMID: 35501990 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on biology of genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in mammals. rRNA is a structural component of the most abundant cellular molecule, the ribosome. There are many copies of rRNA genes per genome that are under tight transcriptional control by epigenetic mechanisms serving to meet cellular needs in protein synthesis. Curiously, only a fraction of rRNA genes is used even in the fast-growing cells, raising a question why unused copies of these genes have not been lost during evolution. Two plausible explanations are discussed. First, there is evidence that besides their direct function in production of rRNA, ribosomal RNA genes are involved in regulation of many other genes in the nucleus by forming either temporary or persistent complexes with these genes. Second, it seems that rRNA genes also play a role in the maintenance of genome stability, where lower copy number of rRNA genes destabilizes the genome. These "additional" functions of rRNA genes make them recurrent candidate drivers of chronic human diseases and aging. Experimental support for the involvement of these genes in human diseases and potential mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Denisenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Feng S, Manley JL. Replication protein A associates with nucleolar R loops and regulates rRNA transcription and nucleolar morphology. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1579-1594. [PMID: 34819354 PMCID: PMC8653787 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348858.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, Feng and Manley report novel functions of the DNA replication and repair factor replication protein A (RPA) in control of nucleolar homeostasis. Their findings both indicate new roles for RPA in nucleoli through pre-rRNA transcriptional control and also emphasize that RPA function in nucleolar homeostasis is linked to R-loop resolution under both physiological and pathological conditions. The nucleolus is an important cellular compartment in which ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are transcribed and where certain stress pathways that are crucial for cell growth are coordinated. Here we report novel functions of the DNA replication and repair factor replication protein A (RPA) in control of nucleolar homeostasis. We show that loss of the DNA:RNA helicase senataxin (SETX) promotes RPA nucleolar localization, and that this relocalization is dependent on the presence of R loops. Notably, this nucleolar RPA phenotype was also observed in the presence of camptothecin (CPT)-induced genotoxic stress, as well as in SETX-deficient AOA2 patient fibroblasts. Extending these results, we found that RPA is recruited to rDNA following CPT treatment, where RPA prevents R-loop-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, we show that loss of RPA significantly decreased 47S pre-rRNA levels, which was accompanied by increased expression of both RNAP II-mediated “promoter and pre-rRNA antisense” RNA as well as RNAP I-transcribed intragenic spacer RNAs. Finally, and likely reflecting the above, we found that loss of RPA promoted nucleolar structural disorganization, characterized by the appearance of reduced size nucleoli. Our findings both indicate new roles for RPA in nucleoli through pre-rRNA transcriptional control and also emphasize that RPA function in nucleolar homeostasis is linked to R-loop resolution under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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20
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Ogunleye AJ, Romanova E, Medvedeva YA. Genome-wide regulation of CpG methylation by ecCEBPα in acute myeloid leukemia. F1000Res 2021; 10:204. [PMID: 34557292 PMCID: PMC8444155 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28146.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy characterized by genetic and epigenetic aberrations that alter the differentiation capacity of myeloid progenitor cells. The transcription factor
CEBPα is frequently mutated in AML patients leading to an increase in DNA methylation in many genomic locations. Previously, it has been shown that
ecCEBPα (extra coding CEBP
α) - a lncRNA transcribed in the same direction as
CEBPα gene - regulates DNA methylation of
CEBPα promoter in
cis. Here, we hypothesize that
ecCEBPα could participate in the regulation of DNA methylation in
trans. Method: First, we retrieved the methylation profile of AML patients with mutated
CEBPα locus from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We then predicted the
ecCEBPα secondary structure in order to check the potential of
ecCEBPα to form triplexes around CpG loci and checked if triplex formation influenced CpG methylation, genome-wide. Results: Using DNA methylation profiles of AML patients with a mutated
CEBPα locus, we show that
ecCEBPα could interact with DNA by forming DNA:RNA triple helices and protect regions near its binding sites from global DNA methylation. Further analysis revealed that triplex-forming oligonucleotides in
ecCEBPα are structurally unpaired supporting the DNA-binding potential of these regions.
ecCEBPα triplexes supported with the RNA-chromatin co-localization data are located in the promoters of leukemia-linked transcriptional factors such as MLF2. Discussion: Overall, these results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for
ecCEBPα as a genome-wide epigenetic modulator through triple-helix formation which may provide a foundation for sequence-specific engineering of RNA for regulating methylation of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale J Ogunleye
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Romanova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Medvedeva
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Estrada-Cortés E, Ortiz W, Rabaglino MB, Block J, Rae O, Jannaman EA, Xiao Y, Hansen PJ. Choline acts during preimplantation development of the bovine embryo to program postnatal growth and alter muscle DNA methylation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21926. [PMID: 34533870 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100991r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The preimplantation period of embryonic development can be a key window for programming of postnatal development because extensive epigenetic remodeling occurs during this time. It was hypothesized that modification of one-carbon metabolism of the bovine embryo by addition of the methyl-donor choline to culture medium would change postnatal phenotype through epigenetic modification. Embryos produced in vitro were cultured with 1.8 mM choline chloride or control medium. Blastocysts were transferred into females and pregnancy outcomes and postnatal phenotype of the resultant calves determined. Exposure of embryos to choline increased gestation length and calf birth weight. Calves derived from choline-treated embryos were also heavier at weaning and had increased ratio of body weight to hip height than control calves. Choline altered muscle DNA methylation of calves 4 months after birth. A total of 670 of the 8149 CpG examined were differentially methylated, with the predominant effect of choline being hypomethylation. Among the genes associated with differentially methylated CpG were ribosomal RNAs and genes in AMPK, mTOR, integrin, and BEX2 canonical pathways and cellular functions involved in growth and proliferation. Results demonstrate that provision of the methyl-donor choline to the preimplantation embryo can alter its developmental program to increase gestation length, birth weight, and weaning weight and cause postnatal changes in muscle DNA methylation including those associated with genes related to anabolic processes and cellular growth. The importance of the nutritional status of the embryo with respect to one-carbon metabolism for ensuring health and well-being after birth is emphasized by these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliab Estrada-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Campo Experimental Centro Altos de Jalisco, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - William Ortiz
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maria B Rabaglino
- Quantitative Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Owen Rae
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jannaman
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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22
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Huang X, Zhang X, Zong L, Gao Q, Zhang C, Wei R, Guan Y, Huang L, Zhang L, Lyu G, Tao W. Gene body methylation safeguards ribosomal DNA transcription by preventing PHF6-mediated enrichment of repressive histone mark H4K20me3. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101195. [PMID: 34520760 PMCID: PMC8511956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation shows complex correlations with gene expression, and the role of promoter hypermethylation in repressing gene transcription has been well addressed. Emerging evidence indicates that gene body methylation promotes transcription; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. Here, using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq), bisulfite genomic sequencing, and immunofluorescent labeling, we show that gene body methylation is indeed positively correlated with rRNA gene (rDNA) transcription. Mechanistically, gene body methylation is largely maintained by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), deficiency or downregulation of which during myoblast differentiation or nutrient deprivation results in decreased gene body methylation levels, leading to increased gene body occupancy of plant homeodomain (PHD) finger protein 6 (PHF6). PHF6 binds to hypomethylated rDNA gene bodies where it recruits histone methyltransferase SUV4-20H2 to establish the repressive histone modification, H4K20me3, ultimately inhibiting rDNA transcription. These findings demonstrate that DNMT1-mediated gene body methylation safeguards rDNA transcription by preventing enrichment of repressive histone modifications, suggesting that gene body methylation serves to maintain gene expression in response to developmental and/or environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Zong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Lyu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Antagonising Chromatin Remodelling Activities in the Regulation of Mammalian Ribosomal Transcription. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070961. [PMID: 34202617 PMCID: PMC8303148 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal transcription constitutes the major energy consuming process in cells and is regulated in response to proliferation, differentiation and metabolic conditions by several signalling pathways. These act on the transcription machinery but also on chromatin factors and ncRNA. The many ribosomal gene repeats are organised in a number of different chromatin states; active, poised, pseudosilent and repressed gene repeats. Some of these chromatin states are unique to the 47rRNA gene repeat and do not occur at other locations in the genome, such as the active state organised with the HMG protein UBF whereas other chromatin state are nucleosomal, harbouring both active and inactive histone marks. The number of repeats in a certain state varies on developmental stage and cell type; embryonic cells have more rRNA gene repeats organised in an open chromatin state, which is replaced by heterochromatin during differentiation, establishing different states depending on cell type. The 47S rRNA gene transcription is regulated in different ways depending on stimulus and chromatin state of individual gene repeats. This review will discuss the present knowledge about factors involved, such as chromatin remodelling factors NuRD, NoRC, CSB, B-WICH, histone modifying enzymes and histone chaperones, in altering gene expression and switching chromatin states in proliferation, differentiation, metabolic changes and stress responses.
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Kint S, Van Criekinge W, Vandekerckhove L, De Vos WH, Bomsztyk K, Krause DS, Denisenko O. Single cell epigenetic visualization assay. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e43. [PMID: 33511400 PMCID: PMC8096246 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the epigenetic status of individual cells remains a challenge. Current sequencing approaches have limited coverage, and it is difficult to assign an epigenetic status to the transcription state of individual gene alleles in the same cell. To address these limitations, a targeted microscopy-based epigenetic visualization assay (EVA) was developed for detection and quantification of epigenetic marks at genes of interest in single cells. The assay is based on an in situ biochemical reaction between an antibody-conjugated alkaline phosphatase bound to the epigenetic mark of interest, and a 5'-phosphorylated fluorophore-labeled DNA oligo tethered to a target gene by gene-specific oligonucleotides. When the epigenetic mark is present at the gene, phosphate group removal by the phosphatase protects the oligo from λ-exonuclease activity providing a quantitative fluorescent readout. We applied EVA to measure 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and H3K9Ac levels at different genes and the HIV-1 provirus in human cell lines. To link epigenetic marks to gene transcription, EVA was combined with RNA-FISH. Higher 5mC levels at the silenced compared to transcribed XIST gene alleles in female somatic cells validated this approach and demonstrated that EVA can be used to relate epigenetic marks to the transcription status of individual gene alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kint
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Diane S Krause
- Depts. of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Oleg Denisenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Methylation of 45S Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) Is Associated with Cancer and Aging in Humans. Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:8818007. [PMID: 33575316 PMCID: PMC7861956 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and aging, two distinct processes of cell development, are two major problems threatening our human health and life in current days. Epigenetic studies, especially DNA methylation, have been intensively investigated on them over the years, though a lot of unanswered issues remain. In the human genome, rDNA is a highly conserved tandem repeat family playing critical roles in protein synthesis, genome stability and integrity, etc. More importantly, rDNA is the significant target of DNA methylation, and a potential association between rDNA methylation and cancer and aging has emerged recently. However, whether there is a general trend that rDNA methylation is associated with cancer and aging remains an open issue. In this study, the involvement of rDNA methylation in a series of records of cancer and aging was investigated and summarized, upon which perspectives about rDNA methylation in cancer and aging were proposed. The results showed that rDNA methylation in most cancer cases displayed a consistent pattern with hypermethylation in the coding region but with hypomethylation in the promoter region, which likely facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of cancerous cells. Distinctively, both the coding and promoter regions of rDNA become increasingly methylated during the process of aging, indicating the decline of rDNA activity. The finding of rDNA methylation also implies its potential application as an epigenetic biomarker in the diagnosis of cancer and aging. This work will shed light on our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer and aging from the perspective of rDNA methylation.
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Gupta S, Santoro R. Regulation and Roles of the Nucleolus in Embryonic Stem Cells: From Ribosome Biogenesis to Genome Organization. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1206-1219. [PMID: 32976768 PMCID: PMC7724472 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest compartment of the eukaryotic cell's nucleus. It acts as a ribosome factory, thereby sustaining the translation machinery. The nucleolus is also the subnuclear compartment with the highest transcriptional activity in the cell, where hundreds of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes transcribe the overwhelming majority of RNAs. The structure and composition of the nucleolus change according to the developmental state. For instance, in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), rRNA genes display a hyperactive transcriptional state and open chromatin structure compared with differentiated cells. Increasing evidence indicates that the role of the nucleolus and rRNA genes might go beyond the control of ribosome biogenesis. One such role is linked to the genome architecture, since repressive domains are often located close to the nucleolus. This review highlights recent findings describing how the nucleolus is regulated in ESCs and its role in regulating ribosome biogenesis and genome organization for the maintenance of stem cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gupta
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Luo Y, Fefelova E, Ninova M, Chen YCA, Aravin AA. Repression of interrupted and intact rDNA by the SUMO pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. eLife 2020; 9:e52416. [PMID: 33164748 PMCID: PMC7676866 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are essential components of the ribosome and are among the most abundant macromolecules in the cell. To ensure high rRNA level, eukaryotic genomes contain dozens to hundreds of rDNA genes, however, only a fraction of the rRNA genes seems to be active, while others are transcriptionally silent. We found that individual rDNA genes have high level of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in their expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Insertion of heterologous sequences into rDNA leads to repression associated with reduced expression in individual cells and decreased number of cells expressing rDNA with insertions. We found that SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) and SUMO ligase Ubc9 are required for efficient repression of interrupted rDNA units and variable expression of intact rDNA. Disruption of the SUMO pathway abolishes discrimination of interrupted and intact rDNAs and removes cell-to-cell heterogeneity leading to uniformly high expression of individual rDNA in single cells. Our results suggest that the SUMO pathway is responsible for both repression of interrupted units and control of intact rDNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Luo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Elena Fefelova
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Maria Ninova
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Yung-Chia Ariel Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Alexei A Aravin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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28
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Von Walden F, Rea M, Mobley CB, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA, Murach KA. The myonuclear DNA methylome in response to an acute hypertrophic stimulus. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1151-1162. [PMID: 32281477 PMCID: PMC7595631 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1755581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to multi-nucleated muscle fibres, numerous resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells populate the muscle compartment. As most epigenetic assays in skeletal muscle are conducted on whole tissue homogenates, essentially nothing is known about regulatory processes exclusively within muscle fibres in vivo. Utilizing a novel genetically modified mouse model developed by our laboratory, we (1) outline a simple and rapid workflow for isolating pure myonuclei from small tissue samples via fluorescent activated cell sorting and extracting high-quality large-fragment DNA for downstream analyses, and (2) provide information on myonuclear and interstitial cell nuclear CpG DNA methylation via reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS) using mice that were subjected to an acute mechanical overload of the plantaris muscle. In 3-month-old mice, myonuclei are ~50% of total nuclei in sham and ~30% in 3-d overloaded muscle, the difference being attributable to mononuclear cell infiltration and proliferation with overload. In purified myonuclei, pathway analysis of hypomethylated promoter regions following overload was distinct from interstitial nuclei and revealed marked regulation of factors that converge on the master regulator of muscle growth mTOR, and on autophagy. Specifically, acute hypomethylation of Rheb, Rictor, Hdac1, and Hdac2, in addition to a major driver of ribosome biogenesis Myc, reveals the epigenetic regulation of hypertrophic signalling within muscle fibres that may underpin the long-term growth response to loading. This study provides foundational information on global myonuclear epigenetics in vivo using RRBS, and demonstrates the importance of isolating specific nuclear populations to study the epigenetic regulation of skeletal muscle fibre adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Von Walden
- K6 Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C. Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - John J. McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Peterson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Balzano E, Pelliccia F, Giunta S. Genome (in)stability at tandem repeats. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:97-112. [PMID: 33109442 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeat sequences account for over half of the human genome and represent a significant source of variation that underlies physiological and pathological states. Yet, their study has been hindered due to limitations in short-reads sequencing technology and difficulties in assembly. A important category of repetitive DNA in the human genome is comprised of tandem repeats (TRs), where repetitive units are arranged in a head-to-tail pattern. Compared to other regions of the genome, TRs carry between 10 and 10,000 fold higher mutation rate. There are several mutagenic mechanisms that can give rise to this propensity toward instability, but their precise contribution remains speculative. Given the high degree of homology between these sequences and their arrangement in tandem, once damaged, TRs have an intrinsic propensity to undergo aberrant recombination with non-allelic exchange and generate harmful rearrangements that may undermine the stability of the entire genome. The dynamic mutagenesis at TRs has been found to underlie individual polymorphism associated with neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders, as well as complex genetic diseases like cancer and diabetes. Here, we review our current understanding of the surveillance and repair mechanisms operating within these regions, and we describe how alterations in these protective processes can readily trigger mutational signatures found at TRs, ultimately resulting in the pathological correlation between TRs instability and human diseases. Finally, we provide a viewpoint to counter the detrimental effects that TRs pose in light of their selection and conservation, as important drivers of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Balzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Pelliccia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Dichotomous Impact of Myc on rRNA Gene Activation and Silencing in B Cell Lymphomagenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103009. [PMID: 33081395 PMCID: PMC7656300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary B cell lymphomas mostly arise from malignant transformation of mature B cells and are typically driven by elevated levels of the oncoprotein Myc. Myc is a transcription factor regulating many protein-coding genes as well as the multicopy genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The aim of this study was to understand, how Myc impacts rRNA genes in the course of B cell lymphomagenesis. Using a transgenic mouse model, we found that Myc and rRNA gene expression strongly increase upon tumor formation. Surprisingly, Myc also facilitates epigenetic silencing of a fraction of rRNA genes, thereby safeguarding genomic integrity in lymphoma cells. Together, the results show that Myc balances high activity and stability of rRNA genes. Perturbation of this equilibrium may be used as a therapeutic strategy. Abstract A major transcriptional output of cells is ribosomal RNA (rRNA), synthesized by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) from multicopy rRNA genes (rDNA). Constitutive silencing of an rDNA fraction by promoter CpG methylation contributes to the stabilization of these otherwise highly active loci. In cancers driven by the oncoprotein Myc, excessive Myc directly stimulates rDNA transcription. However, it is not clear when during carcinogenesis this mechanism emerges, and how Myc-driven rDNA activation affects epigenetic silencing. Here, we have used the Eµ-Myc mouse model to investigate rDNA transcription and epigenetic regulation in Myc-driven B cell lymphomagenesis. We have developed a refined cytometric strategy to isolate B cells from the tumor initiation, promotion, and progression phases, and found a substantial increase of both Myc and rRNA gene expression only in established lymphoma. Surprisingly, promoter CpG methylation and the machinery for rDNA silencing were also strongly up-regulated in the tumor progression state. The data indicate a dichotomous role of oncogenic Myc in rDNA regulation, boosting transcription as well as reinforcing repression of silent repeats, which may provide a novel angle on perturbing Myc function in cancer cells.
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31
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Potabattula R, Zacchini F, Ptak GE, Dittrich M, Müller T, El Hajj N, Hahn T, Drummer C, Behr R, Lucas‐Hahn A, Niemann H, Schorsch M, Haaf T. Increasing methylation of sperm rDNA and other repetitive elements in the aging male mammalian germline. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13181. [PMID: 32608562 PMCID: PMC7431825 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In somatic cells/tissues, methylation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) increases with age and age‐related pathologies, which has a direct impact on the regulation of nucleolar activity and cellular metabolism. Here, we used bisulfite pyrosequencing and show that methylation of the rDNA transcription unit including upstream control element (UCE), core promoter, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA in human sperm also significantly increases with donor's age. This positive correlation between sperm rDNA methylation and biological age is evolutionarily conserved among mammals with widely different life spans such as humans, marmoset, bovine, and mouse. Similar to the tandemly repeated rDNA, methylation of human α‐satellite and interspersed LINE1 repeats, marmoset α‐satellite, bovine alpha‐ and testis satellite I, mouse minor and major satellite, and LINE1‐T repeats increases in the aging male germline, probably related to their sperm histone packaging. Deep bisulfite sequencing of single rDNA molecules in human sperm revealed that methylation does not only depend on donor's age, but also depend on the region and sequence context (A vs. G alleles). Both average rDNA methylation of all analyzed DNA molecules and the number of fully (>50%) methylated alleles, which are thought to be epigenetically silenced, increase with donor's age. All analyzed CpGs in the sperm rDNA transcription unit show comparable age‐related methylation changes. Unlike other epigenetic aging markers, the rDNA clock appears to operate in similar ways in germline and soma in different mammalian species. We propose that sperm rDNA methylation, directly or indirectly, influences nucleolar formation and developmental potential in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Federica Zacchini
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
- Percuros B.V. Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Grazyna Ewa Ptak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
- College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha Qatar
| | | | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas‐Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institute Mariensee/Neustadt Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Medical University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | | | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
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Vydzhak O, Luke B, Schindler N. Non-coding RNAs at the Eukaryotic rDNA Locus: RNA-DNA Hybrids and Beyond. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4287-4304. [PMID: 32446803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus encodes a variety of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Among them, the canonical ribosomal RNAs that are the catalytic components of the ribosomes, as well as regulatory lncRNAs including promoter-associated RNAs (pRNA), stress-induced promoter and pre-rRNA antisense RNAs (PAPAS), and different intergenic spacer derived lncRNA species (IGSRNA). In addition, externally encoded lncRNAs are imported into the nucleolus, which orchestrate the complex regulation of the nucleolar state in normal and stress conditions via a plethora of molecular mechanisms. This review focuses on the triplex and R-loop formation aspects of lncRNAs at the rDNA locus in yeast and human cells. We discuss the protein players that regulate R-loops at rDNA and how their misregulation contributes to DNA damage and disease. Furthermore, we speculate how DNA lesions such as rNMPs or 8-oxo-dG might affect RNA-DNA hybrid formation. The transcription of lncRNA from rDNA has been observed in yeast, plants, flies, worms, mouse and human cells. This evolutionary conservation highlights the importance of lncRNAs in rDNA function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vydzhak
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Brian Luke
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalie Schindler
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Liao C, Pang N, Liu Z, Lei L. Transient inhibition of rDNA transcription in donor cells improves ribosome biogenesis and preimplantation development of embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer. FASEB J 2020; 34:8283-8295. [PMID: 32323360 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000025rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription is a limiting step in ribosome biogenesis, crucial for protein synthesis and cell growth-especially at the early stages of embryonic development-and is regulated in a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent manner. Our previous report demonstrated that treatment with mTOR inhibitors during artificial embryonic activation improved the development of embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We hypothesize that inhibition of ribosome biogenesis in somatic cells facilitates reactivation of embryonic nucleolar establishment and ribosome biogenesis in SCNT embryos. Herein, we show that mTOR inhibitors suppressed ribosome biogenesis in somatic cells, and more importantly, improved development potential of SCNT embryos (blastocyst rate, 34% vs 24%). SCNT embryos derived from drug-treated somatic cells exhibited higher levels of 47S, 18S, and 5S rRNAs, upstream binding factor (UBF) mRNA, ribosomal protein S6; they also improved the rebuilding of the nucleolar ultrastructure. In addition, treatment of donor cells with the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) inhibitor cx5461 caused similar effects on SCNT embryos. These results indicated that transient inhibition of rDNA transcription in donor cells facilitated the establishment of functional nucleoli and improved preimplantation development of SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Pang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Li L, Li H, Tian Y, Hu M, Le F, Wang L, Liu X, Jin F. Sperm Ribosomal DNA Promoter Methylation Levels Are Correlated With Paternal Aging and May Relate With in vitro Fertilization Outcomes. Front Genet 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 32318099 PMCID: PMC7147477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of aging on reproductive outcomes has received considerable critical attention; however, there is much less information available on the effects of paternal age compared to the effects of maternal age. In this study, methylation levels of sperm rDNA promoter regions and Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element 1 (LINE-1) were measured using pyrosequencing and fertilization, day 3 good-quality embryo, pregnancies, and implantation results were assessed. We observed significantly increasing levels of DNA methylation in the sperm rDNA promoter regions with age based on stratifying the samples by age alone (P = 0.0001) and performing linear regression analysis (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, no statistically significant correlations were observed between global LINE-1 methylation with age. No statistically significant correlations were observed between sperm rDNA promoter methylation levels and either the day 3 good-quality embryo rate or clinical pregnancy rate. In contrast, the correlation between sperm rDNA promoter methylation levels and fertilization (2 pronuclei) rate was nearly significant (P = 0.0707), especially the methylation levels of some individual CpG units (CpG_10, P = 0.0176; CpG_11, P = 0.0438; CpG_14, P = 0.0232) and rDNA promoter methylation levels measured using primerS2 (P = 0.0513). No significant correlation was found between sperm rDNA promoter methylation levels and fertilization rates (2 pronuclei, 1 pronuclei, and 1 polypronuclei). Our results demonstrate that sperm are susceptible to age-associated alterations in methylation levels of rDNA promoter regions, suggesting that sperm rDNA promoter methylation levels can be applied to DNA methylation-based age prediction, and that the aberrant methylation of rDNA promoters may be partially responsible for enhanced disease susceptibility of offspring sired by older fathers. Methylation levels of sperm rDNA promoter regions may correlate with polypronuclei rates of IVF programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejun Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Tian
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Le
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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Chromosome Dynamics Regulating Genomic Dispersion and Alteration of Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs). Cells 2020; 9:cells9040971. [PMID: 32326514 PMCID: PMC7227013 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) demonstrate differences in genomic dispersion and transcriptional activity among all organisms. I postulate that such differences stem from distinct genomic structures and their interactions from chromosome observations using fluorescence in situ hybridization and silver nitrate staining methods. Examples in primates and Australian bulldog ants indicate that chromosomal features indeed play a significant role in determining the properties of NORs. In primates, rDNA arrays that are located on the short arm of acrocentrics frequently form reciprocal associations ("affinity"), but they lack such associations ("non-affinity") with other repeat arrays-a binary molecular effect. These "rules" of affinity vs. non-affinity are extrapolated from the chromosomal configurations of meiotic prophase. In bulldog ants, genomic dispersions of rDNA loci expand much more widely following an increase in the number of acrocentric chromosomes formed by centric fission. Affinity appears to be a significantly greater force: associations likely form among rDNA and heterochromatin arrays of acrocentrics-thus, more acrocentrics bring about more rDNA loci. The specific interactions among NOR-related genome structures remain unclear and require further investigation. Here, I propose that there are limited and non-limited genomic dispersion systems that result from genomic affinity rules, inducing specific chromosomal configurations that are related to NORs.
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Kresoja-Rakic J, Santoro R. Nucleolus and rRNA Gene Chromatin in Early Embryo Development. Trends Genet 2019; 35:868-879. [PMID: 31327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest substructure in the nucleus and forms around the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which comprise hundreds of rRNA genes. Recent evidence highlights further functions of the nucleolus that go beyond ribosome biogenesis. Data indicate that the nucleolus acts as a compartment for the location and regulation of repressive genomic domains and, together with the nuclear lamina, represents the hub for the organization of the inactive heterochromatin. In this review, we discuss recent findings that have revealed how nucleolar structure and rRNA gene chromatin states are regulated during early mammalian development and their contribution to the higher-order spatial organization of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kresoja-Rakic
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ortega-Recalde O, Day RC, Gemmell NJ, Hore TA. Zebrafish preserve global germline DNA methylation while sex-linked rDNA is amplified and demethylated during feminisation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3053. [PMID: 31311924 PMCID: PMC6635516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline is the only cellular lineage capable of transferring genetic information from one generation to the next. Intergenerational transmission of epigenetic memory through the germline, in the form of DNA methylation, has been proposed; however, in mammals this is largely prevented by extensive epigenetic erasure during germline definition. Here we report that, unlike mammals, the continuously-defined ‘preformed’ germline of zebrafish does not undergo genome-wide erasure of DNA methylation during development. Our analysis also uncovers oocyte-specific germline amplification and demethylation of an 11.5-kb repeat region encoding 45S ribosomal RNA (fem-rDNA). The peak of fem-rDNA amplification coincides with the initial expansion of stage IB oocytes, the poly-nucleolar cell type responsible for zebrafish feminisation. Given that fem-rDNA overlaps with the only zebrafish locus identified thus far as sex-linked, we hypothesise fem-rDNA expansion could be intrinsic to sex determination in this species. Germline cells transfer genetic information to offspring, and in zebrafish, drive sex determination. Here the authors report that, unlike mammals, the germline of zebrafish does not undergo genome-wide DNA methylation erasure, while amplifying and demethylating sex-linked rDNA during feminisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Timothy A Hore
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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Pirogov SA, Gvozdev VA, Klenov MS. Long Noncoding RNAs and Stress Response in the Nucleolus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070668. [PMID: 31269716 PMCID: PMC6678565 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform diverse functions in the regulation of cellular processes. Here we consider a variety of lncRNAs found in the ribosome production center, the nucleolus, and focus on their role in the response to environmental stressors. Nucleolar lncRNAs ensure stress adaptation by cessation of resource-intensive ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and by inducing the massive sequestration of proteins within the nucleolus. Different cell states like quiescence and cancer are also controlled by specific lncRNAs in the nucleolus. Taken together, recent findings allow us to consider lncRNAs as multifunctional regulators of nucleolar activities, which are responsive to various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Pirogov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Gvozdev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Klenov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia.
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39
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Genome Organization in and around the Nucleolus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060579. [PMID: 31212844 PMCID: PMC6628108 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest substructure in the nucleus, where ribosome biogenesis takes place, and forms around the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) that comprise ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Each cell contains hundreds of rRNA genes, which are organized in three distinct chromatin and transcriptional states—silent, inactive and active. Increasing evidence indicates that the role of the nucleolus and rRNA genes goes beyond the control of ribosome biogenesis. Recent results highlighted the nucleolus as a compartment for the location and regulation of repressive genomic domains and, together with the nuclear lamina, represents the hub for the organization of the inactive heterochromatin. In this review, we aim to describe the crosstalk between the nucleolus and the rest of the genome and how distinct rRNA gene chromatin states affect nucleolus structure and are implicated in genome stability, genome architecture, and cell fate decision.
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40
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Wang M, Lemos B. Ribosomal DNA harbors an evolutionarily conserved clock of biological aging. Genome Res 2019; 29:325-333. [PMID: 30765617 PMCID: PMC6396418 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241745.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the most evolutionarily conserved segment of the genome and gives origin to the nucleolus, an energy intensive nuclear organelle and major hub influencing myriad molecular processes from cellular metabolism to epigenetic states of the genome. The rDNA/nucleolus has been directly and mechanistically implicated in aging and longevity in organisms as diverse as yeasts, Drosophila, and humans. The rDNA is also a significant target of DNA methylation that silences supernumerary rDNA units and regulates nucleolar activity. Here, we introduce an age clock built exclusively with CpG methylation within the rDNA. The ribosomal clock is sufficient to accurately estimate individual age within species, is responsive to genetic and environmental interventions that modulate life-span, and operates across species as distant as humans, mice, and dogs. Further analyses revealed a significant excess of age-associated hypermethylation in the rDNA relative to other segments of the genome, and which forms the basis of the rDNA clock. Our observations identified an evolutionarily conserved marker of aging that is easily ascertained, grounded on nucleolar biology, and could serve as a universal marker to gauge individual age and response to interventions in humans as well as laboratory and wild organisms across a wide diversity of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Oudinet C, Braikia FZ, Dauba A, Santos JM, Khamlichi AA. Developmental regulation of DNA cytosine methylation at the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant locus. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007930. [PMID: 30779742 PMCID: PMC6380546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation is involved in the regulation of gene expression during development and its deregulation is often associated with disease. Mammalian genomes are predominantly methylated at CpG dinucleotides. Unmethylated CpGs are often associated with active regulatory sequences while methylated CpGs are often linked to transcriptional silencing. Previous studies on CpG methylation led to the notion that transcription initiation is more sensitive to CpG methylation than transcriptional elongation. The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant locus comprises multiple inducible constant genes and is expressed exclusively in B lymphocytes. The developmental B cell stage at which methylation patterns of the IgH constant genes are established, and the role of CpG methylation in their expression, are unknown. Here, we find that methylation patterns at most cis-acting elements of the IgH constant genes are established and maintained independently of B cell activation or promoter activity. Moreover, one of the promoters, but not the enhancers, is hypomethylated in sperm and early embryonic cells, and is targeted by different demethylation pathways, including AID, UNG, and ATM pathways. Combined, the data suggest that, rather than being prominently involved in the regulation of the IgH constant locus expression, DNA methylation may primarily contribute to its epigenetic pre-marking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Oudinet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatima-Zohra Braikia
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Dauba
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Joana M. Santos
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ahmed Amine Khamlichi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Diesch J, Bywater MJ, Sanij E, Cameron DP, Schierding W, Brajanovski N, Son J, Sornkom J, Hein N, Evers M, Pearson RB, McArthur GA, Ganley ARD, O’Sullivan JM, Hannan RD, Poortinga G. Changes in long-range rDNA-genomic interactions associate with altered RNA polymerase II gene programs during malignant transformation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:39. [PMID: 30701204 PMCID: PMC6349880 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional organization of the genome contributes to its maintenance and regulation. While chromosomal regions associate with nucleolar ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA), the biological significance of rDNA-genome interactions and whether they are dynamically regulated during disease remain unclear. rDNA chromatin exists in multiple inactive and active states and their transition is regulated by the RNA polymerase I transcription factor UBTF. Here, using a MYC-driven lymphoma model, we demonstrate that during malignant progression the rDNA chromatin converts to the open state, which is required for tumor cell survival. Moreover, this rDNA transition co-occurs with a reorganization of rDNA-genome contacts which correlate with gene expression changes at associated loci, impacting gene ontologies including B-cell differentiation, cell growth and metabolism. We propose that UBTF-mediated conversion to open rDNA chromatin during malignant transformation contributes to the regulation of specific gene pathways that regulate growth and differentiation through reformed long-range physical interactions with the rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Diesch
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Present Address: Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, 08021 Spain
| | - Megan J. Bywater
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Present Address: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Elaine Sanij
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Donald P. Cameron
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - William Schierding
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Natalie Brajanovski
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Jinbae Son
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Jirawas Sornkom
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Nadine Hein
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Maurits Evers
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Richard B. Pearson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Grant A. McArthur
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Austen R. D. Ganley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | | | - Ross D. Hannan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gretchen Poortinga
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
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The chromatin landscape of the ribosomal RNA genes in mouse and human. Chromosome Res 2019; 27:31-40. [PMID: 30617621 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-018-09603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rRNA genes of mouse and human encode the three major RNAs of the ribosome and as such are essential for growth and development. These genes are present in high copy numbers and arranged as direct repeats at the Nucleolar Organizer Regions on multiple chromosomes. Not all the rRNA genes are transcriptionally active, but the molecular mechanisms that determine activity are complex and still poorly understood. Recent studies applying a novel Deconvolution Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (DChIP-Seq) technique in conjunction with conditional gene inactivation provide new insights into the structure of the active rRNA genes and question previous assumptions on the role of chromatin and histone modifications. We suggest an alternative model for the active rRNA gene chromatin and discuss how this structure is determined and maintained.
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Malinovskaya EM, Ershova ES, Golimbet VE, Porokhovnik LN, Lyapunova NA, Kutsev SI, Veiko NN, Kostyuk SV. Copy Number of Human Ribosomal Genes With Aging: Unchanged Mean, but Narrowed Range and Decreased Variance in Elderly Group. Front Genet 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 30131826 PMCID: PMC6090032 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The multi-copied genes coding for the human 18, 5.8, and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are located in five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes forming so-called rDNA. Human genome contains unmethylated, slightly methylated, and hypermethylated copies of rDNA. The major research question: What is the rDNA copy number (rDNA CN) and the content of hypermethylated rDNA as a function of age? Materials and Methods: We determined the rDNA CN in the blood leukocyte genomes of 651 subjects aged 17 to 91 years. The subjects were divided into two subgroups: “elderly” group (E-group, N = 126) – individuals over 72 years of age (the age of the population’s mean lifetime for Russia) and “non-elderly” group (NE-group, N = 525). The hypermethylated rDNA content was determined in the 40 DNA samples from the each group. The change in rDNA during replicative cell senescence was studied for the cultured skin fibroblast lines of five subjects from NE-group. Non-radioactive quantitative dot- and blot-hybridization techniques (NQH) were applied. Results: In the subjects from the E-group the mean rDNA CN was the same, but the range of variation was narrower compared to the NE-group: a range of 272 to 541 copies in E-group vs. 200 to 711 copies in NE-group. Unlike NE-group, the E-group genomes contained almost no hypermethylated rDNA copies. A case study of cultured skin fibroblasts from five subjects has shown that during the replicative senescence the genome lost hypermethylated rDNA copies only. Conclusion: In the elderly group, the mean rDNA CN is the same, but the range of variation is narrower compared with the younger subjects. During replicative senescence, the human fibroblast genome loses hypermethylated copies of rDNA. Two hypotheses were put forward: (1) individuals with either very low or very high rDNA content in their genomes do not survive till the age of the population’s mean lifetime; and/or (2) during the aging, the human genome eliminates hypermethylated copies of rDNA.
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Danson AF, Marzi SJ, Lowe R, Holland ML, Rakyan VK. Early life diet conditions the molecular response to post-weaning protein restriction in the mouse. BMC Biol 2018; 16:51. [PMID: 29720174 PMCID: PMC5930764 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental influences fluctuate throughout the life course of an organism. It is therefore important to understand how the timing of exposure impacts molecular responses. Herein, we examine the responses of two key molecular markers of dietary stress, namely variant-specific methylation at ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and small RNA distribution, including tRNA fragments, in a mouse model of protein restriction (PR) with exposure at pre- and/or post-weaning. RESULTS We first confirm that pre-weaning PR exposure modulates the methylation state of rDNA in a genotype-dependent manner, whereas post-weaning PR exposure has no such effect. Conversely, post-weaning PR induces a shift in small RNA distribution, but there is no effect in the pre-weaning PR model. Intriguingly, mice exposed to PR throughout their lives show neither of these two dietary stress markers, similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the timing of the insult affects the nature of the molecular response but also, critically, that 'matching' diet exposure either side of weaning eliminates the stress response at the level of rDNA methylation and small RNA in sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Danson
- The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah J Marzi
- The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Robert Lowe
- The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Michelle L Holland
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guys Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Vardhman K Rakyan
- The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a complex and highly energy-demanding process that requires the concerted action of all three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pol I-III) in eukaryotes. The three largest ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) originate from a precursor transcript (pre-rRNA) that is encoded by multicopy genes located in the nucleolus. Transcription of these rRNA genes (rDNA) by Pol I is the key regulation step in ribosome production and is tightly controlled by an intricate network of signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. In this article, we give an overview of the composition of the basal Pol I machinery and rDNA chromatin. We discuss rRNA gene regulation in response to environmental signals and developmental cues and focus on perturbations occurring in diseases linked to either excessive or limited rRNA levels. Finally, we discuss the emerging view that rDNA integrity and activity may be involved in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Sharifi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; , .,Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Bierhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; , .,Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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47
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Parks MM, Kurylo CM, Dass RA, Bojmar L, Lyden D, Vincent CT, Blanchard SC. Variant ribosomal RNA alleles are conserved and exhibit tissue-specific expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao0665. [PMID: 29503865 PMCID: PMC5829973 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome, the integration point for protein synthesis in the cell, is conventionally considered a homogeneous molecular assembly that only passively contributes to gene expression. Yet, epigenetic features of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) operon and changes in the ribosome's molecular composition have been associated with disease phenotypes, suggesting that the ribosome itself may possess inherent regulatory capacity. Analyzing whole-genome sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project and the Mouse Genomes Project, we find that rDNA copy number varies widely across individuals, and we identify pervasive intra- and interindividual nucleotide variation in the 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of both human and mouse. Conserved rRNA sequence heterogeneities map to functional centers of the assembled ribosome, variant rRNA alleles exhibit tissue-specific expression, and ribosomes bearing variant rRNA alleles are present in the actively translating ribosome pool. These findings provide a critical framework for exploring the possibility that the expression of genomically encoded variant rRNA alleles gives rise to physically and functionally heterogeneous ribosomes that contribute to mammalian physiology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Parks
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chad M. Kurylo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Randall A. Dass
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Linda Bojmar
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C. Theresa Vincent
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott C. Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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48
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Neben CL, Tuzon CT, Mao X, Lay FD, Merrill AE. FGFR2 mutations in bent bone dysplasia syndrome activate nucleolar stress and perturb cell fate determination. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3253-3270. [PMID: 28595297 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling promotes self-renewal in progenitor cells by encouraging proliferation and inhibiting cellular senescence. Yet, these beneficial effects can be hijacked by disease-causing mutations in FGF receptor (FGFR) during embryogenesis. By studying dominant FGFR2 mutations that are germline in bent bone dysplasia syndrome (BBDS), we reveal a mechanistic connection between FGFR2, ribosome biogenesis, and cellular stress that links cell fate determination to disease pathology. We previously showed that FGFR2 mutations in BBDS, which amplify nucleolar targeting of FGFR2, activate ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and delay differentiation in osteoprogenitor cells and patient-derived bone. Here we find that the BBDS mutations augment the ability of FGFR2 to recruit histone-remodeling factors that epigenetically activate transcriptionally silent rDNA. Nucleolar morphology is controlled by chromatin structure, and the high levels of euchromatic rDNA induced by the BBDS mutations direct nucleolar disorganization, alter ribosome biogenesis, and activate the Rpl11-Mdm2-p53 nucleolar stress response pathway. Inhibition of p53 in cells expressing the FGFR2 mutations in BBDS rescues delayed osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that p53 activation is an essential pathogenic factor in, and potential therapeutic target for, BBDS. This work establishes rDNA as developmentally regulated loci that receive direct input from FGF signaling to balance self-renewal and cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Creighton T Tuzon
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojing Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fides D Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Khan A, Marks AB, Smith OK, Giri S, Lin YC, Creager R, MacAlpine DM, Prasanth KV, Aladjem MI, Prasanth SG. Temporal association of ORCA/LRWD1 to late-firing origins during G1 dictates heterochromatin replication and organization. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2490-2502. [PMID: 27924004 PMCID: PMC5389698 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication requires the recruitment of a pre-replication complex facilitated by Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) onto the chromatin during G1 phase of the cell cycle. The ORC-associated protein (ORCA/LRWD1) stabilizes ORC on chromatin. Here, we evaluated the genome-wide distribution of ORCA using ChIP-seq during specific time points of G1. ORCA binding sites on the G1 chromatin are dynamic and temporally regulated. ORCA association to specific genomic sites decreases as the cells progressed towards S-phase. The majority of the ORCA-bound sites represent replication origins that also associate with the repressive chromatin marks H3K9me3 and methylated-CpGs, consistent with ORCA-bound origins initiating DNA replication late in S-phase. Further, ORCA directly associates with the repressive marks and interacts with the enzymes that catalyze these marks. Regions that associate with both ORCA and H3K9me3, exhibit diminished H3K9 methylation in ORCA-depleted cells, suggesting a role for ORCA in recruiting the H3K9me3 mark at certain genomic loci. Similarly, DNA methylation is altered at ORCA-occupied sites in cells lacking ORCA. Furthermore, repressive chromatin marks influence ORCA's binding on chromatin. We propose that ORCA coordinates with the histone and DNA methylation machinery to establish a repressive chromatin environment at a subset of origins, which primes them for late replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anna B Marks
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Owen K Smith
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sumanprava Giri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yo-Chuen Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rachel Creager
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M MacAlpine
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Supriya G Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Borowska-Zuchowska N, Hasterok R. Epigenetics of the preferential silencing of Brachypodium stacei-originated 35S rDNA loci in the allotetraploid grass Brachypodium hybridum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5260. [PMID: 28706212 PMCID: PMC5509716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar dominance (ND), initially described as ‘differential amphiplasty’, is a phenomenon observed in some plant and animal allopolyploids and hybrids in which the selective suppression of the activity of 35S rRNA gene loci that have been inherited from one of the two or more ancestral genomes occurs. Although more than 80 years have passed since the discovery of ND, there is still a significant lack in our understanding of the mechanisms that determine this phenomenon. Here, we aimed to investigate the epigenetic status of 35S rRNA gene loci in the monocotyledonous Brachypodium hybridum, which is an allotetraploid that has resulted from a cross between B. distachyon and B. stacei. We revealed that the repressed B. stacei-inherited rDNA loci are characterised by a high level of DNA methylation. The global hypomethylation of B. hybridum nuclear DNA induced by 5-azacytidine, however, seems to be insufficient for the transcriptional reactivation of these loci, which indicates that factors other than DNA methylation are behind the suppression of B. stacei-originated loci. We also showed that the transcriptionally active and silenced fractions of rRNA genes that had been inherited from B. distachyon occupy different domains within the chromocentres adjacent to the nucleolus, depending on their epigenetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borowska-Zuchowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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