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Wang F, Metzner F, Osterhoff G, Schleifenbaum S. Assessment of the efficiency of different chemical treatments and ultrasonic cleaning for defatting of cancellous bone samples. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 23:499-510. [PMID: 34714441 PMCID: PMC9372121 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-021-09969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to asses the defatting efficiency of different methods, which are commonly used and easily available in the laboratory in order to find a method that is effective, convenient, safe, and economical. Cylindrical cancellous bone specimens were obtained from fresh-frozen human cadaver femoral condyles, cut into multiple small specimens (Ø8 × 2 mm), and assigned to two groups that were treated with either chemical solvent soaking (Solvent group) or ultrasonic cleaning (Ultrasound group). Each group was divided into several subgroups based on different treatments. Digital photographs were taken of each specimen. The difference of material density (Δρb), apparent density (Δρapp), and porosity (ΔP) before and after treatment were used as evaluation indicators. For the solvent group, in Δρb, only the combination of 99% ethanol and detergent solution showed a significant difference before and after treatment (P = 0.00). There was no significant difference in ΔP among acetone, the mixture of 99% ethanol and acetone, and the combination of 99% ethanol and detergent solution (P = 0.93). For the ultrasound group, the median of all subgroups in Δρapp and ΔP were all lower than the solvent group. The combination of 99% ethanol and detergent solution (v/v = 1:20), as well as the mixture of 99% ethanol and acetone (v/v = 1:1), seem to be the optimal defatting methods for 2 mm thick cancellous bone slices due to their effectiveness, availability, low-cost and safety. Chemical soaking for 24 h is more effective than ultrasonic cleaning with 99% ethanol or acetone for 20 or 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxing Wang
- ZESBO - Center for Research on Musculoskeletal Systems, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstraße 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße. 20 Haus 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Florian Metzner
- ZESBO - Center for Research on Musculoskeletal Systems, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstraße 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Osterhoff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße. 20 Haus 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schleifenbaum
- ZESBO - Center for Research on Musculoskeletal Systems, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstraße 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Li Z, Zhou W, Yang L, Chen P, Yan C, Cai C, Li H, Li L, Shi Y. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde Resin-Based Electrical Insulating Composites Fabricated by Selective Laser Sintering. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E135. [PMID: 30960119 PMCID: PMC6401769 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, glass fiber (GF)/phenol formaldehyde resin (PF)/epoxy resin (EP) three-phase electrical insulating composites were fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing technology and subsequent infiltration. In the three-phase composites, glass fibers modified by a silane coupling agent (KH-550) were used as reinforcements, phenol formaldehyde resin acted as the binder and matrix, and infiltrated epoxy resin was the filler. Mechanical and electrical properties such as tensile strength, bending strength, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and electric breakdown strength of the GF/PF/EP three-phase composite parts were investigated. The results indicated that after being infiltrated with EP, the bending strength and tensile strength of the GF/PF/EP composites increased by 30% and 42.8%, respectively. Moreover, the flexural strength and tensile strength of the GF/PF/EP composite increased with the increase of the glass fiber content. More importantly, the three-phase composites showed high electrical properties. Significant improvement in the dielectric constant, electric breakdown strength, and resistivity with the increase in the content of glass fiber was observed. This enables the prepared GF/PF/EP composites to form complex structural electrical insulation devices by SLS, which expands the materials and applications of additive manufacturing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wangbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lee Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Jaremko JL, Maciejewski CM, Cheng RWT, Ronsky JL, Thompson RB, Lambert RGW, Dhillon SS. Accuracy and reliability of MRI vs. laboratory measurements in an ex vivo porcine model of arthritic cartilage loss. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:992-1000. [PMID: 17896352 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of change in cartilage volume due to thin linear excisions, simulating arthritic cartilage losses, by comparison with laboratory volume measurements in an ex vivo porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We scanned 15 porcine patellae by T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) MRI at baseline and after excision of up to three thin layers of articular cartilage. Excised fragment volume was determined from density and weight. Postexcision scans were "fused" to the baseline scan by three-dimensional (3D) registration. This allowed automated recalculation of the remaining cartilage volume within a baseline region of interest (ROI) following each excision. We compared MRI estimates of change in cartilage volume to direct laboratory measurement of fragment volume. RESULTS Our 38 excised fragments averaged 0.16 mL, or approximately 7% of cartilage volume. MRI and laboratory estimates of total cartilage volume loss differed by 1.6% +/- 13.2% (mean, coefficient of variation [CV]). Accuracy was +/-0.1 mL for 95% of scans. CONCLUSION MRI estimates of small changes in porcine patellar cartilage volume were unbiased, reliable, and accurate to 0.1 mL. Despite a proportionately high error in the very thin fragments tested, achievement of similar accuracy in vivo would be adequate to detect approximately two years of osteoarthritic cartilage loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Jaremko
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Lievers WB, Lee V, Arsenault SM, Waldman SD, Pilkey AK. Specimen size effect in the volumetric shrinkage of cancellous bone measured at two levels of dehydration. J Biomech 2006; 40:1903-9. [PMID: 17054965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Water is commonly removed from bone to study its effect on mechanical behaviour; however, dehydration also alters the bone structure. To make matters worse, measuring structural changes in cancellous bone is complicated by a number of factors. Therefore, the goals of this study were to address these issues by (1) comparing Archimedes' method and a helium pycnometer as methods for measuring cancellous bone volume; (2) measuring the apparent dimensional and volumetric tissue shrinkage of cancellous bone at two levels of dehydration; and, (3) identifying whether a size effect exists in cancellous bone shrinkage. Cylindrical specimens (3, 5 and 8.3 mm diameters) of cancellous bone were taken from the distal bovine femur. The apparent dimensions of each cylindrical specimen were measured in a fully hydrated state (HYD), after drying at room temperature (AIR), and after oven drying at 105 degrees C (OVEN). Tissue volume measurements for those three hydration states were obtained using both a helium pycnometer and Archimedes' method. Aluminium foams, which mimic the cancellous structure, were used as controls. The results suggest that the helium pycnometer and Archimedes' method yield identical results in the HYD and AIR states, but that Archimedes' method under-predicts the nominal OVEN volume by incorporating the collagen-apatite porosity. A distinct size effect on volumetric shrinkage is observed (p<0.025) using the pycnometer in both AIR and OVEN states. Apparent dimensional shrinkage (2% and 7%) at the two dehydration levels is much smaller than the measured volumetric tissue shrinkage (16% and 29%), which results in a reduced dehydrated bone volume fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brent Lievers
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6
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Klein SA, Nyland J, Caborn DNM, Kocabey Y, Nawab A. Comparison of volumetric bone mineral density in the tibial region of interest for ACL reconstruction. Surg Radiol Anat 2005; 27:372-6. [PMID: 16237489 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-005-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate tibial bone mineral density (BMD) is essential to soft tissue graft fixation during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare volumetric bone plug density measurements at the tibial region of interest for ACL reconstruction using a standardized immersion technique and Archimedes' principle. Cancellous bone cores were harvested from the proximal, middle, and distal metaphyseal regions of the lateral tibia and from the standard tibial tunnel location used for ACL reconstruction of 18 cadaveric specimens. Proximal tibial cores displayed 32.6% greater BMD than middle tibial cores and 31.8% greater BMD than distal tibial cores, but did not differ from the BMD of the tibial tunnel cores. Correlational analysis confirmed that the cancellous BMD in the tibial tunnel related to the cancellous BMD of the proximal and distal lateral tibial metaphysis. In conjunction with its adjacent cortical bone, the cancellous BMD of the region used for standard tibial tunnel placement provides an effective foundation for ACL graft fixation. In tibia with poor BMD, bicortical fixation that incorporates cortical bone from the distal tibial tunnel region is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Klein
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 210 East Gray St., Suite 1003, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Graichen H, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Vogl T, Englmeier KH, Eckstein F. Quantitative assessment of cartilage status in osteoarthritis by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging: Technical validation for use in analysis of cartilage volume and further morphologic parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:811-6. [PMID: 15022323 DOI: 10.1002/art.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative diagnostic tools for osteoarthritis (OA) are important for evaluating the treatment response to structure-modifying drugs. This study was undertaken to test the technical validity (accuracy) of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) for reliable determination of the total bone interface area, percentage of cartilaginous (denuded) joint surface area, and cartilage thickness in OA. METHODS High-resolution MRIs of femorotibial and patellar cartilage were acquired in 21 patients prior to total knee arthroplasty, using a T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with water excitation. After segmentation of original bone interface areas (before disease onset) and the actual cartilage layer, the percentages of cartilaginous joint surface area, cartilage thickness, and cartilage volume were determined using proprietary software. During surgery, the patella and the medial and lateral tibia were resected. Results obtained with qMRI were compared with those obtained by direct image analysis of surface area, cartilage thickness, and cartilage volume of the surgically removed tissue. RESULTS Pairwise differences between results obtained with qMRI and morphologic analysis were +/-4.6% for percentage of cartilaginous surface area, +/-8.9% for cartilage thickness, and +/-9.1% for cartilage volume. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.92 (thickness) to 0.98 (volume). CONCLUSION Quantitative MRI permits technically accurate and differential assessment of increases in eroded joint surface area and reductions in cartilage thickness in OA. The surrogate validity of these parameters requires testing in longitudinal studies. These parameters may be advantageous over determination of cartilage volume alone when diagnosing OA, exploring its progression, or testing responsiveness to new therapies.
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Kohles SS, Roberts JB, Upton ML, Wilson CG, Bonassar LJ, Schlichting AL. Direct perfusion measurements of cancellous bone anisotropic permeability. J Biomech 2001; 34:1197-202. [PMID: 11506790 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
More extensive characterization of trabecular connectivity and intertrabecular space will be instrumental in understanding disease states and designing engineered bone. This project presents an experimental protocol to define the directional dependence of transport properties as measured from healthy cancellous bone when considered as a biologic, porous medium. In the initial design phases, mature bovine bone was harvested from the femoral neck (n=6 cylinders) and distal condyle (n=4 cubes) regions and used for "proof of concept" experimentation. A power study on those results led to the presented work on 20 cubic samples (mean volume=4.09cm(3)) harvested from a single bovine distal femur. Anisotropic intrinsic permeabilities (k(i)) were quantified along the orthogonal anatomic axes (i=medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior) from each individual cubic bone sample. Using direct perfusion measurements, permeability was calculated based upon Darcy's Law describing flow through porous media. The maximum mean value was associated with the superior-inferior orientation (4.65x10(-10)m(2)) in comparison with the mean anterior-posterior (4.52x10(-10)m(2)) and medial-lateral (2.33x10(-10)m(2)) direction values. The results demonstrate the anisotropic (p=0.0143) and heterogeneous (p=0.0002) nature of the tissue and encourage the ongoing quantification of parameters within the established poroelastic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kohles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Bloebaum RD, Skedros JG, Vajda EG, Bachus KN, Constantz BR. Determining mineral content variations in bone using backscattered electron imaging. Bone 1997; 20:485-90. [PMID: 9145247 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of bones are greatly influenced by the ratio of organic constituents to mineral. Determination of bone mineral content on a macroscopic scale is straightforward, but microscopic variations, which can yield new insights into remodelling activities, mechanical strength, and integrity, are profoundly more difficult to measure. Measurement of microscopic mineral content variations in bone material has traditionally been performed using microradiography. Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging is a technique with significantly better resolution than microradiography with demonstrated consistency, and it does not suffer from projection-effect errors. We report results demonstrating the applicability of quantitative BSE imaging as a tool for measuring microscopic mineral content variations in bones representing a broad range of mineralization. Bones from ten species were analyzed with Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, ash measurements, and BSE imaging. BSE image intensity (graylevel) had a very strong positive correlation to mineral (ash) content. Compositional and crystallographic variations among bones had negligible influence on backscattered electron graylevels. The present study confirms the use of BSE imaging as a tool to measure the microscopic mineral variability in a broad range of mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Bloebaum
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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