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Pyper K, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Khadra I, Dunn C, Wilson CG, Halbert GW. Multidimensional analysis of human intestinal fluid composition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:226-240. [PMID: 32585351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oral administration of solid dosage forms is the commonest method to achieve systemic therapy and relies on the drug's solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF), a key factor that influences bioavailability and biopharmaceutical classification. However, HIF is difficult to obtain and is known to be variable, which has led to the development of a range of simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) systems to determine drug solubility in vitro. In this study we have applied a novel multidimensional approach to analyse and characterise HIF composition using a published data set in both fasted and fed states with a view to refining the existing SIF approaches. The data set provided 152 and 172 measurements of five variables (total bile salt, phospholipid, total free fatty acid, cholesterol and pH) in time-dependent HIF samples from 20 volunteers in the fasted and fed state, respectively. The variable data sets for both fasted state and fed state are complex, do not follow normal distributions but the amphiphilic variable concentrations are correlated. When plotted 2-dimensionally a generally ellipsoid shaped data cloud with a positive slope is revealed with boundaries that enclose published fasted or fed HIF compositions. The data cloud also encloses the majority of fasted state and fed state SIF recipes and illustrates that the structured nature of design of experiment (DoE) approaches does not optimally cover the variable space and may examine media compositions that are not biorelevant. A principal component analysis in either fasted or fed state in combination with fitting an ellipsoid shape to enclose the data results in 8 points that capture over 95% of the compositional variability of HIF. The variable's average rate of concentration change in both fasted state and fed state over a short time scale (10 min) is zero and a Euclidean analysis highlights differences between the fasted and fed states and among individual volunteers. The results indicate that a 9-point DoE (8 + 1 central point) could be applied to investigate drug solubility in vitro and provide statistical solubility limits. In addition, a single point could provide a worst-case solubility measurement to define the lowest biopharmaceutical classification boundary or for use during drug development. This study has provided a novel description of HIF composition. The approach could be expanded in multiple ways by incorporation of further data sets to improve the statistical coverage or to cover specific patient groups (e.g., paediatric). Further development might also be possible to analyse information on the time dependent behaviour of HIF and to guide HIF sampling and analysis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Pyper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, ON2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, ON2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - C Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - C G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - G W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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2
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Mayer CA, Wilson CG, MacFarlane PM. Changes in carotid body and nTS neuronal excitability following neonatal sustained and chronic intermittent hypoxia exposure. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 205:28-36. [PMID: 25266393 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether pre-treatment with neonatal sustained hypoxia (SH) prior to chronic intermittent hypoxia (SH+CIH) would modify in vitro carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor activity and the excitability of neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). Sustained hypoxia followed by CIH exposure simulates an oxygen paradigm experienced by extremely premature infants who developed persistent apnea. Rat pups were treated with 5 days of SH (11% O2) from postnatal age 1 (P1) followed by 10 days of subsequent chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH, 5% O2/5 min, 8 h/day, between P6 and P15) as described previously (Mayer et al., Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 187(2): 167-75, 2013). At the end of SH+CIH exposure (P16), basal firing frequency was enhanced, and the hypoxic sensory response of single unit CB chemoafferents was attenuated. Further, basal firing frequency and the amplitude of evoked excitatory post-synaptic currents (ESPC's) of nTS neurons was augmented compared to age-matched rats raised in normoxia. These effects were unique to SH+CIH exposure as neither SH or CIH alone elicited any comparable effect on chemoafferent activity or nTS function. These data indicated that pre-treatment with neonatal SH prior to CIH exposure uniquely modified mechanisms of peripheral (CB) and central (nTS) neural function in a way that would be expected to disturb the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - C G Wilson
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - P M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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3
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Jantzie LL, Getsy PM, Firl DJ, Wilson CG, Miller RH, Robinson S. Erythropoietin attenuates loss of potassium chloride co-transporters following prenatal brain injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:152-62. [PMID: 24983520 PMCID: PMC4134983 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents that restore the inhibitory actions of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) by modulating intracellular chloride concentrations will provide novel avenues to treat stroke, chronic pain, epilepsy, autism, and neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. During development, upregulation of the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2, and the resultant switch from excitatory to inhibitory responses to GABA guide the formation of essential inhibitory circuits. Importantly, maturation of inhibitory mechanisms is also central to the development of excitatory circuits and proper balance between excitatory and inhibitory networks in the developing brain. Loss of KCC2 expression occurs in postmortem samples from human preterm infant brains with white matter lesions. Here we show that late gestation brain injury in a rat model of extreme prematurity impairs the developmental upregulation of potassium chloride co-transporters during a critical postnatal period of circuit maturation in CA3 hippocampus by inducing a sustained loss of oligomeric KCC2 via a calpain-dependent mechanism. Further, administration of erythropoietin (EPO) in a clinically relevant postnatal dosing regimen following the prenatal injury protects the developing brain by reducing calpain activity, restoring oligomeric KCC2 expression and attenuating KCC2 fragmentation, thus providing the first report of a safe therapy to address deficits in KCC2 expression. Together, these data indicate it is possible to reverse abnormalities in KCC2 expression during the postnatal period, and potentially reverse deficits in inhibitory circuit formation central to cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Jantzie
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - P M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - D J Firl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - R H Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - S Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Davis SS, Stockwell AF, Taylor MJ, Hardy JG, Whalley DR, Wilson CG, Bechgaard H, Christensen FN. The effect of density on the gastric emptying of single- and multiple-unit dosage forms. Pharm Res 2013; 3:208-13. [PMID: 24271583 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016334629169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastric emptying of pellets and single units of different densities has been followed in healthy subjects using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. The gastric emptying of the light pellets was affected by their buoyancy in the upper part of the stomach. However, the mean gastric emptying rates of pellets and single units were not significantly affected by density. Floating or buoyant delivery systems may have little advantage over conventional systems. The presence of food in the stomach was found to be the major factor in determining the gastric emptying of single units.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Davis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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5
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Wilson CG, Martín-Saavedra FM, Vilaboa N, Franceschi RT. Advanced BMP gene therapies for temporal and spatial control of bone regeneration. J Dent Res 2013; 92:409-17. [PMID: 23539558 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513483771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal patterns of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling are crucial to the assembly of appropriately positioned and shaped bones of the face and head. This review advances the hypothesis that reconstitution of such patterns with cutting-edge gene therapies will transform the clinical management of craniofacial bone defects attributed to trauma, disease, or surgical resection. Gradients in BMP signaling within developing limbs and orofacial primordia regulate proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors. Similarly, vascular and mesenchymal cells express BMPs in various places and at various times during normal fracture healing. In non-healing fractures of long bones, BMP signaling is severely attenuated. Devices that release recombinant BMPs promote healing of bone in spinal fusions and, in some cases, of open fractures, but cannot control the timing and localization of BMP release. Gene therapies with regulated expression systems may provide substantial improvements in efficacy and safety compared with protein-based therapies. Synthetic gene switches, activated by pharmacologics or light or hyperthermic stimuli, provide several avenues for the non-invasive regulation of the expression of BMP transgenes in both time and space. Through new gene therapy platforms such as these, active control over BMP signaling can be achieved to accelerate bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Wilson
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Hodges LA, Connolly SM, Winter J, Schmidt T, Stevens HNE, Hayward M, Wilson CG. Modulation of gastric pH by a buffered soluble effervescent formulation: A possible means of improving gastric tolerability of alendronate. Int J Pharm 2012; 432:57-62. [PMID: 22564778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal side-effects of alendronate (ALN) are believed to be associated with oesophageal lodging of tablets and perhaps reflux of gastric contents with alendronate under strongly acidic pH conditions. This leads to unfavourable posture restrictions when dosing. This clinical study evaluated gastric emptying and gastric pH after administration of Fosamax(®) tablets and a novel effervescent ALN formulation with a high buffering capacity. This novel formulation, EX101, was developed to potentially improve gastric tolerance. Gastric pH was monitored by nasogastric probes. Gastric emptying was determined simultaneously by scintigraphic imaging of (99m)Tc-DTPA labelled formulations. Both formulations tested rapidly cleared the oesophagus and there were no statistically significant or physiologically relevant differences in gastric emptying times. Mean pH at time to 50% gastric emptying of the radiolabel was significantly higher in EX101-treated subjects compared to those treated with Fosamax(®). At time to 90% gastric emptying of the radiolabel, mean pH values were comparable. Mucosal exposure to ALN at pH less than 3 is irritating to gastro-oesophageal tissue. Ingestion of Fosamax(®) resulted in ALN being present in the stomach at a pH below 3 within minutes. EX101 minimised the possibility of exposing the oesophagus (in case of reflux) to acidified ALN.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hodges
- Bio-Images Research Ltd., Within Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
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7
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Wilson CG, Jairo SV. Antiprotozoal Activity of α,β-Unsaturated δ-Lactones: Promising Compounds for the Development of New Therapeutic Alternatives. TROP J PHARM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v10i5.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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8
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Abstract
The International Association for the Study of Pain, has defined pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience connected with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage". It was thought that the newborn baby does not experience pain because of incompletely developed nervous system. However, it has been shown that neurological system known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation, is intact and functional. A study was conducted in our center to study the analgesic effect of administration of oral glucose in various concentrations, in neonates undergoing heel punctures, for collection of blood for investigations. This was compared with the analgesic effects of breast milk (which contains lactose). 125 full term normal neonates with no history of birth asphyxia or underlying neurological abnormality, requiring heel punctures for collection of blood for various investigations were selected for the study. They were matched for gestational age, birth weight and sex distribution and divided into 5 groups of 25 each. One group comprised control subjects and was administered sterile water. 3 groups were administered 1 ml of varying strengths of glucose solutions i.e. 10%, 25% and 50% respectively. The last group was given 1 ml of expressed breast milk (EBM). Prior to heel pricks, state of arousal, baseline heart rate (HR) and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded by pulse oximeter in each neonate. Autolet, a mechanical device for capillary sampling, was used for heel pricks to give equal strength of painful stimulus in each procedure. Audio tape recorder was used to record the cry. The oral solution was administered slowly over 30 seconds by means of a syringe placed in the mouth. Heel puncture was done after 2 minutes, taking all aseptic precautions. HR and SpO2 were monitored using pulse oximeter. Pain response was assessed, by recording duration of crying, change in HR, change in SpO2 and facial action score after the procedure. Mean duration of cry and total cry over 5 minutes was significantly less in groups given 25% and 50% glucose solutions as compared to the control group and babies given EBM. Difference in mean increase in HR, fall in SpO2 were statistically significant between control group, EBM group and neonates given 25% and 50% glucose solutions respectively. Compared to control group, all other administered solutions (10%, 25%, 50% glucose and EBM) were found to reduce physiological and behavioral responses in neonates undergoing heel punctures. 25% and 50% glucose solutions were found to have maximal analgesic effect and both were found to be equally effective. EBM and 10% glucose solution have an equal analgesic effect but less than 25% or 50% glucose. This simple, cheap and safe method of oral analgesia can be easily used in neonates undergoing heel prick procedures during routine neonatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jatana
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Gorakhpur
| | - S S Dalal
- Graded Specialist, Air Force Hospital, Gorakhpur
| | - C G Wilson
- Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040
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9
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Gupta G, Jatana SK, Wilson CG. Anti-leukotrienes in Childhood Asthma. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 58:242-6. [PMID: 27407391 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(02)80139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory condition. The inflammatory actions of leukotrienes (LT) B4, C4, D4, and E4 have been shown experimentally to play a role in inflammatory mechanisms, producing asthma. Antileukotrienes (ALT) or leukotrienes antagonists (LA) is a new class of anti-asthma drugs with anti-inflammatory role. LT modifiers from the groups of 5 lipoxygenase inhibitor and Cys LT1 receptor antagonists, are found useful in asthma therapy. LAs are of main use in young infants and toddler with recurrent wheezing, children with moderate to severe chronic asthma on steroid therapy and in allergic rhinitis. In chronic asthma they are required to be used for prolonged periods with other anti-asthma agents. Except for Montelukast and Zafirlukast, which can be used in children above two and six years of age respectively, the paediatric use of other agents is yet to be established. However, these agents are essentially safe. The cost of LAs is reasonably high. At present, with available evidence, these drugs are considered promising in management of asthma in children. However, there is need to do more long term clinical trials for ascertaining their effectivity in different types of asthma to compare their effects with long acting B2 agnoists and chromones, so as to optimally explore their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Gupta
- Reader, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - S K Jatana
- Reader, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - C G Wilson
- Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
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10
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Mills SN, Maher SE, Davis SS, Hardy JG, Wilson CG. The Use of Gamma Scintigraphy for the in vivo Assessment of Colloidal Dosage Forms Intended for Parenteral Use. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb10888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Mills
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - S E Maher
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - S S Davis
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - J G Hardy
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
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11
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Harnor KJ, Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Sims EE, Feely LC, Farr SJ. Effect of Vapour Pressure on the Deposition Pattern from Solution Phase Metered Dose Inhalers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KJ Harnor
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - AC Perkins
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - CG Wilson
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - EE Sims
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - LC Feely
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - SJ Farr
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- International Development Centre, Abbott Laboratories, Queenborough, Kent, ME11 5EL
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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12
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Norman S, Ollerenshaw K, Hardy JG, Wilson CG. The Effects of Exercise on Intestinal Transit of a Pellet Formulation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Norman
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | - K Ollerenshaw
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | - J G Hardy
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- K Palin
- Pharmacy Department and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - S S Davis
- Pharmacy Department and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - A J Phillips
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hoddesdon, Herts, EN11 9BU
| | - D Whalley
- Pharmacy Department and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - C G Wilson
- Pharmacy Department and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
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14
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Chawla RS, Frier M, Hardy J, Hunneyball IM, Kellaway IW, Maher SE, Stevens J, Wastie ML, Wilson CG. The Clearance of Intra-Articularly Administered Radiocolloids from the Knee Joint. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb10885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Chawla
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
| | - M Frier
- Department of Pharmacy, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham
| | - J Hardy
- Department of Pharmacy, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham
| | | | - I W Kellaway
- Department of Pharmacy, The Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWIST, Cardiff
| | - S E Maher
- Department of Pharmacy, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham
| | - J Stevens
- Department of Pharmacy, Boots Co. Ltd., Nottingham
| | - M L Wastie
- Department of Pharmacy, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Pharmacy, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Illum
- Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Medical Physics, Physiology and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - J G Hardy
- Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Medical Physics, Physiology and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - C G Wilson
- Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Medical Physics, Physiology and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - S S Davis
- Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Medical Physics, Physiology and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
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16
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Palin KJ, Wilson CG, Davis SS, Phillips AJ. The Influence of Bile Flow and Mixed Bile Salt Micelle Composition on the Oral Absorption of a Model Compound (DDT). J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Palin
- Medical School and Pharmacy Department, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - C G Wilson
- Medical School and Pharmacy Department, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - S S Davis
- Medical School and Pharmacy Department, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - A J Phillips
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hoddesdon, Herts EN11 9BU
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17
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Daly PB, Davis SS, Frier M, Hardy J, Kennerley J, Wilson CG. In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of a Sustained Release Matrix Tablet. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb11706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PB Daly
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - SS Davis
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - M Frier
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - J Hardy
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - J Kennerley
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - CG Wilson
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hardy
- Department of Medical Physics, Queen's Medical Centre
| | - J W Kennerley
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
| | - M J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre
| | - S S Davis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
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Bell J, Peters GE, McMartin C, Thomas NW, Wilson CG. The Lack of Effect of Sodium Salicylate on the In-Situ Absorption of a Mini-Somatostatin Analogue in the Rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bell
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | | | | | - N W Thomas
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | - C G Wilson
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
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20
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Washington N, Washington C, Davis SS, Wilson CG. Raft Strengths and Neutralization Properties of Alginate Anti-Reflux Agents In-Vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - C Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - S S Davis
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brackley
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - N W Thomas
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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22
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Martin L, Wilson CG, Koosha F, Uchegbu IF. Chitosan based hydrogels for macromolecular drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW
| | - F Koosha
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex
| | - I F Uchegbu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW
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Affiliation(s)
- O Olejnik
- Fisons plc., Pharmaceutical Div., Bakewell Road, Loughborough
| | - J Stevens
- Fisons plc., Pharmaceutical Div., Bakewell Road, Loughborough
| | | | - J Hardy
- Medical Physics, University of Nottingham
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- N Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - S S Davis
- Departments of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Stannard TJ, Thomas NW, Wilson CG, Robinson A, Grant DJW. Histological and Physiological Studies on the Rat Intestine Exposed to Polyethylene Glycols. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb11696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TJ Stannard
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Physiology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
| | - NW Thomas
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Physiology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
| | - CG Wilson
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Physiology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
| | - A Robinson
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Physiology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
| | - DJW Grant
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Physiology, University of Nottingham
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham
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Affiliation(s)
- N Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C Washington
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Pharmacy and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- O Olejnik
- Fisons p.l.c., Pharmaceutical Division, Bakeuell Road, Loughborough
| | - J Stevens
- Fisons p.l.c., Pharmaceutical Division, Bakeuell Road, Loughborough
| | - C G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nottingham
| | - J G Hardy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Johnson
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham
| | - N W Thomas
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham
| | - M Warren
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham
| | - C G Wilson
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham
| | - J Fry
- Departments of Human Morphology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- SN Mills
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - SS Davis
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - JG Hardy
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - CG Wilson
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - N Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
| | - M Frier
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fitzgerald
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- Smith & Nephew Research Ltd, Gilston Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2RQ, UK
| | - D A Hollingsbee
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- Smith & Nephew Research Ltd, Gilston Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2RQ, UK
| | - D Gilbert
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- Smith & Nephew Research Ltd, Gilston Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2RQ, UK
| | - C G Wilson
- Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
- Smith & Nephew Research Ltd, Gilston Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2RQ, UK
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31
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Olejnik O, Davis SS, Wilson CG. A Non-Invasive Perfusion Technique for Measuring the Corneal Permeation of Drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb11664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Olejnik
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School and Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
| | - SS Davis
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School and Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
| | - CG Wilson
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School and Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
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Tomer MD, Wilson CG, Moorman TB, Cole KJ, Heer D, Isenhart TM. Source-pathway separation of multiple contaminants during a rainfall-runoff event in an artificially drained agricultural watershed. J Environ Qual 2010; 39:882-95. [PMID: 20400584 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A watershed's water quality is influenced by contaminant-transport pathways unique to each landscape. Accurate information on contaminant-pathways could provide a basis for mitigation through well-targeted approaches. This study determined dynamics of nitrate-N, total P, Escherichia coli, and sediment during a runoff event in Tipton Creek, Iowa. The watershed, under crop and livestock production, has extensive tile drainage discharging through an alluvial valley. A September 2006 storm yielded 5.9 mm of discharge during the ensuing 7 d, which was monitored at the outlet (19,850 ha), two tile-drainage outfalls (total 1856 ha), and a runoff flume (11 ha) within the sloped valley. Hydrograph separations indicated 13% of tile discharge was from surface intakes. Tile and outlet nitrate-N loads were similar, verifying subsurface tiles dominate nitrate delivery. On a unit-area basis, tile total P and E. coli loads, respectively, were about half and 30% of the outlet's; their rapid, synchronous timing showed surface intakes are an important pathway for both contaminants. Flume results indicated field runoff was a significant source of total P and E. coli loads, but not the dominant one. At the outlet, sediment, P, and E. coli were reasonably synchronous. Radionuclide activities of (7)Be and (210)Pb in suspended sediments showed sheet-and-rill erosion sourced only 22% of sediment contributions; therefore, channel sources dominated and were an important source of P and E. coli. The contaminants followed unique pathways, necessitating separate mitigation strategies. To comprehensively address water quality, erosion-control and nitrogen-management practices currently encouraged could be complemented by buffering surface intakes and stabilizing stream banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tomer
- USDA-ARS, National Lab. for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Prasad VG, Nayeem S, Ramachandra S, Saiprasad GS, Wilson CG. An outbreak of buffalo pox in human in a village in Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Public Health 2009; 53:267. [PMID: 20469775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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Gianchandani YB, Wright SA, Eun CK, Wilson CG, Mitra B. Exploring microdischarges for portable sensing applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:559-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Wren DG, Kuhnle RA, Wilson CG. Measurements of the relationship between turbulence and sediment in suspension over mobile sand dunes in a laboratory flume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ikinci G, Senel S, Tokgözoğlu L, Wilson CG, Sumnu M. Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluations of bioadhesive buccal tablets for nicotine replacement therapy. Pharmazie 2006; 61:203-7. [PMID: 16599260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Buccal bioadhesive tablet formulations of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT) for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were developed using chitosan and carbomer at different ratios. Magnesium hydroxide was incorporated into the formulations as pH increasing agent. In vitro release and bioadhesion properties of the tablets were investigated. Release of NHT from the tablets was increased with the increasing amount of chitosan in formulations whilst the bioadhesion of the tablet was decreased. In vivo studies were carried out in healthy, non-smoker volunteers in comparison to a commercially available transdermal patch. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. No significant difference was found between the maximum plasma nicotine concentrations (Cmax) obtained with the buccal tablet and the transdermal patch (p > 0.05). Time to reach the Cmax was 2.9 +/- 0.2 h and 11.5 +/- 1.3 h, and AUC0-24 values were 59.3 +/- 5.1 ng x h x mL(-1) (0-12 h) and 204.1 +/- 31.2 ng x h x mL(-1) for buccal tablet and transdermal patch, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ikinci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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37
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Miller J, Wilson WS, Wilson CG, Uttamchandani D. Minimally invasive, direct, real time measurement of drug concentration in the anterior eye. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:1147-51. [PMID: 16113370 PMCID: PMC1772849 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate a corneal contact lens which effectively turns the anterior chamber of the eye into a cuvette, enabling the concentration of a drug to be measured using absorption spectroscopy. METHODS A hand held contact lens incorporating optical fibres connected to a spectrograph enabled a beam of light to be directed in, across, and out of the anterior chamber. The device was used to follow the time course of drug concentration in the anterior chamber of rabbit (sedated) and humans, using topical brimonidine or fluorescein (with or without local anaesthesia). Absorbance measurements were taken for a 5-25 second period, repeated every 30 minutes. Drug concentrations were compared using absorbance peak height. RESULTS Corneal absorption starts to rise rapidly at wavelengths shorter than 315 nm. The light path within the anterior chamber is 6.9 mm (rabbit) and 5.8 mm (human), the absorbance measured also includes a corneal component. Application of fluorescein (three drops of 2% solution) in rabbit allowed detection, 60 minutes later, of a large absorbance peak at 490 nm. In the human eye, the device could not measure fluorescein (applied as in rabbit), but clearly detected brimonidine for 3 hours following topical application of 0.6 mg. Modification of the device to measure fluorescence resulted in the detection of 5.3 nM fluorescein in the ex vivo rabbit eye, an increase in sensitivity of two orders of magnitude over the absorption measurements. CONCLUSION This device has the potential to allow repeated measurements of drug concentrations in the anterior eye provided the drug has suitable absorption or fluorescence characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miller
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Yadav AK, Wilson CG, Prasad PL, Menon PK. Polymerase chain reaction in rapid diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42:681-5. [PMID: 16085969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In a prospective study a total of hundred neonates who fulfilled the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology's (ACOG) criteria for probable sepsis admitted to NICU of tertiary care armed forces hospital were investigated for evidence of sepsis. The investigation protocol included sepsis screen, blood culture and 1 mL of venous blood for molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bacterial DNA component encoding 16 s RNA in all cases. 100 newborns with probable sepsis were studied to evaluate the molecular diagnosis of sepsis using PCR amplification of 16 S RNA in newborns with risk factors for sepsis or those who have clinical evidence of sepsis. We compared the results of PCR with blood culture and other markers of sepsis screen (total leucocyte count (TLC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), immature/total neutrophil count ratio (I/T ratio), peripheral blood smear, micro ESR and C reactive protein (CRP). Controls consisted of 30 normal healthy newborns with no overt evidence of sepsis. Sepsis screen was positive in 24 (24%) of cases in study group with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 83.5% respectively. Blood culture was positive in 09(9%t) with sensitivity of 69.2% and specificity of 100%. PCR was positive in 13(13%) of cases (9% are both blood culture and sepsis screen positive and 4% are positive by sepsis screen); the sensitivity of PCR was 100% and specificity was 95.6%. Blood culture is the most reliable method for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Polymerase chain reaction is useful and superior to blood culture for early diagnosis of sepsis in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune , Maharashtra 411 040, India. ashokyadav@.rediffmail.com
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Ikinci G, Senel S, Wilson CG, Sumnu M. Development of a buccal bioadhesive nicotine tablet formulation for smoking cessation. Int J Pharm 2004; 277:173-8. [PMID: 15158980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 09/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioadhesive buccal tablet formulations for delivery of nicotine into the oral cavity were developed. Carbomer (Carbopol)974P NF) (CP) and alginic acid sodium salt (NaAlg) were used as bioadhesive polymers in combination with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at different ratios. Magnesium carbonate was incorporated into the formulations as a pH increasing agent. In vitro release and bioadhesion studies were performed on the developed tablets. In the formulations containing CP:HPMC, the NHT released increased with the increasing HPMC concentration whereas a decrease was observed with increasing HPMC concentration in formulations containing NaAlg:HPMC. The bioadhesive properties of the tablets containing NaAlg:HPMC was not affected by the concentration of the NaAlg (P>0.05) but increased significantly with the increasing CP concentration (P>0.05). A decrease in pH of the dissolution medium to acidic values was avoided by incorporation of magnesium hydroxide into the formulations. The developed formulations released NHT for 8h period, and remained intact except for the formulation containing CP:HPMC at 20:80 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ikinci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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John BM, Roy S, Gupta G, Wilson CG. A case of Fracture in a Newborn delivered by Caesarian Section. Med J Armed Forces India 2004; 60:194-5. [PMID: 27407621 PMCID: PMC4923026 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(04)80122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B M John
- Graded Specialist (Paediatrics), 7 Air Force Hospital, Kanpur
| | - S Roy
- Medical Officer (Paediatrics), Military Hospital, Danapur Cantt
| | - G Gupta
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - C G Wilson
- Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Paediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
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Johnson S, Burns R, Kim EK, Schmid G, Dicky M, Meiring J, Burns S, Stacey N, Wilson CG, Convey D, Wei Y, Fejes P, Gehoski K, Mancini D, Nordquist K, Dauksher WJ, Resnick DJ. Step and Flash Imprint Lithography Modeling and Process Development. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2004. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.17.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
During early development, GABAergic mechanisms contribute to the regulation of respiratory timing in response to CO2. In 5-7 day old piglets, a double labeling technique was used to determine whether GABA-containing neurons are activated by normoxic hypercapnia (10% CO2, 21% O2, and 69% N2). The c-Fos gene encoded protein (c-Fos) was employed to localize CO2 activated cells within the piglet medulla oblongata. Parvalbumin was used as a marker for GABAergic neurons. In animals breathing room air, only scant c-Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed. A marked increase in c-Fos positive cells was induced after a 60 min exposure to hypercapnia. Colocalization studies revealed that hypercapnia significantly increased c-Fos expression in GABA-containing neurons in the medulla oblongata, especially in the ventral aspect of the medulla, within the Bötzinger region, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and the caudal raphe nuclei. Only a few double-labeled cells were observed within the nucleus tractus solitarius. Therefore, brainstem GABAergic neurons are part of the neural networks that respond to CO2 and may contribute to respiratory frequency responses to hypercapnia during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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43
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Wilson CG, Gupta G, Thergaonkar RW. An audit of phototherapy units. Indian J Pediatr 2003; 70:187; author reply 187. [PMID: 12661820 DOI: 10.1007/bf02723754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Sood SL, Saiprasad GS, Wilson CG. Mid arm circumference at birth: a screening method for detection of low birth weight. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39:838-42. [PMID: 12368529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Sood
- Department of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040, Maharastra, India
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Rigatto H, Wilson CG, Koshiya N, House S, Smith JC. Stationary organotypic culture of the pre-Bötzinger complex from the newborn rat. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 499:139-45. [PMID: 11729868 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rigatto
- Laboratory of Neural Control, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Del Negro CA, Wilson CG, Butera RJ, Koshiya N, Johnson SM, Smith JC. Unstable breathing rhythms and quasiperiodicity in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 499:133-8. [PMID: 11729867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Del Negro
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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47
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Wilson CG, Butera RJ, Del Negro CA, Rinzel J, Smith JC. Interfacing computer models with real neurons: respiratory "cyberneurons" created with the dynamic clamp. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 499:119-24. [PMID: 11729865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C G Wilson
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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48
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Abstract
Local delivery systems of antimicrobial agents for treatment of the periodontal diseases received considerable attention during the past decade due to the disadvantages of the systemic administration. An ideal formulation should exhibit ease of delivery, a good retention at the application site, and a controlled release of the drug. The application of bioadhesive gels provides a long stay in the oral cavity, adequate drug penetration, high efficacy and acceptability. In dentistry and oral medicine, various applications of chitosan, which is a bioadhesive polymer have been proposed due to its favorable properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of chitosan formulations either in gel or film form against a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The viscosity, bioadhesive properties and antimicrobial activity of chitosans at different molecular weight and deacetylation degree were evaluated in the absence or presence of chlorhexidine gluconate (Chx), incorporated into the formulations at 0.1 and 0.2% concentrations. The flow property of the gels were found to be suitable for topical application on the oral mucosa and to syringe into the periodontal pocket. Bioadhesion of the gels and films examined ex-vivo using fresh porcine buccal mucosa showed that both the film and gel formulations exert bioadhesive properties and was not affected by incorporation of Chx. Chitosan is shown to have an antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and this was higher with high molecular weight chitosan. The combination of chitosan with Chx showed a higher activity when compared to that of Chx alone, which would provide Chx application at lower concentrations thus avoiding its unwanted side effects. Chitosan films and gels seem to be promising delivery systems for local therapy of periodontal diseases with its bioadhesive property and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ikinci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Rau ATK, Dhulia A, Wilson CG, Chopra GS, Sarkar PK. Transplacentally transmitted anti-measles antibodies in term and preterm infants. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39:282-8. [PMID: 11910139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A T K Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Army Hospital (R&R), Delhi Contonment 110 010, India
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Butera RJ, Wilson CG, Delnegro CA, Smith JC. A methodology for achieving high-speed rates for artificial conductance injection in electrically excitable biological cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2001; 48:1460-70. [PMID: 11759927 DOI: 10.1109/10.966605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to implementing the dynamic-clamp protocol (Sharp et al., 1993), commonly used in neurophysiology and cardiac electrophysiology experiments. Our approach is based on real-time extensions to the Linux operating system. Conventional PC-based approaches have typically utilized single-cycle computational rates of 10 kHz or slower. In thispaper, we demonstrate reliable cycle-to-cycle rates as fast as 50 kHz. Our system, which we call model reference current injection (MRCI); pronounced merci is also capable of episodic logging of internal state variables and interactive manipulation of model parameters. The limiting factor in achieving high speeds was not processor speed or model complexity, but cycle jitter inherent in the CPU/motherboard performance. We demonstrate these high speeds and flexibility with two examples: 1) adding action-potential ionic currents to a mammalian neuron under whole-cell patch-clamp and 2) altering a cell's intrinsic dynamics via MRCI while simultaneously coupling it via artificial synapses to an internal computational model cell. These higher rates greatly extend the applicability of this technique to the study of fast electrophysiological currents such fast a currents and fast excitatory/inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Butera
- School of Elecrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA.
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