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Latz C, Licht A, Mirshahi A, Latz E, Zimmer K. Prospective Cytokine Profiling in Aqueous Humor Reveals a Proinflammatory Microenvironment in Highly Dense Nuclear Cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:25. [PMID: 39287590 PMCID: PMC11412381 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate if the cytokine profile in the aqueous humor (AH) of cataract patients varies according to cataract type and severity. Methods This prospective study included 397 eyes of 397 patients (median age, 76 years; range, 30-94 years) who underwent standard small-incision phacoemulsification surgery. Cataracts were graded using the LOCS III system: mild (≤3), moderate (3.5-5), and severe (≥5). Biometric measurements from the IOL master 700 (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) were used to differentiate between thick (>4.5 mm) and thin lenses. Information about age, gender, and self-reported diseases was obtained from patient records. Eleven different proteins were measured in AH using a multiplex cytokine assay (AYOXXA Biosystems, Cologne, Germany), including IL- 6, IL-8, angiopoietin 2, C-reactive protein (CRP), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), platelet-derived growth factor BB, placental growth factor, CXCL12, CXCL13, and CXCL10. Statistical analysis was performed using R and included nonparametrical testing, linear regression, and k-means clustering. Results Higher nuclear LOCS grades correlated with increased levels of CCL2 (360 vs. 387 vs. 517 pg/mL, P < 0.001), VEGF-A (270 vs. 292 vs. 390 pg/mL, P = 0.012), IL-8 (3.1 vs. 4.2 vs. 5.7 pg/mL, P = 0.018), and CXCL10 (52 vs. 61 vs. 90 pg/mL, P = 0.003). No associations were observed for cortical and subcapsular cataracts. Thicker lenses were associated with significantly increased levels of CRP, CXCL10, CXCL12, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF-A. Conclusions The cytokine profile of AH varies based on cataract grading and lens thickness. In highly dense nuclear cataracts, CCL2, VEGF-A, IL-8, and CXCL10 were elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eicke Latz
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, DRFZ, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Zimmer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck (CCCI), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Higashide M, Watanabe M, Sato T, Umetsu A, Nishikiori N, Ogawa T, Furuhashi M, Ohguro H. FABP5 Is a Possible Factor for the Maintenance of Functions of Human Non-Pigmented Ciliary Epithelium Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9285. [PMID: 39273233 PMCID: PMC11394871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the possible biological roles of fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) in the intraocular environment, the cells from which FABP5 originates were determined by using four different intraocular tissue-derived cell types including human non-pigmented ciliary epithelium (HNPCE) cells, retinoblastoma (RB) cells, adult retinal pigment epithelial19 (ARPE19) cells and human ocular choroidal fibroblast (HOCF) cell lines, and the effects of FABP ligand 6, a specific inhibitor for FABP5 and FABP7 were analyzed by RNA sequencing and seahorse cellular metabolic measurements. Among these four different cell types, qPCR analysis showed that FABP5 was most prominently expressed in HNPCE cells, in which no mRNA expression of FABP7 was detected. In RNA sequencing analysis, 166 markedly up-regulated and 198 markedly down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between non-treated cells and cells treated with FABP ligand 6. IPA analysis of these DEGs suggested that FABP5 may be involved in essential roles required for cell development, cell survival and cell homeostasis. In support of this possibility, both mitochondrial and glycolytic functions of HNPCE cells, in which mRNA expression of FABP5, but not that of FABP7, was detected, were shown by using a Seahorse XFe96 Bioanalyzer to be dramatically suppressed by FABP ligand 6-induced inhibition of the activity of FABP5. Furthermore, in IPA upstream analysis, various unfolded protein response (UPR)-related factors were identified as upstream and causal network master regulators. Analysis by qPCR analysis showed significant upregulation of the mRNA expression of most of UPR-related factors and aquaporin1 (AQP1). The findings in this study suggest that HNPCE is one of intraocular cells producing FABP5 and may be involved in the maintenance of UPR and AQP1-related functions of HNPCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Nami Nishikiori
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Player JK, Riordan SM, Duncan RS, Koulen P. Analysis of Glaucoma Associated Genes in Response to Inflammation, an Examination of a Public Data Set Derived from Peripheral Blood from Patients with Hepatitis C. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2093-2103. [PMID: 35770250 PMCID: PMC9236525 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s364739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and despite its prevalence, there are still many unanswered questions related to its pathogenesis. There is evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in disease progression. Glaucoma patients from several studies showed altered gene expression in leukocytes, revealing the possibility of using peripheral biomarkers to diagnose or stage glaucoma. The fact that glaucoma is associated with gene expression changes in tissues distant from the retina underscores the possible involvement of systemic oxidative stress and inflammation as potential contributing or compounding factors in glaucoma. Methods We assembled a list of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers related to glaucoma based on a review of the literature. In addition, we utilized publicly available data sets of gene expression values collected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages from two patient groups: those chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus and those who have cleared it. Activation of the innate immune response can render cells or tissues more responsive to a second delayed proinflammatory stimulus. Additional gene expression data from these cells after subsequent polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid treatment, used to elicit an acute inflammatory response, allowed for the investigation of the acute inflammatory response in these groups. We used fold-change comparison values between the two patient groups to identify genes of interest. Results A comparison analysis identified 17 glaucoma biomarkers that were differentially expressed in response to HCV-mediated inflammation. Of these 17, six had significant p-values in the baseline vs treated values. Expression data of these genes were compared between patients who had cleared the Hepatitis C virus versus those who had not and identified three genes of interest for further study. Discussion These results support our hypothesis that inflammation secondary to Hepatitis C virus infection affects the expression of glaucoma biomarker genes related to the antioxidant response and inflammation. In addition, they provide several potential targets for further research into understanding the relationship between innate responses to viral infection and inflammatory aspects of glaucoma and for potential use as a predictive biomarker or pharmacological intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Player
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Sean M Riordan
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - R Scott Duncan
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Correspondence: Peter Koulen, Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA, Tel +1 816-235-6773, Email
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Girl Power in Glaucoma: The Role of Estrogen in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:41-57. [PMID: 33040237 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is essential in maintaining various physiological features in women, and a decline in estrogen levels are known to give rise to numerous unfortunate symptoms associated with menopause. To alleviate these symptoms hormone replacement therapy with estrogen is often used, and has been shown to be fruitful in improving quality of life in women suffering from postmenopausal discomforts. An often forgotten condition associated with menopause is the optic nerve disorder, glaucoma. Thus, estrogen may also have an impact in maintaining the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which make up the optic nerve, thereby preventing glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This review aims to provide an overview of possible associations of estrogen and the glaucoma subtype, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), by evaluating the current literature through a PubMed-based literature search. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies of RGC protection, as well as clinical and epidemiological data concerning the well-defined retinal neurodegenerative disorder POAG have been reviewed. Over all, deficiencies in retinal estrogen may potentially instigate RGC loss, visual disability, and eventual blindness. Estrogen replacement therapy may therefore be a beneficial future treatment. However, more studies are needed to confirm the relevance of estrogen in glaucoma prevention.
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CPAMD8 loss-of-function underlies non-dominant congenital glaucoma with variable anterior segment dysgenesis and abnormal extracellular matrix. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1209-1231. [PMID: 32274568 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal development of the ocular anterior segment may lead to a spectrum of clinical phenotypes ranging from primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) to variable anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD). The main objective of this study was to identify the genetic alterations underlying recessive congenital glaucoma with ASD (CG-ASD). Next-generation DNA sequencing identified rare biallelic CPAMD8 variants in four patients with CG-ASD and in one case with PCG. CPAMD8 is a gene of unknown function and recently associated with ASD. Bioinformatic and in vitro functional evaluation of the variants using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and minigene analysis supported a loss-of-function pathogenic mechanism. Optical and electron microscopy of the trabeculectomy specimen from one of the CG-ASD cases revealed an abnormal anterior chamber angle, with altered extracellular matrix, and apoptotic trabecular meshwork cells. The CPAMD8 protein was immunodetected in adult human ocular fluids and anterior segment tissues involved in glaucoma and ASD (i.e., aqueous humor, non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, and iris muscles), as well as in periocular mesenchyme-like cells of zebrafish embryos. CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of this gene in F0 zebrafish embryos (96 hpf) resulted in varying degrees of gross developmental abnormalities, including microphthalmia, pharyngeal maldevelopment, and pericardial and periocular edemas. Optical and electron microscopy examination of these embryos showed iridocorneal angle hypoplasia (characterized by altered iris stroma cells, reduced anterior chamber, and collagen disorganized corneal stroma extracellular matrix), recapitulating some patients' features. Our data support the notion that CPAMD8 loss-of-function underlies a spectrum of recessive CG-ASD phenotypes associated with extracellular matrix disorganization and provide new insights into the normal and disease roles of this gene.
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Ragg S, Key M, Rankin F, WuDunn D. The Effect of Molecular Weight on Passage of Proteins Through the Blood-Aqueous Barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1461-1469. [PMID: 30951588 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of molecular weight (MW) on the concentration of plasma-derived proteins in aqueous humor and to estimate the plasma-derived and eye-derived fractions for each protein. Methods Aqueous humor and plasma samples were obtained during cataract surgery on an institutional review board-approved protocol. Protein concentrations were determined by ELISA and quantitative antibody microarrays. A total of 93 proteins were studied, with most proteins analyzed using 27 to 116 aqueous and 6 to 30 plasma samples. Results Plasma proteins without evidence of intraocular expression by sequence tags were used to fit a logarithmic model relating aqueous-plasma ratio (AH:PL) to MW. The log(AH:PL) appears to be well predicted by the log(MW) (P < 0.0001), with smaller proteins such as cystatin C (13 kDa) having a higher AH:PL (1:6) than larger proteins such as albumin (66 kDa, 1:300) and complement component 5 (188 kDa, 1:2500). The logarithmic model was used to calculate the eye-derived intraocular fraction (IOF) for each protein. Based on the IOF, 66 proteins could be categorized as plasma-derived (IOF<20), whereas 10 proteins were primarily derived from eye tissue (IOF >80), and 17 proteins had contribution from both plasma and eye tissue (IOF 20-80). Conclusions Protein concentration of plasma-derived proteins in aqueous is nonlinearly dependent on MW in favor of smaller proteins. Our study demonstrates that for proper interpretation of results, proteomic studies evaluating changes in aqueous humor protein levels should take into account the plasma and eye-derived fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ragg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States.,Center for Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Melissa Key
- Department of Biostatistics, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Fernanda Rankin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Darrell WuDunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the early developmental origins of six ocular tissues: the cornea, lens, ciliary body, iris, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. Many of these tissue types are concurrently specified and undergo a complex set of morphogenetic movements that facilitate their structural interconnection. Within the context of vertebrate eye organogenesis, we also discuss the genetic hierarchies of transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate growth, patterning, cell type specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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Kuzminov B, Turkina V, Кuzminov Y. Rationale for naphazoline effects in-depth study. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This article presents a retrospective review of data on side effects of drugs containing naphazoline and data on toxicity of the agent when entered the body via different pathways. Most publications on clinical signs of possible naphazoline-associated side effects are lacking thorough analysis of possible causes. Limited data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug led to various complications after its administration. Therefore, further studies on naphazoline content dynamics or products of its biotransformation in biological substrates and determination of half-life of the agent must be conducted. This will allow establishingsafe levels for different exposure pathways and harmful levels of the naphazoline with respect to its material accumulation. It should be noted that scientific publications contain controversial data regarding allergenic potential of the agent. Possible side effects of the drug on the reproductionand development are not revealed. Determination of effects the products containing naphazoline may have on immune and reproductive system is an important part of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borys Kuzminov
- Department of hygiene and prophylactic toxicology , Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University , Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Vira Turkina
- Central Research Laboratory and Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology , Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University , Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Кuzminov
- Department of Pediatrics , Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University , Ukraine
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Abstract
In glaucoma, regardless of its etiology, retinal ganglion cells degenerate and eventually die. Although age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the main risk factors, there are still many mysteries in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The advent of genome-wide microarray expression screening together with the availability of animal models of the disease has allowed analysis of differential gene expression in all parts of the eye in glaucoma. This review will outline the findings of recent genome-wide expression studies and discuss their commonalities and differences. A common finding was the differential regulation of genes involved in inflammation and immunity, including the complement system and the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Other genes of interest have roles in the extracellular matrix, cell-matrix interactions and adhesion, the cell cycle, and the endothelin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana C Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Freddo TF. A contemporary concept of the blood-aqueous barrier. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 32:181-95. [PMID: 23128417 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the evolution of the concept of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) during the past 20 years. The Classical model simply stipulated that the tight junctions of the iris vasculature and ciliary epithelium excluded plasma proteins from the aqueous humor (AH). It failed to reconcile the presence of AH protein levels equal to 1% of that found in plasma. Moreover, models of barrier kinetics assumed that the processes of AH secretion and plasma protein entry were directly linked. Thus, elevations of AH protein levels could only be explained by a pathological breakdown of the BAB. Over the last 20 years it has been shown that the plasma proteins in normal AH by-pass the posterior chamber entirely. Instead, these proteins diffuse from the capillaries of ciliary body stroma, into the iris stroma and then into the anterior chamber. This creates a reservoir of plasma-proteins in the iris stroma that is not derived from the iris vessels. This reservoir is prevented from diffusing posteriorly by tight junctions in the posterior iris epithelium. The one-way valve created by the pupil resting on the anterior lens capsule, combined with the continuous, forward flow of AH through the pupil, prevents protein reflux into the posterior chamber. Importantly, in the new paradigm, secretion of AH and the entry of plasma proteins into AH, are semi-independent events. This opens the possibility that AH protein levels could increase in the absence of breakdown of the BAB. Clinical consequences of this new paradigm of the BAB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Freddo
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
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11
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Aqueous humor oxidative stress proteomic levels in primary open angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Cawley NX, Wetsel WC, Murthy SRK, Park JJ, Pacak K, Loh YP. New roles of carboxypeptidase E in endocrine and neural function and cancer. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:216-53. [PMID: 22402194 PMCID: PMC3365851 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) or carboxypeptidase H was first discovered in 1982 as an enkephalin-convertase that cleaved a C-terminal basic residue from enkephalin precursors to generate enkephalin. Since then, CPE has been shown to be a multifunctional protein that subserves many essential nonenzymatic roles in the endocrine and nervous systems. Here, we review the phylogeny, structure, and function of CPE in hormone and neuropeptide sorting and vesicle transport for secretion, alternative splicing of the CPE transcript, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans. With this and the analysis of mutant and knockout mice, the data collectively support important roles for CPE in the modulation of metabolic and glucose homeostasis, bone remodeling, obesity, fertility, neuroprotection, stress, sexual behavior, mood and emotional responses, learning, and memory. Recently, a splice variant form of CPE has been found to be an inducer of tumor growth and metastasis and a prognostic biomarker for metastasis in endocrine and nonendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh X Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Taube AB, Hardenborg E, Wetterhall M, Artemenko K, Hanrieder J, Andersson M, Alm A, Bergquist J. Proteins in aqueous humor from cataract patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:531-541. [PMID: 23654198 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protein content in aqueous humor in eyes with and without pseudoexfoliations (PEX) and to evaluate the quantitative proteomics method, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute protein quantification (iTRAQ), in combination with two separation methods followed by matrix-assisted Laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). During cataract surgery, samples of aqueous humor were collected from 20 eyes with PEX and from 18 control eyes. The relative concentrations of proteins in the pooled samples of ten PEX eyes and eight controls were evaluated after trypsin digestion and Labeling of the peptides with (iTRAQ) reagent. Two separation methods, Liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) were used, followed by MALDI mass spectrometry and MS/MS. Furthermore, 1D gel electrophoresis was performed on the remaining ten pooled PEX samples and ten control samples. The gel material was separated by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) followed by Linear-ion-trap quadrupole Fourier transformation ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR). Fifty four proteins were identified in the LC runs and 24 with CE. The relative concentrations of beta-crystallines B2 and S were raised and those of angiotensinogen and osteopontin Lowered in the PEX sample compared to the control. The trends regarding beta-crystallines B2, angiotensinogen and osteopontin were confirmed by the 1D gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Botling Taube
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala Academic Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 UppsaLa, Sweden
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McKeone R, Vieira H, Gregory-Evans K, Gregory-Evans CY, Denny P. Foxf2: a novel locus for anterior segment dysgenesis adjacent to the Foxc1 gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25489. [PMID: 22022403 PMCID: PMC3192754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is characterised by an abnormal migration of neural crest cells or an aberrant differentiation of the mesenchymal cells during the formation of the eye's anterior segment. These abnormalities result in multiple tissue defects affecting the iris, cornea and drainage structures of the iridocorneal angle including the ciliary body, trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. In some cases, abnormal ASD development leads to glaucoma, which is usually associated with increased intraocular pressure. Haploinsufficiency through mutation or chromosomal deletion of the human FOXC1 transcription factor gene or duplications of the 6p25 region is associated with a spectrum of ocular abnormalities including ASD. However, mapping data and phenotype analysis of human deletions suggests that an additional locus for this condition may be present in the same chromosomal region as FOXC1. DHPLC screening of ENU mutagenised mouse archival tissue revealed five novel mouse Foxf2 mutations. Re-derivation of one of these (the Foxf2W174R mouse lineage) resulted in heterozygote mice that exhibited thinning of the iris stroma, hyperplasia of the trabecular meshwork, small or absent Schlemm's canal and a reduction in the iridocorneal angle. Homozygous E18.5 mice showed absence of ciliary body projections, demonstrating a critical role for Foxf2 in the developing eye. These data provide evidence that the Foxf2 gene, separated from Foxc1 by less than 70 kb of genomic sequence (250 kb in human DNA), may explain human abnormalities in some cases of ASD where FOXC1 has been excluded genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McKeone
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Vieira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl Y. Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Denny
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Protein profiling of human nonpigmented ciliary epithelium cell secretome: the differentiation factors characterization for retinal ganglion cell line. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:901329. [PMID: 21860587 PMCID: PMC3157028 DOI: 10.1155/2011/901329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to characterize proteins secreted from the human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (HNPE) cells, which have differentiated a rat retinal ganglion cell line, RGC-5. Undifferentiated RGC-5 cells have been shown to express several marker proteins characteristic of retinal ganglion cells. However, RGC-5 cells do not respond to N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA), or glutamate. HNPE cells have been shown to secrete numbers of neuropeptides or neuroproteins also found in the aqueous humor, many of which have the ability to influence the activity of neuronal cells. This paper details the profile of HNPE cell-secreted proteins by proteomic approaches. The experimental results revealed the identification of 132 unique proteins from the HNPE cell-conditioned SF-medium. The biological functions of a portion of these identified proteins are involved in cell differentiation. We hypothesized that a differentiation system of HNPE cell-conditioned SF-medium with RGC-5 cells can induce a differentiated phenotype in RGC-5 cells, with functional characteristics that more closely resemble primary cultures of rat retinal ganglion cells. These proteins may replace harsh chemicals, which are currently used to induce cell differentiation.
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Kalariya NM, Reddy ABM, Ansari NH, VanKuijk FJGM, Ramana KV. Preventive effects of ethyl pyruvate on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5144-52. [PMID: 21551413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies indicate that ethyl pyruvate (EP) exerts anti-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of EP on ocular inflammation is not known. The efficacy of EP in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats was investigated. METHODS EIU in Lewis rats was developed by the subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 μg). EP (30 mg/kg body weight) or its carrier was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before or 2 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection. Animals were killed after 3 and 24 hours followed by enucleation of eyes and collection of the aqueous humor (AqH). The number of infiltrating cells and levels of proteins in the AqH were determined. The rat cytokine/chemokine multiplex method was used to determine level of cytokines and chemokines in the AqH. TNF-α and phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in ocular tissues were determined immunohistochemically. Human primary nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPECs) were used to determine the in vitro efficacy of EP on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. RESULTS Compared to controls, AqH from the EIU rat eyes had a significantly higher number of infiltrating cells, total protein, and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and the treatment of EP prevented EIU-induced increases. In addition, EP also prevented the expression of TNF-α and activation of NF-κB in the ciliary bodies and retina of the eye. Moreover, in HNPECs, EP inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of Cox-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that EP prevents ocular inflammation in EIU, suggesting that the supplementation of EP could be a novel approach for the treatment of ocular inflammation, specifically uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Kalariya
- AMD Centre, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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17
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Lamba DA, Reh TA. Microarray characterization of human embryonic stem cell--derived retinal cultures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4897-906. [PMID: 21345990 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of protocols have been published to induce retinal determination from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Although all these studies have shown some degree of expression of markers of retinal cells, fewer than 30 markers are typically used to characterize the ESC-derived retinal cells. Hence, it is not known whether they express all the genes present in normal developing retinal cells. To assess the efficiency of their retinal determination protocol at the transcriptome level and to understand the changes in human retinal gene expression patterns during development, the authors conducted a microarray-based analysis comparing human retina to hESC-derived retinal cells. METHODS The authors extracted total RNA from 60-day, 80-day, and 96-day human fetal retina and hESC-derived retinal cells at 3 weeks and 9 weeks after induction. RNA was subjected to analysis using a commercial microarray. Data were normalized using Affymetrix Power Tools and analyzed using commercial microarray software. RESULTS On K-median clustering analysis, the authors found that overall there was a very high correlation between genes expressed in human fetal retina and those in ESC-derived retinal cultures. The cultures were at similar developmental ages to the corresponding fetal retinal ages. They found only 1% of the genes on the array to be expressed at a higher level in ESC-derived retinal cells than in fetal retina, and most of these were expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium and ciliary epithelium. CONCLUSIONS In sum, gene array profiling provides an effective method for characterization of the efficiency of directed differentiation of hESCs to retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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18
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Chowdhury UR, Madden BJ, Charlesworth MC, Fautsch MP. Proteome analysis of human aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4921-31. [PMID: 20463327 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human aqueous humor (hAH) provides nutrition and immunity within the anterior chamber of the eye. Characterization of the protein composition of hAH will identify molecules involved in maintaining a homeostatic environment for anterior segment tissues. The present study was conducted to analyze the proteome of hAH. METHODS hAH samples obtained during elective cataract surgery were divided into three matched groups and immunodepleted of albumin, IgG, IgA, haploglobin, antitrypsin, and transferrin. Reduced and denatured proteins (20 μg) from each group were separated by gel electrophoresis. Thirty-three gel slices were excised from each of three gel lanes (n = 99), digested with trypsin, and subjected to nanoflow liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS). The protein component of hAH was also analyzed by antibody-based protein arrays, and selected proteins were quantified. RESULTS A total of 676 proteins were identified in hAH. Of the 355 proteins identified by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS, 206 were found in all three groups. Most of the proteins identified by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS had catalytic, enzymatic, and structural properties. Using antibody-based protein arrays, 328 cytokines, chemokines, and receptors were identified. Most of the quantified proteins had concentrations that ranged between 0.1 and 2.5 ng/mL. Ten proteins were identified by both nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS and antibody protein arrays. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis of hAH identified 676 nonredundant proteins. More than 80% of these proteins are novel identifications. The elucidation of the aqueous proteome will establish a foundation for protein function analysis and identification of differentially expressed markers associated with diseases of the anterior segment.
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Resch ZT, Fautsch MP. Glaucoma-associated myocilin: a better understanding but much more to learn. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:704-12. [PMID: 18804106 PMCID: PMC2682697 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade has passed since myocilin was identified as the first gene linked to early and late-onset primary open-angle glaucoma. During this time, considerable effort has been put forth to understand the functional role myocilin has in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Myocilin is expressed in many ocular and non-ocular tissues, is found in both intracellular and extracellular spaces, and has been linked to elevations in intraocular pressure. Mutations in the myocilin gene that have been associated with glaucoma appear to confer a gain-of-functional activity rather than loss of function. Unfortunately, what the normal function of myocilin is and how alterations in the function can confer a glaucoma phenotype have yet to be elucidated. We will review the current understanding of myocilin with special emphasis on the structural makeup of the myocilin gene and protein, its possible physiological roles internal and external to ocular cells, the regulation of intraocular pressure as evidenced through the use of perfusion culture systems and animal models, and as a causative agent in some forms of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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20
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Zhang Y, Davidson BR, Stamer WD, Barton JK, Marmorstein LY, Marmorstein AD. Enhanced inflow and outflow rates despite lower IOP in bestrophin-2-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:765-70. [PMID: 18936135 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bestrophin-2 (Best2), a putative Cl(-) channel is expressed in the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE). Disruption of Best2 in mice results in a diminished intraocular pressure (IOP). Aqueous humor dynamics were compared in Best2(+/+) and Best2(-/-) mice, to better understand the contribution of Best2 to IOP. METHODS Measurements of IOP, episcleral venous pressure (EVP), conventional outflow facility (C(t)), aqueous humor production (F(a)), and anterior chamber volume (V(a)) were made using anterior chamber cannulation. Conventional (F(c)) and uveoscleral outflow (F(u)), and rate of aqueous humor turnover, were calculated from measured data. The anterior chamber was examined in live mice by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and postmortem by light microscopy. RESULTS IOP in Best2(-/-) mice was lower compared with Best2(+/+) littermates. EVP was unchanged. Since Best2 is expressed in NPE cells, the hypothesis was that Best2 is involved in generating aqueous flow. However, F(a) in Best2(-/-) mice was increased by approximately 73% compared with Best2(+/+) mice. This was accompanied by increases in F(c) and F(u). Aqueous humor turnover was enhanced more than twofold in Best2(-/-) mice. No evidence of developmental structural changes was noted. CONCLUSIONS Best2 appears to antagonize the formation of aqueous humor and cause an inhibition of both F(c) and F(u), despite being expressed only in NPE cells. These data support the hypothesis that the inflow and outflow pathways communicate via soluble agents present in the aqueous humor and implicate Best2 as a critical mediator of that communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85711, USA
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21
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Choudhary D, Jansson I, Sarfarazi M, Schenkman JB. Physiological Significance and Expression of P450s in the Developing Eye. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 38:337-52. [PMID: 16684663 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600570149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of 10 CYP orthologs (Families 1-3) in developing mouse conceptus is constitutive. These forms have specific temporal and spatial expression. Studies on CYP1B1 indicate its requirement for normal eye development, both in human and mouse. The distribution of the enzyme in the mouse eye is in three regions, which may reflect three different, perhaps equally important, functions in this organ. Its presence in the inner ciliary and lens epithelia appears to be necessary for normal development of the trabecular meshwork and its function in regulating intraocular pressure. Its expression in the retinal ganglion and inner nuclear layers may reflect a role in maintenance of the visual cycle. Its expression in the corneal epithelium may indicate a function in metabolism of environmental xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA
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22
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Lorenz K, Troger J, Fischer-Colbrie R, Kremser B, Schmid E, Kralinger M, Teuchner B, Bechrakis N, Kieselbach G. Substance P and secretoneurin in vitreous aspirates of patients with various vitreoretinal diseases. Peptides 2008; 29:1561-5. [PMID: 18550223 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By means of highly sensitive radioimmunoassays, the levels of substance P (SP) and secretoneurin (SN) were detected in vitreous aspirates of patients with macular holes which served as controls, in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR), active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (active PDR), inactive PDR, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Furthermore, SN-like immunoreactivities were characterized by reversed phase-HPLC. The concentration of SN was more than 20-fold higher in macular holes when compared with SP and reversed phase HPLC revealed evidence that the vitreous levels of SN represent authentic SN. SN was significantly decreased in patients with nonproliferative DR, active PDR and inactive PDR by more than 70% which seems to result from a reduced expression and/or secretion from the cilary epithelium and a reduced release from the retina both due to diabetes mellitus. By contrast SP was increased in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment most obviously due to an enhanced outflow of the peptide through retinal breaks. Despite their proangiogenic activities, SP and SN are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of neovascularizations in DR because of their unchanged and reduced levels, respectively, but the low levels of both peptides may facilitate the regression of vasoproliferations following laser photocoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Hadziahmetovic M, Dentchev T, Song Y, Haddad N, He X, Hahn P, Pratico D, Wen R, Harris ZL, Lambris JD, Beard J, Dunaief JL. Ceruloplasmin/hephaestin knockout mice model morphologic and molecular features of AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:2728-36. [PMID: 18326691 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Iron is an essential element in human metabolism but also is a potent generator of oxidative damage with levels that increase with age. Several studies suggest that iron accumulation may be a factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In prior studies, both iron overload and features of AMD were identified in mice deficient in the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp) and its homologue hephaestin (Heph) (double knockout, DKO). In this study, the location and timing of iron accumulation, the rate and reproducibility of retinal degeneration, and the roles of oxidative stress and complement activation were determined. METHODS Morphologic analysis and histochemical iron detection by Perls' staining was performed on retina sections from DKO and control mice. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed with antibodies detecting activated complement factor C3, transferrin receptor, L-ferritin, and macrophages. Tissue iron levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Isoprostane F2alpha-VI, a specific marker of oxidative stress, was quantified in the tissue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS DKOs exhibited highly reproducible age-dependent iron overload, which plateaued at 6 months of age, with subsequent progressive retinal degeneration continuing to at least 12 months. The degeneration shared some features of AMD, including RPE hypertrophy and hyperplasia, photoreceptor degeneration, subretinal neovascularization, RPE lipofuscin accumulation, oxidative stress, and complement activation. CONCLUSIONS DKOs have age-dependent iron accumulation followed by retinal degeneration modeling some of the morphologic and molecular features of AMD. Therefore, these mice are a good platform on which to test therapeutic agents for AMD, such as antioxidants, iron chelators, and antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Hadziahmetovic
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Napier HRL, Kidson SH. Molecular events in early development of the ciliary body: a question of folding. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:615-25. [PMID: 16959249 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary body morphogenesis is a complicated, multi-step process requiring coordinated changes in cell shape, flexure of epithelial sheets and dynamic shifts in mitotic rates. Very little is known of how these cellular events are triggered or regulated. This review summarises current models of ciliary body morphogenesis. The role of intraocular pressure as a driver of morphogenesis is re-evaluated in the light of new information. An update on the role of the lens in ciliary body morphogenesis is presented. In the second part of the review current gene expression data is related to ciliary body morphogenesis. In particular the role of Bmp4 and its downstream target genes are discussed, with novel gene expression patterns of Bmp4 and Tgfbeta1i4 being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R L Napier
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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25
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Peptidergic nerves in the eye, their source and potential pathophysiological relevance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:39-62. [PMID: 16872680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five decades, several neuropeptides have been discovered which subsequently have been found to be highly conserved during evolution, to be widely distributed both in the central and peripheral nervous system and which act as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. In the eye, the first peptide to be explored was substance P which was reported to be present in the retina but also in peripherally innervated tissues of the eye. Substance P is certainly the best characterized peptide which has been found in sensory neurons innervating the eye. Functionally, it has been shown to act trophically on corneal wound healing and to participate in the irritative response in lower mammals, a model for neurogenic inflammation, where it mediates the noncholinergic nonadrenergic contraction of the sphincter muscle. Over the last three decades, the interest has extended to investigate the presence and distribution of other neuropeptides including calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, neuronal nitric oxide, galanin, neurokinin A or secretoneurin and important functional results have been obtained for these peptides. This review focuses on summarizing the current knowledge about neuropeptides in the eye excluding the retina and retinal pigment epithelium and to elucidate their potential functional significance.
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Ghosh S, Choritz L, Geibel J, Coca-Prados M. Somatostatin modulates PI3K-Akt, eNOS and NHE activity in the ciliary epithelium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 253:63-75. [PMID: 16764985 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a biologically active peptide produced in neuroendocrine cells. In the present study, we provide evidence of pro-SST and SST receptor (SSTR1 and 2A) mRNA expression in ocular ciliary epithelium (CE). SST or SST-like immunoreactivity was detected by radioimmunoassay in tissue extract from ciliary processes and in aqueous humor. The distinct immunolabeling of CE with SST and proprotein convertases PC1 and PC2 antibodies suggested a tissue and cell-specific processing of pro-SST. SST (10(-8) to 10(-4)M) added exogenously to the CE, elicited the following effects: (i) a dose-dependent attenuation of Na+/H+-exchanger (NHE) activity; (ii) up to a two-fold increase phosphorylation of p-Akt-Ser473 and of p-eNOS-Ser617, and (iii) lack of response on intracellular cyclic GMP production. LY294002, a PI3K-inhibitor, blocked SST-induced p-Akt-Ser473 and partially p-eNOS-Ser617, however, it did not reverse SST-induced NHE attenuation. Collectively, these results suggested involvement of SST in multiple intracellular signaling pathways in the CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikha Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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27
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Bertazolli-Filho R, Laicine EM, Haddad A, Rodrigues MLP. Molecular and biochemical analysis of ceruloplasmin expression in rabbit and rat ciliary body. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:155-61. [PMID: 16500766 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500507234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the capability of rabbit and rat ciliary body to synthesize and secrete ceruloplasmin. METHODS Isolated ciliary body (CB) was cultured in the presence of [35S]-methionine, and the incubation medium was processed for immunoprecipitation. Total RNA from CB was processed for RT-PCR, and the amplification products were sequenced. Also, sections of CB were immunostained for the localization of ceruloplasmin. RESULTS A labeled peptide, having a molecular weight of about 135 kDa, the expected size of ceruloplasmin, was immunopurified in the incubation media from both animal species. The RT-PCR and sequencing experiments detected the presence of ceruloplasmin mRNA in rat samples. Both layers of rabbit and rat ciliary epithelium (CE) exhibited ceruloplasmin reactivity after immunohistochemical processing. CONCLUSIONS Taken altogether, these results indicate the CB, particularly its epithelium, as one of the possible sources of the ocular intrinsic ceruloplasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Bertazolli-Filho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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28
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Zhu X, Wu K, Rife L, Cawley NX, Brown B, Adams T, Teofilo K, Lillo C, Williams DS, Loh YP, Craft CM. Carboxypeptidase E is required for normal synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to the inner retina. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1351-62. [PMID: 16219026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the gene encoding carboxypeptidase E (CPE) in either mouse or human lead to multiple endocrine disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Recent studies on Cpe-/- mice indicated neurological deficits in these animals. As a model system to study the potential role of CPE in neurophysiology, we carried out electroretinography (ERG) and retinal morphological studies on Cpe-/- and Cpe fat/fat mutant mice. Normal retinal morphology was observed by light microscopy in both Cpe-/- and Cpe(fat/fat) mice. However, with increasing age, abnormal retinal function was revealed by ERG. Both Cpe-/- and Cpe fat/fat animals had progressively reduced ERG response sensitivity, decreased b-wave amplitude and delayed implicit time with age, while maintaining a normal a-wave amplitude. Immunohistochemical staining showed specific localization of CPE in photoreceptor synaptic terminals in wild-type (WT) mice, but in both Cpe-/- and Cpe fat/fat mice, CPE was absent in this layer. Bipolar cell morphology and distribution were normal in these mutant mice. Electron microscopy of retinas from Cpe fat/fat mice revealed significantly reduced spherule size, but normal synaptic ribbons and synaptic vesicle density, implicating a reduction in total number of vesicles per synapse in the photoreceptors of these animals. These results suggest that CPE is required for normal-sized photoreceptor synaptic terminal and normal signal transmission to the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhu
- The Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, and Departmentsof Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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29
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Napier HRL, Kidson SH. Proliferation and cell shape changes during ciliary body morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:213-23. [PMID: 15759268 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the structure and development of the ciliary processes in the mouse eye. Our scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies reveal that, unlike other mammals, the ciliary processes form an irregular pattern, crossing over and interweaving rather than lying parallel to one another. Histological and SEM studies from embryonic day (E) 14.5 to postnatal day (P) 7 reveal that the first morphological sign of the ciliary zone is an annular bulge; this is then gradually molded to form discrete ciliary processes. The striking similarity between the developing capillary network and the adult ciliary folds suggests that the patterning template for the ciliary processes could be the underlying capillary network. Cell proliferation measurements and cell height assessments indicated that one of the first events occurring during the morphogenesis of ciliary processes is a proliferative surge around P0 in the outer ciliary epithelium. It is likely that this surge together with increasing cell heights leads to a bulging of this layer. After a slight delay, the inner ciliary epithelium responds by proliferating and extending inward toward the lens. Final shaping of the ciliary processes is achieved through cell height reductions in the inner ciliary epithelium. Thus, in the mouse, the temporal correlation between mitotic and cell height changes during ciliary body morphogenesis suggests that these processes play an integral role in the shaping of ciliary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R L Napier
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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30
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Hyer J. Looking at an oft-overlooked part of the eye: a new perspective on ciliary body development in chick. Dev Neurosci 2005; 26:456-65. [PMID: 15855774 DOI: 10.1159/000082287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliary body is an essential tissue for the development and homeostasis of the vertebrate eye. Embryonically, the epithelial portion of the ciliary body derives from the neuroepithelium of the optic cup, however, it differentiates into a secretory tissue and produces an aqueous humor that sustains the lens and cornea, and maintains the requisite pressure within the orb. The unique differentiation of this portion of the optic cup is little understood. This article reviews what is known about the development of the ciliary body and presents some preliminary findings that may lead to a new model for the formation of the ciliary body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Hyer
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, Box 0520, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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31
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Soto D, Pintor J, Peral A, Gual A, Gasull X. Effects of dinucleoside polyphosphates on trabecular meshwork cells and aqueous humor outflow facility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:1042-51. [PMID: 15947035 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.085274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important risk factor for the development of glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Hypotensive drugs decrease IOP, preventing optic nerve damage and further vision loss. The balance between aqueous humor (AH) production and drainage determines IOP, and problems in AH outflow pathways are associated with open-angle glaucoma development. Previous studies have shown the presence of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) in the AH. Topic application of Ap(4)A to the cornea decreased IOP, whereas Ap(5)A increased it. Because dinucleoside polyphosphates stimulate P2Y purinergic receptors, we studied their presence in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Additionally, the effects of diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)As; n = 3-5) and Up(4)U (P(1),P(4)-(diuridine 5')-tetraphosphate; INS365) in outflow facility were tested. P2Y(1), P2Y(2), and P2Y(4) receptors were detected in TM cells by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. In TM cells, Ap(3)A, Ap(4)A, and Ap(5)A induced discrete intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) mobilizations compared with higher and more sustained [Ca(2+)](i) mobilizations after Up(4)U application. In bovine ocular anterior segments perfused at constant pressure, 1 microM Ap(3)A or Ap(4)A increased outflow facility, whereas Up(4)U or Ap(5)A did not modify it. 2-MeSADP, a selective P2Y(1) agonist, induced outflow facility increases similar to those obtained after Ap(3)A and Ap(4)A, and these were prevented by addition of the selective P2Y(1) receptor antagonist MRS-2179 (2'-deoxy-N(6)-methyladenosine-3',5'-diphosphate). Our results demonstrate that the hypotensive effect of Ap(4)A and other dinucleotides is mediated, at least in part, by increasing trabecular outflow facility through activation of P2Y(1) receptors. The latter would seem to be an interesting target in the development of antiglaucomatous drugs to selectively increase AH outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soto
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia, Facultat de Medicina-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Aroca-Aguilar JD, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Ghosh S, Coca-Prados M, Escribano J. Myocilin Mutations Causing Glaucoma Inhibit the Intracellular Endoproteolytic Cleavage of Myocilin between Amino Acids Arg226 and Ile227. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21043-51. [PMID: 15795224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin is a secreted glycoprotein of unknown function that is ubiquitously expressed in many human organs, including the eye. Mutations in this protein produce glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide. To explore the biological role of myocilin and the pathogenesis of glaucoma, we have analyzed the expression of recombinant wild type and four representative pathogenic myocilin mutations (E323K, Q368X, P370L, and D380A) in transiently transfected cell lines derived from ocular and nonocular tissues. We found that wild type myocilin undergoes an intracellular endoproteolytic processing at the C terminus of Arg226. This cleavage predicts the production of two fragments, one of 35 kDa containing the C-terminal olfactomedin-like domain, and another of 20 kDa containing the N-terminal leucine zipper-like domain. Here we have analyzed the 35-kDa processed fragment, and we have found that it is co-secreted with the nonprocessed protein. Western immunoblot analyses showed that human aqueous humor and some ocular tissues also contain the processed 35-kDa myocilin, indicating that the endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in vivo. Mutant myocilins accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of transfected cells as insoluble aggregates. Interestingly, the four pathogenic myocilins inhibited the endoproteolytic processing with varying efficiency. Furthermore, the mutation P370L, which produces the most severe glaucoma phenotype, also elicited the most potent endoproteolytic cleavage inhibition. We propose that the endoproteolytic processing might regulate the activity of myocilin and that the inhibition of the processing by pathogenic mutations impairs the normal role of myocilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Aroca-Aguilar
- Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina/Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de Almansa sn, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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Yildirim O, Ateş NA, Tamer L, Oz O, Yilmaz A, Atik U, Camdeviren H. May glutathione S-transferase M1 positive genotype afford protection against primary open-angle glaucoma? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 243:327-33. [PMID: 15864623 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To find out whether the polymorphism at GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 loci is associated with increased susceptibility to glaucoma. METHODS We genotyped 153 primary open angle patients and 159 healthy controls. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood was examined using polymerase chain reaction and defined for the genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase. RESULTS The frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype individuals among the glaucoma patients was significanlty higher than in controls (54.9 vs 40.9%) with odds ratio of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.10-2.59). The frequency of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 in both groups were not statistically different. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype may be a genetic risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma. Further associations studies in other polymorphic genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are needed to elucidate the environmental-genetic interaction in the underlying cause of primary open angle glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mersin Universitesi Tip Fakültesi, Mersin, Turkey.
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Prasanna G, Narayan S, Krishnamoorthy RR, Yorio T. Eyeing endothelins: a cellular perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 253:71-88. [PMID: 14619958 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026005418874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin is an endogenous vasoactive peptide that is considered among the most potent vasoconstrictor substances known. In addition to its vascular effects, endothelins and their receptors have been shown to be present in the eye and to have a number of ocular actions that may be important for ocular homeostasis, but, in excess can be a potential contributor to ocular neuropathy in glaucoma. The current review focuses on the cellular and molecular aspects of endothelins and its receptors in the eye with an emphasis on its relationship to ocular function and its potential role in the etiology of glaucoma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Prasanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Potter DE, Russell KRM, Manhiani M. Bremazocine increases C-type natriuretic peptide levels in aqueous humor and enhances outflow facility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:548-53. [PMID: 14742737 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.063107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively selective agonist of kappa opioid receptors (KOR), bremazocine (BRE), lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits, in part, by increasing natriuretic peptide levels in aqueous humor and by enhancing total outflow facility (TOF). Natriuretic peptide (NP) levels [atrial NP (ANP), brain NP (BNP), and C-type NP (CNP)] were measured in aqueous humor of rabbits either by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. TOF was determined in rabbits by two-level constant pressure perfusion of the anterior chamber. Experimental regimens included topical treatment with BRE in the presence or absence of KOR antagonist (norbinaltorphimine), protein kinase C inhibitor (chelerythrine), and natriuretic peptide receptor antagonist (isatin). The rank order of basal NP levels in aqueous humor of rabbits was BNP CNP > ANP. Topical administration of BRE (1-100 microg) caused dose-related elevations of CNP levels in aqueous humor that were inhibited by topical pretreatment with either norbinaltorphimine (100 microg, bilaterally) or chelerythrine (10 microg, bilaterally). Topically administered BRE (100 microg) also elevated levels of ANP and BNP in aqueous humor and evoked an 80% increase in TOF. The increase in TOF was antagonized by topical pretreatment with either norbinaltorphimine (100 microg, bilaterally) or isatin (100 microg, bilaterally). Bremazocine induced an increase in NP (ANP, BNP, and CNP) levels and TOF in rabbits by activating KOR. The increase in CNP levels elicited by BRE was inhibited by norbinaltorphimine and chelerythrine; therefore, this event is most likely mediated by a KOR-linked activation of protein kinase C. These data provide evidence that the increase in TOF elicited by BRE was mediated by a KOR-activated paracrine effect of NPs on tissues within ocular outflow tract(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Potter
- Medical University of South Carolina, Storm Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Abstract
In the past forty years, a wealth of information has accumulated that points to the presence of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in the anterior segment of the eye and a number of hypotheses have been introduced to describe the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor flow. However, in the absence of a generally accepted model for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aqueous humor formation by the ciliary body epithelium, efforts to identify the signal transduction pathway(s) responsible for regulation of the ion and water transport have not been successful. This article briefly reviews the evidence for (i). the presence in aqueous humor of adenine nucleotides, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine, their metabolic product, (ii). the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor dynamics, and (iii). the expression of ecto-nucleotidases, receptors, and second messengers that may mediate such regulation. Finally, a model for the regulation of aqueous humor formation by adenosine and ATP is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Farahbakhsh
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1527, USA.
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Kobayashi K, Iwakiri R, Kobayashi H, Okinami S. Expression of estrogen receptor α and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4 in the ciliary body. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 242:172-176. [PMID: 14634829 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4 (HSD4) in bovine and monkey ciliary body. METHODS Immunohistochemical study was employed to investigate the expression of ERalpha and 17beta-HSD4. To detect ERalpha and 17beta-HSD4 transcripts, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. RESULTS In bovine and monkey ciliary body, the staining of the anti-ERalpha antibody was distributed in nonpigmented epithelium, and was not detectable in pigmented epithelium. Vessels in the stroma were also stained. The expression of 17beta-HSD4 was observed in nonpigmented and pigmented epithelium. RT-PCR revealed that the transcripts of ERalpha and 17beta-HSD4 were expressed in monkey ciliary body. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the presence of ERalpha and 17beta- HSD4 in the ciliary body. The presence of ERalpha and 17beta-HSD4 suggests that estrogen may have important functions in the ciliary body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, 849-8501, Saga , Japan.
| | - Ryo Iwakiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, 849-8501, Saga , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, 849-8501, Saga , Japan
| | - Satoshi Okinami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, 849-8501, Saga , Japan
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Llobet A, Gasull X, Gual A. Understanding trabecular meshwork physiology: a key to the control of intraocular pressure? Physiology (Bethesda) 2003; 18:205-9. [PMID: 14500801 DOI: 10.1152/nips.01443.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork is a tissue located in the anterior chamber angle of the eye, and it is a crucial determinant of intraocular pressure values because of its resistance to the evacuation of aqueous humor from the eye. Here we bring together classical and recent discoveries on the function of the trabecular meshwork, keys to understanding eye pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Llobet
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques I and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Coca-Prados M, Ghosh S, Wang Y, Escribano J, Herrala A, Vihko P. Sex steroid hormone metabolism takes place in human ocular cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 86:207-16. [PMID: 14568574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are potentially important mediators in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. In this study, we report on the gene expression in the human eye of a group of enzymes, the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs), involved in the biosynthesis and inactivation of sex steroid hormones. In the eye, the ciliary epithelium, a neuroendocrine secretory epithelium, co-expresses the highest levels of 17HSD2 and 5 mRNAs, and in lesser level 17HSD7 mRNA. The regulation of gene expression of these enzymes was investigated in vitro in cell lines, ODM-C4 and chronic open glaucoma (GCE), used as cell models of the human ciliary epithelium. The estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (10(-7) M) and androgen agonist, R1881 (10(-8) M) elicited in ODM-C4 and GCE cells over a 24 h time course a robust up-regulation of 17HSD7 mRNA expression. 17HSD2 was up-regulated by estradiol in ODM-C4 cells, but not in GCE cells. Under steady-state conditions, ODM-C4 cells exhibited a predominant 17HSD2 oxidative enzymatic activity. In contrast, 17HSD2 activity was low or absent in GCE cells. Our collective data suggest that cultured human ciliary epithelial cells are able to metabolize estrogen, androgen and progesterone, and that 17HSD2 and 7 in these cells are sex steroid hormone-responsive genes and 17HSD7 is responsible to keep on intra/paracrine estrogenic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Coca-Prados
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Bertazolli-Filho R, Laicine EM, Haddad A. Synthesis and secretion of transferrin by isolated ciliary epithelium of rabbit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:820-5. [PMID: 12767904 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the vitreous contains several intrinsic glycoproteins whose origin remains to be clarified. Isolated ciliary epithelium (CE) was assayed to verify its role in the synthesis and secretion of transferrin for the vitreous body. It was cultured in the presence of [35S]methionine and the incubation medium was processed for immunoprecipitation. Total RNA from CE was processed for RT-PCR and the amplification products were sequenced. Also, whole preparations of isolated CE were processed for immunolocalization of transferrin. From the incubation assays, a labeled peptide of about 80 kDa was immunopurified that is the expected size of transferrin. The RT-PCR and sequencing experiments detected the presence of transferrin mRNA. Both layers of the CE exhibited transferrin reactivity, following immunohistochemical processing. Taken altogether, these results indicate the CE as one of the possible sources of vitreous intrinsic transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Bertazolli-Filho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The past two to three years have witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of gene therapy studies to treat almost every disease of the eye. All types of delivery systems, viral and non-viral, have been used. Experiments have begun to move from the use of reporters, to genes with potential therapeutic value. In this paper, rather than giving an overview from the beginning of ocular gene therapy, I have chosen to review its most recent advances. Although numerous issues remain to be solved, the emerging picture is encouraging. Within the experimental setting, conditions in the anterior and posterior segments have been improved by the administration of genes encoding beneficial proteins. In one case, vision has been restored in a congenitally blind animal. Limitations do exit, however a greater understanding of the molecular biology of eye tissues coupled with the development of low immunogenicity vectors will continue edging the way for a future use of gene therapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 6109 Neuroscience Research Building, Campus Box 7041, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Some investigators have hypothesized that oxidative damage may be involved. We evaluated oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, in terms of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), in the eyes of glaucoma patients. METHODS Levels of 8-OH-dG were measured in the trabecular meshwork region from 42 patients with glaucoma and 45 controls of similar age and sex. Genotypes of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) were assessed by polymerase chain reaction in the same DNA samples. RESULTS Levels of 8-OH-dG were significantly higher in glaucoma patients than in controls. Oxidative DNA damage in patients with glaucoma correlated significantly with intraocular pressure; in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, it also correlated with visual field defects. GSTT1 was similar in the two groups, and had no effect on 8-OH-dG levels. Conversely, 8-OH-dG levels were significantly higher in GSTM1-null than in GSTM1-positive subjects. The GSTM1-null genotype was significantly more common in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma than in controls. CONCLUSION Oxidative DNA damage is significantly increased in the trabecular meshwork of glaucoma patients. GSTM1 gene deletion, which has been associated with an increased risk of cancer at various sites and molecular lesions in atherosclerosis, predisposes to more severe oxidative DNA damage in glaucoma patients. These findings may contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of glaucoma and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
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Bishop PN, Takanosu M, Le Goff M, Mayne R. The role of the posterior ciliary body in the biosynthesis of vitreous humour. Eye (Lond) 2002; 16:454-60. [PMID: 12101453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6700199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several groups have published new information regarding the origins and structure of the vitreous humour, and the inner limiting lamina (ILL) of the retina. This short article provides an overview of this new information. It is proposed that vitreous proteins are derived from several different cell types with the posterior half of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium being prominent in the expression of several connective tissue macromolecules. In addition, some basement membrane macromolecules are also expressed by the ciliary body and may subsequently be assembled on the surface of the Müller cells to form the ILL. New data suggest that the posterior half of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium has substantial secretory activity and is likely to play a pivotal role in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Bishop
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research School of Biological Sciences and Research Group in Eye & Vision Sciences, The Medical School University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Liu JHK. Circadian variations of transforming growth factor-beta2 and basic fibroblast growth factor in the rabbit aqueous humor. Curr Eye Res 2002; 24:75-80. [PMID: 12187498 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.24.1.75.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the ocular fluids of rabbits at various times of the day. METHODS Seventy-two young adult New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hour light (6 AM to 6 PM) and 12-hour dark cycle. Eight rabbits were sacrificed at each of 6 time points: 4 AM, 8 AM, noon, 4 PM, 8 PM, and midnight. Under an acute 24-hour constant dark condition, 8 additional rabbits were sacrificed at each of 3 time points in the accustomed light period (8 AM, noon, and 4 PM). Samples of aqueous humor and vitreous humor were collected from both eyes. Using enzyme immunoassay, samples from one eye were assayed for total TGF-beta2 and active form of TGF-beta2 and samples from the other eye were assayed for bFGF. Concentrations at various time points were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni t-test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Aqueous humor levels of total TGF-beta2, active TGF-beta2, and bFGF changed during the 24-hour period. Total TGF-beta2 and bFGF levels increased between 4 AM and 8 AM. Active TGF-beta2 level increased between 8 PM and midnight. Similar patterns of changes were found when considering aqueous humor samples collected under the acute constant dark condition. In the vitreous humor, total TGF-beta2, active TGF-beta2, and bFGF remained unchanged throughout the 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous circadian rhythms of total TGF-beta2, active TGF-beta2, and bFGF occur in the rabbit aqueous humor. These two extracellular signaling molecules may be associated with specific physiological functions in the anterior segment according to the time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H K Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0946, USA.
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Bertazolli-Filho R, Ghosh S, Huang W, Wollmann G, Coca-Prados M. Molecular evidence that human ocular ciliary epithelium expresses components involved in phototransduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:317-25. [PMID: 11394879 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the expression, in the human ocular ciliary epithelium and in a human nonpigmented (NPE) ciliary epithelial cell line, of genes usually restricted to cone and rod photoreceptor cells of the retina. By RT-PCR and DNA sequencing we identified the expression of rhodopsin and components linked to its deactivation, including rhodopsin kinase, recoverin, and visual arrestin. We also detected the expression of transducin (T-alpha), phosphodiesterase (PDE-alpha), and cGMP-gated channel alpha-subunits. Cultured NPE cells responded to treatment with phorbol ester by enhancing the expression of rhodopsin mRNA three- to fourfold. Indirect immunofluorescence of the intact ciliary epithelium with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rhodopsin, rhodopsin kinase, and visual arrestin revealed labeling preferentially restricted to the NPE cells. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of whole lysates from the pars plicata region of the human ciliary epithelium with MAbs demonstrated immunochemical cross-reactivity with proteins of molecular mass similar to rhodopsin (36 kDa), rhodopsin kinase (64 to 66 kDa), and arrestin (48-52 kDa) from the human retina. These results provide the first molecular evidence that components of a non-visual phototransduction pathway are expressed in the human ocular NPE ciliary epithelium, which may be linked to circadian entrainment tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bertazolli-Filho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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