1
|
Liu W, Huang X, Luo W, Liu X, Chen W. The Role of Paxillin Aberrant Expression in Cancer and Its Potential as a Target for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098245. [PMID: 37175948 PMCID: PMC10179295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a multi-domain adaptor protein. As an important member of focal adhesion (FA) and a participant in regulating cell movement, paxillin plays an important role in physiological processes such as nervous system development, embryonic development, and vascular development. However, increasing evidence suggests that paxillin is aberrantly expressed in many cancers. Many scholars have also recognized that the abnormal expression of paxillin is related to the prognosis, metastases, invasion, survival, angiogenesis, and other aspects of malignant tumors, suggesting that paxillin may be a potential cancer therapeutic target. Therefore, the study of how aberrant paxillin expression affects the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis will help to develop more efficacious antitumor drugs. Herein, we review the structure of paxillin and its function and expression in tumors, paying special attention to the multifaceted effects of paxillin on tumors, the mechanism of tumorigenesis and progression, and its potential role in tumor therapy. We also hope to provide a reference for the clinical prognosis and development of new tumor therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xinxian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weizhao Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu M, Yu K, Rehman Aziz AU, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Li N, Liu B. The role of Actopaxin in tumor metastasis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:90-102. [PMID: 36150525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Actopaxin is a newly discovered focal adhesions (FAs) protein, actin-binding protein and pseudopodia-enriched molecule. It can not only bind to a variety of FAs proteins (such as Paxillin, ILK and PINCH) and non-FAs proteins (such as TESK1, CdGAP, β2-adaptin, G3BP2, ADAR1 and CD29), but also participates in multiple signaling pathways. Thus, it plays a crucial role in regulating important processes of tumor metastasis, including matrix degradation, migration, and invasion, etc. This review covers the latest progress in the structure and function of Actopaxin, its interaction with other proteins as well as its involvement in regulating tumor development and metastasis. Additionally, the current limitations for Actopaxin related studies and the possible research directions on it in the future are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can assist relevant researchers to obtain a deep understanding of the role that Actopaxin plays in tumor progression, and also enlighten further research and development of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Kehui Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The explorations of dynamic interactions of paxillin at the focal adhesions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140825. [PMID: 35926716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paxillin is one of the most important adapters in integrin-mediated adhesions that performs numerous crucial functions relying on its dynamic interactions. Its structural behavior serves different purposes, providing a base for several activities. The various domains of paxillin display different functions in the whole process of cell movements and have a significant role in cell adhesion, migration, signal transmission, and protein-protein interactions. On the other hand, some paxillin-associated proteins provide a unique spatiotemporal mechanism for regulating its dynamic characteristics in the tissue homeostasis and make it a more complex and decisive protein at the focal adhesions. This review briefly describes the structural adaptations and molecular mechanisms of recruitment of paxillin into adhesions, explains paxillin's binding dynamics and impact on adhesion stability and turnover, and reveals a variety of paxillin-associated regulatory mechanisms and how paxillin is embedded into the signaling networks.
Collapse
|
4
|
González Wusener AE, González Á, Perez Collado ME, Maza MR, General IJ, Arregui CO. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B targets focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in cell-matrix adhesions. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272564. [PMID: 34553765 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B, also known as PTPN1) is an established regulator of cell-matrix adhesion and motility. However, the nature of substrate targets at adhesion sites remains to be validated. Here, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, in combination with a substrate trapping mutant of PTP1B, to directly examine whether relevant phosphotyrosines on paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) are substrates of the phosphatase in the context of cell-matrix adhesion sites. We found that the formation of catalytic complexes at cell-matrix adhesions requires intact tyrosine residues Y31 and Y118 on paxillin, and the localization of FAK at adhesion sites. Additionally, we found that PTP1B specifically targets Y925 on the focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain of FAK at adhesion sites. Electrostatic analysis indicated that dephosphorylation of this residue promotes the closed conformation of the FAT 4-helix bundle and its interaction with paxillin at adhesion sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E González Wusener
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Ángela González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - María E Perez Collado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Melina R Maza
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas and CONICET, San Martin, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Ignacio J General
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas and CONICET, San Martin, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Carlos O Arregui
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alpha KM, Xu W, Turner CE. Paxillin family of focal adhesion adaptor proteins and regulation of cancer cell invasion. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:1-52. [PMID: 32859368 PMCID: PMC7737098 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paxillin family of proteins, including paxillin, Hic-5, and leupaxin, are focal adhesion adaptor/scaffolding proteins which localize to cell-matrix adhesions and are important in cell adhesion and migration of both normal and cancer cells. Historically, the role of these proteins in regulating the actin cytoskeleton through focal adhesion-mediated signaling has been well documented. However, studies in recent years have revealed additional functions in modulating the microtubule and intermediate filament cytoskeletons to affect diverse processes including cell polarization, vesicle trafficking and mechanosignaling. Expression of paxillin family proteins in stromal cells is also important in regulating tumor cell migration and invasion through non-cell autonomous effects on the extracellular matrix. Both paxillin and Hic-5 can also influence gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, while their own expression is frequently dysregulated in various cancers. Accordingly, these proteins may serve as valuable targets for novel diagnostic and treatment approaches in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Weiyi Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nah AS, Chay KO. Roles of paxillin phosphorylation in IL-3 withdrawal-induced Ba/F3 cell apoptosis. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:241-248. [PMID: 30604146 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-00779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ba/F3, a mouse pro-B cell line, is dependent on IL-3 for its survival and proliferation. IL-3 withdrawal causes cells to round, stop in G1 phase, then undergo apoptosis. Additionally, IL-3 is known to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, a scaffold and signaling protein. We previously determined that overexpression of paxillin prohibited Ba/F3 cell apoptosis induced by IL-3 withdrawal. OBJECTIVE Address whether phosphorylation is essential for the anti-apoptotic effect of overexpressed paxillin. METHODS Mutations were introduced into paxillin cDNA at five phosphorylation sites-Y31F, Y40F, Y118F, Y181F, S273A, or S273D. After overexpression of paxillin mutants in Ba/F3 cells, the apoptotic proportions of cell populations were measured by an annexin V conjugation assay while cells were undergoing IL-3 withdrawal. RESULTS The anti-apoptotic effect of paxillin overexpression was abolished by site-directed mutagenesis replacing Y31, Y40, Y118, and Y181 with phenylalanine, and S273 with aspartic acid. In contrast, the mutation replacing S273 with alanine had no effect on the anti-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSION The above results suggest that paxillin-mediated phosphorylation at Y31, Y40, Y118, and Y181 is essential for the anti-apoptotic effect of paxillin overexpression in Ba/F3 cells and contributes to the cell survival signaling pathway triggered by IL-3. Conversely, phosphorylation at S273 is involved in the negative regulation of the anti-apoptotic action of overexpressed paxillin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ae Sun Nah
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Chonnam National University, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Oh Chay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Chonnam National University, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dubois F, Alpha K, Turner CE. Paxillin regulates cell polarization and anterograde vesicle trafficking during cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3815-3831. [PMID: 29046398 PMCID: PMC5739297 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization and directed migration play pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we identify new roles for paxillin-mediated HDAC6 inhibition in regulating key aspects of cell polarization in both two-dimensional and one-dimensional matrix environments. Paxillin, by modulating microtubule acetylation through HDAC6 regulation, was shown to control centrosome and Golgi reorientation toward the leading edge, a hallmark of cell polarization to ensure directed trafficking of promigratory factors. Paxillin was also required for pericentrosomal Golgi localization and centrosome cohesion, independent of its localization to, and role in, focal adhesion signaling. In addition, we provide evidence of an accumulation of paxillin at the centrosome that is dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and identify an important collaboration between paxillin and FAK signaling in the modulation of microtubule acetylation, as well as centrosome and Golgi organization and polarization. Finally, paxillin was also shown to be required for optimal anterograde vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dubois
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Kyle Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Colomé AM, Lee-Rivera I, Benavides-Hidalgo R, López E. Paxillin: a crossroad in pathological cell migration. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:50. [PMID: 28214467 PMCID: PMC5316197 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxilllin is a multifunctional and multidomain focal adhesion adapter protein which serves an important scaffolding role at focal adhesions by recruiting structural and signaling molecules involved in cell movement and migration, when phosphorylated on specific Tyr and Ser residues. Upon integrin engagement with extracellular matrix, paxillin is phosphorylated at Tyr31, Tyr118, Ser188, and Ser190, activating numerous signaling cascades which promote cell migration, indicating that the regulation of adhesion dynamics is under the control of a complex display of signaling mechanisms. Among them, paxillin disassembly from focal adhesions induced by extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation of serines 106, 231, and 290 as well as the binding of the phosphatase PEST to paxillin have been shown to play a key role in cell migration. Paxillin also coordinates the spatiotemporal activation of signaling molecules, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA GTPases, by recruiting GEFs, GAPs, and GITs to focal adhesions. As a major participant in the regulation of cell movement, paxillin plays distinct roles in specific tissues and developmental stages and is involved in immune response, epithelial morphogenesis, and embryonic development. Importantly, paxillin is also an essential player in pathological conditions including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial cell barrier dysfunction, and cancer development and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María López-Colomé
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Irene Lee-Rivera
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Regina Benavides-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Edith López
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang YL, Chu YL, Ho CT, Chung JG, Lai CI, Su YC, Kuo YH, Sheen LY. Antcin K, an Active Triterpenoid from the Fruiting Bodies of Basswood-Cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea, Inhibits Metastasis via Suppression of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion in Human Hepatoma Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4561-4569. [PMID: 25911944 DOI: 10.1021/jf5059304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract from Antrodia cinnamomea suppresses the invasive potential of human breast and hepatoma cells, but the effective compounds are not identified. The main bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea are ergostane-type triterpenoids, and the content of antcin K is the highest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimetastatic activity and mechanisms of antcin K purified from the fruiting body of basswood-cultivated A. cinnamomea on human liver cancer Hep 3B cells. The results showed that adhesion, migration, and invasion of Hep 3B cells were effectively inhibited by antcin K within 24 h of treatment. Antcin K not only reduced the protein expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 but also down-regulated vimentin and up-regulated E-cadherin in Hep 3B cells. In depth investigation for the molecular mechanism revealed that antcin K could reduce the protein expression of integrin β1, β3, α5, and αv and suppress phosphorylation of FAK, Src, PI3K, AKT, MEK, ERK, and JNK. These results suggested that antcin K was able to inhibit the metastasis of human hepatoma cells through suppression of integrin-mediated adhesion, migration, and invasion. Coupled with these findings, antcin K has a good potential to reduce the risk of liver cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- ΔDepartment of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- §Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- ΠDepartment of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resourceσ, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deakin NO, Turner CE. Paxillin inhibits HDAC6 to regulate microtubule acetylation, Golgi structure, and polarized migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:395-413. [PMID: 25070956 PMCID: PMC4121979 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201403039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarized cell migration is essential for normal organism development and is also a critical component of cancer cell invasion and disease progression. Directional cell motility requires the coordination of dynamic cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as repositioning of the Golgi apparatus, both of which can be controlled by the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. In this paper, we have identified a new and conserved role for the focal adhesion scaffold protein paxillin in regulating the posttranslational modification of the MT cytoskeleton through an inhibitory interaction with the α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6. We also determined that through HDAC6-dependent regulation of the MT cytoskeleton, paxillin regulates both Golgi organelle integrity and polarized cell invasion and migration in both three-dimensional and two-dimensional matrix microenvironments. Importantly, these data reveal a fundamental role for paxillin in coordinating MT acetylation-dependent cell polarization and migration in both normal and transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Motohashi S, Koizumi K, Honda R, Maruyama A, Palmer HEF, Mashima K. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST (PTP-PEST) regulates mast cell-activating signals in PTP activity-dependent and -independent manners. Cell Immunol 2014; 289:128-34. [PMID: 24791697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) in mast cells leads to degranulation and production of numerous cytokines and lipid mediators that promote allergic inflammation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in response to FcεRI aggregation has been implicated in mast cell activation. Here, we determined the role of PTP-PEST (encoded by PTPN12) in the regulation of mast cell activation using the RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cell line as a model. PTP-PEST expression was significantly induced upon FcεRI-crosslinking, and aggregation of FcεRI induced the phosphorylation of PTP-PEST at Ser39, thus resulting in the suppression of PTP activity. By overexpressing a phosphatase-dead mutant (PTP-PEST CS) and a constitutively active mutant (PTP-PEST SA) in RBL-2H3 cells, we showed that PTP-PEST decreased degranulation and enhanced IL-4 and IL-13 transcription in FcεRI-crosslinked RBL-2H3 cells, but PTP activity of PTP-PEST was not necessary for this regulation. However, FcεRI-induced TNF-α transcription was increased by the overexpression of PTP-PEST SA and suppressed by the overexpression of PTP-PEST CS. Taken together, these results suggest that PTP-PEST is involved in the regulation of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation through at least two different processes represented by PTP activity-dependent and -independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Motohashi
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Karen Koizumi
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Reika Honda
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Maruyama
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Helen E F Palmer
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mashima
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Characterisation of four LIM protein-encoding genes involved in infection-related development and pathogenicity by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88246. [PMID: 24505448 PMCID: PMC3914944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM domain proteins contain contiguous double-zinc finger domains and play important roles in cytoskeletal re-organisation and organ development in multi-cellular eukaryotes. Here, we report the characterization of four genes encoding LIM proteins in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Targeted gene replacement of either the paxillin-encoding gene, PAX1, or LRG1 resulted in a significant reduction in hyphal growth and loss of pathogenicity, while deletion of RGA1 caused defects in conidiogenesis and appressorium development. A fourth LIM domain gene, LDP1, was not required for infection-associated development by M. oryzae. Live cell imaging revealed that Lrg1-GFP and Rga1-GFP both localize to septal pores, while Pax1-GFP is present in the cytoplasm. To explore the function of individual LIM domains, we carried out systematic deletion of each LIM domain, which revealed the importance of the Lrg1-LIM2 and Lrg1-RhoGAP domains for Lrg1 function and overlapping functions of the three LIM domains of Pax1. Interestingly, deletion of either PAX1 or LRG1 led to decreased sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents, such as Congo Red and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated the importance of both Lrg1 and Pax1 to regulation of genes associated with cell wall biogenesis. When considered together, our results indicate that LIM domain proteins are key regulators of infection-associated morphogenesis by the rice blast fungus.
Collapse
|
13
|
Quizi JL, Baron K, Al-Zahrani KN, O'Reilly P, Sriram RK, Conway J, Laurin AA, Sabourin LA. SLK-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin is required for focal adhesion turnover and cell migration. Oncogene 2012; 32:4656-63. [PMID: 23128389 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion turnover is a complex process required for cell migration. We have previously shown that the Ste20-like kinase (SLK) is required for cell migration and efficient focal adhesion (FA) turnover in a FA kinase (FAK)-dependent manner. However, the role of SLK in this process remains unclear. Using a candidate substrate approach, we show that SLK phosphorylates the adhesion adapter protein paxillin on serine 250. Serine 250 phosphorylation is required for paxillin redistribution and cell motility. Mutation of paxillin serine 250 prevents its phosphorylation by SLK in vitro and results in impaired migration in vivo as evidenced by an accumulation of phospho-FAK-Tyr397 and altered FA turnover rates. Together, our data suggest that SLK phosphorylation of paxillin on serine 250 is required for FAK-dependent FA dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Quizi
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zheng Q, Zhao Y. The diverse biofunctions of LIM domain proteins: determined by subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction. Biol Cell 2012; 99:489-502. [PMID: 17696879 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The LIM domain is a cysteine- and histidine-rich motif that has been proposed to direct protein-protein interactions. A diverse group of proteins containing LIM domains have been identified, which display various functions including gene regulation and cell fate determination, tumour formation and cytoskeleton organization. LIM domain proteins are distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and they exert their functions through interactions with various protein partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Zheng
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sero JE, Thodeti CK, Mammoto A, Bakal C, Thomas S, Ingber DE. Paxillin mediates sensing of physical cues and regulates directional cell motility by controlling lamellipodia positioning. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28303. [PMID: 22194823 PMCID: PMC3237434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) guide directional migration by spatially controlling where cells form focal adhesions (FAs), which in turn regulate the extension of motile processes. Here we show that physical control of directional migration requires the FA scaffold protein paxillin. Using single-cell sized ECM islands to constrain cell shape, we found that fibroblasts cultured on square islands preferentially activated Rac and extended lamellipodia from corner, rather than side regions after 30 min stimulation with PDGF, but that cells lacking paxillin failed to restrict Rac activity to corners and formed small lamellipodia along their entire peripheries. This spatial preference was preceded by non-spatially constrained formation of both dorsal and lateral membrane ruffles from 5-10 min. Expression of paxillin N-terminal (paxN) or C-terminal (paxC) truncation mutants produced opposite, but complementary, effects on lamellipodia formation. Surprisingly, pax-/- and paxN cells also formed more circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) than pax+ cells, while paxC cells formed fewer CDRs and extended larger lamellipodia even in the absence of PDGF. In a two-dimensional (2D) wound assay, pax-/- cells migrated at similar speeds to controls but lost directional persistence. Directional motility was rescued by expressing full-length paxillin or the N-terminus alone, but paxN cells migrated more slowly. In contrast, pax-/- and paxN cells exhibited increased migration in a three-dimensional (3D) invasion assay, with paxN cells invading Matrigel even in the absence of PDGF. These studies indicate that paxillin integrates physical and chemical motility signals by spatially constraining where cells will form motile processes, and thereby regulates directional migration both in 2D and 3D. These findings also suggest that CDRs may correspond to invasive protrusions that drive cell migration through 3D extracellular matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Sero
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles K. Thodeti
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Thomas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Robertson LK, Ostergaard HL. Paxillin associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton and the immunological synapse of CTL through its leucine-aspartic acid domains and contributes to microtubule organizing center reorientation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5824-33. [PMID: 22043013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal adaptor protein paxillin localizes to the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in T cells and, upon target cell binding, is recruited to the supramolecular activation complex (SMAC). We mapped the region of paxillin that associates with both the MTOC and SMAC to the leucine-aspartic acid (LD) domains and showed that a protein segment containing LD2-4 was sufficient for MTOC and SMAC recruitment. Examination of the localization of paxillin at the SMAC revealed that paxillin localizes to the peripheral area of the SMAC along with LFA-1, suggesting that LFA-1 may contribute to its recruitment. LFA-1 or CD3 engagement alone was insufficient for paxillin recruitment because there was no paxillin accumulation at the site of CTL contact with anti-LFA-1- or anti-CD3-coated beads. In contrast, paxillin accumulation was detected when beads coated with both anti-CD3 and anti-LFA-1 were bound to CTL, suggesting that signals from both the TCR and LFA-1 are required for paxillin accumulation. Paxillin was shown to be phosphorylated downstream of ERK, but when we generated a mutation (S83A/S130A) that abolished the mobility shift as a result of phosphorylation, we found that paxillin still bound to the MTOC and was recruited to the SMAC. Furthermore, ERK was not absolutely required for MTOC reorientation in CTL that require ERK for killing. Finally, expression of the LD2-4 region of paxillin substantially reduced MTOC reorientation. These studies demonstrated that paxillin is recruited, through its LD domains, to sites of integrin engagement and may contribute to MTOC reorientation required for directional degranulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie K Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen PW, Kroog GS. Leupaxin is similar to paxillin in focal adhesion targeting and tyrosine phosphorylation but has distinct roles in cell adhesion and spreading. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:527-40. [PMID: 20543562 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion (FA) formation is induced by extracellular matrix-stimulated integrin clustering and activation of receptors for diffusible factors. Leupaxin (LPXN) is a member of the paxillin family of FA proteins expressed in many cancer cell lines. We found activation of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) by bombesin (BN) stimulated LPXN translocation from cytoplasm to FAs. Using mutagenesis, we identified LIM3 as the primary FA targeting domain for LPXN and showed BN-induced LPXN tyrosine phosphorylation on residues 22, 62 and 72. A LIM3 point mutant of LPXN failed to target to FAs and had no BN-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. Conversely, a non-phosphorylatable mutant (Y22/62/72F) translocated to FAs after BN addition. Stimulation of FA formation using vinblastine also induced LPXN translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation. Therefore, dynamic LPXN tyrosine phosphorylation requires translocation to FAs. LPXN and paxillin had opposite roles in adhesion to collagen I (CNI) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. LPXN siRNA stimulated whereas paxillin siRNA inhibited cell adhesion. Knockdown of both LPXN and paxillin behaved similarly to paxillin knockdown alone, suggesting LPXN’s function in adhesion might depend on paxillin. Additionally, LPXN regulated cell spreading on CNI but not on fibronectin whereas paxillin knockdown suppressed spreading on both substrates. These results demonstrate that although LPXN and paxillin’s FA targeting and tyrosine phosphorylation are similar, each protein has distinct functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Chen
- Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paxillin and phospholipase D interact to regulate actin-based processes in Dictyostelium discoideum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:977-84. [PMID: 21531871 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00282-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton forms a membrane-associated network whose proper regulation is essential for numerous processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, chemotaxis, endocytosis, exocytosis, and multicellular development. In this report, we show that in Dictyostelium discoideum, paxillin (PaxB) and phospholipase D (PldB) colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate, suggesting that they interact physically. Additionally, the phenotypes observed during development, cell sorting, and several actin-required processes, including cyclic AMP (cAMP) chemotaxis, cell-substrate adhesion, actin polymerization, phagocytosis, and exocytosis, reveal a genetic interaction between paxB and pldB, suggesting a functional interaction between their gene products. Taken together, our data point to PldB being a required binding partner of PaxB during processes involving actin reorganization.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nakamura K, Palmer HEF, Ozawa T, Mashima K. Protein phosphatase 1alpha associates with protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST inducing dephosphorylation of phospho-serine 39. J Biochem 2009; 147:493-500. [PMID: 19919952 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-PEST is expressed in a wide variety of several cell types and is an efficient regulator of cell adhesion, spreading and migration. PTP-PEST-associating molecules are important in elucidating the function of PTP-PEST. Herein, we have identified protein phosphatase 1alpha (PP1alpha) as a novel PTP-PEST binding protein, and then we aimed to determine how PP1alpha contributes to the phosphorylation at Ser39 of PTP-PEST, whose phosphorylation suppresses PTP-PEST enzymatic activity. The HEK 293 cells overexpressing exogenous PTP-PEST were stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and the phosphorylation of PTP-PEST at Ser39 was evaluated using an anti-phospho-Ser39 PTP-PEST specific antibody (anti-pS39-PEST Ab). It was demonstrated that the phosphorylation at Ser39 detected by anti-pS39-PEST Ab was dependent on TPA treatment and a significant inverse correlation between the PTP activity of PTP-PEST and anti-pS39-PEST Ab-immunoreactive band intensity. The phosphorylation of Ser39 was suppressed by co-transfection of a plasmid encoding wild-type PP1alpha, but not by that of the dominant-negative PP1alpha mutant. Furthermore, TPA-induced phosphorylation could take place in PTP-PEST catalytic domain, but the phosphorylation of PTP-PEST catalytic domain could not be abrogated by co-transfection of a plasmid expressing wild-type PP1alpha. In conclusion, PP1alpha associates with the non-catalytic domain of PTP-PEST and regulates PTP activity via dephosphorylation of phospho-Ser39.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo (St Paul's) University, Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang YH, Yan ZQ, Shen BR, Zhang L, Zhang P, Jiang ZL. Vascular smooth muscle cells promote endothelial cell adhesion via microtubule dynamics and activation of paxillin and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in a co-culture system. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
21
|
Storbeck CJ, Wagner S, O'Reilly P, McKay M, Parks RJ, Westphal H, Sabourin LA. The Ldb1 and Ldb2 transcriptional cofactors interact with the Ste20-like kinase SLK and regulate cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4174-82. [PMID: 19675209 PMCID: PMC2754931 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration involves a multitude of signals that converge on cytoskeletal reorganization, essential for development, immune responses, and tissue repair. Here, we show that the microtubule-associated Ste20 kinase SLK, required for cell migration, interacts with the LIM domain binding transcriptional cofactor proteins Ldb1/CLIM2 and Ldb2/CLIM1/NLI. We demonstrate that Ldb1 and 2 bind directly to the SLK carboxy-terminal AT1-46 homology domain in vitro and in vivo. We find that Ldb1 and -2 colocalize with SLK in migrating cells and that both knockdown and overexpression of either factor results in increased motility. Supporting this, knockdown of Ldb1 increases focal adhesion turnover and enhances migration in fibroblasts. We propose that Ldb1/2 function to maintain SLK in an inactive state before its activation. These findings highlight a novel function for Ldb1 and -2 and expand their role to include the control of cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Storbeck
- *Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Simona Wagner
- *Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Paul O'Reilly
- *Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marlene McKay
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada; and
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada; and
| | - Heiner Westphal
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Luc A. Sabourin
- *Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Efimov A, Kaverina I. Significance of microtubule catastrophes at focal adhesion sites. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:285-7. [PMID: 19483470 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.3.8858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration requires cell polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell signaling. Focal adhesions and microtubules are two systems which are essential for these. It was shown that these two systems closely interact with each other. It is known that microtubule targeting stimulates focal adhesion dissociation. Our recent study shows that focal adhesions, in turn, specifically induce microtubule catastrophe via a biochemical mechanism. We were able to track down one of the focal adhesion proteins paxillin which is involved in this process. Paxillin phosphorylation was previously shown to be the key component in the regulation of focal adhesion assembly or disassembly. Since microtubule catastrophe dynamic differs at the leading edge and cell rear, similar to paxillin phosphorylation levels, we suggest a model connecting asymmetric distribution of focal adhesions and asymmetric distribution of microtubule catastrophes at adhesion sites as a feedback loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Efimov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolff J. Plasma membrane tubulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1415-33. [PMID: 19328773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The association of tubulin with the plasma membrane comprises multiple levels of penetration into the bilayer: from integral membrane protein, to attachment via palmitoylation, to surface binding, and to microtubules attached by linker proteins to proteins in the membrane. Here we discuss the soundness and weaknesses of the chemical and biochemical evidence marshaled to support these associations, as well as the mechanisms by which tubulin or microtubules may regulate functions at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wolff
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Akhmanova A, Stehbens SJ, Yap AS. Touch, grasp, deliver and control: functional cross-talk between microtubules and cell adhesions. Traffic 2009; 10:268-74. [PMID: 19175539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cross-talk between microtubule networks and sites of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion has profound impact on these structures and is essential for proper cell organization, polarization and motility. Components of adhesion sites can interact directly with microtubules or with proteins that specifically associate with microtubule plus ends and minus ends and in this way capture, stabilize or destabilize microtubules. In their turn, microtubules can serve as routes for delivery of structural and regulatory factors that control adhesion site turnover. In addition, the microtubule lattice or growing microtubule plus ends can serve as diffusional sinks that accumulate and scaffold regulatory molecules, thereby affecting their activity in the vicinity of adhesions. Combination of these mechanisms underlies the functional co-operation between microtubules and adhesion sites and defines their dynamic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Paxillin is a multi-domain scaffold protein that localizes to the intracellular surface of sites of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Through the interactions of its multiple protein-binding modules, many of which are regulated by phosphorylation, paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. In particular, paxillin plays a central role in coordinating the spatial and temporal action of the Rho family of small GTPases, which regulate the actin cytoskeleton, by recruiting an array of GTPase activator, suppressor and effector proteins to cell adhesions. When paxillin was first described 18 years ago, the amazing complexity of cell-adhesion organization, dynamics and signaling was yet to be realized. Herein we highlight our current understanding of how the multiple protein interactions of paxillin contribute to the coordination of cell-adhesion function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Efimov A, Schiefermeier N, Grigoriev I, Ohi R, Brown MC, Turner CE, Small JV, Kaverina I. Paxillin-dependent stimulation of microtubule catastrophes at focal adhesion sites. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:196-204. [PMID: 18187451 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.012666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An organized microtubule array is essential for the polarized motility of fibroblasts. Dynamic microtubules closely interact with focal adhesion sites in migrating cells. Here, we examined the effect of focal adhesions on microtubule dynamics. We observed that the probability of microtubule catastrophes (transitions from growth to shrinkage) was seven times higher at focal adhesions than elsewhere. Analysis of the dependence between the microtubule growth rate and catastrophe probability throughout the cytoplasm revealed that a nonspecific (mechanical or spatial) factor provided a minor contribution to the catastrophe induction by decreasing microtubule growth rate at adhesions. Strikingly, at the same growth rate, the probability of catastrophes was significantly higher at adhesions than elsewhere, indicative of a site-specific biochemical trigger. The observed catastrophe induction occurred at adhesion domains containing the scaffolding protein paxillin that has been shown previously to interact with tubulin. Furthermore, replacement of full-length paxillin at adhesion sites by microinjected paxillin LIM2-LIM3 domains suppressed microtubule catastrophes exclusively at adhesions. We suggest that paxillin influences microtubule dynamics at focal adhesions by serving as a scaffold for a putative catastrophe factor and/or regulating its exposure to microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Efimov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Avraamides C, Bromberg ME, Gaughan JP, Thomas SM, Tsygankov AY, Panetti TS. Hic-5 promotes endothelial cell migration to lysophosphatidic acid. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H193-203. [PMID: 17337598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00728.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell migration is critical for proper blood vessel development. Signals from growth factors and matrix proteins are integrated through focal adhesion proteins to alter cell migration. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5 (Hic-5), a paxillin family member, is enriched in the focal adhesions in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells, which migrate to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on denatured collagen. In this study, we investigate the role of Hic-5 in LPA-stimulated endothelial cell migration. LPA recruits Hic-5 to the focal adhesions and to the pseudopodia in BPAE cells plated on collagen, suggesting that recruitment of Hic-5 to focal adhesions is associated with endothelial cell migration. Knockdown of endogenous Hic-5 significantly decreases migration toward LPA, confirming involvement of Hic-5 in migration. To address the role of Hic-5 in endothelial cell migration, we exogenously expressed wild-type (WT) Hic-5 and green fluorescent protein Hic-5 C369A/C372A (LIM3 mutant) constructs in BPAE cells. WT Hic-5 expression increases chemotaxis of BPAE cells to LPA, whereas migration toward LPA of the green fluorescent protein Hic-5 C369A/C372A-expressing cells is similar to that shown in vector control cells. Additionally, ERK phosphorylation is enhanced in the presence of LPA in WT Hic-5 cells. A pharmacological inhibitor of MEK activity inhibits LPA-stimulated WT Hic-5 cell migration and ERK phosphorylation, suggesting Hic-5 enhances migration via MEK activation of ERK. Together, these studies indicate that Hic-5, a focal adhesion protein in endothelial cells, is recruited to the pseudopodia in the presence of LPA and enhances migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Avraamides
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu YL, Chien S. Dynamic motion of paxillin on actin filaments in living endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:871-6. [PMID: 17466945 PMCID: PMC2025639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our three-dimensional (3-D) images showed that paxillin co-localized on actin filaments as fibrous structures, as well as clusters, in endothelial cells (ECs). In living ECs under flow condition, we monitored concurrently the intracellular dynamics of DsRed2-paxillin and GFP-actin by time-lapse video recording and dual-color fluorescence imaging. The results showed that the dynamic motion of paxillin as fibrous structures was associated with actin filaments, but not with microtubules. Our findings suggest that the actin network plays an important role not only in the assembly/disassembly of paxillin at focal adhesions, but also as a track for the intracellular transport of paxillin, which is involved in signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and the Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen Y, Wang SM, Wu JC, Huang SH. Effects of PPARgamma agonists on cell survival and focal adhesions in a Chinese thyroid carcinoma cell line. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1021-35. [PMID: 16795079 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists cause cell death in several types of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two PPARgamma agonists, ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), on the survival of thyroid carcinoma CGTH W-2 cells. Both ciglitazone and 15dPGJ2 decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell death was mainly due to apoptosis, with a minor contribution from necrosis. Increased levels of active caspase 3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and cytosolic cytochrome-c were noted. In addition, ciglitazone and 15dPGJ2 induced detachment of CGTH W-2 cells from the culture substratum. Both the protein levels and immunostaining signals of focal adhesion (FA) proteins, including vinculin, integrin beta1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and paxillin were decreased after PPARgamma agonist treatment. Meanwhile, reduced phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin was noted. Furthermore, PPARgamma agonists induced expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST (PTP-PEST), and of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). The upregulation of these phosphatases might contribute to the dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, since pre-treatment with orthovanadate prevented PPARgamma agonist-induced dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. Perturbation of CGTH W-2 cells with anti-integrin beta1 antibodies induced FA disruption and apoptosis in the same cells, thus the downregulation of integrin beta1 by PPARgamma agonists resulted in FA disassembly and might induce apoptosis via anoikis. Our results suggested the presence of crosstalk between apoptosis and integrin-FA signaling. Moreover, upregulation and activation of PTEN was correlated with reduced phosphorylation of Akt, and this consequence disfavored cell survival. In conclusion, PPARgamma agonists induced apoptosis of thyroid carcinoma cells via the cytochrome-c caspase 3 and PTEN-Akt pathways, and induced necrosis via the PARP pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hu YL, Haga JH, Miao H, Wang Y, Li YS, Chien S. Roles of microfilaments and microtubules in paxillin dynamics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1463-71. [PMID: 16920067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of microfilaments and microtubules in the localization and tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, a focal adhesion-associated signaling molecule, in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation is inhibited by cytochalasin D (CD), but slightly increased by colchicine and paclitaxol (taxol). CD also caused an overall disassembly of paxillin-containing focal adhesions (paxillin-FAs) and translocation of paxillin to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region with a diffuse distribution. Meanwhile, colchicine and taxol caused a disassembly of paxillin-FAs from cell periphery and lamellipodia, and their assembly in cell center. These results indicate that actin filaments are important in paxillin assembly in the FAs of the whole ECs and that microtubules are critical in paxillin assembly in cell periphery and lamellipodia; thus the microfilaments and microtubules play differential roles in the dynamics of paxillin assembly/disassembly. Our findings also suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is an important element in paxillin dynamics at FAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and the Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wade R, Vande Pol S. Minimal features of paxillin that are required for the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Biochem J 2006; 393:565-73. [PMID: 16253116 PMCID: PMC1360707 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK (focal adhesion kinase) regulates signalling that results from the interaction of integrins with extracellular matrix and growth factor receptors. A critical step in this process is the phosphorylation of Tyr397 of FAK, which creates a binding site for Src family kinases, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and Shc (Src homology and collagen homology). An intact Tyr397 site is required for FAK-mediated regulation of cell migration, survival signals and full responsiveness to soluble growth factors. We showed previously that the adaptor protein paxillin is required for the overall tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK in embryonic stem cells [Wade, Bohl and Vande Pol (2002) Oncogene 21, 96-107]. In the present paper, we identify the minimal structural features of paxillin that are required to support overall FAK tyrosine phosphorylation and Tyr397 phosphorylation. Paxillin contains N-terminal leucine-rich LD motifs that bind directly to FAK and four LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3) domains in the C-terminus. We show that paxillin LIM domains 1, 2 and 3 are each required for FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, while LIM4 is dispensable. In addition to paxillin LIM domains 1, 2 and 3, a single LD motif on paxillin is required to support FAK tyrosine phosphorylation in embryonic stem cells. Both sequence and spatial requirements exist for LD motifs to support FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. Interestingly, synthetic LD motifs that fail to bind FAK in vitro are able to fully support FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, indicating that minimal interactions of LD motifs with FAK suffice. Our results demonstrate at least four distinct structural domains of paxillin support at least three distinct functions that are each required for FAK tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Wade
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0904, U.S.A
| | - Scott Vande Pol
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0904, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jamieson JS, Tumbarello DA, Hallé M, Brown MC, Tremblay ML, Turner CE. Paxillin is essential for PTP-PEST-dependent regulation of cell spreading and motility: a role for paxillin kinase linker. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5835-47. [PMID: 16317044 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST has been implicated in the regulation of cell spreading and migration through dephosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and inhibition of Rac GTPase activity. The focal adhesion adaptor protein paxillin is also necessary for normal cell migration and binds directly to PTP-PEST. In this study, we have utilized PTP-PEST(-/-) and paxillin(-/-) fibroblasts to demonstrate that paxillin is essential for PTP-PEST inhibition of cell spreading and membrane protrusion as well as inhibition of adhesion-induced Rac activation. Furthermore, we show that paxillin-binding is necessary for PTP-PEST stimulation of cell migration. Mutation analysis indicates that PTP-PEST function involves binding to the paxillin C-terminal LIM domains, and signaling through the tyrosine 31 and 118 phosphorylation sites, as well as the LD4 motif of the paxillin N-terminus. Using 'substrate trapping' approaches and immunoprecipitation, we show that the ARF GAP paxillin kinase linker PKL/GIT2, a paxillin LD4 binding partner, is a substrate for PTP-PEST. Additionally, the PKL-paxillin interaction was necessary for PTP-PEST inhibition of cell spreading. These data provide mechanistic insight into how the paxillin-PTP-PEST interaction contributes to integrin signaling events associated with the spatiotemporal regulation of key modulators of the cytoskeleton and cell motility machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Jamieson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Molecular scaffold or adaptor proteins facilitate precise spatiotemporal regulation and integration of multiple signaling pathways to effect the optimal cellular response to changes in the immediate environment. Paxillin is a multidomain adaptor that recruits both structural and signaling molecules to focal adhesions, sites of integrin engagement with the extracellular matrix, where it performs a critical role in transducing adhesion and growth factor signals to elicit changes in cell migration and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brown
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Natarajan K, Yin G, Hoefen RJ, Osawa M, Haendeler J, Ridley AJ, Fujiwara K, van Hinsbergh VWM, Berk BC. GIT1 mediates thrombin signaling in endothelial cells: role in turnover of RhoA-type focal adhesions. Circ Res 2004; 94:1041-9. [PMID: 15016733 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000125627.77235.0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin mediates changes in endothelial barrier function and increases endothelial permeability. A feature of thrombin-enhanced endothelial hyperpermeability is contraction of endothelial cells (ECs), accompanied by formation of focal adhesions (FAs). Recently, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein, GIT1, was shown to regulate FA disassembly. We hypothesized that GIT1 modulates thrombin-induced changes in FAs. In human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), thrombin recruited GIT1 to FAs, where GIT1 colocalized with FAK and vinculin. Recruitment of GIT1 to FAs was dependent on activation of the small GTPase RhoA, and Rho kinase, as demonstrated by adenoviral transfection of dominant-negative RhoA and treatment with Y-27632. Thrombin stimulated GIT1 tyrosine phosphorylation with a time course similar to FAK phosphorylation in a Rho kinase- and Src-dependent manner. Depletion of GIT1 with antisense GIT1 oligonucleotides had no effect on basal cell morphology, but increased cell rounding and contraction of HUVECs, increased FA formation, and increased FAK tyrosine phosphorylation in response to thrombin, concomitant with increased endothelial hyperpermeability. These data identify GIT1 as a novel mediator in agonist-dependent signaling in ECs, demonstrate that GIT1 is involved in cell shape changes, and suggest a role for GIT1 as a negative feedback regulator that augments recovery of cell contraction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cattle
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Cell Size/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Focal Adhesions/physiology
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Transport
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/physiology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Thrombin/genetics
- Thrombin/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transfection
- Umbilical Veins
- Vinculin/analysis
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Department of Medicine,Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) participates with beta1 integrin to mediate extracellular matrix interactions, such as extracellular matrix reorganization. Thus, ILK is hypothesized to influence wound contraction and scar contracture and, as such, would be a target molecule to manipulate pharmacologically in expediting wound contraction or possibly preventing scar contracture. The expression of ILK messenger ribonucleic acid, along with ILK-protein expression, was found in fibroblasts. The localization of ILK in human skin and rat granulation tissue was documented by immunohistology. ILK was present in human dermal fibroblasts, but was not found in human epidermal cells in skin. Cells were transfected with wild-type ILK or kinase-deficient ILK (E359K) and were assayed for collagen lattice contraction, migration, and myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Cells overexpressing E359K were poorer at collagen lattice contraction than control cells, whereas cells overexpressing wild-type ILK were equal to control cells at lattice contraction. ILK overexpression enhanced cell migration, but E359K overexpression did not affect cell migration. Neither ILK nor E359K overexpression altered myosin ATPase activity. Hence, ILK action within fibroblasts appears unrelated to myosin ATPase control of microfilament-generated forces. ILK appears to be a target molecule for pharmacologic manipulation to expedite wound contraction or to prevent scar contracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Levinson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Cell movement is driven by the regulated and polarised turnover of the actin cytoskeleton and of the adhesion complexes that link it to the extracellular matrix. For most cells, polarisation requires the engagement of microtubules, which exert their effect by mediating changes in the activity of the Rho GTPases. Evidence suggests that these changes are effected in a very localised fashion at sites of substrate adhesion, via specific microtubule-targeting interactions. Targeting serves to bring molecular complexes bound at the tips and along microtubules in close proximity with adhesion complexes, to promote adhesion disassembly and remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Victor Small
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|