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Vuitton D, Divaret-Chauveau A, Dalphin ML, Laplante JJ, von Mutius E, Dalphin JC. Protection contre l’allergie par l’environnement de la ferme : en 15 ans, qu’avons-nous appris de la cohorte européenne « PASTURE » ? BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A functional AT/G polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of SETDB2 in the IgE locus on human chromosome 13q14. Genes Immun 2015; 16:488-94. [PMID: 26378653 PMCID: PMC4763160 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated locus on human chromosome 13q14 influencing asthma-related traits contains the genes PHF11 and SETDB2. SETDB2 is located in the same linkage disequilibrium region as PHF11 and polymorphisms within SETDB2 have been shown to associate with total serum IgE levels. In this report, we sequenced the 15 exons of SETDB2 and identified a single previously ungenotyped mutation (AT/G, rs386770867) in the 5'-untranslated region of the gene. The polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with serum IgE levels in our asthma cohort (P=0.0012). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the transcription factor Ying Yang 1 binds to the AT allele, whereas SRY (Sex determining Region Y) binds to the G allele. Allele-specific transcription analysis (allelotyping) was performed in 35 individuals heterozygous for rs386770867 from a panel of 200 British families ascertained through probands with severe stage 3 asthma. The AT allele was found to be significantly overexpressed in these individuals (P=1.26×10(-21)). A dual-luciferase assay with the pGL3 luciferase reporter gene showed that the AT allele significantly affects transcriptional activities. Our results indicate that the IgE-associated AT/G polymorphism (rs386770867) regulates transcription of SETDB2.
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Bitsch L, Stemerding D. The innovation journey of genomics and asthma research. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2013; 35:1164-1180. [PMID: 23551185 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article concerns the transformative potential of medical genomics for common disease research. We analysed 13 review articles in asthma research in the period 1999 to 2008. Our aim was to understand how genomics has emerged in this research field, and the attendant changes. Motivated by Lippman's geneticisation thesis, we use the concept of an 'innovation journey' to trace how expectations of improved understanding, prevention, diagnosis and treatment structure a dynamic co-evolutionary process through which a genome-based discourse emerges. We show how the asthma researchers involved continuously struggle to define their contribution to asthma research, as well as to clinical practice. Along the way, the researchers propose changes to both the definition and the aetiological model of asthma, thus highlighting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. It is, however, difficult to characterise this discourse as one of geneticisation. With increasing attention being given to epigenetics, metabolomics, proteomics and systems biology, the emerging picture suggests an important, but much less deterministic, role for genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bitsch
- Department of Science, Technology and Policy Studies (STePS), University of Twente, The NetherlandsTechnology Assessment, The Rathenau Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Proteomic approaches have already been successfully implemented in areas such as cancer research. Surprisingly, only a few proteomics analyses have been published reporting on the protein profiles associated with asthma. Although proteomics has its limitations and experimental challenges, it can successfully contribute to the understanding of a complex disease such as asthma. We have reviewed the current literature that has reported the use of proteomic techniques to identify proteins that may contribute to altered lung function in asthma. Only a few of these studies have used proteomic techniques on human tissues associated with asthma, while most research has been performed with animal models of asthma. Proteomic applications have been used as a complimentary technique to verify the suspected candidate proteins involved in asthma. In addition, novel proteins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Future collaboration between the different scientific disciplines using proteomic studies of animal models of asthma and confirmation of these findings in human tissues will significantly contribute to the understanding of the etiology of asthma and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for this highly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Osei-Kumah
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Huang J, Li X, He C, Tian C, Peng C, Guo L, Xiao Y, Fan H. Polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene and the risk of asthma: A meta-analysis. Respirology 2010; 15:643-50. [PMID: 20409029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) gene have been implicated in susceptibility to asthma, but a large number of studies have reported inconclusive results. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between polymorphisms in the TGF-beta1 gene and asthma susceptibility. METHODS Searches were performed of Medline (Ovid), PubMed, the Chinese Biological Medicine Database (CBM), the Chinese Journals Full-text Database (CNKI), the Cochrane Library Database and the Web of Science, covering all papers published up to 30 April 2009. Statistical analysis was performed using Revman4.2.8 and STATA10.0 software. RESULTS Two polymorphisms (-509C/T and 915G/C(G25C)) were investigated in 14 studies, involving 2979 asthma patients and 4941 control subjects. The results showed that individuals carrying the -509T allele (TT+TC) had a 36% increased risk of asthma, when compared with homozygotes (-509CC) (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.12-1.65). However, there was no significant association with risk of asthma in carriers of the 915C allele (GC+CC) compared with 915GG homozygotes (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.65-1.70). In a subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the risk of asthma associated with the -509T allele was significantly elevated among Asians (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04-2.17) but not Caucasians (OR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00-1.36). In a subgroup analysis by age, the -509T allele was associated with a significantly elevated risk of asthma among adults (OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.09-1.92) but not children (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.96-1.46). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that the -509C/T polymorphism in the TGF-beta1 gene may be a risk factor for asthma. To further evaluate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions between polymorphisms in the TGF-beta1 gene and asthma susceptibility, more studies involving thousands of patients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang CH, Liu BJ, Wu LSH. The association forecasting of 13 variants within seven asthma susceptibility genes on 3 serum IgE groups in Taiwanese population by integrating of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and classification analysis methods. J Med Syst 2010; 36:175-85. [PMID: 20703737 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-010-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. It is caused by complicated coactions between various genetic factors and environmental allergens. The study aims to integrate the concept of implementing adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and classification analysis methods for forecasting the association of asthma susceptibility genes on 3 serum IgE groups. The ANFIS model was trained and tested with data sets obtained from 425 asthmatic subjects and 483 non-asthma subjects from the Taiwanese population. We assessed 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven well-known asthma susceptibility genes; firstly, the proposed ANFIS model learned to reduce input features from the 13 SNPs. And secondly, the classification will be used to classify the serum IgE groups from the simulated SNPs results. The performance of the ANFIS model, classification accuracies and the results confirmed that the integration of ANFIS and classified analysis has potential in association discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hang Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wang JY, Liou YH, Wu YJ, Hsiao YH, Wu LSH. An association study of 13 SNPs from seven candidate genes with pediatric asthma and a preliminary study for genetic testing by multiple variants in Taiwanese population. J Clin Immunol 2008; 29:205-9. [PMID: 18931892 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. It is caused by complex interactions between various genetic factors and exposures to environmental allergens and irritants. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease and the genetic and cultural differences among different populations, a proper association study and genetic testing for asthma and susceptibility genes is difficult to perform. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven well-known asthma susceptibility genes and looked for association with pediatric asthma using 449 asthmatic subjects and 512 non-asthma subjects in Taiwanese population. RESULTS CD14-159 C/T and MS4A2 Glu237Gly were identified to have difference in genotype/allele frequencies between the control group and asthma patients. Moreover, the genotype synergistic analysis showed that the co-contribution of two functional SNPs was riskier or more protective from asthma attack. Our study provided a genotype synergistic method for studying gene-gene interaction on polymorphism basis and genetic testing using multiple polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Yao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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López KIM, Martínez SEF, Moguel MCM, Romero LT, Figueroa CS, Pacheco GV, Ibarra B, Corona JS. Genetic diversity of the IL-4, IL-4 receptor and IL-13 loci in mestizos in the general population and in patients with asthma from three subpopulations in Mexico. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 34:27-33. [PMID: 17284225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by increased serum IgE levels, mucus hypersecretion and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and is a multifactorial disease that exhibits genetic heterogeneity. Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 (C-590T), interleukin-4 receptor (ile50val and gln576arg), and interleukin-13 (arg130gln) genes have been described as susceptibility alleles for asthma. This study was designed to determine whether asthma susceptibility is influenced by genotypic and allelic distribution of the above polymorphisms in three Mexican subpopulations. Four hundred and thirty-seven subjects from three Mexican subpopulations were classified into two groups: general population and affected/unaffected and genotyped for the above polymorphisms. We compared the distributions of the loci in the groups. In addition, we undertook association analysis between these loci and asthma phenotype in each affected/unaffected group, and determined Nei's genetic distance between the three subpopulations. The allelic and genotypic distributions of the polymorphisms differed between the three subpopulations. There was no association between any of the polymorphisms and asthma phenotype. However, there was a differential distribution of haplogroups (P < 0.0001) between the affected and the unaffected groups from the subpopulations of Jalisco and Guerrero. The genetic distribution of the four polymorphisms in the subpopulations did not influence susceptibility to asthma. Furthermore, the difference in the prevalence of asthma in these subpopulations is not attributable to the genetic background for the four polymorphisms analysed. However, haplogroup analysis suggests that the interaction of the polymorphisms and other predisposing alleles leads to the expression of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I M López
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas e Ingenierias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México.
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Imboden M, Nieters A, Bircher AJ, Brutsche M, Becker N, Wjst M, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Berger W, Probst-Hensch NM. Cytokine gene polymorphisms and atopic disease in two European cohorts. (ECRHS-Basel and SAPALDIA). Clin Mol Allergy 2006; 4:9. [PMID: 16759385 PMCID: PMC1538621 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopy and allergic phenotypes are biologically characterized by an imbalanced T helper cell response skewed towards a type 2 (TH2) immune response associated with elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes might modulate regulation of the TH1/TH2 balance. We thus aimed at reproducing our previous findings from a European study population on the association of various cytokine polymorphisms with self-reported hay fever as well as increased total and specific IgE levels in two comparable study populations. METHODS Two prospective Caucasian cohorts were used. In the Basel center of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS, n = 418) ten distinct cytokine polymorphisms of putative functional relevance were genotyped. In the Swiss cohort Study on Air Pollution And Lung Disease In Adults (SAPALDIA, n = 6003) two cytokine polymorphisms were genotyped. The associations of these polymorphisms with atopy were estimated by covariance and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We confirmed IL4, IL10, IL6 and IL18 as candidate genes for atopic health outcomes. In the large, well-characterized SAPALDIA cohort the IL6(-174G>C) and IL18(-137G>C) polymorphisms were associated with circulating total IgE concentrations in subjects with hay fever. The IL18(-137G>C) polymorphism was also associated with the prevalence of hay fever. CONCLUSION Comprehensive characterization of genetic variation in extended cytokine candidate gene regions is now needed. Large study networks must follow to investigate the association of risk patterns defined by genetic predisposing and environmental risk factors with specific atopic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imboden
- Molecular Epidemiology/Cancer Registry, Institutes of Social and Preventive Medicine & Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Medical Molecular Genetics and Gene Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Nieters
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - AJ Bircher
- Division of Allergology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Brutsche
- Departement of Pneumology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Becker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Wjst
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - W Berger
- Division of Medical Molecular Genetics and Gene Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - NM Probst-Hensch
- Molecular Epidemiology/Cancer Registry, Institutes of Social and Preventive Medicine & Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, Fukata K, Taniguchi T, Liu FT, Ueno H. Genetic background determines susceptibility to experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis: Comparison of Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82:210-8. [PMID: 16102751 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice have been reported to be biased towards Th2 and Th1 immune responses, respectively. We investigated which strain is more susceptible to the development of experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis (EC), which is predominantly mediated by Th2 immune responses. EC was induced by three different methods in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice using ragweed (RW) as the antigen. The mice were thus either actively immunized with RW, passively immunized by transfer of RW-primed T cells, or passively immunized by transfer of RW-specific IgE, followed by RW challenge in eye drops. Twenty-four hours after the challenge, conjunctivas, sera and spleens were harvested for histological analysis, measurement of serum IgE and assessment of cellular immune responses, respectively. The responses of the Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice were compared. In addition, to assess the involvement of IFN-gamma in the development of EC in the two strains, IFN-gamma knockout (GKO) mice of the two strains were actively immunized and evaluated as above. Regardless of the method of induction, EC, as determined by the degree of eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva, was more severe in Balb/c mice than in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, more IgE was produced by actively immunized Balb/c mice than C57BL/6 mice and RW-primed splenocytes from Balb/c mice produced more IL-4 but less IFN-gamma than those from C57BL/6 mice. EC could be induced in the GKO mice of both strains. However, when their EC was compared to that in WT mice, significantly less infiltration of eosinophils was noted in the Balb/c GKO mice. Taken together, Balb/c mice are more susceptible to EC than C57BL/6 mice and this higher susceptibility might be related to the Th2 immune response bias of Balb/c mice. Furthermore, the involvement of endogenous IFN-gamma in the development of EC in these two strains differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Nankoku-city 783-8505, Japan.
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Bauer AK, Malkinson AM, Kleeberger SR. Susceptibility to neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases in mice: genetic similarities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L685-703. [PMID: 15355860 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00223.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes toward many types of cancer. Chronic bronchitis and asthma, for example, heighten the risk of lung cancer. Exactly which inflammatory mediators (e.g., oxidant species and growth factors) and lung wound repair processes (e.g., proangiogenic factors) enhance pulmonary neoplastic development is not clear. One approach to uncover the most relevant biochemical and physiological pathways is to identify genes underlying susceptibilities to inflammation and to cancer development at the same anatomic site. Mice develop lung adenocarcinomas similar in histology, molecular characteristics, and histogenesis to this most common human lung cancer subtype. Over two dozen loci, called Pas or pulmonary adenoma susceptibility, Par or pulmonary adenoma resistance, and Sluc or susceptibility to lung cancer genes, regulate differential lung tumor susceptibility among inbred mouse strains as assigned by QTL (quantitative trait locus) mapping. Chromosomal sites that determine responsiveness to proinflammatory pneumotoxicants such as ozone (O3), particulates, and hyperoxia have also been mapped in mice. For example, susceptibility QTLs have been identified on chromosomes 17 and 11 for O3-induced inflammation (Inf1, Inf2), O3-induced acute lung injury (Aliq3, Aliq1), and sulfate-associated particulates. Sites within the human and mouse genomes for asthma and COPD phenotypes have also been delineated. It is of great interest that several susceptibility loci for mouse lung neoplasia also contain susceptibility genes for toxicant-induced lung injury and inflammation and are homologous to several human asthma loci. These QTLs are described herein, candidate genes are suggested within these sites, and experimental evidence that inflammation enhances lung tumor development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Nieters A, Linseisen J, Becker N. Association of polymorphisms in Th1, Th2 cytokine genes with hayfever and atopy in a subsample of EPIC-Heidelberg. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:346-53. [PMID: 15005726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hayfever is determined by an interaction of environmental and genetic factors and biologically characterized by an imbalanced T helper cell 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune response and elevated IgE levels against inhalant allergens. Indications exist that polymorphisms in cytokine genes involved in the regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance may contribute to the allergic phenotype. OBJECTIVE We investigate whether polymorphisms in genes directly or indirectly involved in Th1, Th2 immune response are associated with hayfever and elevated IgE levels against inhalant allergens. METHODS From a subsample of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Heidelberg, 322 subjects with hayfever and 322 age- and sex-matched non-allergic controls were selected and genotypes determined for 15 polymorphisms in 13 genes. Plasma IgE against inhalant allergens was measured via CAPSX1 (Phadiatop) test. We computed odds ratios (ORs) by logistic regression, tests on group differences of IgE-levels in dependence upon genotype and tests for trend by means of non-parametric methods. RESULTS We found decreased OR for hayfever (OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.4-0.9) and sensitization to inhalant antigens (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.4-0.8) in heterozygotes of the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism. Homozygotes of the G-allele in IL-2 -330 T/G were at increased risk of hayfever (OR=2.6, 95%CI=1.3-5.2). Moreover, we found indications for differences in IgE levels against inhalant allergens in dependence upon genotypes of polymorphisms in IL-4R, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-18. CONCLUSION Our data suggest an association of genetic variants in IL-6 and IL-2 with hayfever, confirm a role of polymorphisms in IL-4R, IL-13, and IL-18 for the elevated IgE phenotype, and add IL-6 to the list of candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nieters
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hakonarson H, Halapi E. Genetic analyses in asthma: current concepts and future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 2:155-66. [PMID: 12383022 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200202030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex genetic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions among many genes and between these genes and the environment. Numerous loci and candidate genes have been reported to show linkage and association of asthma and the asthma-associated phenotypes, atopy, elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within specific cytokine/chemokine, and IgE regulating genes. While many studies reporting these observations are compelling, only one asthma gene conferring high risk has been mapped. In this review, we present studies that support linkage and/or associations to the various genetic loci and genes in asthma. The first genome-wide scan for linkage to quantitative traits underlying asthma identified linkage on chromosome 4q, 6, 7, 11q, 13q and 16. A genome scan in American families from three racial groups revealed linkage to chromosome 2q, 5q, 6p, 12q, 13q and 14q. A two-stage scan in Hutterite families from the US found linkage on chromosome 5q, 12q, 19q and 21q. A screen in German families identified linkage to asthma on chromosome 2q, 6p, 9 and 12q and a two-stage genome scan in French families found replicated linkage on chromosomes 1p, 12q and 17q. A study of asthma in Finland showed linkage to high IgE on 7q14. Apart from a European linkage study of 199 families with atopic dermatitis, which demonstrated significant linkage to chromosome 3q21, three other studies have reported linkage results of genome-wide significance, including a linkage study in 175 Icelandic asthma families (14q24), a study in 533 Chinese families with bronchial hyper-responsiveness (chromosome 2) and a study in 47 Japanese families with mite-sensitive atopic asthma (5q31), suggesting that these regions may harbor genes contributing to the development of asthma and allergies. While significant progress has been made in the field of asthma genetics in the past decade, the clinical implications of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate asthma genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the asthmatic phenotype, remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Respiratory and Pharmacogenomics Research, deCODE Genetics, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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Morahan G, Huang D, Wu M, Holt BJ, White GP, Kendall GE, Sly PD, Holt PG. Association of IL12B promoter polymorphism with severity of atopic and non-atopic asthma in children. Lancet 2002; 360:455-9. [PMID: 12241719 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma is a frequent cause of hospital admission, especially among children. The main environmental triggers of airway inflammation in asthma are viruses and aeroallergens. These agents elicit reciprocal immune responses, characterised by production of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines, respectively. There is no genetic explanation for how hyper-responsiveness to these disparate environmental stimuli develops among individuals with asthma. Our aim was to assess relation between an IL12B promoter polymorphism and asthma. METHODS We did a cohort study in which we initially genotyped 411 6-year olds for the IL12B promoter polymorphism. We then assessed the relation between this polymorphism and asthma severity. A further 85 asthmatic children in an additional sample of 433 children from the same cohort were then assessed to confirm these findings. We also examined in-vitro interleukin-12 responses in a subgroup of individuals. FINDINGS Heterozygosity for the IL12B promoter polymorphism was observed in 76% (16) of atopic and non-atopic individuals with severe asthma in the initial sample. By comparison, heterozygotes comprised only 31% (17) of the moderate asthma group, and 48% (20) of individuals with mild asthma were heterozygous, as were unaffected controls. These findings were confirmed in the second sample (overall p<0.0001). Our data suggest that IL12B promoter heterozygosity contributes to asthma severity rather than susceptibility per se. The severity-predisposing genotype was associated with reduced interleukin 12 p40 gene transcription and decreased interleukin 12 p70 secretion. INTERPRETATION Interleukin 12 plays a key part in antagonism of T helper 2 differentiation, and in induction of antiviral host defense. Genetically determined attenuation of interleukin-12 response capacity would, therefore, provide a plausible common immunological pathway to disease severity for the two major forms of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Morahan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Arima K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Sakata Y, Akaiwa M, Mao XQ, Enomoto T, Dake Y, Shimazu SI, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Brodeur S, Geha R, Puri RK, Sayegh MH, Adra CN, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM, Shirakawa T, Izuhara K. Upregulation of IL-13 concentration in vivo by the IL13 variant associated with bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:980-7. [PMID: 12063528 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial body of evidence exists to support the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We recently found that a variant of the IL13 gene (Arg110Gln) is genetically associated with bronchial asthma, which is concordant with animal experiments using IL-13 in the development of asthma. OBJECTIVE To address whether the Gln110 variant of IL13 influences IL-13 function, contributing to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, we studied the functional properties of the variant. METHODS We generated 2 types of recombinant IL-13 proteins, the amino acids of which at 110 were arginine or glutamine, and analyzed the binding affinities with the IL-13 receptors, as well as the stability of the proteins. We further compared the relationship between the genotype and serum levels of IL-13. RESULTS The variant showed a lower affinity with the IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain, a decoy receptor, causing less clearance. The variant also demonstrated an enhanced stability in both human and mouse plasma. We further identified that asthmatic patients homozygous for the Gln110 variant have higher serum levels of IL-13 than those without the variant. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the variant might act as a functional genetic factor of bronchial asthma with a unique mechanism to upregulate local and systemic IL-13 concentration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Biochemistry, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
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Brandtzaeg PER. Current understanding of gastrointestinal immunoregulation and its relation to food allergy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 964:13-45. [PMID: 12023193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to food antigens induced via the gut ("oral tolerance") appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune mechanism. However, the neonatal period is particularly critical in terms of mucosal defense, with regard to infections and priming for allergic disease. This is so because the intestinal barrier function provided by secretory antibodies, as well as the immunoregulatory network, is poorly developed for a variable period after birth. Notably, the postnatal development of mucosal immune homeostasis depends on the establishment of a normal commensal microbial flora and also on adequate timing and dose of dietary antigens when first introduced. In this context, breastfeeding appears to exert both shielding and positive regulatory effects. Altogether, the intestinal immune system normally seems rather fit for tolerance induction against innocuous antigens because most children with food allergy "outgrow" their problems, whereas airway allergy tends to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E R Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Norway.
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Waldman ID, Robinson BF. Meta-analysis of sib pair linkage studies of asthma and the interleukin-9 gene (IL9). Genet Epidemiol 2002; 21 Suppl 1:S109-14. [PMID: 11793651 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease, with an etiology that includes both genetic and environmental influences that may interact. The moderate heritability of asthma has led researchers to investigate its molecular genetic basis using both exploratory investigations of linkage via genome scans, as well as targeted studies of specific candidate genes. Promising candidate genes include the cytokine genes on chromosome 5q23-31. Both genome scans and association studies of these candidate genes/genomic regions have yielded mixed findings, which raise the possibilities of a true relation that emerges more strongly in certain samples simply due to sampling variability, as well as of genetic heterogeneity. Meta-analytic approaches that combine data across samples and examine how findings may vary as a function of effect modifiers can address both of these possibilities. In this study, we used a meta-analytic approach to examine linkage between the interleukin-9 gene (IL9), one of the cytokine genes located on chromosome 5q31, and asthma diagnoses and serum IgE levels in four samples. We analyzed IBD allele sharing for affected, unaffected, and discordant sib pairs, and as a function of sibling differences in IgE levels. We used a recently developed logistic regression-based method that allows for the inclusion of covariates and/or effect modifiers in the analysis of allele sharing in sib-pairs [Rice et al., Genet Epidemiol 17(Suppl. 1):S691-5, 1999]. Sex of the siblings and transmitting parent were considered both as covariates and effect modifiers in analyses. The results provided little evidence for linkage, or for heterogeneity therein due to sex or transmitting parent, either within or across samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 N. Kilgo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Venanzi S, Malerba G, Galavotti R, Lauciello MC, Trabetti E, Zanoni G, Pescollderungg L, Martinati LC, Boner AL, Pignatti PF. Linkage to atopy on chromosome 19 in north-eastern Italian families with allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1220-4. [PMID: 11529891 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a multifactorial disease for which there is a widely assessed, although poorly understood, genetic involvement. Genome-wide screens reported evidence for linkage of allergic asthma-related phenotypes to several chromosomal locations. Markers on chromosome 19 have been linked to allergic asthma phenotypes in different populations in independent studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to perform a genetic linkage analysis on chromosome 19 to search for DNA markers linked to phenotypes related to allergic asthma. METHODS Using non-parametric multipoint linkage analysis on a total of 22 random DNA markers in 2 stages, a sample of 111 families (542 subjects) from north-eastern Italy, recruited through an asthmatic allergic proband, was investigated. Phenotypes examined were: clinical asthma, total serum elevated IgE, skin prick test positivity, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and atopy defined as skin prick test positivity and/or elevated IgE. Simulation studies were performed to confirm the significance of the results. RESULTS A novel linkage of atopy and skin prick test positivity to marker D19S601 (19q13.3) was found. Modest evidence for linkage of atopy, skin prick test positivity, and IgE was also found to marker D19S591 (19p13.3). Simulation analysis for atopy gave an NPL-Z > 3.326 in 2 replicates out of 1000 (P = 0.002) for D19S601, and an NPL-Z > 2.56 in 16 replicates out of 1000 (P = 0.016) for D19S591. CONCLUSIONS On chromosome 19, suggestive linkage of atopy and skin prick test positivity with marker D19S601 (19q13.3) and modest evidence of linkage of marker D19S591 (19p13.3) to the atopic phenotypes investigated were found. These results suggest that these regions may contain susceptibility loci associated to atopic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venanzi
- Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics (DMIBG), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex genetic disorder with variable phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions of the environment and multiple genes, each potentially having small effects. Numerous asthma and atopy loci have been reported in studies demonstrating associations and/or linkage of the asthma-associated phenotypes, atopy, elevated IgE levels, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms within specific cytokine/chemokine and IgE regulating genes. Although the studies reporting these observations are compelling, most of them lack statistical power. This review compiles the evidence that supports linkage and associations to the various genetic loci and candidate genes. Whereas significant progress has been made in the field of asthma genetics in the past decade, the roles of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate asthma genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the asthmatic phenotype remain to be determined.
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Izuhara K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Akaiwa M, Shirakawa T, Deichmann KA, Arima K, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM. Recent Advances in Understanding How Interleukin 13 Signals are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Inflammation 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9702-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Holloway JA, Gudin AM. Microenvironmental influences in atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1197-200. [PMID: 10971463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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HayGlass KT, Gangur V, Campbell JD, Simons FE. Experimental approaches to analysis of immune dysregulation in human allergic disease. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 48:283-90. [PMID: 10960669 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, much attention has been directed towards identification of the immunologic, genetic and environmental factors that predispose towards development of allergic disease. An implicit assumption in many such studies is that clinical tolerance reflects from immunologic tolerance. Here we critically review the conceptual background and experimental data arguing for the alternative hypothesis that failure to develop atopic disease reflects the success of type 1 dominated immunity that constitutively impedes development of type 2 responses to environmental antigens, hence, clinical immediate hypersensitivity. We report that endogenous production of type 1 chemokines such as IP-10 by non-atopic individuals may play a substantive role in maintaining this putatively protective type 1 bias in non-atopic subjects. Polyclonal activators (superantigen TSST-1, anti-CD3, PHA) were used to activate distinct intracellular signaling pathways, inducing quantitatively different IFNgamma:IL-4 ratios in primary culture of human PBMC. In parallel, physiologic stimuli such as grass pollen or cat antigen were used to evaluate the impact of IP-10 on CD4 T cell dependant, chloroquine-sensitive cytokine synthesis. IFNgamma responses by non-atopic subjects were markedly increased in the presence of nM concentrations of rhIP-10 while type 2 cytokine synthesis remained unaffected. Optimal rIP-10 concentrations for promoting expression and maintenance of type 1 cytokine synthesis in vitro (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) were at or well below those generally used for chemotaxis (5 to 100 ng/ml). Collectively, our findings suggest a potential role for this T cell focused chemokine in maintaining the default type 1 responses usually caused to environmental antigens in non-atopic subjects. These may play a role in determining the relative susceptibility of individuals to develop atopic disease. Taken together with recent reports of other roles played by chemokines in shaping the nature of immune responses, the data suggest that constitutive, endogenous type 1 chemokine synthesis may play a homeostatic role in inhibiting development of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, R3E 0W3, Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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Abstract
The role of inhibitory receptor superfamily (IRS) members in the pathophysiology of atopy is still largely unexplored but the past year or so has brought at least three important advances in the understanding of IRS member function: first, several targets of an inositol-phosphatase-dependent inhibitory signaling pathway utilized by some IRS members were identified; second, there is accumulating evidence from murine models supporting the importance of inhibitory Fc gamma receptors in modulating immune-complex-mediated inflammation; third, the inhibitory signaling capability of several previously identified candidate IRS members--including several expressed on cell types implicated in atopy and allergic reactions--has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Scharenberg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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