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Marcuzzi A, Melloni E, Zauli G, Romani A, Secchiero P, Maximova N, Rimondi E. Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms-Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11241. [PMID: 34681901 PMCID: PMC8541037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses have a well-known link and represent the distinctive origins of several diseases, many of which may be the consequence of the loss of balance between these two responses. Indeed, autoinflammation and autoimmunity represent the two extremes of a continuous spectrum of pathologic conditions with numerous overlaps in different pathologies. A common characteristic of these dysregulations is represented by hyperinflammation, which is an exaggerated response of the immune system, especially involving white blood cells, macrophages, and inflammasome activation with the hyperproduction of cytokines in response to various triggering stimuli. Moreover, hyperinflammation is of great interest, as it is one of the main manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the cytokine storm and its most important components are the targets of the pharmacological treatments used to combat COVID-19 damage. In this context, the purpose of our review is to provide a focus on the pathogenesis of autoinflammation and, in particular, of hyperinflammation in order to generate insights for the identification of new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Paola Secchiero
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Erika Rimondi
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
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Sonis ST, Amaral Mendes R. Could the PI3K canonical pathway be a common link between chronic inflammatory conditions and oral carcinogenesis? J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:469-74. [PMID: 26991523 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The association between chronic inflammatory disorders and oral carcinogenesis has been both a source of interest and contention. Based upon its central importance in oral carcinogenesis, the finding that the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in oral lichen planus, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and chronic oral candidiasis suggests that it may provide a link between benign and malignant oral conditions. Here, we discuss a possible mechanistic rationale that addresses the activation of this important signaling pathway and its downstream events, while correlating it with the carcinogenic potential of chronic oral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Sonis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Biomodels LLC, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rui Amaral Mendes
- Adjunct Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Chen CT, Foo NH, Liu WS, Chen SH. Infusion of human umbilical cord blood cells ameliorates hind limb dysfunction in experimental spinal cord injury through anti-inflammatory, vasculogenic and neurotrophic mechanisms. Pediatr Neonatol 2008; 49:77-83. [PMID: 18947003 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-9572(08)60017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of cord blood cells in spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: (1) sham operation (laminectomy only); (2) Laminectomy+SCI+human adult peripheral blood mononucleocytes (PBMCs) (5 x 10(6)/0.3 mL); and (3) Laminectomy+SCi+HUCBCs (5 x 10(6)/0.3 mL). SCI was induced by compressing the spinal cord for 1 minute with an aneurysm clip calibrated to 55 g closing pressure. HUCBCs were infused immediately after SCI via the tail vein. Behavioral function tests measuring the maximal angle at which an animal could hold onto the inclined plane were conducted on days 1, 4 and 7 after SCI. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10, were assayed. Furthermore, to determine if glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could be detected in the spinal cord injured area after systemic HUCBC infusion, analysis of these two molecules was conducted by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Systemic HUCBC infusion significantly attenuated SCI-induced hind limb dysfunction. The serum IL-10 levels were increased, but TNF-alpha levels were decreased after HUCBC infusion. Both VEGF and GDNF could be detected in the injured spinal cord after transplantation of HUCBC, but not PBMC, cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that HUCBC therapy may be beneficial for the recovery of SCI-induced hind limb dysfunction by increasing serum levels of IL-10, VEGF and GDNF in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ta Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Stem Cell Lab, Chi Mei Medical Center, Yung Kung City, Tainan, Taiwan
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Lin SJ, Cheng PJ, Yan DC, Lee PT, Hsaio HS. Effect of interleukin-15 on alloreactivity in umbilical cord blood. Transpl Immunol 2006; 16:112-6. [PMID: 16860714 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-15 is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for immune reconstitution following stem cell transplantation. To investigate whether IL-15 would aggravate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the setting of unrelated umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation, we examined the effect of IL-15 on activation marker expression, proliferation and cytokine production of CB in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assay. We found that IL-15 differentially enhanced CD69 and CD25 expression on CB T cells following allo-stimulation. The maximum degree of allo-specific CB proliferation was achieved on Day 6. IL-15 down-regulated the CB alloreactive proliferative response on Days 4, 6, and 8, with preferentially enhanced autologous proliferation. Exogenous IL-15 further enhanced CB TNF-alpha and IL-10 production in both autologous and allogeneic MLC 6 days after allopriming. Thus, IL-15 was effective in enhancing activation marker expression and cytokine production during CB alloreactivity, but failed to enhance allospecific proliferation. Further studies would be needed to study the role of IL-15 on GVHD in the setting of CB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Migliaccio AR, Alfani E, Di Giacomo V, Cieri M, Migliaccio G. Ex vivo amplification of T cells from human cord blood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:151-8. [PMID: 15781374 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current status of immunotherapy for cancer is here summarized with particular attention to the new methodologies developed for ex vivo expansion of T cells from neonatal cord blood. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) mononuclear cells (MNC) generate CD45RA naive T lymphocytes when cultured under serum-deprived conditions with appropriate combinations of growth factors. These ex vivo generated T cells resemble precursors for the lymphoid lineage present in adult bone marrow in terms of active transcription of RAG-2 and pTalpha.
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O'Neill RM, Reen DJ. Equivalent functional nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 mRNA and protein expression in cord blood and adult T cells. Transplantation 2003; 76:1526-8. [PMID: 14657699 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000084308.19565.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cord blood (CB) cells are now an important source of stem cells for bone marrow reconstitution as a result of the decreased risk of graft-versus-host disease that was attributed to previously reported absent or diminished nuclear factor of activated T (NFAT) cell 1 expression by CB T cells. This study reexamines NFAT1 expression in CB T cells. CB T cells were examined for NFAT1 mRNA and protein expression. These cells were then stimulated, and NFAT1 translocation and interleukin-2 production were assessed. Our results show that resting CB CD4+ T cells express NFAT1 mRNA and protein at levels similar to their adult counterparts. On stimulation, NFAT1 is translocated into the nucleus where DNA binding can occur, whereas calcineurin inhibition prevents interleukin-2 production. We conclude that differential responsiveness of CB T cells cannot be attributed to differences at the level of NFAT1 expression or its ability to function in these cells but may represent an altered sensitivity to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Marie O'Neill
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
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Kögler G, Middleton PG, Wilke M, Rocha V, Esendam B, Enczmann J, Wernet P, Gluckman E, Querol S, Lecchi L, Goulmy E, Dickinson AM. Recipient cytokine genotypes for TNF-alpha and IL-10 and the minor histocompatibility antigens HY and CD31 codon 125 are not associated with occurrence or severity of acute GVHD in unrelated cord blood transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Transplantation 2002; 74:1167-75. [PMID: 12438965 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200210270-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation, certain recipient cytokine gene polymorphism genotypes and minor histocompatibility differences influence the occurrence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). The present study investigated the role of cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10 gene polymorphisms HY, HA-1, and CD31 minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag) mismatch in the development of aGvHD after unrelated cord blood (CB) transplant (CBT). METHODS DNA samples of 115 CB recipients and their unrelated CB grafts were analyzed for genotype associated with TNF-alpha (TNFd3/d3) and IL-10 (IL-10(-1064), 11-16) and for disparities in major and three minor histocompatibility antigens, HY, HA-1, and CD31 codon 125. Results were correlated with the incidence of aGvHD grades II to IV. RESULTS Neither the donor nor the recipient GvHD risk alleles TNFd3/d3 and IL-10(-1064) (11-16) were associated with the development of aGvHD grades II to IV and I to IV. Because of the heterogeneity of CBTs, the data were reanalyzed separately for patients with malignancies (n=83) or with inborn errors (n=24). No significant association was observed between the severity of aGvHD and the possession of either TNFd3/d3 or IL-10 (11-16) genotypes. Mismatches for the mHags HY, HA-1, and CD31 exon 125 between donor and recipient did not associate with aGvHD grades II to IV. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation, in mismatched unrelated CBT, neither the cytokine genotypes TNFd3/d3 alone or in combination with IL-10(-1064) alleles nor the minor histocompatibility antigens HY, HA-1, and CD31 exon 125 were associated with aGvHD grades II to IV. Further determination of the cytokine gene polymorphism genotypes in CBTs compared with bone marrow transplants may identify those polymorphisms that could be potential predictive markers for the occurrence of aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Kögler
- José Carreras Eurocord/Netcord Bank Germany, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, Bldg. 14.80, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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High incidence of human herpesvirus 6 infection with a high viral load in cord blood stem cell transplant recipients. Blood 2002. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.6.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in recipients of cord blood stem cell transplants (CBSCTs) was estimated by semiquantitative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcription PCR. Of the CBSCT recipients, 7 (70%) of 10 had active HHV-6 infection after transplantation, and all 7 were inferred from their age to have already had a primary infection. Because HHV-6 DNA is seldom detected in cord blood, these cases were considered likely to represent reactivation. In contrast, the 3 patients without HHV-6 infection were all believed to be naive regarding HHV-6 primary infection because of their age and the results of PCR assays given before the transplantation procedure. The incidence of HHV-6 infection after transplantation was significantly higher (P < .05) than after bone marrow (BM) transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation, when recipients without primary HHV-6 infection prior to transplantation were excluded (CBSCT, 100%; BMT/PBSCT, 56.3%). Real-time PCR revealed a higher level of viral DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CBSCT recipients than from BMT/PBSCT recipients or patients with exanthem subitum (P < .05). HHV-6 mRNA of the U79/80gene was also detected by reverse-transcription PCR in all analyzed patients with HHV-6 infection. Its detection was correlated with the emergence of viral DNA in the plasma and symptoms such as fever and rash. Thus, HHV-6 infection was more frequent and the viral load was higher in CBSCT recipients with prior primary infection.
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in recipients of cord blood stem cell transplants (CBSCTs) was estimated by semiquantitative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcription PCR. Of the CBSCT recipients, 7 (70%) of 10 had active HHV-6 infection after transplantation, and all 7 were inferred from their age to have already had a primary infection. Because HHV-6 DNA is seldom detected in cord blood, these cases were considered likely to represent reactivation. In contrast, the 3 patients without HHV-6 infection were all believed to be naive regarding HHV-6 primary infection because of their age and the results of PCR assays given before the transplantation procedure. The incidence of HHV-6 infection after transplantation was significantly higher (P < .05) than after bone marrow (BM) transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation, when recipients without primary HHV-6 infection prior to transplantation were excluded (CBSCT, 100%; BMT/PBSCT, 56.3%). Real-time PCR revealed a higher level of viral DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CBSCT recipients than from BMT/PBSCT recipients or patients with exanthem subitum (P < .05). HHV-6 mRNA of the U79/80gene was also detected by reverse-transcription PCR in all analyzed patients with HHV-6 infection. Its detection was correlated with the emergence of viral DNA in the plasma and symptoms such as fever and rash. Thus, HHV-6 infection was more frequent and the viral load was higher in CBSCT recipients with prior primary infection.
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Hussey GD, Watkins MLV, Goddard EA, Gottschalk S, Hughes EJ, Iloni K, Kibel MA, Ress SR. Neonatal mycobacterial specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and cytokine profiles in response to distinct BCG vaccination strategies. Immunology 2002; 105:314-24. [PMID: 11918693 PMCID: PMC1782661 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated whether different bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strains, routes of administration, vaccination age and percutaneous tools influenced immune responses to BCG vaccination in infants. Proliferative responses, cytokine production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity obtained in post-vaccinated children were compared to baseline cord bloods and unvaccinated 10-week-old infants. BCG vaccination generally induced strong lymphoproliferative and T helper type 1 (Th1)-type cytokine responses. There was a trend for greater responsiveness following the intradermal route of vaccination, with Japanese-172 strain and with delaying vaccination until 10 weeks. Cord mononuclear cells differentially stimulated the Th2-type cytokines interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-10 selectively in response to BCG, as compared to H37Rv or purified protein derivative stimulation. We document for the first time the generation of mycobacterium-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in neonates, following BCG vaccination. Cytotoxic activity correlated with the ratio of interferon-gamma to IL-5, aside from a single instance where use of the Biovac tool resulted in a striking dissociation selectively against H37Rv targets. These data have implications for correlates of protective immunity in design of vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Hussey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Theilgaard-Mönch K, Raaschou-Jensen K, Palm H, Schjødt K, Heilmann C, Vindeløv L, Jacobsen N, Dickmeiss E. Flow cytometric assessment of lymphocyte subsets, lymphoid progenitors, and hematopoietic stem cells in allogeneic stem cell grafts. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:1073-82. [PMID: 11781619 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2001] [Accepted: 09/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, bone marrow (BM), cord blood (CB), and G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) are the most commonly used sources for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). The aim of this study was to assess the yields and distribution of lymphocyte subsets, lymphocyte progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in each type of allograft by three-color flow cytometry. The yields of CD34(+)CD38(-) HSCs did not differ significantly between BM grafts (2.80 +/- 0.74 x 10(6)) and leukapheresis products (LPs) (1.82 +/- 0.64 x 10(6)), and were lowest in CB grafts (0.21 +/- 0.05 x 10(6)). For most lymphocyte subsets yields were lowest in CB grafts and significantly higher in LPs than in BM grafts. BM grafts, however, contained the highest yields of CD34(+)CD19(+)CD20(-) B cell progenitors and CD19(+)CD20(-) B cells. The relative frequencies of the naive CD45RA(+)CD45RO(-) phenotype among CD4(+) and CD8(high) T cells were highest in CB grafts (P < or = 0.001), and higher in LPs than in BM grafts (P < or = 0.02). The latter finding was in accordance with a preferential G-CSF mobilization of naive T cells relative to the total lymphocyte population (P < or = 0.014). CD3(+)CD8(low) and CD3(+)CD8(low)CD4(-) subsets, which facilitate engraftment in murine transplantation models, demonstrated a tendency towards lower frequencies among T cells in CB grafts and LPs compared to BM grafts. This observation coincided with a significantly reduced mobilization of subsets potentially enriched for facilitating cells as compared to the total lymphocyte population (P < or = 0.036). The CD34(+) compartment of CB grafts contained a significantly higher percentage (12.1%) of CD34(+)CD7(+)CD3(-) T cell progenitors than those of BM grafts (5.1%) and LPs (3.6%). In addition, CB lymphocytes contained the highest fraction of CD3(-)CD16/56(+) NK cells (P < or = 0.013) and almost no CD3(+)CD16/56(+) NKT cells (P < 0.001) compared to adult cell sources. In summary, LPs, CB allografts and BM allografts differ widely with respect to the cellular composition of their lymphocyte compartments, which is partially affected by a varying mobilization efficiency of G-CSF for distinct lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Theilgaard-Mönch
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sorg RV, Andres S, Kögler G, Fischer J, Wernet P. Phenotypic and functional comparison of monocytes from cord blood and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized apheresis products. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1289-94. [PMID: 11698124 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that T cells are effector cells in graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), yet the contribution of graft monocytes is less well characterized. Therefore, monocytes in cord blood (CB) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized apheresis products (G-AP), two stem cell grafts associated with reduction of acute and chronic GVHD and relative reduction of acute GVHD, respectively, were compared phenotypically and functionally. MATERIALS AND METHODS The frequencies, phenotypes, and pinocytosis activities of monocytes from CB and G-AP were determined by flow cytometry and their allostimulatory potential in a primary mixed leukocyte reaction. RESULTS G-AP contained significantly more monocytes than CB (24.9% +/- 7.1% vs 8.8% +/- 1.5% CD14+ and 62.4 +/- 27.5 x 10(6) vs 0.9 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) CD14+ cells/mL). Monocytes from both sources revealed similar phenotypes. They expressed CD4, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, CD32, CD33, CD45R0, CD48, CD50, CD54, CD58, CD64, CD86, CD102, CD116, CD123, and HLA-DR; showed no expression of CD1a and CD83; and weak expression of CD16, CD45RA, and CD80. The levels of CD80 and CD86 expression were comparable; however, in contrast to G-AP monocytes, CB monocytes lacked CD40. There was no difference in pinocytosis activity and allostimulatory capacity of CB and G-AP monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes in CB and G-AP are phenotypically and functionally comparable. The only difference observed is the lack of CD40 on CB monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, Bldg. 14.80, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Proctor SJ, Dickinson AM, Parekh T, Chapman C. Umbilical cord blood banks in the UK. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 323:60-1. [PMID: 11451765 PMCID: PMC1120738 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7304.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Perez-Cruz I, Fallen P, Madrigal JA, Cohen SB. Naive T cells from cord blood have the capacity to make Types 1 and 2 cytokines. Immunol Lett 2000; 75:85-8. [PMID: 11163871 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We wanted to determine whether naive T cells could make the Types 1, 2 and 0 defining cytokines Interleukin (IL)-4 and Interferon (IFN)gamma. We show that stimulation of naive T cells (CD3+ CD45RA+) derived from cord blood by phorbol ester (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate: PMA) plus lonomycin induced detection of Types 1, 2 and 0 cells. Conversely, when we stimulated the naive T cells through the T cell receptor (with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody alone) there was no detection of IFNgamma or IL-4 producing cells. Stimulation with PMA and CD3 induced detection of only Type 2 cells. This unexpected finding shows that there is a high frequency of Type 2 cells within the naive T cell population, contrary to previously published reports. The highest percentage of Type 2 naive cells (10.5%) was obtained with 50 ng/ml PMA plus 50 microg/ml anti-CD3. Thus, we have shown that naive T cells derived from cord blood have the capacity to make both Types 1 and 2 cytokines and the frequency of cells producing these cytokines can be greater than 20%, depending on the stimulus used.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Perez-Cruz
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK
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