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Ferreira GC, Bomediano Camillo LDM, Sasaki SD. Structural and functional properties of rBmTI-A: A Kunitz-BPTI serine protease inhibitor with therapeutical potential. Biochimie 2023; 204:1-7. [PMID: 36037882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases are an important group of enzymes present in several organisms such as viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes involved in several physiological and pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegeneration, tissue inflammation and infections. Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors have been studied as therapeutical targets with positive results in many of these diseases. rBmTI-A (recombinant B. microplus Trypsin Inhibitor A) is a Kunitz-BPTI type inhibitor based on the native protein BmTI-A. BmTI-A was extracted from tick larvae and presented inhibitory activity against trypsin, human plasma kallikrein (HuPK), human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and human plasmin. rBmTI-A presented the same inhibitory activities of the BmTI-A and its thermostability has already been demonstrated. In emphysema induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and by cigarette smoke animal models, the treatment using rBmTI-A showed a protective effect against the development of pulmonary emphysema and prevented the increase of inflammatory cells. In chronic allergic animal model, rBmTI-A treatment resulted in attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, remodeling. These are important physiological results in emphysema and lung inflammatory animal models with rBmTI-A treatment confirming its therapeutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Moraes Bomediano Camillo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wen M, Yu N, Wu S, Huang M, Qiu P, Ren Q, Zhu M, Chen Z. On-demand assembly of polymeric nanoparticles for longer-blood-circulation and disassembly in tumor for boosting sonodynamic therapy. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:242-253. [PMID: 35387175 PMCID: PMC8961299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is one of the promising strategies for tumor therapy, but its application is usually hindered by fast clearance in blood-circulation, abnormal tumor microenvironment, and inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species. To solve these problems, we proposed an on-demand assembly-disassembly strategy, where the assembly is favorable for longer-blood-circulation and then the disassembly in tumor is favorable for boosting SDT. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as the model of organic sonosensitizers were conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA). Then HA-HMME was mixed with catalase (CAT) and assembled into polymeric nanoparticles (CAT@HA-HMME NPs) with size of ∼80 nm. CAT@HA-HMME NPs exhibit good biocompatibility and a longer blood half-time (t1/2 = 4.17 h) which is obviously longer than that (∼0.82 h) of HMME molecules. After HA receptor-mediated endocytosis of cancer cells, CAT@HA-HMME NPs can be cleaved by endogenous hyaluronidase, resulting in the on-demand disassembly in tumor to release HA-HMME molecules and CAT. The CAT catalyzes the endogenous H2O2 into O2 to relieve the hypoxic microenvironment, and the released HA-HMME exhibits a higher ROS generation ability, greatly boosting SDT for the inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, the on-demand assembly-disassembly strategy may provide some insight in the design and development of nanoagents for tumor therapy. On-demand assembly from molecules to nanoparticles for longer-blood-circulation. On-demand disassembly in presence of hyaluronidase (in tumor) for boosting sonodynamic effects. Efficient damage on cancer cells in-vitro and Significant inhibition of the tumor growth due to the enhanced SDT.
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Hao F, Lee RJ, Zhong L, Dong S, Yang C, Teng L, Meng Q, Lu J, Xie J, Teng L. Hybrid micelles containing methotrexate-conjugated polymer and co-loaded with microRNA-124 for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:5282-5297. [PMID: 31410215 PMCID: PMC6691571 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Methotrexate (MTX) is a first-line drug for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)therapy. However, MTX monotherapy often results in irreversible joint damage due to its slow onset of action and long duration. microRNA-124 (miR-124) has shown direct bone protection activity against RA. A co-delivery system for MTX and microRNA combination may provide therapeutic synergy. Methods: Methotrexate-conjugated polymer hybrid micelles (M-PHMs) were prepared by self-assembly of two functional amphiphilic polymers (MTX-PEI-LA and mPEG-LA) at an optimized weight ratio. Incorporation of microRNA was achieved through electrostatic interactions between microRNA and cationic polymer MTX-PEI-LA. Cellular uptake, endosome escape, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy of M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes were investigated and evaluated in RAW264.7 cells and a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. Results: M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes exhibited folate receptor-mediated uptake in activated RAW264.7 cells. miR-124 was able to escape from the endosome and down-regulate nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic1 (NFATc1). M-PHMs/miR-124 complexes accumulated in inflamed joints of AIA rats and showed superior therapeutic efficacy through both anti-inflammatory effect and direct bone protective effect. Combination of miR-124 and MTX in these micelles induced disease remission. Conclusions: M-PHMs/miR-124 was highly effective against RA through therapeutic synergy. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate its therapeutic potential and delineate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Robert J Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 500 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lihuang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Shiyan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunmiao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No.2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, P.R. China
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Waldner BJ, Kraml J, Kahler U, Spinn A, Schauperl M, Podewitz M, Fuchs JE, Cruciani G, Liedl KR. Electrostatic recognition in substrate binding to serine proteases. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2727. [PMID: 29785722 PMCID: PMC6175425 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases of the Chymotrypsin family are structurally very similar but have very different substrate preferences. This study investigates a set of 9 different proteases of this family comprising proteases that prefer substrates containing positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and uncharged amino acids with varying degree of specificity. Here, we show that differences in electrostatic substrate preferences can be predicted reliably by electrostatic molecular interaction fields employing customized GRID probes. Thus, we are able to directly link protease structures to their electrostatic substrate preferences. Additionally, we present a new metric that measures similarities in substrate preferences focusing only on electrostatics. It efficiently compares these electrostatic substrate preferences between different proteases. This new metric can be interpreted as the electrostatic part of our previously developed substrate similarity metric. Consequently, we suggest, that substrate recognition in terms of electrostatics and shape complementarity are rather orthogonal aspects of substrate recognition. This is in line with a 2‐step mechanism of protein‐protein recognition suggested in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit J Waldner
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Kahler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Spinn
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schauperl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Laboratory of Chemometrics, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Strangman WK, Stewart AK, Herring MC, Wright JL. Identification of the new chymotrypsin inhibitor micropeptin 996 by metabolomics-guided analysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Song G, Chen Y, Liang C, Yi X, Liu J, Sun X, Shen S, Yang K, Liu Z. Catalase-Loaded TaOx Nanoshells as Bio-Nanoreactors Combining High-Z Element and Enzyme Delivery for Enhancing Radiotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7143-8. [PMID: 27275921 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of bio-nanoreactor with catalase loaded inside TaOx hollow nanoshells is fabricated via a mild one-step method. Such bio-nanoreactors could efficiently improve the tumor oxygenation by supplying oxygen via decomposition of endogenic H2 O2 in a tumor microenvironment, and thus synergistically enhance the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy by both depositing radiation energy within the tumor and overcoming hypoxia-induced radiotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Song
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Yi
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Sida Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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Gong J, Xie Y, Yu K, Yang Y, Huang H, Ye H. Characterization and expression analysis of chymotrypsin after bacterial challenge in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:381-8. [PMID: 25071403 PMCID: PMC4094611 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin is one of the serine proteases families that have various biological functions. A chymotrypsin gene was isolated from hepatopancreas of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (designated SpCHY) in this study. The full-length cDNA of SpCHY contained 942 nucleotides with a polyadenylation sequence and encoded a peptide of 270 amino acids with a signal peptide of 17 amino acids. The SpCHY gene contains seven exons, six introns, a TATA box and several transcription factor binding sites that were found in 5’-promoter region which is 1221 bp in length. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression level of SpCHY mRNA in hepatopancreas was significantly higher than that in other tissues. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization exhibited the CHY-like reactivity presented in resorptive cells of the hepatopancreas. After bacterial challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus, the expression level of SpCHY mRNA was extremely up-regulated at 3 h in hepatopancreas. Our results suggest that SpCHY might play an important role in the mud crab’s immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Yinjie Xie
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Ya'nan Yang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Huiyang Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China . ; Center for Marine Biotechnology , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
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8
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Jia M, Li Y, Yang X, Huang Y, Wu H, Huang Y, Lin J, Li Y, Hou Z, Zhang Q. Development of both methotrexate and mitomycin C loaded PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles for targeted drug codelivery and synergistic anticancer effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11413-23. [PMID: 24977925 DOI: 10.1021/am501932s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Codelivery of multiple drugs with one kind of drug carriers provided a promising strategy to suppress the drug resistance and achieve the synergistic therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. In this paper, we successfully developed both methotrexate (MTX) and mitomycin C (MMC) loaded PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) as drug delivery systems, in which MTX, as a folic acid analogue, was also employed as a tumor-targeting ligand. The new drug delivery systems can coordinate the early phase targeting effect with the late-phase anticancer effect. The (MTX+MMC)-PEG-CS-NPs possessed nanoscaled particle size, narrow particle size distribution, and appropriate multiple drug loading content and simultaneously sustained drug release. In vitro cell viability tests indicated that the (MTX+MMC)-PEG-CS-NPs exhibited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, in vitro cellular uptake suggested that the (MTX+MMC)-PEG-CS-NPs could be efficiently taken up by cancer cells by FA receptor-mediated endocytosis. On the other hand, the (MTX+MMC)-PEG-CS-NPs can codelivery MTX and MMC to not only achieve the high accumulation at the tumor site but also more efficiently suppress the tumor cells growth than the delivery of either drug alone, indicating a synergistic effect. In fact, the codelivery of two anticancer drugs with distinct functions and different anticancer mechanisms was key to opening the door to their targeted drug delivery and synergistic anticancer effect. Therefore, the (MTX+MMC)-PEG-CS-NPs as targeted drug codelivery systems might have important potential in clinical implications for combination cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jia
- Research Center of Biochemical Engineering & Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, §Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, ∥School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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9
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Koonjoo N, Parzy E, Massot P, Lepetit-Coiffé M, Marque SRA, Franconi JM, Thiaudiere E, Mellet P. In vivo Overhauser-enhanced MRI of proteolytic activity. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:363-71. [PMID: 24729587 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in developing novel imaging strategies for sensing proteolytic activities in intact organisms in vivo. Overhauser-enhanced MRI (OMRI) offers the possibility to reveal the proteolysis of nitroxide-labeled macromolecules thanks to a sharp decrease of the rotational correlation time of the nitroxide moiety upon cleavage. In this paper, this concept is illustrated in vivo at 0.2 T using nitroxide-labeled elastin orally administered in mice. In vitro, this elastin derivative was OMRI-visible and gave rise to high Overhauser enhancements (19-fold at 18 mm nitroxide) upon proteolysis by pancreatic porcine elastase. In vivo three-dimensional OMRI detection of proteolysis was carried out. A keyhole fully balanced steady-state free precession sequence was used, which allowed 3D OMRI acquisition within 20 s at 0.125 mm(3) resolution. About 30 min after mouse gavage, proteolysis was detected in the duodenum, where Overhauser enhancements were 7.2 ± 2.4 (n = 7) and was not observed in the stomach. Conversely, orally administered free nitroxides or pre-digested nitroxide-labeled elastin were detected in the mouse's stomach by OMRI. Combined with specific molecular probes, this Overhauser-enhanced MRI technique can be used to evaluate unregulated proteolytic activities in various models of experimental diseases and for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Koonjoo
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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Chen JX, Xu XD, Chen WH, Zhang XZ. Multi-functional envelope-type nanoparticles assembled from amphiphilic peptidic prodrug with improved anti-tumor activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:593-598. [PMID: 24359299 DOI: 10.1021/am404680n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel multifunctional amphiphilic peptidic prodrug was reported here by conjugating the antitumor drug of doxorubicin (DOX) to the hydrophobic tail of a designed peptide-amphiphile (PA), in which the hydrophilic peptide headgroup comprises a glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (GRGDS) sequence and octaarginine (R8) sequence. Because of the amphiphilic nature, this peptidic prodrug can spontaneously self-assemble into spherical multifunctional envelop-type nanoparticles (MENPs) with the functional peptide sequences gathered on surface. By means of the multifunctions of RGD-mediated tumor targeting, R8-mediated membrane penetration and intracellular protease-mediated hydrolyzing peptide bonds, the MENPs could targeted deliver doxorubicin (DOX) to tumor cells, showing improved antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo with much reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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11
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Ahooghalandari P, Hanke N, Thorpe M, Witte A, Messinger J, Hellman L. Mutations in Arg143 and Lys192 of the Human Mast Cell Chymase Markedly Affect the Activity of Five Potent Human Chymase Inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65988. [PMID: 23840386 PMCID: PMC3686865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like serine proteases are found in high abundance in mast cell granules. By site-directed mutatgenesis, we have previously shown that basic amino acids in positions 143 and 192 (Arg and Lys respectively) of the human mast cell chymase are responsible for an acidic amino acid residue preference in the P2' position of substrates. In order to study the influence of these two residues in determining the specificity of chymase inhibitors, we have synthesized five different potent inhibitors of the human chymase. The inhibitory effects of these compounds were tested against the wild-type enzyme, against two single mutants Arg143Gln and Lys192Met and against a double mutant, Arg143Gln+Lys192Met. We observed a markedly reduced activity of all five inhibitors with the double mutant, indicating that these two basic residues are involved in conferring the specificity of these inhibitors. The single mutants showed an intermediate phenotype, with the strongest effect on the inhibitor by the mutation in Lys192. The Lys192 and the double mutations also affected the rate of cleavage of angiotensin I but did not seem to affect the specificity in the cleavage of the Tyr4-Ile5 bond. A more detailed knowledge about which amino acids that confer the specificity of an enzyme can prove to be of major importance for development of highly specific inhibitors for the human chymase and other medically important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Ahooghalandari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (LH)
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12
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Liao D, Li Y, Chen J, Yu C. A fluorescence turn-on method for real-time monitoring of protease activity based on the electron transfer between a fluorophore labeled oligonucleotide and cytochrome c. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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New strategy for selective and sensitive assay of cathepsin B using a dityrosine-based material. Anal Biochem 2013; 435:166-73. [PMID: 23348078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of reports for disease-related proteases has necessitated materials for the fast, sensitive, and specific assessment of protease activities. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and test a dityrosine-based substrate for the selective assay of a specific cysteine cathepsin. DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was synthesized from the conjugation of N,N'-diBoc-dityrosine (DBDY) with two molecules of glycine and isoniazid (INH) for this purpose. The fluorescence of DBDY (λex=284-320nm, λem=400-420nm) disappeared due to the quenching effect of INH. However, the protease-catalyzed hydrolysis resulted in the release of INH and recovered the fluorescence of DBDY. When reacted with 13 proteases, DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was hydrolyzed by the cysteine proteases only. Meeting the growing need to discriminate cysteine cathepsins (e.g., cathepsins B, L, and S found at high levels in various cancers), DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was tested as a substrate for cathepsins B, L, and S. Only cathepsin B catalyzed the hydrolysis reaction among the three cathepsins. The reaction rate followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the KM and kcat/KM values were 2.88μM and 3.87×10(3)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, which were comparable to those for the materials reported for the selective assay of cathepsin B. Considering the simple preparation of DBDY-(Gly-INH)2, DBDY-(Gly-INH)2 is believed to be valuable for the sensitive and selective assay of cathepsin B activity.
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14
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Yoon HK, Jung ST, Kim JH, Yoo TH. Recent development of highly sensitive protease assay methods: Signal amplification through enzyme cascades. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013; 17:1113-1119. [PMID: 32218678 PMCID: PMC7090753 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in almost all biological processes, and therefore, aberrant activity of many of these enzymes is an important indicator of disease. Various methods have been developed to analyze protease activity, among which, protease assays based on resonance energy transfer are currently used most widely. However, quantitative methods with relatively higher sensitivity are needed, especially for disease diagnosis at early stages. One of the strategies to achieve higher sensitivity is to implement signal amplification of the protease activity. In this review, we briefly summarize the protease assay methods based on resonance energy transfer, and then elaborate the efforts to develop sensitive protease assays through signal amplification by using enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702 Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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16
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Kim CJ, Lee DI, Lee CH, Ahn IS. A dityrosine-based substrate for a protease assay: Application for the selective assessment of papain and chymopapain activity. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 723:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Gallwitz M, Enoksson M, Thorpe M, Hellman L. The extended cleavage specificity of human thrombin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31756. [PMID: 22384068 PMCID: PMC3288055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is one of the most extensively studied of all proteases. Its central role in the coagulation cascade as well as several other areas has been thoroughly documented. Despite this, its consensus cleavage site has never been determined in detail. Here we have determined its extended substrate recognition profile using phage-display technology. The consensus recognition sequence was identified as, P2-Pro, P1-Arg, P1'-Ser/Ala/Gly/Thr, P2'-not acidic and P3'-Arg. Our analysis also identifies an important role for a P3'-arginine in thrombin substrates lacking a P2-proline. In order to study kinetics of this cooperative or additive effect we developed a system for insertion of various pre-selected cleavable sequences in a linker region between two thioredoxin molecules. Using this system we show that mutations of P2-Pro and P3'-Arg lead to an approximate 20-fold and 14-fold reduction, respectively in the rate of cleavage. Mutating both Pro and Arg results in a drop in cleavage of 200-400 times, which highlights the importance of these two positions for maximal substrate cleavage. Interestingly, no natural substrates display the obtained consensus sequence but represent sequences that show only 1-30% of the optimal cleavage rate for thrombin. This clearly indicates that maximal cleavage, excluding the help of exosite interactions, is not always desired, which may instead cause problems with dysregulated coagulation. It is likely exosite cooperativity has a central role in determining the specificity and rate of cleavage of many of these in vivo substrates. Major effects on cleavage efficiency were also observed for residues as far away as 4 amino acids from the cleavage site. Insertion of an aspartic acid in position P4 resulted in a drop in cleavage by a factor of almost 20 times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pluripotentialities of a quenched fluorescent peptide substrate library: enzymatic detection, characterization, and isoenzymes differentiation. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Biyani M, Futakami M, Kitamura K, Kawakubo T, Suzuki M, Yamamoto K, Nishigaki K. In Vitro Selection of Cathepsin E-Activity-Enhancing Peptide Aptamers at Neutral pH. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2011; 2011:834525. [PMID: 21527983 PMCID: PMC3064998 DOI: 10.1155/2011/834525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aspartic protease cathepsin E has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells under physiological conditions. Therefore, cathepsin E-activity-enhancing peptides functioning in the physiological pH range are valuable potential cancer therapeutic candidates. Here, we have used a general in vitro selection method (evolutionary rapid panning analysis system (eRAPANSY)), based on inverse substrate-function link (SF-link) selection to successfully identify cathepsin E-activity-enhancing peptide aptamers at neutral pH. A successive enrichment of peptide activators was attained in the course of selection. One such peptide activated cathepsin E up to 260%, had a high affinity (K(D); ∼300 nM), and had physiological activity as demonstrated by its apoptosis-inducing reaction in cancerous cells. This method is expected to be widely applicable for the identification of protease-activity-enhancing peptide aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Biyani
- Department of Functional Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- City Area Program Saitama Metropolitan Area, Saitama Small and Medium Enterprises Development Corporation, 2-3-2 Kamiochiai, Chuo-Ku, Saitama 338-0001, Japan
| | - Masae Futakami
- Department of Functional Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- City Area Program Saitama Metropolitan Area, Saitama Small and Medium Enterprises Development Corporation, 2-3-2 Kamiochiai, Chuo-Ku, Saitama 338-0001, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kitamura
- City Area Program Saitama Metropolitan Area, Saitama Small and Medium Enterprises Development Corporation, 2-3-2 Kamiochiai, Chuo-Ku, Saitama 338-0001, Japan
- Rational Evolutionary Design of Advanced Biomolecules, Saitama (REDS) Group, Saitama Small Enterprise Promotion Corporation, no. 552 Saitama Industrial Technology Center, 3-12-18 Kami-Aoki, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0844, Japan
- Janusys Corporation, no. 508 Saitama Industrial Technology Center, 3-12-18 Kami-Aoki, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0844, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kawakubo
- Proteolysis Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Department of Functional Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Rational Evolutionary Design of Advanced Biomolecules, Saitama (REDS) Group, Saitama Small Enterprise Promotion Corporation, no. 552 Saitama Industrial Technology Center, 3-12-18 Kami-Aoki, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0844, Japan
- Proteolysis Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishigaki
- Department of Functional Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- City Area Program Saitama Metropolitan Area, Saitama Small and Medium Enterprises Development Corporation, 2-3-2 Kamiochiai, Chuo-Ku, Saitama 338-0001, Japan
- Rational Evolutionary Design of Advanced Biomolecules, Saitama (REDS) Group, Saitama Small Enterprise Promotion Corporation, no. 552 Saitama Industrial Technology Center, 3-12-18 Kami-Aoki, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0844, Japan
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20
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Eight novel serine proteases inhibitors from a water bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Welser K, Adsley R, Moore BM, Chan WC, Aylott JW. Protease sensing with nanoparticle based platforms. Analyst 2010; 136:29-41. [PMID: 20877821 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00429d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate systems in various unique configurations are highly effective at detecting protease activity both in vivo and in vitro. In this article, we have summarised the conventional modern methods for monitoring protease activity, and critically appraised recent advances in protease-responsive nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Welser
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
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22
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Saunders MJ, Graves SW, Sklar LA, Oprea TI, Edwards BS. High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:37-46. [PMID: 20035615 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their medical importance, proteases have been studied by diverse approaches and screened for small molecule protease inhibitors. Here, we present a multiplexed microsphere-based protease assay that uses high-throughput flow cytometry to screen for inhibitors of the light chain protease of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTALC). Our assay uses a full-length substrate and several deletion mutants screened in parallel to identify small molecule inhibitors. The use of multiplex flow cytometry has the advantage of using full-length substrates, which contain already identified distal-binding elements for the BoNTALC, and could lead to a new class of BoNTALC inhibitors. In this study, we have screened 880 off patent drugs and bioavailable compounds to identify ebselen as an in vitro inhibitor of BoNTALC. This discovery demonstrates the validity of our microsphere-based approach and illustrates its potential for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of proteases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Saunders
- The Center for Molecular Discovery and Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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23
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Erez E, Fass D, Bibi E. How intramembrane proteases bury hydrolytic reactions in the membrane. Nature 2009; 459:371-8. [PMID: 19458713 DOI: 10.1038/nature08146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis is increasingly seen as a regulatory step in a range of diverse processes, including development, organelle shaping, metabolism, pathogenicity and degenerative disease. Initial scepticism over the existence of intramembrane proteases was soon replaced by intense exploration of their catalytic mechanisms, substrate specificities, regulation and structures. Crystal structures of metal-dependent and serine intramembrane proteases have revealed active sites embedded in the plane of the membrane but accessible by water, a requirement for hydrolytic reactions. Efforts to understand how these membrane-bound proteases carry out their reactions have started to yield results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Erez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Mellet P, Massot P, Madelin G, Marque SRA, Harte E, Franconi JM, Thiaudière E. New concepts in molecular imaging: non-invasive MRI spotting of proteolysis using an Overhauser effect switch. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5244. [PMID: 19396361 PMCID: PMC2671144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolysis, involved in many processes in living organisms, is tightly regulated in space and time under physiological conditions. However deregulation can occur with local persistent proteolytic activities, e.g. in inflammation, cystic fibrosis, tumors, or pancreatitis. Furthermore, little is known about the role of many proteases, hence there is a need of new imaging methods to visualize specifically normal or disease-related proteolysis in intact bodies. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, a new concept for non invasive proteolysis imaging is proposed. Overhauser-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (OMRI) at 0.2 Tesla was used to monitor the enzymatic hydrolysis of a nitroxide-labeled protein. In vitro, image intensity switched from 1 to 25 upon proteolysis due to the associated decrease in the motional correlation time of the substrate. The OMRI experimental device used in this study is consistent with protease imaging in mice at 0.2 T without significant heating. Simulations show that this enzymatic-driven OMRI signal switch can be obtained at lower frequencies suitable for larger animals or humans. Conclusions/Significance The method is highly sensitive and makes possible proteolysis imaging in three dimensions with a good spatial resolution. Any protease could be targeted specifically through the use of taylor-made cleavable macromolecules. At short term OMRI of proteolysis may be applied to basic research as well as to evaluate therapeutic treatments in small animal models of experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mellet
- INSERM IFR 004, and Magnetic Resonance Center CNRS UMR 5536 University Victor Segalen Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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25
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Design and synthesis of enediyne-peptide conjugates and their inhibiting activity against chymotrypsin. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3900-8. [PMID: 19428261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel enediyne-amino acid conjugates 1-4 have been synthesized. All of these effectively target the enzyme chymotrypsin inhibiting its proteolytic activity. The conjugate with a directly linked phenyl alanine is the most effective inhibitor with a K(i) of 3 microM. The mode of inhibition is mostly competitive or of a mixed type depending on the nature of the inhibitor.
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26
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Law B, Tung CH. Proteolysis: A Biological Process Adapted in Drug Delivery, Therapy, and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1683-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
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27
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Hauske P, Ottmann C, Meltzer M, Ehrmann M, Kaiser M. Allosteric regulation of proteases. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2920-8. [PMID: 19021141 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allostery is a basic principle of control of enzymatic activities based on the interaction of a protein or small molecule at a site distinct from an enzyme's active center. Allosteric modulators represent an alternative approach to the design and synthesis of small-molecule activators or inhibitors of proteases and are therefore of wide interest for medicinal chemistry. The structural bases of some proteinaceous and small-molecule allosteric protease regulators have already been elucidated, indicating a general mechanism that might be exploitable for future rational design of small-molecule effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hauske
- Chemical Genomics Centre der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Dortmund, Germany
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28
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Ionescu RE, Fillit C, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Cosnier S. Urease–gelatin interdigitated microelectrodes for the conductometric determination of protease activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:489-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Linington RG, Edwards DJ, Shuman CF, McPhail KL, Matainaho T, Gerwick WH. Symplocamide A, a potent cytotoxin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the marine Cyanobacterium Symploca sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:22-7. [PMID: 18163584 PMCID: PMC2832912 DOI: 10.1021/np070280x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of a Symploca sp. from Papua New Guinea has led to the isolation of symplocamide A (1), a potent cancer cell cytotoxin, which also inhibits serine proteases with a 200-fold greater inhibition of chymotrypsin over trypsin. The complete stereostructure of symplocamide A was determined by detailed NMR and MS analysis as well as chiral HPLC analysis of the component amino acid residues. The presence of several unusual structural features in symplocamide A provides new insights into the pharmacophore model for protease selectivity in this drug class and may underlie the potent cytotoxicity of this compound to H-460 lung cancer cells (IC50=40 nM) as well as neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells (IC50=29 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - William H. Gerwick
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (858) 534-0578. Fax: (858) 534-0529.
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31
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Clarke SG. HIV protease inhibitors and nuclear lamin processing: getting the right bells and whistles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13857-8. [PMID: 17709742 PMCID: PMC1955769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706529104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gerard Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
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32
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Southan C. Exploiting new genome data and Internet resources for the phylogenetic analysis of proteases, substrates and inhibitors. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:599-603. [PMID: 17511660 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree constructions are established techniques for examining the evolutionary history of protease sequences in organisms such as humans, mice, fruitflies, nematode worms and yeast. They also facilitate the mapping of those conserved positions that are important for structure and catalytic function. However, the continued increase in completed or draft genomes offers new opportunities for examining protease evolution across a broader (e.g. more mammals) and deeper (e.g. more invertebrates) phylogenetic range. In addition, the improving annotation not only of proteases, but also of their substrates, interaction partners in proteolytic complexes and endogenous inhibitor proteins now means that aspects of co-evolution can be addressed. The increasing phylogenetic coverage is also important for resolving orthology issues that arise from protease gene duplication or loss in different lineages. Selected sequences will be used to exemplify the utility of Internet resources and present results for these types of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Southan
- Global Compound Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
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33
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Schlüter H, Rykl J, Thiemann J, Kurzawski S, Gobom J, Tepel M, Zidek W, Linscheid M. Mass Spectrometry-Assisted Protease Substrate Screening. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1251-5. [PMID: 17263361 DOI: 10.1021/ac061482l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since sequencing of the human genome was completed, more than 500 genes have been annotated as proteases. Exploring the physiological role of each protease requires the identification of their natural substrates. However, the endogenous substrates of many of the human proteases are as yet unknown. Here we describe a new assay that addresses this problem. The assay, which easily can be automated, is based on the incubation of immobilized protein fractions, which may contain the natural substrate, with a defined protease. After concentrating the proteolytically released peptides by reversed-phase chromatography they are analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and the substrates identified by database searching. The proof of principle in this study is demonstrated by incubating immobilized human plasma proteins with thrombin and by identifying by tandem mass spectrometry the fibrinopeptides, released by the action of thrombin from their natural substrate fibrinogen, in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Schlüter
- Med. Clinic IV, Nephrology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Rawlings N. Unusual phyletic distribution of peptidases as a tool for identifying potential drug targets. Biochem J 2007; 401:e5-7. [PMID: 17173540 PMCID: PMC1820803 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryote homologues of carboxypeptidases Taq have been discovered by Niemirowicz et al. in the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. This is surprising, because the peptidase family was thought to be restricted to bacteria and archaea. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, the authors propose that the Trypanosoma carboxypeptidases are potential drug targets for treatment of the disease. The authors also propose that the presence of the genes in the zooflagellates can be explained by a horizontal transfer of an ancestral gene from a prokaryote. Because peptidases are popular drug targets, identifying parasite or pathogen peptidases that have no homologues in their hosts would be a method to select the most promising targets. To understand how unusual this phyletic distribution is among the 183 families of peptidases, several other examples of horizontal transfers are presented, as well as some unusual losses of peptidase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, U.K
- email
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35
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Borgoño CA, Gavigan JA, Alves J, Bowles B, Harris JL, Sotiropoulou G, Diamandis EP. Defining the extended substrate specificity of kallikrein 1-related peptidases. Biol Chem 2007; 388:1215-25. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Terai T, Kikuchi K, Iwasawa SY, Kawabe T, Hirata Y, Urano Y, Nagano T. Modulation of Luminescence Intensity of Lanthanide Complexes by Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Its Application to a Long-Lived Protease Probe [J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128, 6938−6946]. J Am Chem Soc 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ja069963+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Terai T, Kikuchi K, Iwasawa SY, Kawabe T, Hirata Y, Urano Y, Nagano T. Modulation of Luminescence Intensity of Lanthanide Complexes by Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Its Application to a Long-Lived Protease Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6938-46. [PMID: 16719474 DOI: 10.1021/ja060729t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide complexes (Tb(3+), Eu(3+), etc.) have excellent properties for biological applications, including extraordinarily long lifetimes and large Stokes shifts. However, there have been few reports of lanthanide-based functional probes, because of the difficulty in designing suitable complexes with a luminescent on/off switch. Here, we have synthesized a series of complexes which consist of three moieties: a lanthanide chelate, an antenna, and a luminescence off/on switch. The antenna is an aromatic ring which absorbs light and transmits its energy to the metal, and the switch is a benzene derivative with a different HOMO level. If the HOMO level is higher than a certain threshold, the complex emits no luminescence at all, which indicates that the lanthanide luminescence can be modulated by photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) from the switch to the sensitizer. This approach to control lanthanide luminescence makes possible the rational design of functional lanthanide complexes, in which the luminescence property is altered by a biological reaction. To exemplify the utility of our approach to the design of lanthanide complexes with a switch, we have developed a novel protease probe, which undergoes a significant change in luminescence intensity upon enzymatic cleavage of the substrate peptide. This probe, combined with time-resolved measurements, was confirmed in model experiments to be useful for the screening of inhibitors, as well as for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Terai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Thomas DA, Francis P, Smith C, Ratcliffe S, Ede NJ, Kay C, Wayne G, Martin SL, Moore K, Amour A, Hooper NM. A broad-spectrum fluorescence-based peptide library for the rapid identification of protease substrates. Proteomics 2006; 6:2112-20. [PMID: 16479534 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Identification of peptide substrates for proteases can be a major undertaking. To overcome issues such as feasibility and deconvolution, associated with large peptide libraries, a 'small but smart' generic fluorescence resonance energy transfer rapid endopeptidase profiling library (REPLi) was synthesised as a tool for rapidly identifying protease substrates. Within a tripeptide core, flanked by Gly residues, similar amino acids were paired giving rise to a relatively small library of 3375 peptides divided into 512 distinct pools each containing only 8 peptides. The REPLi was validated with trypsin, pepsin, the matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-12 and MMP-13 and calpains-1 and -2. In the case of calpain-2, a single iteration step involving LC-MS, provided the definitive residue specificity from which a highly sensitive fluorogenic substrate, (FAM)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gln-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Gly-DPA-Arg-Arg-Lys-(TAMRA), was then designed. The thorough validation of this 'small but smart' peptide library with representatives from each of the four mechanistic protease classes indicates that the REPLi will be useful for the rapid identification of substrates for multiple proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Thomas
- Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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39
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Saunders MJ, Kim H, Woods TA, Nolan JP, Sklar LA, Edwards BS, Graves SW. Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. Cytometry A 2006; 69:342-52. [PMID: 16604538 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases regulate many biological pathways in humans and are components of several bacterial toxins. Protease studies and development of protease inhibitors do not follow a single established methodology and are mostly protease specific. METHODS We have created recombinant fusion proteins consisting of a biotinylated attachment sequence linked to a GFP via a protease cleavage site to develop a multiplexable microsphere-based protease assay system. Using the proteases lethal factor and factor Xa, we performed kinetic experiments to determine optimal conditions for inhibitor screens and detect known inhibitors using the HyperCyt flow cytometry system. RESULTS We have demonstrated specific cleavage of lethal factor and factor Xa substrates, optimized screening conditions for these substrates, shown specific inhibition of the proteases, and demonstrated high throughput detection of these inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The assay developed here is adaptable to any site-specific protease, compatible with high throughput flow cytometry systems, and multiplexable. Coupled with flow cytometry, which provides continuous time resolution and intrinsic resolution of free vs. bound fluorophores, this assay will be useful for high throughput screening of protease inhibitors in general and could simplify assays designed to determine protease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Saunders
- National Flow Cytometry Resource, Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Herrero S, Combes E, Van Oers MM, Vlak JM, de Maagd RA, Beekwilder J. Identification and recombinant expression of a novel chymotrypsin from Spodoptera exigua. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1073-82. [PMID: 16102414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin which is expressed in the midgut of the lepidopteran insect Spodoptera exigua is described. This enzyme, referred to as SeCT34, represents a novel class of chymotrypsins. Its amino-acid sequence shares common features of gut chymotrpysins, but can be clearly distinguished from other serine proteinases that are expressed in the insect gut. Most notable, SeCT34 contains a chymotrypsin activation site and the highly conserved motive DSGGP in the catalytic domain around the active-site serine is changed to DSGSA. Recombinant expression of SeCT34 was achieved in Sf21 insect cells using a special baculovirus vector, which has been engineered for optimized protein production. This is the first example of recombinant expression of an active serine proteinase which functions in the lepidopteran digestive tract. Purified recombinant SeCT34 enzyme was characterized by its ability to hydrolyze various synthetic substrates and its susceptibility to proteinase inhibitors. It appeared to be highly selective for substrates carrying a phenylalanine residue at the cleavage site. SeCT34 showed a pH-dependence and sensitivity to inhibitors, which is characteristic for semi-purified lepidopteran gut proteinases. Expression analysis revealed that SeCT34 was only expressed in the midgut of larvae at the end of their last instar, just before the onset of pupation. This suggests a possible role of this protein in the proteolytic remodelling that occurs in the gut during the larval to pupal molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Herrero
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Petrassi HM, Williams JA, Li J, Tumanut C, Ek J, Nakai T, Masick B, Backes BJ, Harris JL. A strategy to profile prime and non-prime proteolytic substrate specificity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3162-6. [PMID: 15878267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A strategy was developed to determine the prime and non-prime substrate specificity of serine, threonine and cysteine proteases. ACC positional scanning technology was employed to determine the P4-P1 non-prime site substrate specificity. The data was used to synthesize biased donor-quencher positional scanning libraries to profile the P1'-P4' prime site substrate specificity. Directed sorting using the Irori Nanokan system allowed for the archiving of multiple P1'-P4' positional scanning libraries. From these libraries focused donor-quencher libraries incorporating P4-P1 data for each protease under study could be rapidly prepared. The profiling of thrombin and caspase-3 P4-P4' substrate specificity, comparison of the library specificity data to single substrates, and the analysis of physiological cleavage sites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Michael Petrassi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, Drug Discovery, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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42
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Abstract
Recently, many novel peptide-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecular probes have been developed for in vivo biomedical imaging. To report specific information of biological targets, the probes were individually designed according to the unique property or functions of their targets. These peptide-based probes can be classified into targeting, crosslinking, and enzyme-activatable probes. Several of them have been tested in various in vitro and in vivo models, and the obtained imaging information has been applied to disease detection, medical diagnosis, and drug evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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43
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Abstract
There remains considerable pressure on the pharmaceutical industry to increase productivity and reduce the attrition of drug candidates. Genomics, parallel chemistry and high-throughput biology have not yielded the anticipated benefits, resulting in a renewed focus on validated targets and an aim to generate drugs directed towards such targets, which have a clear advantage. One strategy to identify and develop best-in-class drugs is to apply a high degree of innovation in chemistry and apply this to targets from gene families that have been clinically validated as tractable and drugable. The application of organosilicon medicinal chemistry in the context of privileged structures to aid drug design and development is one such innovative approach that is reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mills
- Amedis Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 162 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GP, UK.
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44
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Yousef GM, Obiezu CV, Luo LY, Magklara A, Borgoño CA, Kishi T, Memari N, Michael LP, Sidiropoulos M, Kurlender L, Economopolou K, Kapadia C, Komatsu N, Petraki C, Elliott M, Scorilas A, Katsaros D, Levesque MA, Diamandis EP. Human Tissue Kallikreins: From Gene Structure to Function and Clinical Applications. Adv Clin Chem 2005; 39:11-79. [PMID: 16013667 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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45
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Yanes Ó, Villanueva J, Querol E, Aviles FX. Intensity-fading MALDI-TOF-MS: novel screening for ligand binding and drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1741-8372(04)02417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Yousef GM, Elliott MB, Kopolovic AD, Serry E, Diamandis EP. Sequence and evolutionary analysis of the human trypsin subfamily of serine peptidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1698:77-86. [PMID: 15063317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serine peptidases (SP) are peptidases with a uniquely activated serine residue in the substrate-binding site. SP can be classified into clans with distinct evolutionary histories and each clan further subdivided into families. We analyzed 79 proteins representing the S1A subfamily of human SP, obtained from different databases. Multiple alignment identified 87 highly conserved amino acid residues. In most cases of substitution, a residue of similar character was inserted, implying that the overall character of the local region was conserved. We also identified several conserved protein motifs. 7-13 cysteine positions, potentially forming disulfide bridges, were also found to be conserved. Most members are secreted as inactive (pro) forms with a trypsin-like cleavage site for activation. Substrate specificity was predicted to be trypsin-like for most members, with few chymotrypsin-like proteins. Phylogenetic analysis enabled us to classify members of the S1A subfamily into structurally related groups; this might also help to functionally sort members of this subfamily and give an idea about their possible functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
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47
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Karvinen J, Elomaa A, Mäkinen ML, Hakala H, Mukkala VM, Peuralahti J, Hurskainen P, Hovinen J, Hemmilä I. Caspase multiplexing: simultaneous homogeneous time-resolved quenching assay (TruPoint) for caspases 1, 3, and 6. Anal Biochem 2004; 325:317-25. [PMID: 14751267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis and inflammation. A multiparametric homogeneous assay capable of measuring activity of three different caspases in a single well of a microtiter plate is described. Different fluorescent europium, samarium, terbium, and dysprosium chelates were coupled to a caspase substrate peptide, their luminescence properties, were analyzed, and their function in a time-resolved fluorescence quenching-based caspase 3 assay was studied. Substrates for caspases 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 and granzyme B were also synthesized and their specificities for different caspases were determined. By selecting suitable lanthanide chelates and substrates we developed a multiparametric homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence quenching-based assay for caspases 1, 3, and 6. The assay was capable of measuring the activity of both single caspases and a mixture of three caspases mixed in the same well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Karvinen
- PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Wallac Oy, P.O. Box 10, FIN-20101, Turku, Finland.
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Qi SY, Riviere PJ, Trojnar J, Junien JL, Akinsanya KO. Cloning and characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase 10, a new member of an emerging subgroup of serine proteases. Biochem J 2003; 373:179-89. [PMID: 12662155 PMCID: PMC1223468 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Revised: 03/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, DPP4)-related proteins, DPP8 and DPP9, have been identified recently [Abbott, Yu, Woollatt, Sutherland, McCaughan, and Gorrell (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 6140-6150; Olsen and Wagtmann (2002) Gene 299, 185-193; Qi, Akinsanya, Riviere, and Junien (2002) Patent application WO0231134]. In the present study, we describe the cloning of DPP10, a novel 796-amino-acid protein, with significant sequence identity to DPP4 (32%) and DPP6 (51%) respectively. We propose that DPP10 is a new member of the S9B serine proteases subfamily. The DPP10 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q12.3-2q14.2), close to the DPP4 (2q24.3) and FAP (2q23) genes. The active-site serine residue is replaced by a glycine residue in DPP10, resulting in the loss of DPP activity. The serine residue is also replaced in DPP6, which lacks peptidase activity. DPP8 and DPP9 share an identical active site with DPP4 (Gly-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly). In contrast with the previous results suggesting that DPP9 is inactive, we show that DPP9 is a DPP, hydrolysing Ala-Pro-(7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin) with similar pH-specificity and protease-inhibitor-sensitivity to those of DPP4 and DPP8. Northern-blot analysis shows that whereas DPP8 and DPP9 are widely expressed, DPP10 is expressed mainly in the brain and pancreas. DPP6, which has the highest amino acid identity with DPP10, has been shown previously [Nadal, Ozaita, Amarillo, de Miera, Ma, Mo, Goldberg, Misumi, Ikehara, Neubert et al. (2003) Neuron 37, 449-461] to associate with A-type K(+) channel subunits, modulating their transport and function in somatodendritic compartments of neurons. It is possible that DPP10 is involved in similar functions in the brain. Elucidation of the physiological or pathophysiological role of DPP8, DPP9 and DPP10 and characterization of their structure-function relationships will add impetus to the development of inhibitor molecules for pharmacological or therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Y Qi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Ferring Research Institute, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121-1122, USA
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50
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Puente XS, Sánchez LM, Overall CM, López-Otín C. Human and mouse proteases: a comparative genomic approach. Nat Rev Genet 2003; 4:544-58. [PMID: 12838346 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The availability of the human and mouse genome sequences has allowed the identification and comparison of their respective degradomes--the complete repertoire of proteases that are produced by these organisms. Because of the essential roles of proteolytic enzymes in the control of cell behaviour, survival and death, degradome analysis provides a useful framework for the global exploration of these protease-mediated functions in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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