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Melatonin-A Potent Therapeutic for Stroke and Stroke-Related Dementia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080672. [PMID: 32731545 PMCID: PMC7463751 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted by the pineal gland to regulate the circadian rhythm, melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that has been used to combat oxidative stress in the central nervous system. Melatonin-based therapies have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in the setting of ischemic stroke by mitigating neuroinflammation and accelerating brain tissue restoration. Melatonin treatment includes injection of exogenous melatonin, pineal gland grafting and melatonin-mediated stem cell therapy. This review will discuss the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating melatonin-based therapeutics to treat stroke.
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Daadi MM. Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Dopaminergic Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1919:89-96. [PMID: 30656623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9007-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons are involved in many critical functions within the central nervous system (CNS), and dopamine neurotransmission impairment underlies a wide range of disorders from motor control deficiencies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), to psychiatric disorders, such as alcoholism, drug addictions, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and depression. Neural stem cell-based technology has potential to play an important role in developing efficacious biological and small molecule therapeutic products for disorders with dopamine dysregulation. Various methods of differentiating DA neurons from pluripotent stem cells have been reported. In this chapter, we describe a simple technique using dopamine-inducing factors (DIFs) to differentiate neural stem cells (NSCs), isolated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Research Imaging Institute, Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Kazmi S, Mujeeb AA, Owais M. Cyclic undecapeptide Cyclosporin A mediated inhibition of amyloid synthesis: Implications in alleviation of amyloid induced neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17283. [PMID: 30470780 PMCID: PMC6251898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are highly organized fibril aggregates arise from inappropriately folded form of the protein or polypeptide precursors under both physiological as well as simulated ambience. Amyloid synthesis is a multistep process that involves formation of several metastable intermediates. Among various intermediate species, the as-formed soluble oligomers are extremely toxic to the neuronal cells. In the present study, we evaluated cyclosporine A (CsA), an undecapeptide, for its potential to prevent aggregation of model protein ovalbumin (OVA). In an attempt to elucidate involved operative mechanism, the preliminary studies delineate that CsA affects both primary nucleation as well as other secondary pathways involved in OVA fibrillation process. By its specific interaction with amyloid intermediates, the cyclic peptide CsA seems to regulate the lag phase of the fibrillation process in concentration dependent manner. The present study further suggests that exposure to CsA during lag phase ensues in reversal of OVA fibrillation process. On the contrary, mature OVA fibril remained impervious to the CsA treatment. The cyclic undecapeptide CsA was also found to successfully alleviate amyloid induced toxicity in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Kazmi
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Anzar Abdul Mujeeb
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Acosta S, Tran T, Mair J, Okonkwo O, Larose B, Borlongan CV. Media coverage and public awareness on bioethics perception of emerging biomedical therapies. Chin Neurosurg J 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41016-016-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Soderstrom K, O'Malley J, Steece-Collier K, Kordower JH. Neural Repair Strategies for Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Primate Models. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:251-65. [PMID: 16719060 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been invaluable to our understanding of the human disease and in the advancement of novel therapies for its treatment. In this review, we attempt to give a brief overview of the animal models of PD currently used, with a more comprehensive focus on the advantages and disadvantages presented by their use in the nonhuman primate. In particular, discussion addresses the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydopyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb parkinsonian models. Additionally, the role of primate PD models in the development of novel therapies, such as trophic factor delivery, grafting, and deep brain stimulation, are described. Finally, the contribution of primate PD models to our understanding of the etiology and pathology of human PD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Soderstrom
- Department of Neurological Science, Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Watson N, Diamandis T, Gonzales-Portillo C, Reyes S, Borlongan CV. Melatonin as an Antioxidant for Stroke Neuroprotection. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:883-91. [PMID: 26497887 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone derived from the pineal gland that has a wide range of clinical applications. While melatonin was originally assessed as a hormone specializing in regulation of the normal circadian rhythm in mammals, it now has been shown to be an effective free radical scavenger and antioxidant. Current research has focused on central nervous system (CNS) disorders, stroke in particular, for potential melatonin-based therapeutics. As of now, the realm of potential therapy regimens is focused on three main treatments: exogenously delivered melatonin, pineal gland grafting, and melatonin-mediated stem cell therapy. All therapies contain both costs and benefits, and current research is still focused on finding the best treatment plan. While comprehensive research has been conducted, more research regarding the safety of such therapies is needed in order to transition into the clinical level of testing. Antioxidants such as traditional Chinese medicine, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and lavender oil, which have been used for thousands of years as treatment, are now gaining recognition as effective melatonin treatment alternatives. This review will further discuss relevant studies assessing melatonin-based therapeutics and provide evidence of other natural melatonin treatment alternatives for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Watson
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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7
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Handreck A, Mall EM, Elger DA, Gey L, Gernert M. Different preparations, doses, and treatment regimens of cyclosporine A cause adverse effects but no robust changes in seizure thresholds in rats. Epilepsy Res 2015; 112:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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de la Pena I, Pabon M, Acosta S, Sanberg PR, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Oligodendrocytes engineered with migratory proteins as effective graft source for cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. CELL MEDICINE 2014; 6:123-127. [PMID: 24999443 DOI: 10.3727/215517913x674144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by widespread immunomodulatory demyelination of the CNS resulting in nerve cell dysfunction. Accordingly, treatment strategies have been centered on immunodulation and remyelination, with the former primarily focused on reducing the pathology rather than enhancing myelin repair which the latter targets. While conceding to the emerging view of heterogeneity in the pathology of MS, which precludes variations in degree of immune response (i.e., inflammation) and demyelination, the concept of enhancing myelin repair is appealing since it is likely to provide both disease-reducing and disease-inhibiting therapeutic approach to MS. In this regard, we and several others, have proposed that cell replacement therapy is an effective strategy to repair the myelin in MS. Here, we hypothesize that transplantation of mouse bone marrow-derived oligodendrocytes (BMDOs) and BMDOs transfected with Ephrin proteins (BMDO+Ephrin), which are known to enhance cell and axonal migratory capacity, may produce therapeutic benefits in animal models of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike de la Pena
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Mibel Pabon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
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Skardelly M, Glien A, Groba C, Schlichting N, Kamprad M, Meixensberger J, Milosevic J. The influence of immunosuppressive drugs on neural stem/progenitor cell fate in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3170-81. [PMID: 24001738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In allogenic and xenogenic transplantation, adequate immunosuppression plays a major role in graft survival, especially over the long term. The effect of immunosuppressive drugs on neural stem/progenitor cell fate has not been sufficiently explored. The focus of this study is to systematically investigate the effects of the following four different immunotherapeutic strategies on human neural progenitor cell survival/death, proliferation, metabolic activity, differentiation and migration in vitro: (1) cyclosporine A (CsA), a calcineurin inhibitor; (2) everolimus (RAD001), an mTOR-inhibitor; (3) mycophenolic acid (MPA, mycophenolate), an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and (4) prednisolone, a steroid. At the minimum effective concentration (MEC), we found a prominent decrease in hNPCs' proliferative capacity (BrdU incorporation), especially for CsA and MPA, and an alteration of the NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic activity. Cell death rate, neurogenesis, gliogenesis and cell migration remained mostly unaffected under these conditions for all four immunosuppressants, except for apoptotic cell death, which was significantly increased by MPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Skardelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Shinozuka K, Staples M, Borlongan CV. Melatonin-based therapeutics for neuroprotection in stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8924-47. [PMID: 23698756 PMCID: PMC3676765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review paper supports the approach to deliver melatonin and to target melatonin receptors for neuroprotection in stroke. We discuss laboratory evidence demonstrating neuroprotective effects of exogenous melatonin treatment and transplantation of melatonin-secreting cells in stroke. In addition, we describe a novel mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic benefits of stem cell therapy in stroke, implicating the role of melatonin receptors. As we envision the clinical entry of melatonin-based therapeutics, we discuss translational experiments that warrant consideration to reveal an optimal melatonin treatment strategy that is safe and effective for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shinozuka
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Tan X, Zhang L, Qin J, Tian M, Zhu H, Dong C, Zhao H, Jin G. Transplantation of neural stem cells co-transfected with Nurr1 and Brn4 for treatment of Parkinsonian rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:82-7. [PMID: 23085081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) tranplantation has great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the usage of NSCs is limited because the differentiation of NSCs into specific dopaminergic neurons has proven difficult. We have recently demonstrated that transgenic expression of Nurr1 could induce the differentiation of NSCs into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons, and forced co-expression of Nurr1 with Brn4 caused a dramatic increase in morphological and phenotypical maturity of these neurons. In this study, we investigated the effect of transplanted NSCs in PD model rats. The results showed that overexpression of Nurr1 promoted NSCs to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons in vivo, increased the level of dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter in the striatum, resulting in behavioral improvement of PD rats. Importantly, co-expression of Nurr1 and Brn4 in NSCs significantly increased the maturity and viability of dopaminergic neurons, further raised the DA amount in the striatum and reversed the behavioral deficit of the PD rats. Our findings provide a new potential and strategy for the use of NSCs in cell replacement therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China.
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Li X, Katsanevakis E, Liu X, Zhang N, Wen X. Engineering neural stem cell fates with hydrogel design for central nervous system regeneration. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Recent preclinical evidence advancing cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:142-6. [PMID: 22766481 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes brain degeneration, primarily depleting cholinergic cells, and leading to cognitive and learning dysfunction. Logically, to augment the cholinergic cell loss, a viable treatment for AD has been via drugs boosting brain acetylcholine production. However, this is not a curative measure. To this end, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been examined as a possible preventative treatment against cholinergic neuronal death while enhancing memory capabilities; however, NGF brain bioavailability is challenging as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Investigations into stem cell- and gene-based therapy have been explored in order to enhance NGF potency in the brain. Along this line of research, a genetically modified cell line, called HB1.F3 transfected with the cholinergic acetyltransferase or HB1.F3.ChAT cells, has shown safety and efficacy profiles in AD models. This stem cell transplant therapy for AD is an extension of the neural stem cells' use in other neurological treatments, such as Parkinson's disease and stroke, and recently extended to cancer. The HB1 parent cell and its associated cell lines have been used as a vehicle to deliver genes of interest in various neurological models, and are highly effective as they can differentiate into neurons and glial cells. A focus of this mini-review is the recent demonstration that the transplantation of HB1.F3.ChAT cells in an AD animal model increases cognitive function coinciding with upregulation of acetylcholine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, there is a large dispersion throughout the brain of the transplanted stem cells which is important to repair the widespread cholinergic cell loss in AD. Some translational caveats that need to be satisfied prior to initiating clinical trials of HB1.F3.ChAT cells in AD include regulating the host immune response and the possible tumorigenesis arising from the transplantation of this genetically modified cell line. Further studies are warranted to test the safety and effectiveness of these cells in AD transgenic animal models. This review highlights the recent progress of stem cell therapy in AD, not only emphasizing the significant basic science strides made in this field, but also providing caution on remaining translational issues necessary to advance this novel treatment to the clinic.
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The co-transduction of Nurr1 and Brn4 genes induces the differentiation of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons. Cell Biol Int 2012; 35:1217-23. [PMID: 21663595 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal brain tissue can be used in cell replacement therapy for PD (Parkinson's disease), but there is a poor donor supply of this tissue. NSCs (neural stem cells) may overcome this problem as they can be isolated and expanded in vitro. However, the usage of NSCs is limited because the differentiation of NSCs into specific dopaminergic neurons has proven difficult. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Nurr1 (nuclear receptor related factor 1), a transcription factor specific for the development and maintenance of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons on inducing the differentiation of NSCs into TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons. Nonetheless, these cells exhibited an immature neuronal morphology with small cell bodies and short neurite processes, and they seldom expressed DAT (dopamine transporter), a late marker of mature dopaminergic neurons. However, forced co-expression of Nurr1 with Brn4, a member of the POU domain family of transcription factors, caused immature Nurr1-induced dopaminergic neurons to differentiate into morphologically and phenotypically more mature neurons. Thus the enriched generation of mature dopaminergic neurons by forced expression of Nurr1 with Brn4 may be of future importance in NSC-based cell replacement therapy for PD.
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Kameda M, Shingo T, Takahashi K, Muraoka K, Kurozumi K, Yasuhara T, Maruo T, Tsuboi T, Uozumi T, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I. Adult neural stem and progenitor cells modified to secrete GDNF can protect, migrate and integrate after intracerebral transplantation in rats with transient forebrain ischemia. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1462-78. [PMID: 17880388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are important autologous transplantation tools in regenerative medicine, as they can secrete factors that protect the ischemic brain. We investigated whether adult NSPCs genetically modified to secrete more glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) could protect against transient ischemia in rats. NSPCs were harvested from the subventricular zone of adult Wistar rats and cultured for 3 weeks in the presence of epidermal growth factor. The NSPCs were treated with fibre-mutant Arg-Gly-Asp adenovirus containing the GDNF gene (NSPC-GDNF) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene (NSPC-EGFP; control group). In one experiment, cultured cells were transplanted into the right ischemic boundary zone of Wistar rat brains. One week later, animals underwent 90 min of intraluminal right middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural tests. The NSPC-GDNF group had higher behavioural scores and lesser infarct volume than did controls at 1, 7 and 28 days postocclusion. In the second experiment, we transplanted NSPCs 3 h after ischemic insult. Compared to controls, rats receiving NSPC-GDNF had decreased infarct volume and better behavioural assessments at 7 days post-transplant. Animals were killed on day 7 and brains were collected for GDNF ELISA and morphological assessment. Compared to controls, more GDNF was secreted, more NSPC-GDNF cells migrated toward the ischemic core and more NSPC-GDNF cells expressed immature neuronal marker. Moreover, the NSPC-GDNF group showed more effective inhibition of microglial invasion and apoptosis. These findings suggest that NSPC-GDNF may be useful in treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Sun J, Gao Q, Miller K, Wang X, Wang J, Liu W, Bao L, Zhang J, Zhang L, Poon WS, Gao Y. Dopaminergic differentiation of grafted GFP transgenic neuroepithelial stem cells in the brain of a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420:23-8. [PMID: 17499438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial stem cells (NEPs) possess multipotent potential for self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive NEPs, we explored, firstly, the survival and differentiation of grafted NEPs in the host rat and, secondly, whether or not transplantation of NEPs is a feasible therapeutic option for treating Parkinson's disease. NEPs were harvested from the neural tube of enhanced GFP transgenic embryos. In culture, GFP(+) NEPs generated abundant neurospheres and differentiated into both neurons and glia. When stereotaxically transplanted into the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned striatum of rats, NEPs survived and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells were detected in the graft. Furthermore, these grafted GFP(+) NEPs significantly ameliorated Parkinsonian behavioral symptoms compared with controls which were treated only with normal saline. Our results suggest that transplanted NEPs accomplish dopaminergic differentiation may be used for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Sun
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Torres EM, Monville C, Gates MA, Bagga V, Dunnett SB. Improved survival of young donor age dopamine grafts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1606-17. [PMID: 17478050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to improve the survival of implanted dopamine cells, we have readdressed the optimal embryonic donor age for dopamine grafts. In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the median forebrain bundle received dopamine-rich ventral mesencephalic grafts derived from embryos of crown to rump length 4, 6, 9, or 10.5 mm (estimated embryonic age (E) 11, E12, E13 and E14 days post-coitus, respectively). Grafts derived from 4 mm embryos survived poorly, with less than 1% of the implanted dopamine cells surviving. Grafts derived from 9 mm and 10.5 mm embryos were similar to those seen in previous experiments with survival rates of 8% and 7% respectively. The best survival was seen in the group that received 6 mm grafts, which were significantly larger than all other graft groups. Mean dopamine cell survival in the 6 mm group (E12) was 36%, an extremely high survival rate for primary, untreated ventral mesencephalic grafts applied as a single placement, and more than fivefold larger than the survival rate observed in the 10.5 mm (E14) group. As E12 ventral mesencephalic tissues contain few, if any, differentiated dopamine cells we conclude that the large numbers of dopamine cells seen in the 6 mm grafts must have differentiated post-implantation. We consider the in vivo conditions which allow this differentiation to occur, and the implications for the future of clinical trials based on dopamine cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Torres
- Department of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.
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Yasuhara T, Matsukawa N, Hara K, Yu G, Xu L, Maki M, Kim SU, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of human neural stem cells exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12497-511. [PMID: 17135412 PMCID: PMC6674904 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3719-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess high potencies of self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. We explored here whether transplantation of human NSCs cloned by v-myc gene transfer, HB1.F3 cells, is a feasible therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease. In vivo, green fluorescent protein-labeled HB1.F3 cells (200,000 viable cells in 3 microl of PBS) when stereotaxically transplanted (same-day lesion-transplant paradigm) into the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum of rats significantly ameliorated parkinsonian behavioral symptoms compared with controls (vehicle, single bolus, or continuous minipump infusion of trophic factor, or killed cell grafts). Such graft-derived functional effects were accompanied by preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Grafted HB1.F3 cells survived in the lesioned brain with some labeled with neuronal marker mitogen-activated protein 2 and decorated with synaptophysin-positive terminals. Furthermore, endogenous neurogenesis was activated in the subventricular zone of transplanted rats. To further explore the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying HB1.F3 cell transplantation, we performed cell culture studies and found that a modest number of HB1.F3 cells were TH and dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 positive, although most cells were nestin positive, suggesting a mixed population of mature and immature cells. Administration of the HB1.F3 supernatant to human derived dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and fetal rat ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity by suppressing apoptosis through Bcl-2 upregulation, which was blocked by anti-stem cell factor antibody alone, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one] alone, or a combination of both. These results suggest that HB1.F3 cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic depletion in vitro and in vivo because of trophic factor secretion and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Koichi Hara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Guolong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mina Maki
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1M9, and
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Research and Affiliations Service Line, Augusta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia 30904
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19
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Rao MS, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafts enriched with FGF-2 and BDNF exhibit robust long-term survival and integration and suppress aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the injured middle-aged hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:276-90. [PMID: 16099669 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplants that successfully replace the lost neurons and facilitate the reconstruction of the disrupted circuitry in the injured aging hippocampus are invaluable for treating acute head injury, stroke and status epilepticus in the elderly. This is because apt graft integration has the potential to prevent the progression of the acute injury into chronic epilepsy in the elderly. However, neural transplants into the injured middle-aged or aged hippocampus exhibit poor cell survival, suggesting that apt graft augmentation strategies are critical for robust integration of grafted cells into the injured aging hippocampus. We examined the efficacy of pre-treatment and grafting of donor fetal CA3 cells with a blend of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for lasting survival and integration of grafted cells in the injured middle-aged (12 months old) hippocampus of F344 rats. Grafts were placed at 4 days after the kainic-acid-induced hippocampal injury and were analyzed at 6 months post-grafting. We demonstrate that 80% of grafted cells exhibit prolonged survival and 71% of grafted cells differentiate into CA3 pyramidal neurons. Grafts also receive a robust afferent input from the host mossy fibers and project efferent axons into the denervated zones of the dentate gyrus and the CA1 subfield. Consequently, the aberrant sprouting of the dentate mossy fibers, an epileptogenic change that typically ensues after the hippocampal injury, was suppressed. Thus, grafts of fetal CA3 cells enriched with FGF-2 and BDNF exhibit robust integration and dampen the abnormal mossy fiber sprouting in the injured middle-aged hippocampus. Because the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers contribute to the generation of seizures, the results suggest that the grafting intervention using FGF-2 and BDNF is efficacious for suppressing epileptogenesis in the injured middle-aged hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddanna S Rao
- Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham NC 27705, USA
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20
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Wainwright SP. Can stem cells cure Parkinson's disease? Embryonic steps toward a regenerative brain medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.12968/bjnn.2005.1.3.18611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Wainwright
- King's College London, School of Nursing, University of London, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
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21
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Yu G, Fournier C, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of carotid body cells in the treatment of neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 28:803-10. [PMID: 15642622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and clinical studies have shown that intracerebral transplantation of carotid body (CB) cells ameliorate Parkinsonian deficits. The recent clinical study by Arjona and colleagues indicated that CB autograft transplantation is a relatively simple, safe, and viable treatment for PD patients. In particular, Espejo and colleagues demonstrated that the therapeutic efficacy of intracerebral transplantation of the CB in PD was likely obtained through secretion of neurotrophic factors rather than the local release of dopamine, which suggests it possible and reasonable to extend the use of the CB as an efficacious graft source for neural transplantation. Thus, we transplanted CB cell suspensions into the ischemic penumbra within 1h after stroke surgery. The results revealed that CB transplantation also significantly reduced stroke-induced behavioral deficits and cerebral infarction. In this review, we focus on summarizing the physiological properties of the CB related to transplantation, describing briefly possible mechanisms responsible for the effect of CB transplantation, and introducing recent studies of the CB as a donor source for neural transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Yu
- Department of Neurology, BI-3080, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912-3200, USA
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22
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Ganchoff C. Regenerating movements: embryonic stem cells and the politics of potentiality. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2004; 26:757-774. [PMID: 15383040 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical frame for analysing social movements in/and biomedicine. Drawing from work in social movement theory and science and technology studies, the paper describes the field of biotechnology as the material/imagined space of contemporary biopolitics in the contemporary United States. Interviews with activists from four social movements, websites and written material are examined, and two processes of knowledge construction were found to be central in constituting the field of biotechnology. These processes open up multiple sites for citizen participation in the construction of scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ganchoff
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Richardson RM, Fillmore HL, Holloway KL, Broaddus WC. Progress in cerebral transplantation of expanded neuronal stem cells. J Neurosurg 2004; 100:659-71. [PMID: 15070121 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.100.4.0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Given the success and limitations of human fetal primary neural tissue transplantation, neuronal stem cells (NSCs) that can be adequately expanded in culture have been the focus of numerous attempts to develop a superior source of replacement cells for restorative neurosurgery. To clarify recent progress toward this goal, the transplantation into the adult brain of NSCs, expanded in vitro before grafting, was reviewed. METHODS Neuronal stem cells can be expanded from a variety of sources, including embryos, fetuses, adult bone marrow, and adult brain tissue. Recent investigations of each of these expanded stem cell types have generated a large body of information along with a great number of unanswered questions regarding the ability of these cells to replace damaged neurons. Expanded NSCs offer many advantages over their primary tissue predecessors, but also may exhibit different functional abilities as grafted cells. Because expanded NSCs will most likely ultimately replace primary tissue grafting in clinical trials, this review was undertaken to focus solely on this distinct body of work and to summarize clearly the existing preclinical data regarding the in vivo successes, limits, and unknowns of using each expanded NSC type when transplanted into the adult brain. CONCLUSIONS Embryonic stem cell-derived cells have demonstrated appropriate neuronal phenotypes after transplantation into nonneurogenic areas of the adult brain. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for this may lead to similar success with less studied adult neuronal progenitor cells, which offer the potential for autologous NSC transplantation with less risk of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23221, USA
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25
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Borlongan CV, Sumaya I, Moss D, Kumazaki M, Sakurai T, Hida H, Nishino H. Melatonin-secreting pineal gland: a novel tissue source for neural transplantation therapy in stroke. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:225-34. [PMID: 12797377 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic systemic melatonin treatment attenuates abnormalities produced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in adult rats. Because the pineal gland secretes high levels of melatonin, we examined in the present study whether transplantation of pineal gland exerted similar protective effects in MCA-occluded adult rats. Animals underwent same-day MCA occlusion and either intrastriatal transplantation of pineal gland (harvested from 2-month-old rats) or vehicle infusion. Behavioral tests (from day of surgery to 3 days posttransplantation) revealed that transplanted stroke rats displayed significantly less motor asymmetrical behaviors than vehicle-infused stroke rats. Histological analysis at 3 days posttransplantation revealed that transplanted stroke rats had significantly smaller cerebral infarction than vehicle-infused rats. Additional experiments showed that pinealectomy affected transplantation outcome, in that transplantation of pineal gland only protected against stroke-induced deficits in stroke animals with intact pineal gland, but not in pinealectomized stroke rats. Interestingly, nonpinealectomized vehicle-infused stroke rats, as well as pinealectomized transplanted stroke rats, had significantly lower melatonin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid than nonpinealectomized transplanted stroke rats. We conclude that intracerebral transplantation of pineal gland, in the presence of host intact pineal gland, protected against stroke, possibly through secretion of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Neurology/Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3200, USA.
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26
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Mattson MP. Excitotoxic and excitoprotective mechanisms: abundant targets for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2003; 3:65-94. [PMID: 12728191 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:3:2:65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glutamate receptors can trigger the death of neurons and some types of glial cells, particularly when the cells are coincidentally subjected to adverse conditions such as reduced levels of oxygen or glucose, increased levels of oxidative stress, exposure to toxins or other pathogenic agents, or a disease-causing genetic mutation. Such excitotoxic cell death involves excessive calcium influx and release from internal organelles, oxyradical production, and engagement of programmed cell death (apoptosis) cascades. Apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bax, and Par-4 induce mitochondrial membrane permeability changes resulting in the release of cytochrome c and the activation of proteases, such as caspase-3. Events occurring at several subcellular sites, including the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and nucleus play important roles in excitotoxicity. Excitotoxic cascades are initiated in postsynaptic dendrites and may either cause local degeneration or plasticity of those synapses, or may propagate the signals to the cell body resulting in cell death. Cells possess an array of antiexcitotoxic mechanisms including neurotrophic signaling pathways, intrinsic stress-response pathways, and survival proteins such as protein chaperones, calcium-binding proteins, and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Considerable evidence supports roles for excitotoxicity in acute disorders such as epileptic seizures, stroke and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, as well as in chronic age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A better understanding of the excitotoxic process is not only leading to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders, but also to unexpected insight into mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells, unlike neural stem cells, can be readily identified and isolated from developing and adult cell populations using positive and negative selection criteria. Isolating stem cells and progenitor cells from neural tissue has been more difficult because of difficulties in separating cells in solid tissue, the limited numbers of stem cells that persist in the adult, and the paucity of rigorously characterized markers. Nevertheless, strategies that have worked successfully in hematopoietic stem cell isolation can be adapted to isolate multiple classes of stem and progenitor cells from neural tissue. Neural stem cells also share cellular and molecular properties with other stem cell populations that may serve as surrogate identifiers of multipotentiality. Such potential markers are described. Unlike hematopoietic stem cells, tracking neural cells after transplantation is both necessary and more difficult. It will therefore be necessary to develop invasive and non-invasive strategies to follow transplanted cells and develop useful quantifiable readouts. Some potential strategies are described and current results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Cai
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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28
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Sugaya K. Potential use of stem cells in neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:1-30. [PMID: 14667041 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of stem cells for neuroreplacement therapy is no longer science fiction--it is science fact. We have succeeded in the development of neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to produce neural cells in the brain. We have also seen improvement in cognitive function following stem cell transplantation in a memory-impaired aged animal model. These results promise a bright future for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Before we begin to think about clinical applications beyond the present preclinical studies, we have to consider the pathophysiological environment of individual diseases and weigh the factors that affect stem cell biology. Here, I not only review potential therapeutic applications of stem cell strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, but also discuss stem cell biology regarding factors that are altered under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminobu Sugaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, The Psychiatric Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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