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Nunes JS, Pimentel-Vera LN, Silva SB, de Bem Prunes B, Rados PV, Visioli F. Comparison of different DNA preservation solutions for oral cytological samples. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 158:105867. [PMID: 38056230 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the DNA preservation capacity of buccal mucosa exfoliated cells when stored in different solutions under varying time and temperature conditions. DESIGN DNA preservation solutions, including Dimethyl sulphoxide disodium-EDTA-saturated NaCl (DESS), Tris-EDTA-NaCl-Tween20 buffer (TENT), Nucleic Acid Preservation Buffer (NAP), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), were prepared. Buccal mucosa cells from a single patient were collected, dispensed into these solutions, and stored at room temperature (RT) and 4 °C for 24 h, 72 h, 30 days, 90 days, and 180 days. DNA was extracted using the salting-out method and the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. DNA concentration and purity were determined using the QuBit device and NanoDrop, while DNA integrity was assessed using the Agilent 4200 TapeStation system. The ability to amplify the IFNA primer was also evaluated by PCR. RESULTS The salting-out method yielded better concentration and purity results, with PBS, TENT, and DESS buffers demonstrating superior concentration values when stored at 4 °C, resulting in mean values exceeding 10 ng/μL for up to 30 days. DESS consistently exhibited the best integrity values over time for both temperature conditions. Amplification capacity was enhanced when samples were stored at 4 °C. When stored at RT, PBS achieved 100% amplification within 24 h. NAP yielded the poorest results. CONCLUSION In the context of long-term preservation, the DESS buffer emerges as the most effective solution, maintaining requisite DNA quality and quantity standards for up to 30 days at RT and up to 3 months at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Silveira Nunes
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Barcelos Silva
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Bem Prunes
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pantelis Varvaki Rados
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Chakraborty D, Ghosh D, Kumar S, Jenkins D, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Nano-diagnostics as an emerging platform for oral cancer detection: Current and emerging trends. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1830. [PMID: 35811418 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Globally, oral cancer kills an estimated 150,000 individuals per year, with 300,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The high incidence rate of oral cancer among the South-Asian and American populations is majorly due to overuse of tobacco, alcohol, and poor dental hygiene. Additionally, socio-economic issues and lack of general awareness delay the primary screening of the disease. The availability of early screening techniques for oral cancer can help in carving out a niche for accurate disease prognosis and also its prevention. However, conventional diagnostic approaches and therapeutics are still far from optimal. Thus, enhancing the analytical performance of diagnostic platforms in terms of specificity and precision can help in understanding the disease progression paradigm. Fabrication of efficient nanoprobes that are sensitive, noninvasive, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive can reduce the global cancer burden. Recent advances in optical, electrochemical, and spectroscopy-based nano biosensors that employ noble and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, have been proven to be extremely efficient. Further, these sensitive nanoprobes can also be employed for predicting disease relapse after chemotherapy, when the majority of the biomarker load is eliminated. Herein, we provide the readers with a brief summary of conventional and new-age oral cancer detection techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges associated with conventional oral cancer detection techniques is discussed. We also elaborate on how nanoparticles have shown tremendous promise and effectiveness in radically transforming the approach toward oral cancer detection. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Chakraborty
- School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.,Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Debayan Ghosh
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - David Jenkins
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Hu C, Wang X, Pan Y, Shu L, Wu F. Occurrence of quadruple squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for leukemia: A case report. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:341. [PMID: 33747198 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present case study investigated a rare case of quadruple squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for leukemia. The main aim of the case study was to determine the pathogenesis and provide novel methods for the diagnosis and treatment of similar cases. The presence of genetic mutations in the p53, EGFR, KRAS and BRAF genes were analyzed and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined. In addition, the expression levels of the proteins p53 and EGFR were investigated. The results identified a genetic mutation in p53, of which its expression levels were upregulated. In addition, the majority of the tumor tissues presented with MSI. Therefore, the present findings suggested that the genetic mutations in p53 caused by MSI following allogeneic HSCT may promote tumorigenesis. In addition, the expression levels of the EGFR protein were upregulated, leading to an increase in MAPK signaling pathway activation, which may also serve an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Long Shu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Hsu PJ, Yan K, Shi H, Izumchenko E, Agrawal N. Molecular biology of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 102:104552. [PMID: 31918173 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is a heterogeneous and complex disease that arises due to dysfunction of multiple molecular signaling pathways. Recent advances in high-throughput genetic sequencing technologies coupled with innovative analytical techniques have begun to characterize the molecular determinants driving OCSCC. An understanding of the key molecular signaling networks underlying the initiation and progression of is essential for informing treatment of the disease. In this chapter, we discuss recent findings of key genes altered in OCSCC and potential treatments targeting these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Hsu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kenneth Yan
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Chen L, Yang J, Xing Z, Yuan F, Shu Y, Zhang Y, Kong X, Huang T, Li H, Cai YD. An integrated method for the identification of novel genes related to oral cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175185. [PMID: 28384236 PMCID: PMC5383255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a significant public health problem worldwide. Complete identification of genes related to one type of cancer facilitates earlier diagnosis and effective treatments. In this study, two widely used algorithms, the random walk with restart algorithm and the shortest path algorithm, were adopted to construct two parameterized computational methods, namely, an RWR-based method and an SP-based method; based on these methods, an integrated method was constructed for identifying novel disease genes. To validate the utility of the integrated method, data for oral cancer were used, on which the RWR-based and SP-based methods were trained, thereby building two optimal methods. The integrated method combining these optimal methods was further adopted to identify the novel genes of oral cancer. As a result, 85 novel genes were inferred, among which eleven genes (e.g., MYD88, FGFR2, NF-κBIA) were identified by both the RWR-based and SP-based methods, 70 genes (e.g., BMP4, IFNG, KITLG) were discovered only by the RWR-based method and four genes (L1R1, MCM6, NOG and CXCR3) were predicted only by the SP-based method. Extensive analyses indicate that several novel genes have strong associations with cancers, indicating the effectiveness of the integrated method for identifying disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Xing
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Science & Technology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Shu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - YunHua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiangYin Kong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (TH); (HPL); (YDC)
| | - HaiPeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (TH); (HPL); (YDC)
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (TH); (HPL); (YDC)
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Loomis MM, Upton MP, Lohavanichbutr P, Houck JR, Doody DR, Mendez E, Futran N, Schwartz SM, Wang P. Genome-Wide Loss of Heterozygosity and DNA Copy Number Aberration in HPV-Negative Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Associations with Disease-Specific Survival. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135074. [PMID: 26247464 PMCID: PMC4527746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx (OSCC) is associated with high case-fatality. For reasons that are largely unknown, patients with the same clinical and pathologic staging have heterogeneous response to treatment and different probability of recurrence and survival, with patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal tumors having the most favorable survival. To gain insight into the complexity of OSCC and to identify potential chromosomal changes that may be associated with OSCC mortality, we used Affymtrix 6.0 SNP arrays to examine paired DNA from peripheral blood and tumor cell populations isolated by laser capture microdissection to assess genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and DNA copy number aberration (CNA) and their associations with risk factors, tumor characteristics, and oral cancer-specific mortality among 75 patients with HPV-negative OSCC. We found a highly heterogeneous and complex genomic landscape of HPV-negative tumors, and identified regions in 4q, 8p, 9p and 11q that seem to play an important role in oral cancer biology and survival from this disease. If confirmed, these findings could assist in designing personalized treatment or in the creation of models to predict survival in patients with HPV-negative OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Loomis
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa P. Upton
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pawadee Lohavanichbutr
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John R. Houck
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Doody
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Mendez
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neal Futran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pei Wang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Carreras-Torras C, Gay-Escoda C. Techniques for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e305-15. [PMID: 25662554 PMCID: PMC4464918 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The diagnosis of early oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is of paramount clinical importance given the mortality rate of late stage disease. The aim of this study is to review the literature to assess the current situation and progress in this area. Material and Methods A search in Cochrane and PubMed (January 2006 to December 2013) has been used with the key words “squamous cell carcinoma”, “early diagnosis” “oral cavity”, “Potentially Malignant Disorders” y “premalignant lesions”. The inclusion criteria were the use of techniques for early diagnosis of OSCC and OPMD, 7 years aged articles and publications written in English, French or Spanish. The exclusion criteria were case reports and studies in other languages. Results Out of the 89 studies obtained initially from the search 60 articles were selected to be included in the systematic review: 1 metaanalysis, 17 systematic reviews, 35 prospective studies, 5 retrospective studies, 1 consensus and 1 semi-structured interviews. Conclusions The best diagnostic technique is that which we have sufficient experience and training. Definitely tissue biopsy and histopathological examination should remain the gold standard for oral cancer diagnose. In this systematic review it has not been found sufficient scientific evidence on the majority of proposed techniques for early diagnosis of OSCC, therefore more extensive and exhaustive studies are needed. Key words:
Squamous cell carcinoma, early diagnosis, oral cavity, potentially malignant disorders, premalignant lesions.
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Güneri P, Epstein JB. Late stage diagnosis of oral cancer: components and possible solutions. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1131-6. [PMID: 25255960 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stage of disease at the diagnosis of oral cancer is thought to be a significant factor in prognosis and outcome (International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 2014). Unfortunately, we continue to diagnose almost 2/3 of these cancers at advanced stages of disease despite the ongoing research for devices/methods to aid the clinicians in detection and accurate oral mucosal lesion diagnosis. This paper explores both the nature of oral cancer and the adjuncts available for detection, and presents the current issues in diagnostic delays of oral cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ege University, School of Dentistry, Bornova 35100, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Joel B Epstein
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA, 8500 Whilshire Blvd, Suite 800, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA
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10
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A novel saliva-based microRNA biomarker panel to detect head and neck cancers. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:331-8. [PMID: 25156495 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play an important role in cancer development by post-transcriptionally affecting the expression of critical genes. The aims of this study were two-fold: (i) to develop a robust method to isolate miRNAs from small volumes of saliva and (ii) to develop a panel of saliva-based diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Five differentially expressed miRNAs were selected from miScript™ miRNA microarray data generated using saliva from five HNSCC patients and five healthy controls. Their differential expression was subsequently confirmed by RT-qPCR using saliva samples from healthy controls (n = 56) and HNSCC patients (n = 56). These samples were divided into two different cohorts, i.e., a first confirmatory cohort (n = 21) and a second independent validation cohort (n = 35), to narrow down the miRNA diagnostic panel to three miRNAs: miR-9, miR-134 and miR-191. This diagnostic panel was independently validated using HNSCC miRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), encompassing 334 tumours and 39 adjacent normal tissues. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic capacity of the panel. RESULTS On average 60 ng/μL miRNA was isolated from 200 μL of saliva. Overall a good correlation was observed between the microarray data and the RT-qPCR data. We found that miR-9 (P <0.0001), miR-134 (P <0.0001) and miR-191 (P <0.001) were differentially expressed between saliva from HNSCC patients and healthy controls, and that these miRNAs provided a good discriminative capacity with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.85 (P <0.0001), 0.74 (P < 0.001) and 0.98 (P < 0.0001), respectively. In addition, we found that the salivary miRNA data showed a good correlation with the TCGA miRNA data, thereby providing an independent validation. CONCLUSIONS We show that we have developed a reliable method to isolate miRNAs from small volumes of saliva, and that the saliva-derived miRNAs miR-9, miR-134 and miR-191 may serve as novel biomarkers to reliably detect HNSCC.
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Güneri P, Epstein JB, Kaya A, Veral A, Kazandı A, Boyacioglu H. The utility of toluidine blue staining and brush cytology as adjuncts in clinical examination of suspicious oral mucosal lesions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 40:155-61. [PMID: 21112183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of toluidine blue and brush cytology in patients with clinically detected oral mucosal lesions. Clinical examination of 35 patients was completed before toluidine blue application, oral brush cytology and scalpel biopsy. Lesions were photographed before and after stain application; followed by brush cytology. All findings were compared with histopathologic results. Severe dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ were determined as 'positive'; no dysplasia and mild to moderate dysplasia were defined as 'negative'. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of clinical examination and toluidine blue were the same: 0.923, 0.433, 0.414, and 0.929, respectively. Those of brush cytology were 0.923, 0.517, 0.462, and 0.938. The concordance of all methods was 30% for benign and 61% for malignant lesions. Adjuncts identified 92% of carcinoma-in-situ and squamous cell carcinoma as confirmed by histopathology, in contrast to clinical findings alone in which 62% of these lesions were identified (p=0.046). In conclusion, adjunct diagnostic methods decreased the level of uncertainty for the diagnosis of oral malignancies and lichenoid dysplasias when applied as adjuncts to clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Güneri
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, İzmir, Turkey.
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12
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Mewara A, Gadbail AR, Patil S, Chaudhary M, Chavhan SD. C-deletion mutation of the p53 gene at exon 4 of codon 63 in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma in central India: a preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 1:108-13. [PMID: 25427266 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2010.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to detect the C-deletion mutation of the p53 gene at exon 4 of codon 63 in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma in central India. METHODS The study was carried out in 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and five healthy controls with no habit of betel nut and tobacco chewing. The C-deletion mutation of the p53 gene at exon 4 of codon 63 was detected in the saliva samples by using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In this study, C-deletion at exon 4 of codon 63 was detected in 28 of 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases (93.33%), but was negative in all five healthy controls and two oral squamous cell carcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that C-deletion mutation at exon 4 of codon 63 of the p53 gene in the saliva might be a plausible molecular marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with a habit of betel nut and tobacco lime quid chewing. The results further emphasize the presence of p53 gene mutation in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, which can be detected in the saliva through polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Mewara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Somoza-Martín JM, Barros-Angueira F, Reboiras-López MD, Gándara-Vila P, Gándara Rey JM, García-García A. Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing oral cancer. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:177-87. [PMID: 20426699 DOI: 10.3109/10520290903162730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exfoliative cytology is a minimally invasive technique for obtaining oral cell specimens from patients for diagnostic purposes. Classical applications of oral cytology studies, such as oral candidiasis, have been extended to include oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. A number of analytical methods are available for studying cytology specimens. The development of molecular analysis techniques, the oral cancer etiopathogenic process, and improvements in liquid-based exfoliative cytology are leading to renewed interest in exfoliative cytology. Results sometimes are disputed, so the aim of our review was to clarify the applicability of exfoliative cytology to the diagnosis of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Sayáns
- School of Dentistry, Entrerríos s/n, Santiago of Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain.
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14
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DeCoro M, Wilder-Smith P. Potential of optical coherence tomography for early diagnosis of oral malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:321-9. [PMID: 20214513 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With nearly 1,500,000 new patients diagnosed every year in the USA, cancer poses a considerable challenge to healthcare today. Oral cancer is responsible for a sizeable portion of deaths due to cancer, primarily because it is diagnosed at a late stage when the prognosis is poor. Current methods for diagnosing oral cancer need to be augmented by better early detection, monitoring and screening modalities. A new approach is needed that provides real-time, accurate, noninvasive diagnosis. The results of early clinical trials using in vivo optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of oral dysplasia and malignancy are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeCoro
- Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Wilder-Smith P, Lee K, Guo S, Zhang J, Osann K, Chen Z, Messadi D. In vivo diagnosis of oral dysplasia and malignancy using optical coherence tomography: preliminary studies in 50 patients. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:353-7. [PMID: 19533765 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo, non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution imaging of tissue surfaces and subsurfaces, with the potential capability for detection and mapping of epithelial pathologies. PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical capability of non-invasive in vivo OCT for diagnosing oral dysplasia and malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In 50 patients with oral lesions, conventional clinical examination was followed by OCT imaging, then standard biopsy and histopathology. Two blinded, pre-standardized investigators separately diagnosed each lesion based on (1) OCT and (2) histopathology. RESULTS Intra- and inter-observer agreement between diagnoses based on histopathology and imaging data was excellent, with lambda values between 0.844 and 0.896. Sensitivity and specificity were also very good. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the excellent capability of in vivo OCT for detecting and diagnosing oral premalignancy and malignancy in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wilder-Smith
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, USA.
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16
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Chen YJ, Chang JTC, Liao CT, Wang HM, Yen TC, Chiu CC, Lu YC, Li HF, Cheng AJ. Head and neck cancer in the betel quid chewing area: recent advances in molecular carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1507-14. [PMID: 18754860 PMCID: PMC11159516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the 10 most frequent cancers worldwide, with an estimated over 500,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The overall 5-year survival rate in patients with HNC is one of the lowest among common malignant neoplasms and has not significantly changed during the last two decades. Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shares part of HNC and has been reported to be increasing in the betel quid chewing area in recent years. During 2006, OSCC has become the sixth most common type of cancer in Taiwan, and it is also the fourth most common type of cancer among men. It follows that this type of cancer wreaks a high social and personal cost. Environmental carcinogens such as betel quid chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking have been identified as major risk factors for head and neck cancer. There is growing interest in understanding the relationship between genetic susceptibility and the prevalent environmental carcinogens for HNC prevention. Within this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of HNC carcinogenesis in Taiwan, an endemic betel quid chewing area. Knowledge of molecular carcinogenesis of HNC may provide critical clues for diagnosis, prognosis, individualization of therapy and molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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17
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Navone R, Burlo P, Pich A, Pentenero M, Broccoletti R, Marsico A, Gandolfo S. The impact of liquid-based oral cytology on the diagnosis of oral squamous dysplasia and carcinoma. Cytopathology 2008; 18:356-60. [PMID: 18031448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2006.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even though diagnostic oral exfoliative cytology is a useful, economical and practical tool in the diagnosis of oral dysplasia and carcinoma, it is not yet extensively used. The results of conventional exfoliative and liquid-based diagnostic cytology in oral potentially malignant lesions (PML) are herein reported and compared with the histological diagnosis. METHODS Either conventional (89) or liquid-based (384) exfoliative cytology was used for the diagnosis of oral dysplasia/carcinoma in 473 subjects and the results were compared with scalpel biopsy histology. Cells were collected using a Cytobrush device for conventional smears and with a dermatological curette for the liquid-based cytology. The 'curette technique' also allowed for the collection of 'accidental' tissue fragments, utilized as microbiopsies. RESULTS Histological diagnosis was squamous carcinoma in 96 of 473 cases, high-grade dysplasia (oral intraepithelial neoplasia two to three) in 24 and other lesions in 353 cases. The smears in the conventional cytology group were inadequate in 12.4%, with an 85.7% sensitivity and a 95.9% specificity. There were 8.8% of inadequate specimens in the liquid-based cytology group; sensitivity was 95.1% and specificity was 99.0%. CONCLUSIONS Although conventional cytology is useful when diagnosing oral PML (better sensitivity and predictive positive value if compared with the cervical smear test with similar specificity) and can improve the accuracy of histological diagnosis, liquid-based cytology gives better results, as it not only enhances both sensitivity and specificity, but also provides material for further investigation (AgNORs, DNA, microbiopsies, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Navone
- Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology of University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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18
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19
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Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:523-34. [PMID: 17258495 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral cancer remains high and is associated with many deaths in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are now well known, including smoking, drinking and consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Genetic predisposition to oral cancer has been found in certain cases but its components are not yet entirely clear. In accordance with the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis, the natural history of oral cancer seems to gradually evolve through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. A number of genomic lesions accompany this transformation and a wealth of related results has appeared in recent literature and is being summarized here. Furthermore, several key genes have been implicated, especially well-known tumor suppressors like the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, TP53 and RB1 and oncogenes like the cyclin family, EGFR and ras. Viral infections, particularly with oncogenic HPV subtypes and EBV, can have a tumorigenic effect on oral epithelia and their role is discussed, along with potential therapeutic interventions. A brief explanatory theoretical model of oral carcinogenesis is provided and potential avenues for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Tsantoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str., Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece
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20
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Mehrotra R, Gupta A, Singh M, Ibrahim R. Application of cytology and molecular biology in diagnosing premalignant or malignant oral lesions. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:11. [PMID: 16556320 PMCID: PMC1448188 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of a premalignant or cancerous oral lesion promises to improve the survival and the morbidity of patients suffering from these conditions. Cytological study of oral cells is a non-aggressive technique that is well accepted by the patient, and is therefore an attractive option for the early diagnosis of oral cancer, including epithelial atypia and squamous cell carcinoma. However its usage has been limited so far due to poor sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing oral malignancies. Lately it has re-emerged due to improved methods and it's application in oral precancer and cancer as a diagnostic and predictive method as well as for monitoring patients. Newer diagnostic techniques such as "brush biopsy" and molecular studies have been developed. Recent advances in cytological techniques and novel aspects of applications of scraped or exfoliative cytology for detecting these lesions and predicting their progression or recurrence are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mehrotra
- Associate Professor Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Postgraduate Student Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Mamta Singh
- Professor and Head Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Rahela Ibrahim
- Research Fellow Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, India
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21
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Massano J, Regateiro FS, Januário G, Ferreira A. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: review of prognostic and predictive factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:67-76. [PMID: 16831675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma has a remarkable incidence worldwide and a fairly onerous prognosis, encouraging further research on factors that might modify disease outcome. In this review article, the authors approach the factors that may exert influence on the prognosis and eventually guide the selection of patients for more aggressive therapies. Published scientific data was collected, selected, and grouped into 3 main clusters: patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors. Well established aspects are discussed, but also those less common or with only supposed usefulness. Disease staging, extracapsular dissemination, resection margin free of disease, and tumor thickness are factors with high influence on the prognosis. There has been an increasing interest in the study of tumor molecular factors, and some have been strongly correlated with the outcome, showing promising pathways for the future development of more effective prognosis systems and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Massano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Kumar SV, Jain R, Mokhiber K, Venezia A, Sheehan A, Spivack SD. Exfoliated buccal and microdissected lung cell expression of antioxidant enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:552-61. [PMID: 16289618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An exfoliated buccal cell biomarker assay for antioxidant gene transcript levels was used to measure inter-tissue concordance with lung, and inter-subject variability in a lung cancer case-control study. METHODS First, qualitative RNA-specific RT-PCR was used to compare expression in exfoliated buccal cells with that in laser microdissected lung tissue remote from the tumor from 14 individuals providing both specimens. RESULTS There was complete [100% for quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)], or predominant [85.7% for catalase (CAT)] inter-tissue concordance for qualitative expression. Second, quantitative real-time RT-PCR for antioxidant enzyme transcript levels was performed in exfoliated buccal samples from these same 14 individuals, as well as 28 additional individuals providing buccal cells only, for a total of 42 buccal specimens (19 current smokers and 23 ex- or never-smokers), of whom 26 (61.39%) had a new diagnosis of lung cancer. DISCUSSION Wide inter-individual expression differences for each gene transcript (>10(1)-10(4)-fold) were observed in the exfoliated buccal cells, unrelated to smoking and case-control status. In multivariate analyses, family history of tobacco-related malignancy correlated inversely with buccal NQO1 and CAT mRNA levels (p=0.003, p<0.001, respectively). This antioxidant expression trait may relate to family risk of cancer, but is notably unrelated to oxidant challenges inherent in cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V Kumar
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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23
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Nishikawa T, Hara R, Ito Y, Masuno K, Tominaga K, Wato M, Watanabe Y, Mori M, Tanaka A. Aberrant Expression Patterns of Histone H3 mRNA, p53, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin B1 in Oral Neoplastic Epithelial Lesions. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.38.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryohko Hara
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Yuichi Ito
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Kazuya Masuno
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | | | - Masahiro Wato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Yuya Watanabe
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka Dental University
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24
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Spivack SD, Hurteau GJ, Jain R, Kumar SV, Aldous KM, Gierthy JF, Kaminsky LS. Gene-environment interaction signatures by quantitative mRNA profiling in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6805-13. [PMID: 15375000 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliated cytologic specimens from mouth (buccal) epithelium may contain viable cells, permitting assay of gene expression for direct and noninvasive measurement of gene-environment interactions, such as for inhalation (e.g., tobacco smoke) exposures. We determined specific mRNA levels in exfoliated buccal cells collected by cytologic brush, using a recently developed RNA-specific real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR strategy. In a pilot study, metabolic activity of exfoliated buccal cells was verified by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium assay in vitro. Transcriptional activity was observed, after timed in vivo exposure to mainstream tobacco smoke resulted in induction of CYP1B1 in serially collected buccal samples from the one subject examined. For a set of 11 subjects, mRNA expression of nine genes encoding carcinogen- and oxidant-metabolizing enzymes qualitatively detected in buccal cells was then shown to correlate with that in laser-microdissected lung from the same individuals (Chi2 = 52.91, P < 0.001). Finally, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for seven target gene (AhR, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1, and GSTT1) and three reference gene [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin, and 36B4] transcripts were performed on buccal specimens from 42 subjects. In multivariate analyses, gender, tobacco smoke exposure, and other factors were associated with the level of expression of CYP1B1, GSTP1, and other transcripts on a gene-specific basis, but substantial interindividual variability in mRNA expression remained unexplained. Within the power limits of this pilot study, gene expression signature was not clearly predictive of lung cancer case or control status. This noninvasive and quantitative method may be incorporated into high-throughput human applications for probing gene-environment interactions associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Spivack
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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Abstract
Head and neck cancer is an important health problem around the world, accounting for approximately 500,000 new cases each year of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Carcinogenesis of head and neck results from a dysregulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. The major etiologic agents are tobacco and alcohol consumption and for some cases, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. All three factors are associated with the disruption of a cellular pathway essential for the maintenance of cellular integrity, the p53 pathway. The objective of this review is to point out the specificity of p53 gene (TP53) alterations in head and neck cancer in relation with chemocarcinogenesis and to discuss whether or not the determination of p53 alterations will be of clinical relevance in the management of head and neck cancer in terms of prognosis and response to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Blons
- U490 INSERM Laboratoire de Toxicologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
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26
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Tanuma JI, Hiai H, Shisa H, Hirano M, Semba I, Nagaoka S, Kitano M. Carcinogenesis modifier loci in rat tongue are subject to frequent loss of heterozygosity. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:638-42. [PMID: 12448007 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rats of the DA strain are highly susceptible to 4NQO-induced TCs, whereas WF rats are barely susceptible. In (DA x WF)F2 rats, 5 QTL, Tscc1-5, are responsible for most of the phenotypic variations, though they do not account for all of the phenotypic differences between WF and DA rats. Analysis of 40 tongue tumors >5 mm in diameter from (DA x WF)F1 rats for LOH at the Tscc loci revealed a high frequency of LOH in chromosomal regions where the Tscc2, -3 and -4 loci map. In most cases of LOH, the allele of the barely susceptible WF strain was lost, suggesting that these loci in the WF strain encode tumor-suppressor genes. Analysis of the same tumors for somatic mutations in oncogenes indicated frequent alteration of Ha-ras, which maps in the Tscc3 region, but rare mutation of the p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) genes or the p53 and Msh2 genes. Frequent LOH was also found on rat chromosomes 5 (RNO5) and 6 (RNO6). Tumors of large size accumulated LOH at multiple loci, suggesting the involvement of Tscc loci in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima, Japan.
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27
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El-Naggar AK, Mao L, Staerkel G, Coombes MM, Tucker SL, Luna MA, Clayman GL, Lippman S, Goepfert H. Genetic heterogeneity in saliva from patients with oral squamous carcinomas: implications in molecular diagnosis and screening. J Mol Diagn 2001; 3:164-70. [PMID: 11687600 PMCID: PMC1906964 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed microsatellite analysis at chromosomal regions frequently altered in head and neck squamous carcinoma on matched saliva and tumor samples from 37 patients who had oral squamous carcinoma. The results were correlated with the cytologic findings and traditional clinicopathologic factors to assess the diagnostic and biological potential of these markers. Our data showed that 18 (49%) of the saliva samples and 32 (86%) of the tumors had loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in at least one of the 25 markers studied. In saliva, the combination of markers D3S1234, D9S156, and D17S799 identified 13 (72.2%) of the 18 patients with LOH in saliva (P < 0.001). For tumors, markers D3S1234, D8S254, and D9S171 together identified 27 (84.3%) of the 32 tumors with LOH at any of the loci tested (P < 0.001). Eleven (55%) of the 20 saliva samples with cytologic atypia and seven (35%) of the 17 specimens without atypia had LOH. Significant correlation between LOH in tumor at certain markers and smoking and alcohol use was found. Our results indicate that: 1) epithelial cells in saliva from patients with head and neck squamous tumorigenesis provide suitable material for genetic analysis; 2) combined application of certain markers improves the detection of genetic alteration in these patients; 3) clonal heterogeneity between saliva and matching tumor supports genetic instability of the mucosal field in some of these patients; and 4) LOH at certain chromosomal loci appears to be associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Scully C, Field JK, Tanzawa H. Genetic aberrations in oral or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 3: clinico-pathological applications. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:404-13. [PMID: 10964046 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular changes in malignant epithelium in the head and neck offer possibilities for the development of diagnostic, prognostic and other markers. This article reviews recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scully
- Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, University of London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.
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29
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Liao PH, Chang YC, Huang MF, Tai KW, Chou MY. Mutation of p53 gene codon 63 in saliva as a molecular marker for oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:272-6. [PMID: 10793330 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is important during multistage carcinogenesis. The p53 TSG is frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinomas. These mutations can serve as very specific markers for the presence of tumor cells in a background of normal cells. In this study, 10 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and 27 normal dental students were collected from Chung Shan Medical and Dental College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Extractions of DNA from saliva were obtained. Exon 4 and intron 6 within the p53 gene were amplified with polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) followed by DNA sequence analysis. DNA sequence analysis of PCR products revealed that five of eight (62.5%) tumor saliva samples and five of 27 (18. 52%) healthy saliva samples contained p53 exon 4 codon 63 mutations. These results were significantly different by using Chi-square test (P<0.05). The majority of the base substitutions were C deletions. Probable hot spots for the mutation were identified at exon 4 codon 63, which has not been observed before in head and neck cancers. Our study indicated that mutation of p53 codon 63 in saliva might be a molecular marker for oral squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, the amount of DNA recovered from saliva in most cases is sufficiently large and its quality suitable to enable PCR amplification which could be used in the search for mutations. The protocol described is rapid, cheap, and easy to perform, and may be useful for epidemiological studies for oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Liao
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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