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Ciutara CO, Zasadzinski JA. Bilayer aggregate microstructure determines viscoelasticity of lung surfactant suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5170-5182. [PMID: 33929473 PMCID: PMC8194287 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is treated by intratracheal delivery of suspensions of animal-derived lung surfactant in saline. Lung surfactants are extracted via organic solvents from animal lung lavage, followed by solvent removal and surfactant re-hydration to form multi-bilayer particles suspended in saline. Following intra-tracheal administration, the surfactant suspension spreads throughout the lungs by surface tension gradient induced flow; the spreading rate is limited by suspension viscoelasticity. Here we examine the rheology of three clinical lung surfactant suspensions: Survanta (bovine lung), Curosurf (porcine lung), and Infasurf (calf lung). These surfactants have widely different rheological properties that depend on the lipid composition and bilayer organization. The steady shear viscosity is related to the bilayer particle volume fraction as for a suspension of hard spheres, but the lipid volume fraction is not simply related to the mass loading. Optical and electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering show that the viscosity variation is due to the temperature and composition dependent bilayer aggregate shapes and internal particle organization. Survanta forms crystalline bilayers at 37 °C, resulting in high aspect ratio asymmetric particles. Infasurf forms aggregates of unilamellar vesicles containing water pockets, while Curosurf forms onion-like multi-layered liposomes. While the mass loading of the three clinical surfactants is different, the different bilayer organization causes the particle volume fractions to be similar. Adding polyethylene glycol dehydrates and partially flocculates the bilayer aggregates in all suspensions, leading to smaller particle volume fractions and a reduced suspension viscosity even though the solvent viscosity increases almost six-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara O Ciutara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph A Zasadzinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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2
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Eedara BB, Tucker IG, Das SC. In vitro dissolution testing of respirable size anti-tubercular drug particles using a small volume dissolution apparatus. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:235-244. [PMID: 30684598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A dissolution apparatus that uses a small volume of stationary medium (25 μL) has been developed for in vitro dissolution testing of respirable drug particles and used to evaluate the dissolution of two anti-tubercular drugs, moxifloxacin and ethionamide. Solubilities of moxifloxacin and ethionamide in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) were 17.68 ± 0.85 mg mL-1 and 0.46 ± 0.02 mg mL-1 whereas in the presence of lung surfactant (0.4% w/v Curosurf® in PBS) solubilities were 20.76 ± 0.35 mg mL-1 and 0.56 ± 0.03 mg mL-1, respectively. A fine particle dose (∼50 µg) of aerodynamically separated moxifloxacin or ethionamide particles (<6.4 µm) was collected onto a glass coverslip using a modified Twin Stage Impinger. The dissolution behaviour of the fine particle dose was evaluated at various perfusate flow rates (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mL min-1 of PBS), mucus simulant concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% w/v polyethylene oxide in PBS), and in the presence of lung surfactant. The dissolution behaviour of the respirable size particles was observed under an optical microscope and the dissolved drug that diffused into the perfusate was quantified by HPLC. The moxifloxacin particles disappeared quickly and showed faster permeation (<30 min) compared to the ethionamide particles at all the dissolution conditions evaluated. This study demonstrated the differences in the dissolution rates of moxifloxacin and ethionamide particles and may be useful to estimate the residence time of the inhaled dry powder particles in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanth Babu Eedara
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian G Tucker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Raghunandan A, Hirsa AH, Underhill PT, Lopez JM. Predicting Steady Shear Rheology of Condensed-Phase Monomolecular Films at the Air-Water Interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:164502. [PMID: 30387637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.164502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the non-Newtonian shear response of soft interfaces in biophysical systems and engineered products has been compromised by the use of linear (Newtonian) constitutive equations. We present a generalized constitutive equation, with tractable material properties, governing the response of Newtonian and non-Newtonian interfaces subjected to a wide range of steady shear. With experiments spanning six decades of shear rate, we capture and unify divergent reports of shear-thinning behavior of monomolecular films of the lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the primary constituent of mammalian cell walls and lung surfactant, at near-physiological packing densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Raghunandan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, USA
| | - Amir H Hirsa
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, USA
| | - Patrick T Underhill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, USA
| | - Juan M Lopez
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Lafforgue O, Seyssiecq I, Poncet S, Favier J. Rheological properties of synthetic mucus for airway clearance. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:386-396. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lafforgue
- Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert; Marseille 13451 France
| | - Isabelle Seyssiecq
- Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert; Marseille 13451 France
| | - Sébastien Poncet
- Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert; Marseille 13451 France
- Faculté de génie, Département de génie mécanique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université; Sherbrooke Quebec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Julien Favier
- Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert; Marseille 13451 France
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Lafforgue O, Bouguerra N, Poncet S, Seyssiecq I, Favier J, Elkoun S. Thermo-physical properties of synthetic mucus for the study of airway clearance. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:3025-3033. [PMID: 28758330 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity, of a bronchial mucus simulant proposed by Zahm et al., Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 311-315 were experiementally determined. This simulant is mainly composed of a galactomannan gum and a scleroglucan. It was shown that thermophysical properties of synthetic mucus are dependant of scleroglucan concentrations. More importantly and for some scleroglucan concentrations, the syntetic mucus, exhibits, somehow, comparable thermophysical properties to real bronchial mucus. An insight on the microstructure of this simulant is proposed and the different properties enounced previously have been measured for various scleroglucan concentrations and over a certain range of operating temperatures. This synthetic mucus is found to mimic well the rheological behavior and the surface tension of real mucus for different pathologies. Density and thermal properties have been measured for the first time. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3025-3033, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lafforgue
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, 13451, France
| | - N Bouguerra
- Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de génie, Département de génie mécanique, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - S Poncet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, 13451, France.,Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de génie, Département de génie mécanique, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - I Seyssiecq
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, 13451, France
| | - J Favier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, Laboratoire M2P2 UMR 7340, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, 13451, France
| | - S Elkoun
- Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de génie, Département de génie mécanique, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
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Zhang J, Lv Y, Wang B, Zhao S, Tan M, Lv G, Ma X. Influence of microemulsion-mucin interaction on the fate of microemulsions diffusing through pig gastric mucin solutions. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:695-705. [PMID: 25608210 DOI: 10.1021/mp500475y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucus layer, a selective diffusion barrier, has an important effect on the fate of drug delivery systems in the gastrointestinal tract. To study the fate of microemulsions in the mucus layer, four microemulsion formulations with different particle sizes and lipid compositions were prepared. The microemulsion-mucin interaction was demonstrated by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method. Moreover, the microemulsions were observed aggregated into micron-sized emulsions by laser confocal microscopy. We concluded the microemulsion-mucin interaction not only led to microemulsions closely adhered to mucins but also destroyed the structure of microemulsions. At last, the diffusion of blank microemulsions and microemulsion-carried drugs (resveratrol and hymecromone) through mucin solutions was determined by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method and the Franz diffusion cell method. The results demonstrated the diffusion of microemulsions was significantly hindered by mucin solutions. The particle size of microemulsions had a negligible effect on the diffusion coefficients. However, the type of lipid played an important role, which could form hydrophobic interactions with mucins. Interestingly, microemulsion-carried drugs with different core/shell locations seemed to suffer different fates in the mucin solutions. The drug incorporated in the oil core of microemulsions, resveratrol, was transported through the mucus layer by the carriers, while the drug incorporated in the surfactant shell of microemulsions, hymecromone, was separated from the carriers and diffused toward the epithelium in the form of free molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Andrews GP, Donnelly L, Jones DS, Curran RM, Morrow RJ, Woolfson AD, Malcolm RK. Characterization of the rheological, mucoadhesive, and drug release properties of highly structured gel platforms for intravaginal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2427-35. [PMID: 19642670 PMCID: PMC2745825 DOI: 10.1021/bm9003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This investigation describes the formulation and characterization of rheologically structured vehicles (RSVs) designed for improved drug delivery to the vagina. Interactive, multicomponent, polymeric platforms were manufactured containing hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC, 5% w/w) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 4% w/w), Pluronic (PL, 0 or 10% w/w), and either polycarbophil (PC, 3% w/w) or poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride) (Gantrez S97, 3% w/w) as a mucoadhesive agent. The rheological (torsional and dynamic), mechanical (compressional), and mucoadhesive properties were characterized and shown to be dependent upon the mucoadhesive agent used and the inclusion/exclusion of PL. The dynamic rheological properties of the gel platforms were also assessed following dilution with simulated vaginal fluid (to mimic in vivo dilution). RSVs containing PC were more rheologically structured than comparator formulations containing GAN. This trend was also reflected in formulation hardness, compressibility, consistency, and syringeability. Moreover, formulations containing PL (10% w/w) were more rheologically structured than formulations devoid of PL. Dilution with simulated vaginal fluids significantly decreased rheological structure, although RSVs still retained a highly elastic structure (G' > G'' and tan delta < 1). Furthermore, RSVs exhibited sustained drug release properties that were shown to be dependent upon their rheological structure. It is considered that these semisolid drug delivery systems may be useful as site-retentive platforms for the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents to the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Andrews
- Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, The School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Lai SK, Wang YY, Wirtz D, Hanes J. Micro- and macrorheology of mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:86-100. [PMID: 19166889 PMCID: PMC2736374 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex biological material that lubricates and protects the human lungs, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vagina, eyes, and other moist mucosal surfaces. Mucus serves as a physical barrier against foreign particles, including toxins, pathogens, and environmental ultrafine particles, while allowing rapid passage of selected gases, ions, nutrients, and many proteins. Its selective barrier properties are precisely regulated at the biochemical level across vastly different length scales. At the macroscale, mucus behaves as a non-Newtonian gel, distinguished from classical solids and liquids by its response to shear rate and shear stress, while, at the nanoscale, it behaves as a low viscosity fluid. Advances in the rheological characterization of mucus from the macroscopic to nanoscopic levels have contributed critical understanding to mucus physiology, disease pathology, and the development of drug delivery systems designed for use at mucosal surfaces. This article reviews the biochemistry that governs mucus rheology, the macro- and microrheology of human and laboratory animal mucus, rheological techniques applied to mucus, and the importance of an improved understanding of the physical properties of mucus to advancing the field of drug and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Lai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (JH Primary Appointment), Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (JH Primary Appointment), Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (JH Primary Appointment), Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Dawson M, Wirtz D, Hanes J. Enhanced viscoelasticity of human cystic fibrotic sputum correlates with increasing microheterogeneity in particle transport. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50393-401. [PMID: 13679362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current biochemical characterizations of cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum do not address the high degree of microheterogeneity in the rheological properties of the mucosal matrix and only provide bulk-average particle diffusion coefficients. The viscoelasticity of CF sputum greatly reduces the diffusion rates of colloidal particles, limiting the effectiveness of gene delivery to underlying lung cells. We determine diffusion coefficients of hundreds of individual amine-modified and carboxylated polystyrene particles (diameter 100-500 nm) embedded in human CF sputum with 5 nm and 33 ms of spatiotemporal resolution. High resolution multiple particle tracking is used to calculate the effective viscoelastic properties of CF sputum at the micron scale, which we relate to its macroscopic viscoelasticity. CF sputum microviscosity, as probed by 100- and 200-nm particles, is an order of magnitude lower than its macroviscosity, suggesting that nanoparticles dispersed in CF sputum are transported primarily through lower viscosity pores within a highly elastic matrix. Multiple particle tracking provides a non-destructive, highly sensitive method to quantify the high heterogeneity of the mucus pore network. The mean diffusion coefficient becomes dominated by relatively few but fast-moving particles as particle size is reduced from 500 to 100 nm. Neutrally charged particles with a diameter <200 nm undergo more rapid transport in CF sputum than charged particles. Treatment with recombinant human DNase (Pulmozyme) reduces macroviscoelastic properties of CF sputum by up to 50% and dramatically narrows the distribution of individual particle diffusion rates but surprisingly does not significantly alter the ensemble-average particle diffusion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dawson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Zhang YL, Matar OK, Craster RV. A theoretical study of chemical delivery within the lung using exogenous surfactant. Med Eng Phys 2003; 25:115-32. [PMID: 12538066 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4533(02)00190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model is developed for lung injury treatments involving the delivery of therapeutic chemicals, such as drugs and gene vectors, into the lung using simultaneous tracheal instillation of exogenous pulmonary surfactant. The influence of exogenous surfactant dose, flow rate, bulk liquid viscosity, pulmonary absorption rate and chemical molecular diffusivity on the chemical delivery to the lung is investigated. Our results reveal that different pulmonary absorption rates lead to significantly different distribution patterns and change the time taken for the total amount of chemical to be absorbed along the airways. The various factors can also influence where the majority of the chemical is placed within the lung and this is relevant to the targeting of drugs to particular lung generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK
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