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Becker LC, Cherian PA, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Hydrogen Peroxide as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:5S-63S. [PMID: 38469819 DOI: 10.1177/10915818241237790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of Hydrogen Peroxide for use in cosmetics. This ingredient is reported to function in cosmetics as an antimicrobial agent, cosmetic biocide, oral health care agent, and oxidizing agent. The Panel reviewed the data relevant to the safety of this ingredient and concluded that Hydrogen Peroxide is safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Mao L, Huang CH, Shao J, Qin L, Xu D, Shao B, Zhu BZ. An unexpected antioxidant and redox activity for the classic copper-chelating drug penicillamine. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:150-158. [PMID: 31857235 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillamine has been widely-used clinically as a copper-chelating drug for the treatment of copper-overload in Wilson's disease. In this study, we found that penicillamine provided marked protection against cytotoxicity induced by tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), a major toxic metabolite of the well-known wood preservative pentachlorophenol, while other classic copper-chelating agents do not. We found, unexpectedly, that both TCHQ autooxidation and tetrachlorosemiquinone radical (TCSQ•-) formation were remarkably delayed by penicillamine. Further investigation showed that TCSQ•- was reduced back to TCHQ by penicillamine, with the concurrent formation of its corresponding disulfide. These data demonstrated that the protection by penicillamine against TCHQ-induced toxicity was not due to its classic Cu-chelating property, but rather to its reduction of the reactive TCSQ•- to the much less-reactive TCHQ. This is the first report of an unexpected antioxidant and redox activity for penicillamine, which might prove highly relevant to its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Joint Institute for Environmental Science, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences and Hong Kong Baptist University, Beijing, Hong Kong, PR China.
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El‐Megharbel SM, Hamza RZ, Gobouri AA, Refat MS. Synthesis of new antidiabetic agent by complexity between vanadyl (II) sulfate and vitamin B1: Structural, characterization, anti‐DNA damage, structural alterations and antioxidative damage studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy M. El‐Megharbel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University PO Box 888, Al‐Hawiah Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceZagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Reham Z. Hamza
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceZagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University PO Box 888, Al‐Hawiah Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University PO Box 888, Al‐Hawiah Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port SaidPort Said University Egypt
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Novak Zobiole N, Caon T, Wildgrube Bertol J, Pereira CADS, Okubo BM, Moreno SE, Cardozo FTGDS. In vitro and in vivo genotoxic evaluation of Bothrops moojeni snake venom. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:930-934. [PMID: 25430737 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.950385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bothrops moojeni Hoge (Viperidae) venom is a complex mixture of compounds with therapeutic potential that has been included in the research and development of new drugs. Along with the biological activity, the pharmaceutical applicability of this venom depends on its toxicological profile. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the Bothrops moojeni venom (BMV). MATERIAL AND METHODS The in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a pooled sample of BMV was assessed by the MTT and Comet assay, respectively. Genotoxicity was also evaluated in vivo through the micronucleus assay. RESULTS BMV displayed a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) on Vero cells of 4.09 µg/mL. Vero cells treated with 4 µg/mL for 90 min and 6 h presented significant (p < 0.05, ANOVA/Newman-Keuls test) higher DNA damage than the negative control in the Comet assay. The lower DNA damage found after 6 h compared with the 90 min treatment suggests a DNA repair effect. Mice intraperitoneally treated with BMV at 10, 30, or 80 µg/animal presented significant genotoxicity (p < 0.05, ANOVA/Newman-Keuls test) in relation to the negative control after 24 h of treatment. Contrary to the in vitro results, no DNA repair seemed to occur in vivo up to 96 h post-venom inoculation at a dose of 30 µg/animal. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results show that BMV presents cyto- and genotoxicity depending on the concentration/dose used. These findings emphasize the importance of toxicological studies, including assessment of genotoxicity, in the biological activity research of BMV and/or in the development of BMV-derived products.
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Su C, Zhang P, Song X, Shi Q, Fu J, Xia X, Bai H, Hu L, Xu D, Song E, Song Y. Tetrachlorobenzoquinone Activates Nrf2 Signaling by Keap1 Cross-Linking and Ubiquitin Translocation but Not Keap1-Cullin3 Complex Dissociation. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:765-74. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500513v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyang Su
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanli Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
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Evaluation of N-acetyl-cysteine against tetrachlorobenzoquinone-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Igbinosa EO, Odjadjare EE, Chigor VN, Igbinosa IH, Emoghene AO, Ekhaise FO, Igiehon NO, Idemudia OG. Toxicological profile of chlorophenols and their derivatives in the environment: the public health perspective. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:460215. [PMID: 23690744 PMCID: PMC3649668 DOI: 10.1155/2013/460215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenol compounds and their derivatives are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. These compounds are used as intermediates in manufacturing agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biocides, and dyes. Chlorophenols gets into the environment from a variety of sources such as industrial waste, pesticides, and insecticides, or by degradation of complex chlorinated hydrocarbons. Thermal and chemical degradation of chlorophenols leads to the formation of harmful substances which constitute public health problems. These compounds may cause histopathological alterations, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity amongst other abnormalities in humans and animals. Furthermore, the recalcitrant nature of chlorophenolic compounds to degradation constitutes an environmental nuisance, and a good understanding of the fate and transport of these compounds and their derivatives is needed for a clearer view of the associated risks and mechanisms of pathogenicity to humans and animals. This review looks at chlorophenols and their derivatives, explores current research on their effects on public health, and proffers measures for mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
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Wang J, Yu S, Jiao S, Lv X, Ma M, Zhu BZ, Du Y. Characterization of TCHQ-induced genotoxicity and mutagenesis using the pSP189 shuttle vector in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 2011; 729:16-23. [PMID: 21924276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) is a major toxic metabolite of the widely used wood preservative, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and it has also been implicated in PCP genotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of genotoxicity and mutagenesis induced by TCHQ remain unclear. In this study, we examined the genotoxicity of TCHQ by using comet assays to detect DNA breakage and formation of TCHQ-DNA adducts. Then, we further verified the levels of mutagenesis by using the pSP189 shuttle vector in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. We demonstrated that TCHQ causes significant genotoxicity by inducing DNA breakage and forming DNA adducts. Additionally, DNA sequence analysis of the TCHQ-induced mutations revealed that 85.36% were single base substitutions, 9.76% were single base insertions, and 4.88% were large fragment deletions. More than 80% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs, and the mutations were G:C to C:G, G:C to T:A or G:C to A:T transversions and transitions. The most common types of mutations in A549 cells were G:C to A:T (37.14%) and A:T to C:G transitions (14.29%) and G:C to C:G (34.29%) and G:C to T:A (11.43%) transversions. We identified hotspots at nucleotides 129, 141, and 155 in the supF gene of plasmid pSP189. These mutation hotspots accounted for 63% of all single base substitutions. We conclude that TCHQ induces sequence-specific DNA mutations at high frequencies. Therefore, the safety of using this product would be carefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Metal-Independent Pathways of Chlorinated Phenol/Quinone Toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53864-2.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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10
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Stang A, Witte I. The ability of the high-throughput comet assay to measure the sensitivity of five cell lines toward methyl methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, and pentachlorophenol. Mutat Res 2010; 701:103-106. [PMID: 20399888 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new, high-throughput version of the comet assay was developed using human fibroblasts (Stang and Witte, 2009). The present study examines the suitability of other adherent and non-adherent cell types in this high-throughput assay. We found that in addition to V79 human fibroblasts, HeLa cells, Hep-G2 cells, and lymphocytes can be used. The time intervals needed for attachment on the agarose-coated 96-well multi-chamber plate (MCP, specially developed for the high-throughput comet assay) differed for all adherent cell lines mentioned. V79 cells needed 6h for attachment, fibroblasts 2-4h, Hep-G2 required 18 h, and HeLa cells 16 h. After this period, chemical treatment could occur. Non-adherent lymphocytes could be treated with the chemicals directly after they had been pipetted into the wells of the MCP and centrifuged. We compared the sensitivities of these five cell types toward the directly DNA-damaging compounds methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and toward the indirectly acting agent pentachlorophenol (PCP). Except for Hep-G2 cells, exposure to PCP was conducted in the presence of an S9 microsome fraction. DNA damage, measured as an increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail region of the comets, occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. Under the test conditions used in this study, human lymphocytes were the most sensitive cells toward the three chemicals tested, fibroblasts showed a similar sensitivity toward the directly acting MMS and H(2)O(2), but were less sensitive toward PCP. HeLa, V79, and Hep-G2 cells reacted with similar sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Stang
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, IBU, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, Biondi C, Contin A, Bersani F, Fabbri E. Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res 2010; 683:35-42. [PMID: 19822160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most controversial issue regarding high-frequency electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) is their putative capacity to affect DNA integrity. This is of particular concern due to the increasing use of HF-EMF in communication technologies, including mobile phones. Although epidemiological studies report no detrimental effects on human health, the possible disturbance generated by HF-EMF on cell physiology remains controversial. In addition, the question remains as to whether cells are able to compensate their potential effects. We have previously reported that a 1-h exposure to amplitude-modulated 1.8 GHz sinusoidal waves (GSM-217 Hz, SAR=2 W/kg) largely used in mobile telephony did not cause increased levels of primary DNA damage in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Nevertheless, further investigations on trophoblast cell responses after exposure to GSM signals of different types and durations were considered of interest. In the present work, HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed for 4, 16 or 24h to 1.8 GHz continuous wave (CW) and different GSM signals, namely GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk (intermittent exposure: 5 min field on, 10 min field off). The alkaline comet assay was used to evaluate primary DNA damages and/or strand breaks due to uncompleted repair processes in HF-EMF exposed samples. The amplitude-modulated signals GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk induced a significant increase in comet parameters in trophoblast cells after 16 and 24h of exposure, while the un-modulated CW was ineffective. However, alterations were rapidly recovered and the DNA integrity of HF-EMF exposed cells was similar to that of sham-exposed cells within 2h of recovery in the absence irradiation. Our data suggest that HF-EMF with a carrier frequency and modulation scheme typical of the GSM signal may affect the DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
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Zhu BZ, Shan GQ. Potential mechanism for pentachlorophenol-induced carcinogenicity: a novel mechanism for metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:969-77. [PMID: 19408893 DOI: 10.1021/tx900030v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) has been considered to be one of the most reactive oxygen species produced in biological systems. It has been shown that (*)OH can cause DNA, protein, and lipid oxidation. One of the most widely accepted mechanisms for (*)OH production is through the transition metal-catalyzed Fenton reaction. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was one of the most widely used biocides, primarily for wood preservation. PCP is now ubiquitously present in our environment and even found in people who are not occupationally exposed to it. PCP has been listed as a priority pollutant by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and classified as a group 2B environmental carcinogen by the International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC). The genotoxicity of PCP has been attributed to its two major quinoid metabolites: tetrachlorohydroquinone and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ). Although the redox cycling of PCP quinoid metabolites to generate reactive oxygen species is believed to play an important role, the exact molecular mechanism underlying PCP genotoxicity is not clear. Using the salicylate hydroxylation assay and electron spin resonance (ESR) secondary spin-trapping methods, we found that (*)OH can be produced by TCBQ and H(2)O(2) independent of transition metal ions. Further studies showed that TCBQ, but not its corresponding semiquinone radical, the tetrachlorosemiquinone radical (TCSQ(*)), is essential for (*)OH production. The major reaction product between TCBQ and H(2)O(2) was identified to be trichloro-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (TrCBQ-OH), and H(2)O(2) was found to be the source and origin of the oxygen atom inserted into this reaction product. On the basis of these data, we propose that (*)OH production by TCBQ and H(2)O(2) is not through a semiquinone-dependent organic Fenton reaction but rather through the following novel mechanism: a nucleophilic attack of H(2)O(2) to TCBQ, leading to the formation of an unstable trichloro-hydroperoxyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TrCBQ-OOH) intermediate, which decomposes homolytically to produce (*)OH. These findings represent a novel mechanism of (*)OH formation not requiring the involvement of redox-active transition metal ions and may partly explain the potential carcinogenicity of the widely used biocides such as PCP and other polyhalogenated aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
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Wang YJ, Yang MC, Pan MH. Dihydrolipoic acid inhibits tetrachlorohydroquinone-induced tumor promotion through prevention of oxidative damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3739-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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DNA damage induced by genotoxicants in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos after contact exposure to freeze-dried sediment and sediment extracts from Laguna Lake (The Philippines) as measured by the comet assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 650:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yin D, Gu Y, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao Q. Pentachlorophenol treatment in vivo elevates point mutation rate in zebrafish p53 gene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 609:92-101. [PMID: 16904934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a probable human carcinogen, has been heavily used as an aseptic and a biocide throughout the world, and is widely present in the environment. Recent survey in Germany revealed that the average PCP amount in the urine of general German populations was 1.04 microg/L while the peak concentration could reach up to 19.1 microg/L. PCP was reported to cause DNA damage, but whether it can be involved in inducing point mutations in genome is unknown. To determine the genotoxicity of PCP on vertebrate, we first performed acute toxicity test on zebrafish for the effect of PCP exposure. The LC50 values of zebrafish exposed to PCP at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were determined to be 0.196, 0.130, 0.130 and 0.130 mg/L, respectively. We then treated zebrafish with PCP for 10 days at 0 (control), 0.5, 5 and 50 microg/L, respectively, to determine whether PCP could be involved in inducing point mutations. Employing denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and DNA sequencing, we demonstrated that exposure of PCP to zebrafish at a concentration as low as 5 microg/L for 10 days elevates point mutation rate in p53 gene in liver cells. This is the first direct evidence revealing that PCP can elevate point mutation rate in the vertebrate genomes. The result implies PCP might be involved in carcinogenesis by elevating point mutation rate in the somatic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Yin
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Brendler-Schwaab S, Hartmann A, Pfuhler S, Speit G. The in vivo comet assay: use and status in genotoxicity testing. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:245-54. [PMID: 15899933 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis assay) in its alkaline version (pH >13) is being increasingly used in genotoxicity testing of substances such as industrial chemicals, biocides, agrochemicals, food additives and pharmaceuticals. Recommendations for an appropriate performance of the test using OECD guidelines for other in vivo genotoxicity tests have been published. In this review, we critically discuss the biological significance of comet assay effects in general and the status of the test in current strategies for genotoxicity testing. Examples for practical applications of the in vivo comet assay and potential consequences of positive and negative test results are given. The significance of comet assay results for hazard identification and risk assessment is discussed. In accordance with international guidelines for genotoxicity testing the in vivo comet assay is recommended for follow-up testing of positive in vitro findings. It is particularly useful as a tool for the evaluation of local genotoxicity, especially for organs/cell types which cannot easily be evaluated with other standard tests. A positive result in an appropriately performed in vivo comet assay indicates genotoxicity of the test compound in the tissue tested and gains particular significance when a mutagenic potential of the test compound has already been demonstrated in vitro. Such findings will have practical consequences in the risk assessment processes and further development of substances.
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Lin YP, Zhu BZ, Yang MC, Frei B, Pan MH, Lin JK, Wang YJ. Bcl-2 overexpression inhibits tetrachlorohydroquinone-induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells: A possible mechanism for tumor promotion. Mol Carcinog 2004; 40:24-33. [PMID: 15108327 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TCHQ is a major carcinogenic metabolite of the widely used wood preservative PCP. Recently, we found that TCHQ was a promoter in a mouse skin carcinogenesis model. However, the mechanism is still not clear. In this study, we showed that overexpression of Bcl-2 effectively suppressed TCHQ-induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells, as evidenced by morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. Although production of ROS contributes to TCHQ-induced apoptosis, Bcl-2 failed to attenuate TCHQ-elicited increase of intracellular ROS level. In addition, overexpressed Bcl-2 provides only partial protection against TCHQ-induced cellular DNA damage. We also found that TCHQ induced a change in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and that caspase-9 and subsequent caspase-3 can be activated during TCHQ-induced acute apoptosis. Interestingly, TCHQ induced a significant upregulation of Bcl-2 expression, and over-expressed Bcl-2 can dramatically inhibit the change of mitochondria membrane potential and activation of both caspase-9 and -3. Thus, our results suggest TCHQ-induced tumor promotion may be through a mechanism of upregulation of Bcl-2 protein and subsequent apoptosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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