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Ekaterina Z, Daria S, Lyubov G, Ekaterina M, Varvara M, Diana G, Andrey M, Ekaterina L. Synthetic 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3478-3487. [PMID: 38083885 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128275084231202153602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies demonstrate the efficacy of ribavirin against various cancer types in in vitro and in vivo models. However, ribavirin induces the development of multiple side effects, suggesting a high demand for ribavirin analogues with improved therapeutic indexes. OBJECTIVE This study was focused on the analysis of ribavirin, its aglycon 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide, and several of its derivatives activities in blood cancer cells in vitro. METHODS Four 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide derivatives were designed and synthesized. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated in chronic myeloid leukemia cells К562 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells CCRF-SB as well as in the cells of whole blood mononuclear fraction of healthy volunteers by cell counting using the trypan blue exclusion method. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis under the influence of the compounds were analyzed by flow cytometry with PI staining, and then apoptosis data were confirmed by Western blot analysis for PARP1 and caspase-3 cleavage. RESULTS We demonstrated the significant antiproliferative effect of 5-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3- carboxamide and 1-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide in leukemia cell lines in vitro in comparison to non-transformed monocytes, providing the rationale for further studies of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as anti-leukemia drugs. CONCLUSION These results implied that the 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide derivatives exhibited their antiproliferative activities by induction of cell cycle arrest. Consequently, 5-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and 1-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide may present antimetabolites with potential anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidkova Ekaterina
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Stepanycheva Daria
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Grebenkina Lyubov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Mikhina Ekaterina
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Maksimova Varvara
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Grigoreva Diana
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Matveev Andrey
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Lesovaya Ekaterina
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Faculty of Oncology, I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, 9 Vysokovol'tnaya St., Ryazan 390026, Russia
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
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Waters MD, Warren S, Hughes C, Lewis P, Zhang F. Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: The special case of molnupiravir. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:37-63. [PMID: 35023215 DOI: 10.1002/em.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review considers antiviral nucleoside analog drugs, including ribavirin, favipiravir, and molnupiravir, which induce genome error catastrophe in SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 via lethal mutagenesis as a mode of action. In vitro data indicate that molnupiravir may be 100 times more potent as an antiviral agent than ribavirin or favipiravir. Molnupiravir has recently demonstrated efficacy in a phase 3 clinical trial. Because of its anticipated global use, its relative potency, and the reported in vitro "host" cell mutagenicity of its active principle, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine, we have reviewed the development of molnupiravir and its genotoxicity safety evaluation, as well as the genotoxicity profiles of three congeners, that is, ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. We consider the potential genetic risks of molnupiravir on the basis of all available information and focus on the need for additional human genotoxicity data and follow-up in patients treated with molnupiravir and similar drugs. Such human data are especially relevant for antiviral NAs that have the potential of permanently modifying the genomes of treated patients and/or causing human teratogenicity or embryotoxicity. We conclude that the results of preclinical genotoxicity studies and phase 1 human clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics are critical components of drug safety assessments and sentinels of unanticipated adverse health effects. We provide our rationale for performing more thorough genotoxicity testing prior to and within phase 1 clinical trials, including human PIG-A and error corrected next generation sequencing (duplex sequencing) studies in DNA and mitochondrial DNA of patients treated with antiviral NAs that induce genome error catastrophe via lethal mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Waters
- Michael Waters Consulting USA, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Claude Hughes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Fengyu Zhang
- Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Hepatic Osteodystrophy-Molecular Mechanisms Proposed to Favor Its Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102555. [PMID: 31137669 PMCID: PMC6566554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) show altered bone metabolism. Depending on the etiology, this manifests in a severe osteoporosis in up to 75% of the affected patients. Due to high prevalence, the generic term hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) evolved, describing altered bone metabolism, decreased bone mineral density, and deterioration of bone structure in patients with CLD. Once developed, HOD is difficult to treat and increases the risk of fragility fractures. Existing fractures affect the quality of life and, more importantly, long-term prognosis of these patients, which presents with increased mortality. Thus, special care is required to support the healing process. However, for early diagnosis (reduce fracture risk) and development of adequate treatment strategies (support healing of existing fractures), it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that link disturbed liver function with this bone phenotype. In the present review, we summarize proposed molecular mechanisms favoring the development of HOD and compromising the healing of associated fractures, including alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action, disbalances in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling with histone deacetylases (HDACs) as secondary regulators, as well as alterations in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) system mediated by sclerostin. Based on these mechanisms, we give an overview on the limitations of early diagnosis of HOD with established serum markers.
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Rencüzoğulları E, Aydın M. Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of teratogens in developing rat and mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:409-429. [PMID: 29745766 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1465950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyüp Rencüzoğulları
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Muhsin Aydın
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
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5
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Casaos J, Huq S, Lott T, Felder R, Choi J, Gorelick N, Peters M, Xia Y, Maxwell R, Zhao T, Ji C, Simon T, Sesen J, Scotland SJ, Kast RE, Rubens J, Raabe E, Eberhart CG, Jackson EM, Brem H, Tyler B, Skuli N. Ribavirin as a potential therapeutic for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8054-8067. [PMID: 29487714 PMCID: PMC5814281 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are highly aggressive, malignant tumors and are the most common malignant brain tumor in children under 6 months of age. Currently, there is no standard treatment for AT/RT. Recent studies have reported potential anti-tumoral properties of ribavirin, a guanosine analog and anti-viral molecule approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of hepatitis C. We previously demonstrated that ribavirin inhibited glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results and the fact that no pre-clinical model of ribavirin in AT/RT exists, we decided to investigate the effect of ribavirin on several human AT/RT cell lines (BT12, BT16, and BT37) both in vitro and in vivo. We provide evidence that ribavirin has a significant impact on AT/RT cell growth and increases cell cycle arrest and cell death, potentially through modulation of the eIF4E and/or EZH2 pathways. Interestingly, using scratch wound and transwell Boyden chamber assays, we observed that ribavirin also impairs AT/RT cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. Finally, we demonstrate that ribavirin significantly improves the survival of mice orthotopically implanted with BT12 cells. Our work establishes that ribavirin is effective against AT/RT by decreasing tumoral cell growth and dissemination and could represent a new therapeutic option for children with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Casaos
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sakibul Huq
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tarik Lott
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Raphael Felder
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - John Choi
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Noah Gorelick
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael Peters
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yuanxuan Xia
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Russell Maxwell
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tianna Zhao
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Chenchen Ji
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Thomas Simon
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Julie Sesen
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah J Scotland
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Rubens
- Pathology Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Eric Raabe
- Pathology Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Pathology Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Eric M Jackson
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Henry Brem
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, 31100 Toulouse, France
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Librelotto CS, Simon D, de Souza AP, Álvares-da-Silva MR, Dihl RR. Chromosomal instability and cytotoxicity induced by ribavirin: comparative analysis in cell lines with different drug-metabolizing profiles. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 42:343-348. [PMID: 29199475 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1405970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin is an important component of the treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and, in combination with the new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents, comprises the major current therapeutic regimens. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and chromosomal instability induced by ribavirin using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay in two cell lines with different expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes: human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. HepG2 cells were treated with nine concentrations (from 15.3 μg/ml to 3.9 mg/ml) and CHO-K1 cells were exposed to eight concentrations (from 15.3 μg/ml to 1.9 mg/ml) of ribavirin for 24 h. Ribavirin inhibited cell proliferation in both cell lines, but at different concentrations: 3.9 mg/ml in HepG2 and 244.2 μg/ml in CHO-K1 cells. No significant differences were observed regarding aspects of cell death in HepG2 and CHO-K1 cells, reflecting the absence of cytotoxic effects associated to ribavirin. Ribavirin did not increase the frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear bud (NBUD). However, when compared to the negative control, a significant increase in micronuclei (MNi) frequency was observed in both cell lines. However, chromosomal instability was induced by higher concentrations of ribavirin in HepG2 cells (from 61.1 to 976.8 μg/ml), compared with CHO-K1 cells (15.3 and 30.5 μg/ml). These results demonstrate the potential of ribavirin to promote chromosomal instability, and suggest that cells with different expressions of drug-metabolizing enzymes show different susceptibility to ribavirin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sperotto Librelotto
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- b Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Brazil
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Use of an anti-viral drug, Ribavirin, as an anti-glioblastoma therapeutic. Oncogene 2016; 36:3037-3047. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mishra P, Kumar A, Mamidi P, Kumar S, Basantray I, Saswat T, Das I, Nayak TK, Chattopadhyay S, Subudhi BB, Chattopadhyay S. Inhibition of Chikungunya Virus Replication by 1-[(2-Methylbenzimidazol-1-yl) Methyl]-2-Oxo-Indolin-3-ylidene] Amino] Thiourea(MBZM-N-IBT). Sci Rep 2016; 6:20122. [PMID: 26843462 PMCID: PMC4740769 DOI: 10.1038/srep20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is one of the most challenging human Arboviral infections with global significance and without any specific antiviral. In this investigation, 1-[(2-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl) methyl]-2-oxo-indolin-3-ylidene] amino] thiourea (MBZM-N-IBT) was synthesised as a molecular hybrid of 2-methyl benzimidazole and isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone and its anti-CHIKV property was evaluated. The release of infectious virus particles was calculated by plaque assay, expression profile of viral RNA was estimated by RT-PCR and viral protein profiles were assessed by Western blot and FACS analyses. The safety index of MBZM-N-IBT was found to be >21. The CHIKV infectious viral particle formation was abrogated around 76.02% by MBZM-N-IBT during infection in mammalian system and the viral RNA synthesis was reduced by 65.53% and 23.71% for nsP2 and E1 respectively. Surprisingly, the viral protein levels were reduced by 97% for both nsP2 and E2. In the time-of-addition experiment it abrogated viral infection at early as well as late phase of viral life cycle, which indicates about multiple mechanisms for its anti-CHIKV action. In silico analysis justified development of MBZM-N-IBT with good affinities for potential target proteins of CHIKV and related virus. With predictions of good drug-likeness property, it shows potential of a drug candidate which needs further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarsee Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Indrani Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Kataria SK, Chhillar AK, Kumar A, Tomar M, Malik V. Cytogenetic and hematological alterations induced by acute oral exposure of imidacloprid in female mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:59-65. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1026972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Li L, Yu CH, Ying HZ, Yu JM. Antiviral effects of modified dingchuan decoction against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in an immunosuppressive mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:238-244. [PMID: 23506991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Modified dingchuan decoction (MDD) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma and viral pneumonia. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate antiviral potentials of MDD in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS MDD and each component were evaluated for antiviral efficacy against RSV in vitro in cell culture. Mice were were treated with cyclophosphamide and infected with RSV. Then, treatments with MDD at doses of 1.75 g/kg, 3.5 g/kg and 7.0 g/kg, respectively, were oral administrated daily for 5 days after challenge. The levels of Eotaxin, IL-4 and IFN-γ in serum and lung tissue were detected by ELISA, viral loads in lung tissues were detected by RFQ-PCR while expressions of NF-κB and TLR4 mRNA were also detected by RFQ-PCR. RESULTS A selective index of >36.8 (2.5 times greater than that observed for ribavirin) was determined in the in vitro studies for this herbal medicine. MDD exhibited significant antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects on decreasing levels of Eotaxin, IL-4 and IFN-γ in serum and lung tissue, inhibiting pneumonia, decreasing lung viral loads and reversaling RSV-induced inflammation through down-regulation of TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA expression in the lung tissue of RSV-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS MDD could exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects on RSV-infected mice as a suppressor of Eotaxin, IL-4 and IFN-γ. These effects appeared to be mediated by inhibitions of TLR4 and NF-κB activation. Therefore, MDD could provide an effective therapeutic approach for RSV and its subsequent viral bronchitis.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchiolitis, Viral/blood
- Bronchiolitis, Viral/drug therapy
- Bronchiolitis, Viral/genetics
- Bronchiolitis, Viral/immunology
- Bronchiolitis, Viral/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL11/blood
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-4/blood
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/blood
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/growth & development
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Noshy MM, Hussien NA, El-Ghor AA. Evaluation of the role of the antioxidant silymarin in modulating the in vivo genotoxicity of the antiviral drug ribavirin in mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 752:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li M, Zhu Q, Hu C, Giesy JP, Kong Z, Cui Y. Protective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on genotoxicity and oxidative stress of cyclophosphamide in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:217-223. [PMID: 20052769 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to elucidate the mechanism by which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) acts against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced effects. The prevalence of micronuclei, the extent of lipid peroxidation, and the status of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in both liver and serum of mice were used as intermediate biomarkers of chemoprotection. Lipid peroxidation and associated compromised antioxidant defenses (CAT and GPX) in CP treated mice were observed in the liver, serum, and were accompanied by increased prevalence of micronuclei in bone marrow. The number of MN was significantly different (p < 0.01) between the groups treated with CP (group III, IV, V, VI) and the solvent control (group II) (3.2 ± 0.7‰). There was a dose-dependent reduction in formation CP induced micronuclei by treatment with 100, 200, or 300 mg EPA/kg BW mice. Activities of SOD, CAT, and extent of lipid peroxidation were statistically different in liver cells of mice exposed to EPA only with CP compared with the CP group (group III). The present findings imply that EPA may be a potential antigenotoxic, antioxidant and chemopreventive agent and could be used as an adjuvant in chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Madhyastha S, Prabhu LV, Saralaya V, Rai R. A comparison of vitamin A and leucovorin for the prevention of methotrexate-induced micronuclei production in rat bone marrow. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63:821-6. [PMID: 19061007 PMCID: PMC2664285 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322008000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methotrexate, a folate antagonist, is a mainstay treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also widely used in a low dose formulation to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In rats, methotrexate is known to induce micronuclei formation, leading to genetic damage, while vitamin A is known to protect against such methotrexate-induced genetic damage. Leucovorin (folinic acid) is generally administered with methotrexate to decrease methotrexate-induced toxicity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether vitamin A and leucovorin differed in their capacity to prevent formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei in rat bone marrow erythrocytes. The present study also aimed to evaluate the effect of combined treatment with vitamin A and leucovorin on the formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei. METHODS Male and female Wistar rats (n=8) were injected with 20 mg/kg methotrexate (single i.p. dose). The control group received an equal volume of distilled water. The third and fourth groups of rats received vitamin A (5000 IU daily dose for 4 successive days) and leucovorin (0.5 mg/kg i.p. dose for 4 successive days), respectively. The fifth and sixth groups of rats received a combination of vitamin A and a single dose of methotrexate and a combination of leucovorin and methotrexate, respectively. The last group of rats received a combination of leucovorin, vitamin A and single dose of methotrexate. Samples were collected at 24 hours after the last dose of the treatment into 5% bovine albumin. Smears were obtained and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa. One thousand polychromatic erythrocytes were counted per animal for the presence of micronuclei and the percentage of polychromatic erythrocyte was determined. RESULTS Comparison of methotrexate-treated rats with the control group showed a significant increase in the percentage of cells with micronuclei and a significant decrease polychromatic erythrocyte percentage. Combined methotrexate and vitamin A therapy and combined methotrexate and leucovorin therapy led to significant decreases in the micronuclei percentage and an increase in polychromatic erythrocyte percentage when compared to rats treated with methotrexate alone. Leucovorin was found to be more effective than vitamin A against the formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei. CONCLUSIONS Both vitamin A and leucovorin provided significant protection against genetic damage induced by methotrexate.
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Chung DH, Kumarapperuma SC, Sun Y, Li Q, Chu YK, Arterburn JB, Parker WB, Smith J, Spik K, Ramanathan HN, Schmaljohn CS, Jonsson CB. Synthesis of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-ethynyl-[1,2,4]triazole and its in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Hantavirus. Antiviral Res 2008; 79:19-27. [PMID: 18394724 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are no FDA approved drugs for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a serious human illnesses caused by hantaviruses. Clinical studies using ribavirin (RBV) to treat HFRS patients suggest that it provides an improved prognosis when given early in the course of disease. Given the unique antiviral activity of RBV and the lack of other lead scaffolds, we prepared a diverse series of 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole-beta-ribosides and identified one with antiviral activity, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-ethynyl-[1,2,4]triazole (ETAR). ETAR showed an EC(50) value of 10 and 4.4 microM for Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus, respectively. ETAR had weak activity against Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, but had no activity against Rift Valley fever virus. Intraperitoneally delivered ETAR offered protection to suckling mice challenged with HTNV with a approximately 25% survival at 12.5 and 25mg/kg ETAR, and a MTD of 17.1+/-0.7 days. ETAR was phosphorylated in Vero E6 cells to its 5'-triphosphate and reduced cellular GTP levels. In contrast to RBV, ETAR did not increase mutation frequency of the HTNV genome, which suggests it has a different mechanism of action than RBV. ETAR is an exciting and promising lead compound that will be elaborated in further synthetic investigations as a framework for the rational design of new antivirals for treatment of HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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Genotoxicity testing of fluconazole in vivo and in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 649:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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D'Souza UJA, Zain A, Raju S. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the bone marrow of rats exposed to a low dose of paraquat via the dermal route. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 581:187-90. [PMID: 15725618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic effect of the herbicide paraquat was studied in rat bone-marrow by means of the micronucleus assay. Paraquat at dose levels of 6, 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight was given to rats in a single application via the dermal route. Marrow was collected at 24, 48 and 72 h after the application. The micronucleus assay was done as recommended by standard procedures. Paraquat gave rise to an increase in the number of micronuclei in a dose-dependent manner. The number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes showed a maximum at 48 h and the toxicity was further prolonged, as there was no complete recovery at 72 h. These findings suggest a genotoxic effect of paraquat even after exposure via dermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban J A D'Souza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences-PPSP, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Moreira RO, Balduíno A, Martins HSLH, Reis JSN, Duarte MEL, Farias MLF, Borojevic R. Ribavirin, but not interferon alpha-2b, is associated with impaired osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 2004; 75:160-8. [PMID: 15148560 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C treatment with interferon alpha-2b (IFN-alpha) and ribavirin has been related to decreased bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of different concentrations of ribavirin and IFN-alpha on osteoblast-like cells. Human osteoblast-like cells obtained by the outgrowth of cells from bone chips were exposed to ribavirin (0.1-10 microg/mL) or IFN-alpha (0.1-1000 UI/mL). At regular time-points, cultures were harvested for posterior analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined on days 7 and 14, and cell growth was accessed by C3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell count on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Flow cytometry analysis was used for investigating cell death on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. IFN-alpha affected ALP expression only at the higher concentration (1000 UI/mL) after 7 days (P < 0.05). No effects were detected in cell growth. In ribavirin treated cultures, concentrations higher than 2.5 microg/mL were associated with a decrease in ALP activity within 7 and 14 days (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the reduction in cell growth was dose-dependent and was detected after the fifth day. This decrease can be explained by an increase in the number of dead cells and a decrease in cell proliferation. In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that ribavirin reduced, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, the number of metabolically active cells through a decrease in proliferation and an increase in cell death, and induced an impairment in osteoblast differentiation. These negative effects of ribavirin on osteblast-like cells might contribute to the bone loss reported in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Moreira
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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