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Ruiz-Saavedra S, Pietilä TK, Zapico A, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Pajari AM, González S. Dietary Nitrosamines from Processed Meat Intake as Drivers of the Fecal Excretion of Nitrosocompounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17588-17598. [PMID: 39072357 PMCID: PMC11311235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Diet is one of the main exogenous sources of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines (NAs) along with tobacco and cosmetics. Several factors can affect endogenous N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) formation and therefore the potential damage of the intestinal mucosa at initial colorectal cancer stages. To address this issue, 49 volunteers were recruited and classified according to histopathological analyses. Lifestyle and dietary information were registered after colonoscopy. The mutagenicity of fecal supernatants was assayed by a modified Ames test. Fecal heme-derived NOCs and total NOC concentrations were determined by selective denitrosation and chemiluminescence-based detection. Results revealed processed meats as the main source of dietary nitrites and NAs, identifying some of them as predictors of the fecal concentration of heme-derived and total NOCs. Furthermore, increased fecal NOC concentrations were found as the severity of colonic mucosal damage increased from the control to the adenocarcinoma group, these concentrations being strongly correlated with the intake of the NAs N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine, and N-nitrosopyrrolidine. Higher fecal NOC concentrations were also noted in higher fecal mutagenicity samples. These results could contribute to a better understanding of the importance of modulating dietary derived xenobiotics as related with their impact on the intestinal environment and colonic mucosa damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ruiz-Saavedra
- Department
of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Diet,
Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de
Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Aida Zapico
- Department
of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Diet,
Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de
Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department
of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Diet,
Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de
Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department
of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonia González
- Department
of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Diet,
Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de
Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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2
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Ruiz-Saavedra S, Zapico A, González S, Salazar N, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Role of the intestinal microbiota and diet in the onset and progression of colorectal and breast cancers and the interconnection between both types of tumours. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 3:6. [PMID: 38455079 PMCID: PMC10917624 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of mortality in adults of both sexes worldwide, while breast cancer (BC) is among the leading causes of death in women. In addition to age, gender, and genetic predisposition, environmental and lifestyle factors exert a strong influence. Global diet, including alcohol consumption, is one of the most important modifiable factors affecting the risk of CRC and BC. Western dietary patterns promoting high intakes of xenobiotics from food processing and ethanol have been associated with increased cancer risk, whereas the Mediterranean diet, generally leading to a higher intake of polyphenols and fibre, has been associated with a protective effect. Gut dysbiosis is a common feature in CRC, where the usual microbiota is progressively replaced by opportunistic pathogens and the gut metabolome is altered. The relationship between microbiota and BC has been less studied. The estrobolome is the collection of genes from intestinal bacteria that can metabolize oestrogens. In a dysbiosis condition, microbial deconjugating enzymes can reactivate conjugated-deactivated oestrogens, increasing the risk of BC. In contrast, intestinal microorganisms can increase the biological activity and bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through diverse microbial metabolic transformations, potentiating their anticancer activity. Members of the intestinal microbiota can increase the toxicity of xenobiotics through metabolic transformations. However, most of the microorganisms involved in diet-microbiota interactions remain poorly characterized. Here, we provide an overview of the associations between microbiota and diet in BC and CRC, considering the diverse types and heterogeneity of these cancers and their relationship between them and with gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ruiz-Saavedra
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Aida Zapico
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Sonia González
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
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3
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Shateri Z, Makhtoomi M, Mansouri F, Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi M, Nouri M, Rashidkhani B. The association between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:136. [PMID: 37996874 PMCID: PMC10666418 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Iran. Inflammation plays an essential role in developing CRC. A dietary pattern called the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) has recently been designed based on the inflammatory potential of the diet. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of EDIP on the risk of CRC. METHODS The current case-control study was conducted on 142 controls and 71 CRC cases in three general hospitals and Hospital Cancer Organization in Tehran, Iran. We calculated EDIP by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The association between EDIP and CRC were evaluated by logistic regression. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS The results revealed that people who were in the highest tertile of the EDIP had higher odds of CRC (in the adjusted model: odds ratio (OR) = 3.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38-10.14; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the potential role of dietary-induced inflammation in developing CRC. In the current study, an increase in the intake of red meat, processed meats, and refined grains was observed in the higher EDIP tertiles compared to the lower tertiles. Consequently, to decrease the risk of CRC, it is recommended to reduce the consumption of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Shateri
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maede Makhtoomi
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mansouri
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Rashidkhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Kunz KR, Turcotte K, Pawer S, Zheng A, Purewal A, Wellar A, Karmali S, Garis L, Thomas LS, Pike I. Cancer in female firefighters: The clinicobiological, psychological, and social perspectives. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1126066. [PMID: 37124817 PMCID: PMC10130581 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1126066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study explored how demographic characteristics, life experiences, and firefighting exposures have an impact on cancer among female firefighters, and described the types and biologic characteristics of cancers as reported by women in the fire service. Methods The online survey was available from June 2019 to July 2020. Questions related to demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, firefighting exposures, and cancer diagnoses. Descriptive analyses characterized variables by the presence or absence of cancer. Qualitative data provided insight into both firefighting and cancer experiences among women. Results There were 1,344 female firefighter respondents from 12 different countries, 256 of whom provided information on their cancer diagnosis. North American respondents made up 92% of the total. Those with cancer were older, had been in the fire service longer, had more career fires and toxic exposures, and were less likely to still be in active service. They also reported more tobacco use, and more full-term pregnancies. There were no differences in family history of cancer between the two groups. The average age at diagnosis was 39.0 years. The major types of cancer reported included breast (25.4%), cervical (21.1%), melanoma (20.7%), base cell/skin (16.4%), and uterine (14.8%). The cancer was detected when seeking medical attention for symptoms (42.1%), during routine health screening (29.8%), and during specific cancer screening (28.1%). The stage of cancer was reported by 44.5%, and 30.9% included the histopathological grade. Treatments included surgery (72.7%), chemotherapy (14.8%), radiotherapy (13.7%), and observation (13.7%). Challenges associated with cancer included psychosocial (33.2%), financial (18.8%), physical (6.6%), and spiritual (6.3%). Concerns about reporting a cancer experience to their employer included the desire to keep health information private (11.3%), a feeling of vulnerability (7.4%), and being perceived as weak (7.0%). Lack of support from their employer or insurer was also noted. Conclusion Female firefighters experienced a wide variety of different types of cancers which may come earlier than similar cancers in the public. These findings can help inform resource allocation, the development of new policies, and the need for broader presumptive coverage to support female firefighters diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Turcotte
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kate Turcotte,
| | - Samantha Pawer
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Zheng
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanat Purewal
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alyssa Wellar
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shazya Karmali
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Len Garis
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Culture, Media, and Society, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ian Pike
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Zapico A, Ruiz-Saavedra S, Gómez-Martín M, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, González S. Pilot Study for the Dietary Assessment of Xenobiotics Derived from Food Processing in an Adult Spanish Sample. Foods 2022; 11:470. [PMID: 35159620 PMCID: PMC8834107 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although xenobiotics from food processing have gained support as possible drivers of the relationship between diet and some types of cancer, there are still few studies characterizing the intake of these compounds among different populations. AIM To describe the intake of heterocyclic amines (HAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines, and acrylamide; and to identify dietary and lifestyle related factors. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in 70 adult volunteers. Intake was registered by means of a food frequency questionnaire, including cooking methods, temperature, and degree of browning. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) and the Computerized Heterocyclic Amines Resource for Research in Epidemiology of Disease (CHARRED) databases were used for xenobiotic estimation in conjunction with data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RESULTS Dietary HAs (amino-alpha-carboline (AαC), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo (4,5,f) quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8 dimethylimidazo (4,5,f) quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8 trime-thylimidazo (4,5,f) quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4,5,b) pyridine (PhIP)) were mainly derived from meat and meat products, while benzo (a) pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo (a) anthracene (DiB(a)A), and total PAHs were explained by oils and fats, alcoholic beverages, and milk, respectively. Microwaved, fried, grilled, broiled, barbecued, and braised cooking methods were mainly responsible for HAs and PAHs consumption. CONCLUSION Based on the wide presence and levels of intake of these compounds in different sources, more efforts should be made to adjust their intake to the levels recommended by health agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Zapico
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Z.); (S.R.-S.); (M.G.-M.)
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Saavedra
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Z.); (S.R.-S.); (M.G.-M.)
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - María Gómez-Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Z.); (S.R.-S.); (M.G.-M.)
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Sonia González
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Z.); (S.R.-S.); (M.G.-M.)
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
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6
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Ferraris C, Meroni E, Casiraghi MC, Tagliabue A, De Giorgis V, Erba D. One Month of Classic Therapeutic Ketogenic Diet Decreases Short Chain Fatty Acids Production in Epileptic Patients. Front Nutr 2021; 8:613100. [PMID: 33855040 PMCID: PMC8039123 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.613100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD), a high fat and very low carbohydrates diet, is used worldwide for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy but, due to its composition, it might exert an impact on gut health. Even though data of KD effects on intestinal microbiota changes are recently emerging, its influence on the gut environment has been scarcely addressed so far. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 1 month of KD affects the gut environment in epileptic patients, by analyzing short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and fecal water toxicity. A total of seven patients were enrolled. Stool samples were collected before (T0) and after 1 month of KD (4:1 ketogenic ratio) (T1). SCFA were determined by GC-FID and fecal water toxicity in Caco-2 cell culture by comet assay. Concentrations of SCFA significantly decreased after KD (p < 0.05): in particular, we found a 55% reduction of total SCFA level, a 64% reduction of acetate, 33% of propionate, and 20% of butyrate (p < 0.05). Cytotoxicity of fecal water extracted from stool samples was not significantly altered by diet, while genotoxicity was slightly decreased after KD (p < 0.05). Genotoxicity values were consistent with data previously obtained from a healthy Italian population. The present study suggests that 1 month of KD significantly reduce SCFA production. Since SCFA produced by gut microbiota exert many health promoting effects on either the gut environment or human metabolism, these results open a new branch of investigation into KD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferraris
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erika Meroni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Casiraghi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Erba
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Hussan H, Patel A, Akinyeye S, Porter K, Ahnen D, Lieberman D. Bariatric Surgery Is Associated with a Recent Temporal Increase in Colorectal Cancer Resections, Most Pronounced in Adults Below 50 Years of Age. Obes Surg 2020; 30:4867-4876. [PMID: 32789550 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer incidence is rising in adults < 50 years old, possibly due to obesity. Having bariatric surgery (BRS) should hypothetically reduce this trend, but data are limited. This study compared trends of colorectal cancer (CRC) versus other obesity-related gastrointestinal cancers (OGCs) between morbidly obese and post-BRS subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study investigated OGC resection trends using the 2006-2013 National Inpatient Sample. Patients with prior BRS and non-BRS controls with body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2 were included (n = 30,279 total). We divided OGCs into CRC and non-CRC OGCs (esophageal, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). We calculated OGC resection trends in patients < 50 and ≥ 50 years old using the average annual percent change (AAPC). RESULTS BRS patients with OGCs were younger (59.3 vs 62.3 years old), with more female gender (77.4% vs 57.1%) and White race (72.6% vs 67%) compared with controls (p < 0.05). The number of CRC resections increased across all ages in 2006-2013, especially rectal cancer for BRS patients (AAPC + 19.8%, p = 0.04). The steepest rise in early-onset CRC resections was after BRS versus a lesser increase in morbid obesity controls (AAPC + 18.7% and + 13.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). In contrast, non-CRC OGCs increased in our controls but not post-BRS. In a sensitivity analysis, estimated CRC incidence trends also increased post-BRS despite adjusting for increasing BRS prevalence. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that bariatric surgery is associated with a persistent increase in early-onset CRC trends. Studies are warranted to validate our results and test the impact of bariatric surgery on early-onset CRC biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Hussan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 395 W 12th Ave, Suite 250, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Arsheya Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Akinyeye
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 395 W 12th Ave, Suite 250, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kyle Porter
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dennis Ahnen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Lieberman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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8
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Seo JW, Ingham ES, Mahakian L, Tumbale S, Wu B, Aghevlian S, Shams S, Baikoghli M, Jain P, Ding X, Goeden N, Dobreva T, Flytzanis NC, Chavez M, Singhal K, Leib R, James ML, Segal DJ, Cheng RH, Silva EA, Gradinaru V, Ferrara KW. Positron emission tomography imaging of novel AAV capsids maps rapid brain accumulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2102. [PMID: 32355221 PMCID: PMC7193641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are typically single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) encapsulated within 25-nm protein capsids. Recently, tissue-specific AAV capsids (e.g. PHP.eB) have been shown to enhance brain delivery in rodents via the LY6A receptor on brain endothelial cells. Here, we create a non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) methodology to track viruses. To provide the sensitivity required to track AAVs injected at picomolar levels, a unique multichelator construct labeled with a positron emitter (Cu-64, t1/2 = 12.7 h) is coupled to the viral capsid. We find that brain accumulation of the PHP.eB capsid 1) exceeds that reported in any previous PET study of brain uptake of targeted therapies and 2) is correlated with optical reporter gene transduction of the brain. The PHP.eB capsid brain endothelial receptor affinity is nearly 20-fold greater than that of AAV9. The results suggest that novel PET imaging techniques can be applied to inform and optimize capsid design. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) can be targeted in a tissue-specific manner, but their tissue accumulation cannot be assessed in a non-invasive manner. Here the authors conjugate a multivalent chelator labelled with Cu-64 to the surface of AAVs and image the brain accumulation of the PHB.eB capsid by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Woong Seo
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Ingham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Mahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Tumbale
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sadaf Aghevlian
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shahin Shams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mo Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Poorva Jain
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nick Goeden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Dobreva
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan Leib
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David J Segal
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Xenobiotics Formed during Food Processing: Their Relation with the Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082051. [PMID: 31027304 PMCID: PMC6514608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic epithelium is exposed to a mixture of compounds through diet, among which some are procarcinogens, whereas others have a protective effect. Therefore, the net impact of these compounds on human health depends on the overall balance between all factors involved. Strong scientific evidence has demonstrated the relationship between nitrosamines (NA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are the major genotoxins derived from cooking and food processing, and cancer. The mechanisms of the relationship between dietary toxic xenobiotics and cancer risk are not yet well understood, but it has been suggested that differences in dietary habits affect the colonic environment by increasing or decreasing the exposure to mutagens directly and indirectly through changes in the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. Several changes in the proportions of specific microbial groups have been proposed as risk factors for the development of neoplastic lesions and the enrichment of enterotoxigenic microbial strains in stool. In addition, changes in the gut microbiota composition and activity promoted by diet may modify the faecal genotoxicity/cytotoxicity, which can be associated with a higher or lower risk of developing cancer. Therefore, the interaction between dietary components and intestinal bacteria may be a modifiable factor for the development of colorectal cancer in humans and deserves more attention in the near future.
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Kabir S, Rehman A. Carcinogenic potential of arylamine N-acetyltransferase in Asian populations. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrpr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Demeyer D, Mertens B, De Smet S, Ulens M. Mechanisms Linking Colorectal Cancer to the Consumption of (Processed) Red Meat: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2747-66. [PMID: 25975275 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.873886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. The vast majority of CRC cases have been linked to environmental causes rather than to heritable genetic changes. Over the last decades, epidemiological evidence linking the consumption of red and, more convincingly, of processed red meat to CRC has accumulated. In parallel, hypotheses on carcinogenic mechanisms underlying an association between CRC and the intake of red and processed red meat have been proposed and investigated in biological studies. The hypotheses that have received most attention until now include (1) the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic amines, two groups of compounds recognized as carcinogenic, (2) the enhancing effect of (nitrosyl)heme on the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and lipid peroxidation. However, none of these hypotheses completely explains the link between red and processed red meat intake and the CRC risk. Consequently, scientists have proposed additional mechanisms or refined their hypotheses. This review first briefly summarizes the development of CRC followed by an in-depth overview and critical discussion of the different potential carcinogenic mechanisms underlying the increased CRC risk associated with the consumption of red and processed red meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Demeyer
- a Superior Health Council , Brussels , Belgium.,b Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality , Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Melle , Belgium
| | - Birgit Mertens
- a Superior Health Council , Brussels , Belgium.,c Program Toxicology, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (Site Elsene) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- a Superior Health Council , Brussels , Belgium.,b Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality , Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Melle , Belgium
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Federici E, Prete R, Lazzi C, Pellegrini N, Moretti M, Corsetti A, Cenci G. Bacterial Composition, Genotoxicity, and Cytotoxicity of Fecal Samples from Individuals Consuming Omnivorous or Vegetarian Diets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:300. [PMID: 28293225 PMCID: PMC5328950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the composition of viable fecal bacteria and gut toxicology biomarkers of 29 healthy volunteers, who followed omnivorous, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, or vegan diets. In particular, the research was focused on the prevalence of some representative viable bacteria from the four dominant phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria) commonly present in human feces, in order to evaluate the relationship between microorganisms selected by the habitual dietary patterns and the potential risk due to fecal water (FW) genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, considered as biomarkers for cancer risk and protective food activity. The relative differences of viable bacteria among dietary groups were generally not statistically significant. However, compared to omnivores, lacto-ovo-vegetarians showed low levels of total anaerobes. Otherwise, vegans showed total anaerobes counts similar to those of omnivores, but with lower number of bifidobacteria and the highest levels of bacteria from the Bacteroides–Prevotella genera. FW genotoxicity of lacto-ovo-vegetarians resulted significantly lower either in relation to that of omnivores and vegans. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians also showed the lowest levels of cytotoxicity, while the highest were found for vegans. These results highlighted that lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet was particularly effective in a favorable modulation of microbial activity, thus contributing to a significant reduction of the genotoxic and cytotoxic risk in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Federici
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Prete
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Teramo, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Corsetti
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
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Procopciuc LM, Osian G, Iancu M. N-acetyl transferase 2/environmental factors and their association as a modulating risk factor for sporadic colon and rectal cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27883249 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between environmental factors and colon or rectal cancer after adjusting for N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) phenotypes. METHODS Ninety-six patients with sporadic colon cancer, 54 with sporadic rectal cancer and 162 control subjects were genotyped for NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T using sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS The risk for colon cancer was increased in carriers of the homozygous negative genotypes for NAT2*5C-T341C, NAT2*6B-G590A, NAT2*7B-G857A, NAT2*18-A845C, and NAT2*5A-C481T. The risk for rectal cancer was increased in carriers of the homozygous negative genotypes for NAT2*5C-T341C, NAT2*7B-G857A, and NAT2*5A-C481T. High fried red meat intake associated with NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele determines a risk of 2.39 (P=.002), 2.39 (P=.002), 2.37 (P=.002), 2.28 (P=.004), and 2.51 (P=.001), respectively, for colon cancer, whereas in the case of rectal cancer, the risk increased to 7.55 (P<.001), 7.7 (P<.001), 7.83 (P<.001), 7.51 (P<.001), and 8.62 (P<.001), respectively. Alcohol consumption associated with the NAT2 -T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele induces a risk of 10.63 (P<.001), 12.04 (P<.001), 9.76 (P<.001), 10.25 (P<.001), and 9.54 (P<.001), respectively, for colon cancer, whereas the risk for rectal cancer is 9.72 (P<.001), 11.24 (P<.001), 13.07 (P<.001), 10.04 (P<.001), and 9.43 (P<.001), respectively. Smokers with NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele have a risk of 4.87, 4.25, 4.18, 3.81, and 3.82, respectively, to develop colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Fried red meat, alcohol, and smoking increase the risk of sporadic CRC, especially of colon cancer, in the case of rapid acetylators for the NAT2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Procopciuc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gelu Osian
- Multi Organ Transplant Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihaela Iancu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Verbeke KA, Boobis AR, Chiodini A, Edwards CA, Franck A, Kleerebezem M, Nauta A, Raes J, van Tol EAF, Tuohy KM. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:42-66. [PMID: 26156216 PMCID: PMC4501371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- Formerly ILSI Europe, Box 6, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 83, BE-1200, Brussels, Belgium; now European Commission, Research Executive Agency (REA) Unit B2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine A. Edwards
- Human Nutrition School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven; VIB, Leuven; DBIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kieran M. Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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Beyerle J, Frei E, Stiborova M, Habermann N, Ulrich CM. Biotransformation of xenobiotics in the human colon and rectum and its association with colorectal cancer. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:199-221. [PMID: 25686853 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.996649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the liver is generally considered to be the major organ contributing to drug metabolism, but studies during the last years have suggested an important role of the extra-hepatic drug metabolism. The gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) is the major path of entry for a wide variety of compounds including food, and orally administered drugs, but also compounds - with neither nutrient nor other functional value - such as carcinogens. These compounds are metabolized by a large number of enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP), the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, the uridine 5'-diphospho- glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase - UGT) superfamily, alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, sulfotransferases, etc. These enzymes can either inactivate carcinogens or, in some cases, generate reactive species with higher reactivity compared to the original compound. Most data in this field of research originate from animal or in vitro studies, wherein human studies are limited. Here, we review the human studies, in particular the studies on the phenotypic expression of these enzymes in the colon and rectum to get an impression of the actual enzyme levels in this primary organ of exposure. The aim of this review is to give a summary of currently available data on the relation between the CYP, the GST and the UGT biotransformation system and colorectal cancer obtained from clinical and epidemiological studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolantha Beyerle
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
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Ozen F, Sen M, Ozdemir O. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Germ-Line C677T and A1298C SNPs are Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Turkish Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7731-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Nowak A, Kuberski S, Libudzisz Z. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria detoxify N-nitrosodimethylamine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1678-87. [PMID: 25010287 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.943304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans can be exposed to N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) due to many environmental sources, as well as endogenous formation. The main nitrosamine found in food products and also synthesised in vivo by intestinal microbiota is N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). It can cause cancer of the stomach, kidney and colon. The effect of four probiotic Lactobacillus strains on NDMA was studied under different culture conditions (24 h in MRS, 168 h in modified MRS N, and 168 h in phosphate buffer). HPLC and GC-TEA methods were used for NDMA determination in supernatants. The influence of lactic acid bacteria on NDMA genotoxicity was investigated by means of the comet assay. Additionally, the effect of NDMA (2-100 µg ml⁻¹) on the growth and survival of the probiotic strains was studied. The results indicate that the bacteria decreased NDMA concentration by up to 50%, depending on the culture conditions, time of incubation, NDMA concentration, pH and bacterial strain. Lb. brevis 0945 lowered the concentration and genotoxicity of NDMA most effectively by up to 50%. This could be due to either adsorption or metabolism. The growth and survival of the bacteria was not affected by any of the tested NDMA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- a Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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Mosele JI, Martín-Peláez S, Macià A, Farràs M, Valls RM, Catalán Ú, Motilva MJ. Faecal microbial metabolism of olive oil phenolic compounds: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1809-19. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana I. Mosele
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Sandra Martín-Peláez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group; Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Research Program; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group; Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Research Program; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB); Barcelona Spain
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biomedicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa-Maria Valls
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Research Unit, CIBERDEM; St. Joan de Reus University Hospital, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Úrsula Catalán
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Research Unit, CIBERDEM; St. Joan de Reus University Hospital, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - María-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
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Brugère JF, Mihajlovski A, Missaoui M, Peyret P. Tools for stools: the challenge of assessing human intestinal microbiota using molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:353-65. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Daniela E, Sara S, Marcella M, Giovanni A, Meynier A, Sophie V, Cristina CM. Fecal water genotoxicity in healthy free-living young Italian people. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:104-9. [PMID: 24296136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habit affects the composition of human feces thus determining intestinal environment and exposure of colon mucosa to risk factors. Fecal water (FW) citotoxicity and genotoxicity were investigated in 33 healthy young Italian people, as well as the relationship between genotoxicity and nutrient intake or microflora composition. Two fecal samples were collected at 2 weeks apart and 3-d dietary diary was recorded for each volunteer. Cytotoxicity was measured using the Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay and genotoxicity using the Comet Assay (alkaline single-cell electrophoresis). Fecal bifidobacteria, total microbial count and nutrient intakes were also assessed. High intra- and inter-variability in genotoxicity data and in bacteria counts were found. None of the FW samples were citotoxic, but 90% of FW samples were genotoxic. Seventy five percent indicated intermediate and 15% were highly genotoxic. There was a different sex-related distribution. Genotoxicity was positively correlated to the total lipid intake in females and to the bifidobacteria/total bacteria count ratio in male volunteers. These results demonstrate that the majority of FW samples isolated from free-living Italian people show intermediate level of genotoxicity and sustain a relation between this possible non-invasive marker of colorectal cancer risk with both dietary habits and colonic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erba Daniela
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences DeFENS, Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Soldi Sara
- AAT - Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Via Martiri della Resistenza-Galleria San Giuseppe, 1, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Malavolti Marcella
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Aragone Giovanni
- Mondelēz International, R&D, Via Marcello Nizzoli, 3, 20147 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alexandra Meynier
- Mondelēz International, R&D, Nutrition Department, Saclay, 6 rue René RAZEL, Saclay 91400, France.
| | - Vinoy Sophie
- Mondelēz International, R&D, Nutrition Department, Saclay, 6 rue René RAZEL, Saclay 91400, France.
| | - Casiraghi M Cristina
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences DeFENS, Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Lozano E, Sanchez-Vicente L, Monte MJ, Herraez E, Briz O, Banales JM, Marin JJG, Macias RIR. Cocarcinogenic effects of intrahepatic bile acid accumulation in cholangiocarcinoma development. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:91-100. [PMID: 24255171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acid accumulation in liver with cholangiolar neoplastic lesions may occur before cholestasis is clinically detected. Whether this favors intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma development has been investigated in this study. The E. coli RecA gene promoter was cloned upstream from Luc2 to detect in vitro direct genotoxic ability by activation of SOS genes. This assay demonstrated that bile acids were not able to induce DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin was neither enhanced nor hindered by the hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective glycochenodeoxycholic and glycoursodeoxycholic acids, respectively. In contrast, thioacetamide metabolites, but not thioacetamide itself, induced DNA damage. Thus, thioacetamide was used to induce liver cancer in rats, which resulted in visible tumors after 30 weeks. The effect of bile acid accumulation on initial carcinogenesis phase (8 weeks) was investigated in bile duct ligated (BDL) animals. Serum bile acid measurement and determination of liver-specific healthy and tumor markers revealed that early thioacetamide treatment induced hypercholanemia together with upregulation of the tumor marker Neu in bile ducts, which were enhanced by BDL. Bile acid accumulation was associated with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and downregulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Bile duct proliferation and apoptosis activation, with inverse pattern (BDL > thioacetamide + BDL >> thioacetamide vs. thioacetamide > thioacetamide + BDL > BDL), were observed. In conclusion, intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids does not induce carcinogenesis directly but facilitates a cocarcinogenic effect due to stimulation of bile duct proliferation, enhanced inflammation, and reduction in FXR-dependent chemoprotection. IMPLICATIONS This study reveals that bile acids foster cocarcinogenic events that impact cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lozano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno E.D. 37007-Salamanca, Spain.
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Kato I, Startup J, Ram JL. Fecal Biomarkers for Research on Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Colorectal Cancer Etiology. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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In Vitro Morphological Assessment of Apoptosis Induced by Antiproliferative Constituents from the Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:257108. [PMID: 23762112 PMCID: PMC3671673 DOI: 10.1155/2013/257108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided isolation of the active hexane fractions of Curcuma zedoaria led to the identification of five pure compounds, namely, curzerenone (1), neocurdione (2), curdione (3), alismol (4), and zederone (5) and a mixture of sterols, namely, campesterol (6), stigmasterol (7), and β-sitosterol (8). Alismol has never been reported to be present in Curcuma zedoaria. All isolated compounds except (3) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, Ca Ski, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines and noncancer human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) using neutral red cytotoxicity assay. Curzerenone and alismol significantly inhibited cell proliferation in human cancer cell lines MCF-7, Ca Ski, and HCT-116 in a dose-dependent manner. Cytological observations by an inverted phase contrast microscope and Hoechst 33342/PI dual-staining assay showed typical apoptotic morphology of cancer cells upon treatment with curzerenone and alismol. Both compounds induce apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3. It can thus be suggested that curzerenone and alismol are modulated by apoptosis via caspase-3 signalling pathway. The findings of the present study support the use of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes in traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer-related diseases. Thus, two naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids, curzerenone and alismol, hold great promise for use in chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Zhu Q, Gao R, Wu W, Qin H. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1285-300. [PMID: 23397545 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and abundant microbial community that can reach levels as high as 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms in the colon. These microorganisms are essential to a host's well-being in terms of nutrition and mucosa immunity. However, numerous studies have also implicated members of the colonic microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). While CRC involves a genetic component where damaged DNA and genetic instability initiates a malignant transformation, environmental factors can also contribute to the onset of CRC. Furthermore, considering the constant exposure of the colonic mucosa to the microbiome and/or its metabolites, the mucosa has long been proposed to contribute to colon tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic details of these associations remain unknown. Fortunately, due to technical and conceptual advances, progress in characterizing the taxonomic composition, metabolic capacity, and immunomodulatory activity of human gut microbiota have been made, thereby elucidating its role in human health and disease. Furthermore, the use of experimental animal models and clinical/epidemiological studies of environmental etiological factors has identified a correlation between gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal cancers. Bacteria continuously stimulate activated immunity in the gut mucosa and also contribute to the metabolism of bile and food components. However, the highest levels of carcinogen production are also associated with gut anaerobic bacteria and can be lowered with live lactobacilli supplements. In this review, evidence regarding the relationship between microbiota and the development of CRC will be discussed, as well as the role for microbial manipulation in affecting disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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Gosai V, Ambalam P, Raman M, Kothari CR, Kothari RK, Vyas BRM, Sheth NR. Protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 231 against N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in animal model. Gut Microbes 2013; 2:319-25. [PMID: 22157237 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.18755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 231 (Lr 231) against potent carcinogen N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the rat model is studied. Daily feeding with Lr 231 improved the body weight of male Wistar rats compared with control groups. Fecal azoreductase (p < 0.001) and nitroreductase (p < 0.01) enzyme activity decreased significantly in Lr 231 group in comparison with control groups that received only phosphate buffer or MNNG. Oral administration of MNNG led to a significant increase in Glutathione transferase (GST) while Glutathione reductase (GSH) showed decreased activity. Conversely, feeding Lr 231 showed significantly increased GSH and decreased GST activity in comparison to the MNNG group, emphasizing the protection provided by Lr 231 against MNNG. Histopathological analysis of liver, spleen and colon showed decreased signs of inflammation in the Lr 231 group. The present study highlights that inclusion of active Lr 231 in regular diets could be used to prevent MNNG induced colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral Gosai
- Department of Pharmacy, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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Huxley RR, Woodward M, Clifton P. The Epidemiologic Evidence and Potential Biological Mechanisms for a Protective Effect of Dietary Fiber on the Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Nutr Rep 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-012-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Davies JA. Inverse Correlation Between an Organ's Cancer Rate and Its Evolutionary Antiquity. Organogenesis 2012; 1:60-3. [PMID: 20140231 DOI: 10.4161/org.1.2.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer rates vary dramatically across the range of internal organs in the body, but there is no single model to explain the variation and there is also no obvious overall pattern to it. Theories have been proposed to account for high rates in particularly cancer-prone organs, and they usually concentrate on the peculiar vulnerability of certain cells to mutation (e.g., lung cells' direct exposure to airborne carcinogens). These explanations are valuable for understanding mechanisms of disease and also for cancer prevention, but they address neither the overall distribution of cancers nor the possibility that some states of differentiation may be intrinsically less stable than others to the effects of random mutation, a possibility predicted on purely theoretical grounds many years ago. This brief report describes an overall pattern to human organ-specific cancer incidence data and shows that organ-specific cancer rates correlate negatively with an organ's evolutionary antiquity. Although the relationship may just be coincidental, it suggests the possibility that recently-evolved differentiation states may be intricnsically more vulnerable to neoplastic change. Extrapolation of the regression line to a cancer incidence of zero equates to a level of tissue organization typical of 660 Myr ago; the inferred beginning of neoplasia therefore coincides with the rise of complex multicellular animals.
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Diab KAS, Aboul-Ela EI. In vivo Comparative Studies on Antigenotoxicity of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Pits Extract Against DNA Damage Induced by N-Nitroso-N-methylurea in Mice. Toxicol Int 2012; 19:279-86. [PMID: 23293467 PMCID: PMC3532774 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extract of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits was prepared and its antigenotoxic activity was evaluated against N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) induced mutagenic effect in mice, using chromosome aberration (CA), micronuclei (MN) and DNA fragmentation assays as experimental end points in male mice. Date pits extract (DPE) was given orally to mice at the dose 25 mg/25 g mouse for successive five days in a week up to four consecutive weeks. NMU was used as mutagen and was given intraperitoneal (i.p) injection at single dose 80 mg/kg b.w., 24 hr after last dose of DPE in pre-treatment regimen and 24 hr before the first dose of DPE in the post-treatment regimen. Mice were scarified after one, two and seven days after the end of treatment. The results have shown that pre-and post-treatment regimens of DPE were significantly restored the DNA damage induced by NMU, as revealed by lowering of the occurrence of CAs and MN in bone marrow cells and inhibition of hepatic DNA fragmentation. These findings suggested that DPE produced their inhibitory activity either by desmutagenic or bioantimutagenic manner in pre-and post-treatment regimens respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. S. Diab
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E. I. Aboul-Ela
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Zandonai AP, Sonobe HM, Sawada NO. [The dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer related to meat consumption]. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2012; 46:234-9. [PMID: 22441289 DOI: 10.1590/s0080-62342012000100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrative review is one of the methodologies used for evidence-based practice which, in this study, had the objective of surveying and synthesizing the evidence available in the literature regarding the dietary risks for colorectal cancer related to the consumption of meat. The search was made using the LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE Library databases, and six studies considered pertinent to the consumption of meat were found. Meta-analyses showed that there is an association between the consumption of red meat and an increased risk for colorectal cancer from 28% to 35%, whereas processed meats are associated with a rise in risk from 20% to 49%. Evidence shows that the consumption of red meat, processed meat, and total meat consumption are risk factors for developing polyps and colorectal cancer. The search did not yield any studies referring to the consumption of chicken or fish as risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paola Zandonai
- ProgEscola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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Boleij A, Tjalsma H. Gut bacteria in health and disease: a survey on the interface between intestinal microbiology and colorectal cancer. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:701-30. [PMID: 22296522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A healthy human body contains at least tenfold more bacterial cells than human cells and the most abundant and diverse microbial community resides in the intestinal tract. Intestinal health is not only maintained by the human intestine itself and by dietary factors, but is also largely supported by this resident microbial community. Conversely, however, a large body of evidence supports a relationship between bacteria, bacterial activities and human colorectal cancer. Symbiosis in this multifaceted organ is thus crucial to maintain a healthy balance within the host-diet-microbiota triangle and accordingly, changes in any of these three factors may drive a healthy situation into a state of disease. In this review, the factors that sustain health or drive this complex intestinal system into dysbiosis are discussed. Emphasis is on the role of the intestinal microbiota and related mechanisms that can drive the initiation and progression of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). These mechanisms comprise the induction of pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic pathways in epithelial cells as well as the production of (geno)toxins and the conversion of pro-carcinogenic dietary factors into carcinogens. A thorough understanding of these processes will provide leads for future research and may ultimately aid in development of new strategies for CRC diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) & Radboud University Centre for Oncology (RUCO) of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Augusto S, Pereira MJ, Máguas C, Soares A, Branquinho C. Assessing human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a petrochemical region utilizing data from environmental biomonitors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:819-830. [PMID: 22788369 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.690685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are toxic compounds that have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probable or possible human carcinogens. Human exposure to PAH is usually assessed by considering data from a single air monitoring station as being representative of a large region; however, air pollution levels change on small spatial scales and thus also affect environmental exposure. The use of environmental biomonitors is a useful tool to assess the levels of PAH with high spatial resolution. The aims of this study were to (1) assess human exposure to PAH in a petrochemical region in Portugal, integrating data from environmental biomonitors (lichens), air, and soil in a regional area, and (2) determine the health risks associated with exposure to PAH with high spatial resolution. Bearing this in mind, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalent concentrations in samples of soil, air, and lichens collected in the study region were used to assess human exposure through different pathways, including inhalation of air and soil particles, ingestion of soil, and dermal contact with soil. Human health risk was calculated through the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). BaP equivalent concentrations found in the region ranged from 6.9 to 46.05 ng BaPeq/g in lichens, from 16.45 to 162.02 ng BaPeq/g in soils, and from 0.02 to 0.16 ng BaPeq/m³ in air, indicative of high variability in this regional area. Human exposure to PAH varied between 976 and 42,877 ng BaPeq/d. When considering all exposure pathways, ILCR values were between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻³. Considering only inhalation, ILCR values were between 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁵. The main risk seemed to arise from soil (either ingestion or inhalation of resuspended soil particles). The high spatial resolution of our environmental data allowed for detection of critical exposure levels at unexpected sites. Our results identified important areas where health studies on local populations need to be focused, and where environmental levels of PAH need to be monitored over time in order to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Augusto
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Lisbon, Portugal
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NOWAK ADRIANA, KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA, ELŻBIETA KLEWICKA. Effect of probiotic lactobacilli on faecal enzyme and genotoxic activity in human faecal water in the presence of the carcinogen PhIP in vitro. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Potential probiotic Kluyveromyces marxianus B0399 modulates the immune response in Caco-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and impacts the human gut microbiota in an in vitro colonic model system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:956-64. [PMID: 22156412 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06385-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the increase in the consumption of yeasts as human probiotics, the aim of this study was to broadly investigate the beneficial properties of the lactic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (formerly Kluyveromyces fragilis) B0399. Several potential probiotic traits of K. marxianus B0399 were investigated by using in vitro assays, including adhesion and immune modulation, and the effect of the administration of 10(7) CFU/day of K. marxianus B0399 on the composition and metabolic activity of the human intestinal microbiota was investigated in a 3-stage continuous-culture system simulating the human colon. We demonstrated that this strain was highly adhesive to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and modulated the immune response, inducing proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In the presence of inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), K. marxianus B0399 provoked decreases in the levels of production of proinflammatory cytokines in PBMCs and Caco-2 cells, thus ameliorating the inflammatory response. Furthermore, K. marxianus B0399 impacted the colonic microbiota, increasing the bifidobacterial concentration in the stages of the colonic model system simulating the proximal and transverse colon. The amounts of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate also increased following yeast supplementation. Finally, K. marxianus B0399 was found to induce a decrease of the cytotoxic potential of the culture supernatant from the first stage of the colonic model system. The effects of K. marxianus B0399 on adhesion, immune function, and colonic microbiota demonstrate that this strain possesses a number of beneficial and strain-specific properties desirable for a microorganism considered for application as a probiotic.
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Role and interaction of p53, BAX and the stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK in benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:329-37. [PMID: 21983885 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous environmental pollutants formed during incomplete combustion of organic material. For example benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a constituent and contaminant of cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, industrial waste and even food products. B[a]P is carcinogenic to rodents and humans. B[a]P induces its own metabolism, which generates different metabolites such as the highly reactive electrophilic genotoxin and ultimal carcinogen B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). BPDE can bind to nucleophilic macromolecules such as proteins and DNA and causes mutations. Multiple defence mechanisms have evolved to protect the cell from DNA damage. Specific signalling pathways operate to detect and repair different kinds of lesions. In case, the damage is poorly removed expansion of damaged cells can be counteracted, e.g., by the inhibition of proliferation or triggering apoptosis. Examples of damage sensors and transducers are stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) and the tumour suppressor protein p53. Here, we studied the role of p53 and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX in BPDE-induced cell death by using wild-type- or knock-out-human colon carcinoma cells. As reported previously, we could reconfirm a critical role of p53 in BPDE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, induced levels of total p53 and its transcriptional target p21 declined at higher BPDE concentrations correlating with reduced rates of apoptosis. Interestingly, increased phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 remained elevated at higher BPDE concentrations thus disconnecting p53 phosphorylation from downstream apoptosis. Hence, phosphorylation of p53 seems not only to be a more sensitive biomarker of BPDE exposure but might serve other functions unrelated to apoptosis. In addition, we identify BAX as a novel and essential factor to trigger the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in response to BPDE. Furthermore, BPDE in parallel activates the SAPKs p38 and JNK, which are as well involved in apoptosis. Although several routes of mutual regulation of p53 and SAPK have been described, we present evidence that the SAPK pathway in response to genotoxic stress can unexpectedly operate independently of p53 and controls apoptosis by a novel mechanism possibly downstream of caspases.
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Li JV, Reshat R, Wu Q, Ashrafian H, Bueter M, le Roux CW, Darzi A, Athanasiou T, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Gooderham NJ. Experimental bariatric surgery in rats generates a cytotoxic chemical environment in the gut contents. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:183. [PMID: 21949514 PMCID: PMC3171674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, also known as metabolic surgery, is an effective treatment for morbid obesity, which also offers pronounced metabolic effects including the resolution of type 2 diabetes and a decrease in cardiovascular disease and long-term cancer risk. However, the mechanisms of surgical weight loss and the long-term consequences of bariatric surgery remain unclear. Bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to alter the composition of both the microbiome and the metabolic phenotype. We observed a marked shift toward Gammaproteobacteria, particularly Enterobacter hormaechei, following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in a rat model compared with sham-operated controls. Fecal water from RYGB surgery rats was highly cytotoxic to rodent cells (mouse lymphoma cell line). In contrast, fecal water from sham-operated animals showed no/very low cytotoxicity. This shift in the gross structure of the microbiome correlated with greatly increased cytotoxicity. Urinary phenylacetylglycine and indoxyl sulfate and fecal gamma-aminobutyric acid, putrescine, tyramine, and uracil were found to be inversely correlated with cell survival rate. This profound co-dependent response of mammalian and microbial metabolism to RYGB surgery and the impact on the cytotoxicity of the gut luminal environment suggests that RYGB exerts local and global metabolic effects which may have an influence on long-term cancer risk and cytotoxic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia V Li
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London London, UK
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Shaughnessy DT, Gangarosa LM, Schliebe B, Umbach DM, Xu Z, MacIntosh B, Knize MG, Matthews PP, Swank AE, Sandler RS, DeMarini DM, Taylor JA. Inhibition of fried meat-induced colorectal DNA damage and altered systemic genotoxicity in humans by crucifera, chlorophyllin, and yogurt. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18707. [PMID: 21541030 PMCID: PMC3081825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary exposures implicated as reducing or causing risk for colorectal
cancer may reduce or cause DNA damage in colon tissue; however, no one has
assessed this hypothesis directly in humans. Thus, we enrolled 16 healthy
volunteers in a 4-week controlled feeding study where 8 subjects were
randomly assigned to dietary regimens containing meat cooked at either low
(100°C) or high temperature (250°C), each for 2 weeks in a crossover
design. The other 8 subjects were randomly assigned to dietary regimens
containing the high-temperature meat diet alone or in combination with 3
putative mutagen inhibitors: cruciferous vegetables, yogurt, and
chlorophyllin tablets, also in a crossover design. Subjects were nonsmokers,
at least 18 years old, and not currently taking prescription drugs or
antibiotics. We used the Salmonella assay to analyze the
meat, urine, and feces for mutagenicity, and the comet assay to analyze
rectal biopsies and peripheral blood lymphocytes for DNA damage.
Low-temperature meat had undetectable levels of heterocyclic amines (HCAs)
and was not mutagenic, whereas high-temperature meat had high HCA levels and
was highly mutagenic. The high-temperature meat diet increased the
mutagenicity of hydrolyzed urine and feces compared to the low-temperature
meat diet. The mutagenicity of hydrolyzed urine was increased nearly twofold
by the inhibitor diet, indicating that the inhibitors enhanced conjugation.
Inhibitors decreased significantly the mutagenicity of un-hydrolyzed and
hydrolyzed feces. The diets did not alter the levels of DNA damage in
non-target white blood cells, but the inhibitor diet decreased nearly
twofold the DNA damage in target colorectal cells. To our knowledge, this is
the first demonstration that dietary factors can reduce DNA damage in the
target tissue of fried-meat associated carcinogenesis. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00340743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Shaughnessy
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Gangarosa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara Schliebe
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Umbach
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of
America
| | - Zongli Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of
America
| | - Beth MacIntosh
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Knize
- Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy P. Matthews
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United
States of America
| | - Adam E. Swank
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United
States of America
| | - Robert S. Sandler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United
States of America
| | - Jack A. Taylor
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
United States of America
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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Gratz SW, Wallace RJ, El-Nezami HS. Recent Perspectives on the Relations between Fecal Mutagenicity, Genotoxicity, and Diet. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:4. [PMID: 21779247 PMCID: PMC3132665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is an essential component of the genesis of colonic cancer. Gut microbial products and food components are thought to be principally responsible for the damage that initiates disease progression. Modified Ames tests and Comet assays have been developed for measuring mutagenicity and genotoxicity. Their relevance to oncogenesis remains to be confirmed, as does the relative importance of different mutagenic and genotoxic compounds present in fecal water and the bacteria involved in their metabolism. Dietary intervention studies provide clues to the likely risks of oncogenesis. High-protein diets lead to increases in N-nitroso compounds in fecal water and greater DNA damage as measured by the Comet assay, for example. Other dietary interventions, such as non-digestible carbohydrates and probiotics, may lead to lower fecal genotoxicity. In order to make recommendations to the general public, we must develop a better understanding of how genotoxic compounds are formed in the colon, how accurate the Ames and Comet assays are, and how diet affects genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia W. Gratz
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
| | - R. John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
| | - Hani S. El-Nezami
- Food and Health Research Centre, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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Colorectal cancer: what should patients and families be told to lower the risk of colorectal cancer? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2011; 19:693-710. [PMID: 20883947 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. CRC, however, is potentially preventable, and several strategies may be employed to decrease the incidence of and mortality from CRC. Understanding of individual risk and adherence to screening and surveillance recommendations undoubtedly will reduce CRC-associated deaths. Several natural and synthetic chemopreventive agents may prove effective for both primary and secondary CRC chemoprevention. Finally, dietary modifications (ie, increased dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, and decreased red meat) and other lifestyle changes (i.e., increased physical activity, weight maintenance, avoidance of smoking, and moderation of alcohol intake) also may lower the risk of developing CRC.
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Benassi-Evans B, Clifton P, Noakes M, Fenech M. High-protein/high red meat and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets do not differ in their effect on faecal water genotoxicity tested by use of the WIL2-NS cell line and with other biomarkers of bowel health. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 703:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Claxton LD, de A. Umbuzeiro G, DeMarini DM. The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1515-22. [PMID: 20682480 PMCID: PMC2974687 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to the 2007 National Research Council report Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century, modern methods (e.g., "omics," in vitro assays, high-throughput testing, computational methods) will lead to the emergence of a new approach to toxicology. The Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has been central to the field of genetic toxicology since the 1970s. Here we document the paradigm shifts engendered by the assay, the validation and applications of the assay, and how the assay is a model for future in vitro toxicology assays. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge using key words relevant to the Salmonella assay and additional genotoxicity assays. DATA EXTRACTION We merged the citations, removing duplicates, and categorized the papers by year and topic. DATA SYNTHESIS The Salmonella assay led to two paradigm shifts: that some carcinogens were mutagens and that some environmental samples (e.g., air, water, soil, food, combustion emissions) were mutagenic. Although there are > 10,000 publications on the Salmonella assay, covering tens of thousands of agents, data on even more agents probably exist in unpublished form, largely as proprietary studies by industry. The Salmonella assay is a model for the development of 21st century in vitro toxicology assays in terms of the establishment of standard procedures, ability to test various agents, transferability across laboratories, validation and testing, and structure-activity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Similar to a stethoscope as a first-line, inexpensive tool in medicine, the Salmonella assay can serve a similar, indispensable role in the foreseeable future of 21st century toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D. Claxton
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gisela de A. Umbuzeiro
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Limnologia, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. DeMarini, B105-03, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-1510. Fax: (919) 541-0694. E-mail:
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Hagio M, Matsumoto M, Yajima T, Hara H, Ishizuka S. Voluntary wheel running exercise and dietary lactose concomitantly reduce proportion of secondary bile acids in rat feces. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:663-8. [PMID: 20616226 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00777.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to epidemiologic studies, a negative correlation exists between exercise amount and subsequent cancer development risk in the large intestine. The proportion of secondary bile acids (SBA) in the large intestine is related to subsequent risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of voluntary wheel running exercise and dietary intervention on bile acid (BA) metabolism in the large intestine. Wistar/ST rats (6 wk old) were divided into two groups, exercise and sedentary, after acclimation. Four days after the animals were assigned to a group, rats in each group were fed diets supplemented with different carbohydrate sources including dextrin, sucrose, and lactose. The wheel running period was 4 wk in the exercise group, whereas rats in the sedentary group remained in individual cages during this period. BA composition in collected feces was analyzed with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We found that wheel running exercise decreased plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. These decreases were accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of SBA to primary BA (PBA) in feces; however, daily excretion of BA was comparable regardless of wheel running exercise. In addition, ingestion of lactose decreased the SBA-to-PBA ratio and suppressed production of hyodeoxycholic acid in feces. In conclusion, voluntary wheel running exercise, in combination with dietary intervention, could independently reduce the SBA-to-PBA ratio within the large intestine without changing BA excretion. These changes may contribute to the prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hagio
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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42
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Aranganathan S, Selvam JP, Nalini N. Effect of hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, on bacterial enzymes and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in colon cancer rats: a dose-dependent study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hesperetin, an important bioactive compound in Chinese traditional medicine, has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Hesperetin is found in abundance in orange and grape juices (200–590 mg L−1) consumed in the daily diet. We have investigated the effect of different doses of hesperetin on faecal and colonic mucosal bacterial enzymes and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into six groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for 16 weeks. Group 1 served as control and group 2 received the modified pellet diet along with hesperetin (30 mg kg−1). The rats in groups 3–6 rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of DMH (20 mg kg−1) for the first four weeks. Hesperetin was supplemented orally at different doses (10, 20 or 30 mg kg−1) for a total of 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental period all rats were killed. In DMH-treated rats, the activity of faecal and colonic mucosal bacterial enzymes, such as β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, nitroreductase, sulfatase and mucinase, were significantly elevated, but in rats supplemented hesperetin along with DMH the activity was significantly lowered (P < 0.05). The total number of aberrant crypts was significantly increased in unsupplemented DMH-treated rats, while hesperetin supplementation to DMH-treated rats significantly reduced the total number of crypts. The results demonstrated that hesperetin supplementation at a dose of 20 mg kg−1 played a potent role in suppressing the formation of aberrant crypt foci and reducing the activity of bacterial enzymes in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Aranganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jayabal Panneer Selvam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Namasivayam Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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Mai V, McCrary QM, Sinha R, Glei M. Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity: an observational study in African American and Caucasian American volunteers. Nutr J 2009; 8:49. [PMID: 19845958 PMCID: PMC2773807 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African Americans (AA) suffer from an increased incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Environmental exposures including dietary habits likely contribute to a high burden of CRC, however, data on the dietary habits of AA is sparse. Diet might change the composition and the activities of the intestinal microbiota, in turn affecting fecal genotoxicity/mutagenicity that is thought to be associated with carcinogenesis. Methods We assessed dietary habits by food frequency questionnaire and by food records in 52 AA and 46 CA residents of the Eastern Shore of MD. Fecal microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA based methods and fecal genotoxicity measured using the Comet assay. Results AA reported an increased intake of heterocyclic amines and a decreased dietary intake of vitamins including vitamin D (p < 0.05) that correlated with differences in fecal microbiota composition but not fecal genotoxicity. Intake of dietary fiber, calcium, total fat and heterocyclic amines correlated with differences in microbiota composition. Total bacterial counts/g of stool and raw counts of Bacteroides were increased in AA. In contrast to a previous study, BMI was not associated with proportions of Bacteroides. Conclusion Dietary habits of African Americans, including increased HCA intake and decreased vitamin D intake might at least partially contribute to CRC through modifications of gut microbiota composition that result in changes of the intestinal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Mai
- Microbiology and Cell Science, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Pearson JR, Gill CIR, Rowland IR. Diet, fecal water, and colon cancer--development of a biomarker. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:509-26. [PMID: 19703259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer incidence worldwide. Lifestyle factors, especially dietary intake, affect the risk of CRC development. Suitable risk biomarkers are required in order to assess the effect that specific dietary components have on CRC risk. The relationship between dietary intake and indicators of fecal water activity has been assessed using cell and animal models as well as human studies. This review summarizes the literature on fecal water and dietary components with a view to establishing further the potential role of fecal water as a source of CRC risk biomarkers. The literature indicates that fecal water activity markers are affected by specific dietary components linked with CRC risk: red meat, saturated fats, bile acids, and fatty acids are associated with an increase in fecal water toxicity, while the converse appears to be true for calcium, probiotics, and prebiotics. However, it must be acknowledged that the study of fecal water is still in its infancy and a number of issues need to be addressed before its usefulness can be truly gauged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pearson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster-Coleraine, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Ability of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 to bind or/and metabolise heterocyclic aromatic amines in vitro. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48:419-27. [PMID: 19448966 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) are compounds with high mutagenic potential, formed when meat is cooked at high temperatures of 150-300 degrees C. These compounds contribute to development of colon and gastric cancer. Western diet provides a lot of HCA and influences the available substrates for the intestinal microbiota which can activate HCA to direct acting mutagens. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria existing in the colon and ingested with food including probiotics, may exert an anti-carcinogenic action, but the mechanism is still poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study we determined the ability of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 (Actimel strain) to metabolise or adsorb three HCA: IQ, MelQx and PhIP in vitro. Lactobacilli were cultivated in MRS and in a modified MRS broth with reduced concentrations of nitrogen and carbon (MRS NC), with addition of 25 mug/ml of IQ, MelQx or PhIP. Their concentration after cultivation with L. casei DN 114001 was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and the genotoxicity was evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS It was measured, that after 24 h cultivation in MRS (cell density was 10(9) cfu/ml), rapid decrease of IQ and PhIP (98-99%) was observed, and the peaks on chromatograms were almost completely reduced. In case of MeIQx the decrease was about 27%. In a modified MRS broth (cell density was 10(8) cfu/ml), the ability to decrease HCA concentration during prolonged cultivation (to 168 h) depended on the growth phase of bacteria, and it was about 51.5% for IQ and at about 11.2% for MeIQx. Non-growing cells (in phosphate buffer), could reduce the content of IQ and PhIP from 72 h to the end of incubation. L. casei DN 114001 reduced genotoxicity of HCA (IQ from 46 to 48%; MeIQx from 35 to 65% and PhIP from 32 to 81%), and the degree depended on the incubation time, cell growth and the medium used. It may suggest that bacteria can metabolise or adsorb HCA.
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Kawanishi M, Nishida H, Totsuka Y, Nishimura K, Wakabayashi K, Yagi T. Mutagenic Specificity of N-Nitrosotaurocholic Acid in supF Shuttle Vector Plasmids. Genes Environ 2009. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.31.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Glei M, Habermann N, Osswald K, Seidel C, Persin C, Jahreis G, Pool-Zobel BL. Assessment of DNA damage and its modulation by dietary and genetic factors in smokers using the Comet assay: a biomarker model. Biomarkers 2008; 10:203-17. [PMID: 16076733 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500138963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods are needed to assess exposure to genotoxins in humans and to improve understanding of dietary cancer prevention. The Comet assay was used to detect smoking-related exposures and dietary modulations in target tissues. Buccal scrapings, blood and faeces were collected from 38 healthy male volunteers (smokers and non-smokers) during a dietary intervention study with bread supplemented with prebiotics+/-antioxidants. GSTM1-genotype was determined with PCR. Buccal and peripheral lymphocytes were analysed for DNA damage using the Comet assay. Genotoxicity of faecal water (FW) was assayed in human colon HT29 clone 19A cells. 'Tail intensity' (TI) was used as a quantitative indicator of DNA damage in the Comet assay. Intervention with bread reduced DNA damage in lymphocytes of smokers (8.3+/-1.7% TI versus 10.2+/-4.1% TI, n=19), but not of non-smokers (8.6+/-2.8% TI versus 8.3+/-2.7% TI, n=15). Faecal water genotoxicity was reduced only in non-smokers (9.4+/-2.9% TI versus 18.9+/-13.1% TI, n=15) but not in smokers (15.5+/-10.7% TI versus 20.4+/-14.1% TI, n=13). The Comet assay was efficient in the detection of both smoking-related exposure (buccal cells) and efficacy of dietary intervention (faecal samples). Smokers and non-smokers profited differently from the intervention with prebiotic bread+/-antioxidants. Stratification of data by genotype enhanced specificity/sensitivity of the intervention effects and contributed important information on the role of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Genotoxic effect of bile acids on human normal and tumour colon cells and protection by dietary antioxidants and butyrate. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:301-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Guz J, Foksinski M, Siomek A, Gackowski D, Rozalski R, Dziaman T, Szpila A, Olinski R. The relationship between 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine level and extent of cytosine methylation in leukocytes DNA of healthy subjects and in patients with colon adenomas and carcinomas. Mutat Res 2008; 640:170-173. [PMID: 18281064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that DNA hypomethylation occurs in many human cancers and precancerous conditions. However, the mechanisms of hypomethylation are largely unknown. It is possible that endogenous 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) level may be linked to aberrant DNA methylation of adjacent cytosine and in this way influences carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess a possible link between 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) background level and 5-methylcytosine content in DNA from human leukocytes of healthy subjects (n=105) as well as in patients with colon adenomas (n=39) and carcinomas (n=50). Our results demonstrated statistically significant negative correlation between background level of 8-oxodG and 5-methylcytosine content in DNA isolated from leukocytes of healthy donors (r=-0.3436, p=0.0003). The mean content of 5-methylcytosine was significantly lower, while 8-oxodG level was significantly higher in leukocytes DNA of patients with colon adenomas and carcinomas in comparison with healthy subjects. The mean values for 5-methylcytosine were: 3.59+/-0.173% (healthy subjects), 3.38+/-0.128% (patients with adenomas), 3.40+/-0.208% (colon cancer patients). The mean values of 8-oxodG in DNA were, respectively: 4.67+/-1.276, 5.72+/-1.787, 5.76+/-1.884 8-oxodG per 10(6) dG molecules. DNA from affected tissue (colon) suffered from significant, about 10% reduction in cytosine methylation in comparison with leukocytes of the paired subjects. Our work provides the first in vivo evidence suggesting that increased levels of 8-oxodG in DNA may lead to carcinogenesis not only via mispair/mutagenic potential of the modified base but also through its ability to influence gene expression by affecting DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Guz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Karlowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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