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Correa-Barbosa J, Sodré DF, Nascimento PHC, Dolabela MF. Activity of the genus Zanthoxylum against diseases caused by protozoa: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:873208. [PMID: 36699053 PMCID: PMC9868958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.873208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected diseases (NDs) are treated with a less varied range of drugs, with high cost and toxicity, which makes the search for therapeutic alternatives important. In this context, plants, such as those from the genus Zanthoxylum, can be promising due to active substances in their composition. This study evaluates the potential of species from this genus to treat NDs. Initially, a protocol was developed to carry out a systematic review approved by Prospero (CRD42020200438). The databases PubMed, BVS, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were used with the following keywords: "zanthoxylum," "xanthoxylums," "fagaras," "leishmaniasis," "chagas disease," "malaria," and "African trypanosomiasis." Two independent evaluators analyzed the title and abstract of 166 articles, and 122 were excluded due to duplicity or for not meeting the inclusion criteria. From the 44 selected articles, results of in vitro/in vivo tests were extracted. In vitro studies showed that Z. rhoifolium, through the alkaloid nitidine, was active against Plasmodium (IC50 <1 μg/ml) and Leishmania (IC50 <8 μg/ml), and selective for both (>10 and >30, respectively). For Chagas disease, the promising species (IC50 <2 μg/ml) were Z. naranjillo and Z. minutiflorum, and for sleeping sickness, the species Z. zanthoxyloides (IC50 <4 μg/ml) stood out. In the in vivo analysis, the most promising species were Z. rhoifolium and Z. chiloperone. In summary, the species Z. rhoifolium, Z. naranjillo, Z. minutiflorum, Z. zanthoxyloides, and Z. chiloperone are promising sources of active molecules for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Correa-Barbosa
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Programx, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Programx, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil,*Correspondence: Maria Fâni Dolabela,
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Hao DC, Xu LJ, Zheng YW, Lyu HY, Xiao PG. Mining Therapeutic Efficacy from Treasure Chest of Biodiversity and Chemodiversity: Pharmacophylogeny of Ranunculales Medicinal Plants. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:1111-1126. [PMID: 35809180 PMCID: PMC9282152 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ranunculales, comprising of 7 families that are rich in medicinal species frequently utilized by traditional medicine and ethnomedicine, represents a treasure chest of biodiversity and chemodiversity. The phylogenetically related species often have similar chemical profile, which makes them often possess similar therapeutic spectrum. This has been validated by both ethnomedicinal experiences and pharmacological investigations. This paper summarizes molecular phylogeny, chemical constituents, and therapeutic applications of Ranunculales, i.e., a pharmacophylogeny study of this representative medicinal order. The phytochemistry/metabolome, ethnomedicine and bioactivity/pharmacology data are incorporated within the phylogenetic framework of Ranunculales. The most studied compounds of this order include benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin and lignan, etc. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids are especially abundant in Berberidaceae and Menispermaceae. The most frequent ethnomedicinal uses are arthritis, heat-clearing and detoxification, carbuncle-abscess and sore-toxin. The most studied bioactivities are anticancer/cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, etc. The pharmacophylogeny analysis, integrated with both traditional and modern medicinal uses, agrees with the molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences, in which Ranunculales is divided into Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Circaeasteraceae, Papaveraceae, and Eupteleaceae families. Chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group are reviewed and the underlying connection between phylogeny, chemodiversity and clinical uses is revealed, which facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of Ranunculales pharmaceutical resources, as well as developing novel plant-based pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Li-Jia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zheng
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Huai-Yu Lyu
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Cao F, Liu W, Shi P, Yang X. Effect of berberine on copper and zinc levels in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 249:111478. [PMID: 35561873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Berberine, a traditional Chinese medicine, was found to exhibit anticoccidial activity. However, its mechanism is unclear. Trace metals such as copper and zinc are extremely low (less than 0.01% of the total weight of the body) but play a vital role in organisms. In the present study, we investigated the effect of berberine on copper and zinc levels in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Firstly, our data confirmed that infected chickens with E. tenella exhibited classic impairment on the 8th day of post infection, such as weight loss and increased feed conversion. Further study showed that E. tenella infection decreased the contents of copper and zinc in the liver and serum of chickens. Berberine was similar to amprolium and significantly improved the pathogenic conditions. Berberine could restore copper and zinc imbalance caused by E. tenella in chickens to a large extent. Studies on the development of cecum lesions demonstrated that the protective effect of berberine on the intestinal cecum was similar to that of the Cu/Zn mixture. Additionally, the mRNA expression of several metal transport related genes of the chick small intestine, including zinc transporter 1, copper transporter 1 and divalent metal ion transporter 1, was elevated by the treatment with berberine. Taken together, we speculate that the anticoccidial activity of berberine may be related to the maintenance of certain metals (Cu/Zn) homeostasis by affecting mRNA expression of their transport genes. However, the mode of action of BBR on these vital metals in the chicks infected with E. tenella still needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Key Lab of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xianyuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Key Lab of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fangqi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China.
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Key Lab of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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Ceravolo IP, Aguiar AC, Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734263. [PMID: 34630109 PMCID: PMC8493299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease that affected 229 million people and caused 409 thousand deaths, in 2019. Disease control is based on early diagnosis and specific treatment with antimalarial drugs since no effective vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease. Drug chemotherapy has a strong historical link to the use of traditional plant infusions and other natural products in various cultures. The research based on such knowledge has yielded two drugs in medicine: the alkaloid quinine from Cinchona species, native in the Amazon highland rain forest in South America, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a species from the millenary Chinese medicine. The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), proven to be highly effective against malaria parasites, and considered as “the last bullet to fight drug-resistant malaria parasites,” have limited use now due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the limited number of therapeutic options makes urgent the development of new antimalarial drugs. This review focuses on the antimalarial activities of 90 plant species obtained from a search using Pubmed database with keywords “antimalarials,” “plants” and “natural products.” We selected only papers published in the last 10 years (2011–2020), with a further analysis of those which were tested experimentally in malaria infected mice. Most plant species studied were from the African continent, followed by Asia and South America; their antimalarial activities were evaluated against asexual blood parasites, and only one species was evaluated for transmission blocking activity. Only a few compounds isolated from these plants were active and had their mechanisms of action delineated, thereby limiting the contribution of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimalarial pharmacophores, which are highly necessary for the development of effective drugs. Nevertheless, the search for bioactive compounds remains as a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials and the validation of traditional treatments against malaria. One species native in South America, Ampelozyzyphus amazonicus, and is largely used against human malaria in Brazil has a prophylactic effect, interfering with the viability of sporozoites in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Ceravolo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the genus Arcangelisia: A mini review. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nguyen BT, Flores RA, Cammayo PLT, Kim S, Kim WH, Min W. Anticoccidial Activity of Berberine against Eimeria-Infected Chickens. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:403-408. [PMID: 34470092 PMCID: PMC8413861 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis has a major economic impact on the poultry industry, it is caused by 7 species of Eimeria, and has been primarily controlled using chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative control strategies are needed. We assessed anticoccidial effects of berberine-based diets in broiler chickens following oral infection with 5 Eimeria species (E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. mitis, and E. praecox). When 0.2% berberine, a concentration that does not affect weight gain, was added to the diet, the 4 groups infected with E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. mitis, or E. praecox showed significant reductions in fecal oocyst shedding (P<0.05) compared to their respective infected and untreated controls. In chickens treated 0.5% berberine instead of 0.2% and infected with E. maxima, fecal oocyst production was significantly reduced, but body weight deceased, indicating that berberine treatment was not useful for E. maxima infection. Taken together, these results illustrate the applicability of berberine for prophylactic use to control most Eimeria infections except E. maxima. Further studies on the mechanisms underlying the differences in anticoccidial susceptibility to berberine, particularly E. maxima, are remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Thanh Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Rochelle Alipio Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Paula Leona Taymen Cammayo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Enechi OC, Amah CC, Okagu IU, Ononiwu CP, Azidiegwu VC, Ugwuoke EO, Onoh AP, Ndukwe EE. Methanol extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides leaves possess antimalarial effects and normalizes haematological and biochemical status of Plasmodium berghei-passaged mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31500475 PMCID: PMC6746293 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1656753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Context: The resistance of Plasmodium species to many available antimalarials calls for a continuous search for newer antimalarial agents. One possible source of new antimalarials is from natural sources such as Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant used traditionally for treating malaria in South-Eastern Nigeria, Uganda and Asia. Objectives: To investigate the application of methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides in combating malaria infection and its associated disorders. Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides leaves (MEFZ) were evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activity. MEFZ at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/d were administered orally for 4 consecutive days (days 0-4) to P. berghei-infected mice. The possible ameliorative effects of MEFZ on malaria-associated organ malfunctions were also assessed. Results: At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, MEFZ produced 82.37% and 68.39%, 84.84%, and 90.75%, 95.95% and 92.67% chemosuppression and inhibition of P. berghei, respectively, comparable to 98.67% and 97.29% by combisunate, a standard antimalarial. The IC50 of MEFZ was estimated to be 235.23 mg/kg b.w. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with MEFZ significantly restored the malaria-modified haematological and biochemical status of the parasitized-MEFZ-treated mice compared with parasitized-untreated mice. MEFZ was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w dose; hence, the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg b.w. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this curative assay demonstrated that MEFZ has antimalarial effects and normalized haematological and biochemical aberrations generated by malaria. The isolation of the antimalarial principles in MEFZ is warranted; they could be lead molecules for the development of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- CONTACT Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Medical Parasitology, Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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To kill a piroplasm: genetic technologies to advance drug discovery and target identification in Babesia. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:153-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nonaka M, Murata Y, Takano R, Han Y, Kabir MHB, Kato K. Screening of a library of traditional Chinese medicines to identify anti-malarial compounds and extracts. Malar J 2018; 17:244. [PMID: 29941026 PMCID: PMC6020241 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major infectious disease in the world. In 2015, approximately 212 million people were infected and 429,000 people were killed by this disease. Plasmodium falciparum, which causes falciparum malaria, is becoming resistant to artemisinin (ART) in Southeast Asia; therefore, new anti-malarial drugs are urgently needed. Some excellent anti-malarial drugs, such as quinine or ART, were originally obtained from natural plants. Hence, the authors screened a natural product library comprising traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to identify compounds/extracts with anti-malarial effects. METHODS The authors performed three assays: a malaria growth inhibition assay (GIA), a cytotoxicity assay, and a malaria stage-specific GIA. The malaria GIA revealed the anti-malarial ability and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the natural products, whereas the malaria stage-specific GIA revealed the point in the malaria life cycle where the products exerted their anti-malarial effects. The toxicity of the products to the host cells was evaluated with the cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Four natural compounds (berberine chloride, coptisine chloride, palmatine chloride, and dehydrocorydaline nitrate) showed strong anti-malarial effects (IC50 < 50 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Two natural extracts (Phellodendri cortex and Coptidis rhizoma) also showed strong antiplasmodial effects (IC50 < 1 µg/ml), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 80%). These natural products also demonstrated anti-malarial capability during the trophozoite and schizont stages of the malaria life cycle. CONCLUSIONS The authors identified four compounds (berberine chloride, coptisine chloride, palmatine chloride, and dehydrocorydaline nitrate) and two extracts (Phellodendri cortex and Coptidis rhizoma) with anti-malarial activity, neither of which had previously been described. The IC50 values of the compounds were comparable to that of chloroquine and better than that of pyrimethamine. These compounds and extracts derived from TCMs thus show promise as potential future anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nonaka
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuho Murata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Takano
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yongmei Han
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Md Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Ramadani AP, Paloque L, Belda H, Tamhid HA, Masriani, Jumina, Augereau JM, Valentin A, Wijayanti MA, Mustofa, Benoit-Vical F. Antiprotozoal properties of Indonesian medicinal plant extracts. J Herb Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mohanty P, Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Modeling of Plasmodium falciparum Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Ternary Complex: Repurposing of Nucleoside Analog Inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:628-37. [PMID: 26690766 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.29013.pmodrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum telomerase reverse transcriptase (PfTERT) is a ribonucleoprotein that assists the maintenance of the telomeric ends of chromosomes by reverse transcription of its own RNA subunit. It represents an attractive therapeutic target for eradication of the plasmodial parasite at the asexual liver stage. Automated modeling using MUSTER and knowledge-based techniques were used to obtain a three-dimensional model of the active site of reverse transcriptase domain of PfTERT, which is responsible for catalyzing the addition of incoming dNTPs to the growing DNA strand in presence of divalent magnesium ions. Further, the ternary complex of the active site of PfTERT bound to a DNA-RNA duplex was also modeled using Haddock server and represents the functional form of the enzyme. Initially, established nucleoside analog inhibitors of PfTERT, AZTTP, and ddGTP were docked in the modeled binding site of the PfTERT ternary complex using AutoDock v4.2. Subsequently, docking studies were carried out with 14 approved nucleoside analog inhibitors. Docking studies predicted that floxuridine, gemcitabine, stavudine, and vidarabine have high affinity for the PfTERT ternary complex. Further analysis on the basis of known side effects led us to propose repositioning of vidarabine as a suitable drug candidate for inhibition of PfTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mohanty
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Gupta
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Kumar A, Ekavali, Chopra K, Mukherjee M, Pottabathini R, Dhull DK. Current knowledge and pharmacological profile of berberine: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:288-97. [PMID: 26092760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, occurs as an active constituent in numerous medicinal plants and has an array of pharmacological properties. It has been used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for its antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antidiarrheal and antitrachoma activity. Moreover, several clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate ameliorative effect of berberine against several disorders including metabolic, neurological and cardiological problems. This review provides a summary regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of berberine, with a focus on the different mechanisms underlying its multispectrum activity. Studies regarding the safety profile, drug interactions and important clinical trials of berberine have also been included. Clinical trials with respect to neurological disorders need to be undertaken to exploit the beneficiary effects of berberine against serious disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Also, clinical studies to detect rare adverse effects of berberine need to be initiated to draw a complete safety profile of berberine and strengthen its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Ekavali
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Madhurima Mukherjee
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Raghavender Pottabathini
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Boldine, a natural aporphine alkaloid, inhibits telomerase at non-toxic concentrations. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 231:27-34. [PMID: 25746354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a preliminary screening study of natural alkaloids, boldine, an aporphine alkaloid, showed an interesting dose and time dependent anti-proliferative effect in several cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity of boldine in human fibroblasts was considerably lower than the telomerase positive embryonic kidney HEK293 and breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Whether boldine can inhibit telomerase was investigated here using a modified quantitative real-time telomere repeat amplification protocol (q-TRAP). This test showed that boldine inhibits telomerase in cells treated with sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Telomerase inhibition occurs via down-regulation of hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Boldine changed the splicing variants of hTERT towards shorter non-functional transcripts as well. A direct interaction of boldine with the enzyme may also be involved, though thermal FRET method did not detect any substantial interaction between boldine and synthetic telomere sequences. This study advocates boldine as a valuable candidate for telomerase-targeted cancer care. This study suggests that derivatives of boldine could be potent anti-cancer drugs.
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Noureini SK, Wink M. Dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of boldine in HepG-2 cells-telomerase inhibition and apoptosis induction. Molecules 2015; 20:3730-43. [PMID: 25719742 PMCID: PMC6272231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolites are valuable sources of novel therapeutic compounds. In an anti-telomerase screening study of plant secondary metabolites, the aporphine alkaloid boldine (1,10-dimethoxy-2,9-dihydroxyaporphine) exhibited a dose and time dependent cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells. Here we focus on the modes and mechanisms of the growth-limiting effects of this compound. Telomerase activity and expression level of some related genes were estimated by real-time PCR. Modes of cell death also were examined by microscopic inspection, staining methods and by evaluating the expression level of some critically relevant genes. The growth inhibition was correlated with down-regulation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) gene (p < 0.01) and the corresponding reduction of telomerase activity in sub-cytotoxic concentrations of boldine (p < 0.002). However, various modes of cell death were stimulated, depending on the concentration of boldine. Very low concentrations of boldine over a few passages resulted in an accumulation of senescent cells so that HepG-2 cells lost their immortality. Moreover, boldine induced apoptosis concomitantly with increasing the expression of bax/bcl2 (p < 0.02) and p21 (p < 0.01) genes. Boldine might thus be an interesting candidate as a potential natural compound that suppresses telomerase activity in non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box 397, Sabzevar, 9617966376 Iran.
| | - Michael Wink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lahm G, Deichmann JG, Rauen AL, Opatz T. A One-Pot Cascade to Protoberberine Alkaloids via Stevens Rearrangement of Nitrile-Stabilized Ammonium Ylides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2010-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502842s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Lahm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan-Gernot Deichmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Lisa Rauen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Noureini SK, Esmaili H. Multiple mechanisms of cell death induced by chelidonine in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:141-9. [PMID: 25265580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In a preliminary study screening anti-proliferative natural alkaloids, a very potent benzophenanthridine, chelidonine showed strong cytotoxicity in cancer cells. While several modes of death have been identified, most of anti-cancer attempts have focused on stimulation of cells to undergo apoptosis. Chelidonine seems to trigger multiple mechanisms in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It induces both apoptosis and autophagy modes of cell death in a dose dependent manner. Alteration of expression levels of bax/bcl2, and dapk1a by increasing concentration of chelidonine approves switching the death mode from apoptosis induced by very low to autophagy by high concentrations of this compound. On the other hand, submicromolar concentrations of chelidonine strongly suppressed telomerase at both enzyme activity and hTERT transcriptional level. Long exposure of the cells to 50 nanomolar concentration of chelidonine considerably accelerated senescence. Altogether, chelidonine may provide a promising chemistry from nature to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Dept. Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box: 397, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Hosein Esmaili
- Dept. Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box: 397, Sabzevar, Iran
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17
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Noureini SK, Wink M. Antiproliferative effect of the isoquinoline alkaloid papaverine in hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells--inhibition of telomerase and induction of senescence. Molecules 2014; 19:11846-59. [PMID: 25111025 PMCID: PMC6271551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are often immortal through up-regulation of the hTERT gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of a special reverse transcriptase to overcome end-replication problem of chromosomes. This study demonstrates that papaverine, an isoquinoline alkaloid from the Papaveraceae, can overcome telomerase dependent immortality of HepG-2 cells that was used as a model of hepatocarcinoma. Although this alkaloid does not directly interact with telomeric sequences, papaverine inhibits telomerase through down-regulation of hTERT, which was analysed using thermal FRET and qRT-PCR, respectively. The IC50 values for the reduction of both telomerase activity and hTERT expression was 60 µM, while IC50 for cytotoxicity was 120 µM. Repeated treatments of the cells with very low non-toxic concentrations of papaverine resulted in growth arrest and strong reduction of population doublings after 40 days. This treatment induced senescent morphology in HepG-2 cells, which was evaluated by beta-galactosidase staining. Altogether, papaverine can be regarded as a promising model compound for drug design targeting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Michael Wink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Ludin P, Woodcroft B, Ralph SA, Mäser P. In silico prediction of antimalarial drug target candidates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:191-9. [PMID: 24533280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The need for new antimalarials is persistent due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites. Here we aim to identify new drug targets in Plasmodium falciparum by phylogenomics among the Plasmodium spp. and comparative genomics to Homo sapiens. The proposed target discovery pipeline is largely independent of experimental data and based on the assumption that P. falciparum proteins are likely to be essential if (i) there are no similar proteins in the same proteome and (ii) they are highly conserved across the malaria parasites of mammals. This hypothesis was tested using sequenced Saccharomycetaceae species as a touchstone. Consecutive filters narrowed down the potential target space of P. falciparum to proteins that are likely to be essential, matchless in the human proteome, expressed in the blood stages of the parasite, and amenable to small molecule inhibition. The final set of 40 candidate drug targets was significantly enriched in essential proteins and comprised proven targets (e.g. dihydropteroate synthetase or enzymes of the non-mevalonate pathway), targets currently under investigation (e.g. calcium-dependent protein kinases), and new candidates of potential interest such as phosphomannose isomerase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, signaling components, and transporters. The targets were prioritized based on druggability indices and on the availability of in vitro assays. Potential inhibitors were inferred from similarity to known targets of other disease systems. The identified candidates from P. falciparum provide insight into biochemical peculiarities and vulnerable points of the malaria parasite and might serve as starting points for rational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ludin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Woodcroft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Meister S, Plouffe DM, Kuhen KL, Bonamy GMC, Wu T, Barnes SW, Bopp SE, Borboa R, Bright AT, Che J, Cohen S, Dharia NV, Gagaring K, Gettayacamin M, Gordon P, Groessl T, Kato N, Lee MCS, McNamara CW, Fidock DA, Nagle A, Nam TG, Richmond W, Roland J, Rottmann M, Zhou B, Froissard P, Glynne RJ, Mazier D, Sattabongkot J, Schultz PG, Tuntland T, Walker JR, Zhou Y, Chatterjee A, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA. Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science 2011; 334:1372-7. [PMID: 22096101 PMCID: PMC3473092 DOI: 10.1126/science.1211936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most malaria drug development focuses on parasite stages detected in red blood cells, even though, to achieve eradication, next-generation drugs active against both erythrocytic and exo-erythrocytic forms would be preferable. We applied a multifactorial approach to a set of >4000 commercially available compounds with previously demonstrated blood-stage activity (median inhibitory concentration < 1 micromolar) and identified chemical scaffolds with potent activity against both forms. From this screen, we identified an imidazolopiperazine scaffold series that was highly enriched among compounds active against Plasmodium liver stages. The orally bioavailable lead imidazolopiperazine confers complete causal prophylactic protection (15 milligrams/kilogram) in rodent models of malaria and shows potent in vivo blood-stage therapeutic activity. The open-source chemical tools resulting from our effort provide starting points for future drug discovery programs, as well as opportunities for researchers to investigate the biology of exo-erythrocytic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Meister
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David M Plouffe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kelli L Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ghislain MC Bonamy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - S Whitney Barnes
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Selina E Bopp
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachel Borboa
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - A Taylor Bright
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Steve Cohen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kerstin Gagaring
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marcus CS Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Roland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Patrick Froissard
- INSERM, U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S511 Paris, France
| | - Richard J Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dominique Mazier
- INSERM, U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S511 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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20
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Chen JLY, Sperry J, Ip NY, Brimble MA. Natural products targeting telomere maintenance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Ozbalci Ç, Unsal Ç, Kazan D, Sariyar-Akbulut B. Proteomic response of Escherichia coli to the alkaloid extract of Papaver polychaetum. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Watthanachaiyingcharoen R, Komatsu K, Zhu S, Vajragupta O, Leelamanit W. Authentication of Coscinium fenestratum among the Other Menispermaceae Plants Prescribed in Thai Folk Medicines. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:91-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University
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23
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A systematic review of the anticancer properties of berberine, a natural product from Chinese herbs. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:757-69. [PMID: 19704371 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328330d95b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products represent a rich reservoir of potential small chemical molecules exhibiting antiproliferation and anticancer properties. An example is berberine, a protoberberine alkaloid widely distributed in medical plants used in traditional Chinese prescriptions. Recent advances have shown that berberine exerts anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo through different mechanisms. Berberine shows inhibitory effects on the proliferation and reproduction of certain tumorigenic microorganisms and viruses, such as Heliobacter pylori and hepatitis B virus. Transcriptional regulation of some oncogene and carcinogenesis-related gene expression and interaction with both DNA and RNA are also well documented. Besides, berberine is a broad spectrum enzyme inhibitor, which affects N-acetyltransferase, cyclooxygenase-2, and topoisomerase activities and gene/protein expression. These actions, together with the regulation of reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and nuclear factor-kappaB activation might underlie its antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. More importantly, the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis, the beneficial application in combined medication, and the improvement of multidrug resistance both in vivo and in vitro clearly show its potential as an alternative medicine for tumor chemotherapy.
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Nguyen-Pouplin J, Tran H, Tran H, Phan TA, Dolecek C, Farrar J, Tran TH, Caron P, Bodo B, Grellier P. Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of ethnopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from South Vietnam. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:417-27. [PMID: 17010546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global public health problem and the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs now available underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial compounds. An ethnopharmacological investigation was undertaken of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in the South Vietnam. Forty-nine plants were identified, 228 extracts were prepared and tested for their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, and assessed for any cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell line HeLa and the embryonic lung MRC5 cell line. In a first screening at a concentration of 10 microg/ml, 92 extracts from 46 plants showed antiplasmodial activity (parasite growth inhibition >30%). The IC(50) values of the most active extracts were determined as well as their selectivity towards Plasmodium falciparum in comparison to their cytotoxic effects against the human cell lines. Six plants showed interesting antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) ranging from 0.4 to 8.6 microg/ml) with a good selectivity: two Menispermaceae, Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. and Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., and also Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. (Simaroubaceae), Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn. (Irvingiaceae), Elaeocarpus kontumensis Gagn. (Elaeocarpaceae) and Anneslea fragrans Wall. (Theaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nguyen-Pouplin
- UMR 5154 CNRS Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Dpt R.D.D.M., Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP54, 63 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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25
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Gornall KC, Samosorn S, Talib J, Bremner JB, Beck JL. Selectivity of an indolyl berberine derivative for tetrameric G-quadruplex DNA. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1759-66. [PMID: 17486674 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to compare the binding affinities and stoichiometries of the alkaloid berberine, a 13-substituted indolyl berberine derivative, SS14, and the chemotherapeutic agent, daunomycin, for 16-mer double-stranded (ds) DNA (D1 and D2) and for an 8-mer tetrameric quadruplex, Q1 (d(TTGGGGGT)(4)). Under the experimental conditions presented here, ESI mass spectra of Q1 showed that the major ions were from Q1 with three ammonium ions bound in the structure. Ions from Q1 with four ammonium ions were of lower abundance. In agreement with other work, there were multiple binding sites on the dsDNA and the quadruplex for daunomycin and berberine. The binding of SS14 to both dsDNA and Q1 was less extensive. Although the binding affinity of SS14 for Q1 was modest, this compound showed a clear preference for Q1 DNA over D1 or D2 DNA. Berberine and daunomycin bound with greater affinity to both types of DNA secondary structure, with the former showing a slight preference for Q1 over D1 while the latter showed a slight preference for D1 over Q1. While at least five berberine molecules bound to Q1, this quadruplex could accommodate only two SS14 molecules. These investigations show that SS14 is a promising lead compound for drugs that may selectively bind quadruplex over duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina C Gornall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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26
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Grycová L, Dostál J, Marek R. Quaternary protoberberine alkaloids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:150-75. [PMID: 17109902 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews some general aspects of the quaternary iminium protoberberine alkaloids. The alkaloids represent a very extensive group of secondary metabolites with diverse structures, distribution in nature, and biological effects. The quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPA), derived from the 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium system, belong to a large class of isoquinoline alkaloids. Following a general introduction, the plant sources of QPA, their biosynthesis, and procedures for their isolation are discussed. Analytical methods and spectral data are summarized with emphasis on NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity of QPA is characterized by the sensitivity of the iminium bond CN(+) to nucleophilic attack. The addition of various nucleophiles to the protoberberine skeleton is discussed. An extended discussion of the principal chemical reactivity is included since this governs interactions with biological targets. Quaternary protoberberine alkaloids and some related compounds exhibit considerable biological activities. Recently reported structural studies indicate that the QPA interact with nucleic acids predominantly as intercalators or minor groove binders. Currently, investigations in many laboratories worldwide are focused on the antibacterial and antimalarial activity, cytotoxicity, and potential genotoxicity of QPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Grycová
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Protoberberine Alkaloids: Physicochemical and Nucleic Acid Binding Properties. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2007_071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Maiti M, Kumar GS. Molecular aspects on the interaction of protoberberine, benzophenanthridine, and aristolochia group of alkaloids with nucleic acid structures and biological perspectives. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:649-95. [PMID: 16894530 DOI: 10.1002/med.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids occupy an important position in chemistry and pharmacology. Among the various alkaloids, berberine and coralyne of the protoberberine group, sanguinarine of the benzophenanthridine group, and aristololactam-beta-d-glucoside of the aristolochia group have potential to form molecular complexes with nucleic acid structures and have attracted recent attention for their prospective clinical and pharmacological utility. This review highlights (i) the physicochemical properties of these alkaloids under various environmental conditions, (ii) the structure and functional aspects of various forms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (B-form, Z-form, H(L)-form, protonated form, and triple helical form) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) (A-form, protonated form, and triple helical form), and (iii) the interaction of these alkaloids with various polymorphic DNA and RNA structures reported by several research groups employing various analytical techniques like absorbance, fluorescence, circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopy; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, thermal melting, viscosity, and DNase footprinting as well as molecular modeling and thermodynamic studies to provide detailed binding mechanism at the molecular level for structure-activity relationship. Nucleic acids binding properties of these alkaloids are interpreted in relation to their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Maiti
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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29
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Fokialakis N, Kalpoutzakis E, Tekwani BL, Khan SI, Kobaisy M, Skaltsounis AL, Duke SO. Evaluation of the antimalarial and antileishmanial activity of plants from the Greek island of Crete. J Nat Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-006-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Dvorák Z, Vrzal R, Maurel P, Ulrichová J. Differential effects of selected natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity on the glucocorticoid receptor and NF-κB in HeLa cells. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 159:117-28. [PMID: 16289013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds have been used in the treatment of various diseases for centuries. Herein, we investigated the effects of structurally diverse alkaloids with anti-inflammatory activity (berberine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, and colchicine) on two important anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory players, i.e. glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), respectively. Sanguinarine and chelerythrine elicited nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. The nuclear import of p65 was strongly augmented by these akaloids in non-stimulated cells as well as in cells challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Colchicine and berberine had no effect on p65 nuclear translocation regardless of the presence or absence of TNFalpha. Colchicine caused rapid degradation of the GR protein, whereas berberine had no effect on GR content or cellular localization. Sanguinarine and chelerythrine induced accumulation of GR in the nucleus with concomitant diminution of cytosolic GR. Analyses on the transcriptional activity of GR and NF-kappaB monitored by reporter assays using HeLa cells transiently transfected with glucocorticoid response element (pGRE-LUC) and/or NF-kappaB elements fused to luciferase gene (pNF-kappaB-luc) showed that none of the compounds tested had the capability to trigger GR and/or NF-kappaB transcriptional activities, respectively. The ligand binding assay showed that colchicine and berberine are not GR ligands whereas sanguinarine and chelerythrine significantly decreased binding of (3)H-labelled dexamethasone to GR. In conclusion, structurally diverse natural antiflogistics displayed differential effects on GR and NF-kappaB in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorák
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Vrzal R, Zdarilová A, Ulrichová J, Bláha L, Giesy JP, Dvorák Z. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by berberine in HepG2 and H4IIE cells: Biphasic effect on CYP1A1. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:925-36. [PMID: 16046213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Berberine has long been considered a candidate for an antimalarial drug. It exerts a plethora of biological activities and has been used in the treatment of diarrhea and gastro-enteritis for centuries. Here we provide evidence that berberine activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in human hepatoma (HepG2) and rat hepatoma cells stably transfected with a dioxin responsive element fused to the luciferase gene (H4IIE.luc). AhR was activated by high doses of berberine (10-50 microM) after 6 and 24 h of incubation as revealed by CYP1A1 mRNA expression (HepG2) and AhR-dependent luciferase activity (H4IIE.luc). Berberine induced nuclear translocation of AhR-GFP chimera transiently transfected to Hepa1c1c7 cells. In contrast, low doses of berberine (<1 microM) and prolonged times of the treatments (48 h) failed to produce any activation of AhR in H4IIE.luc cell line. HPLC analysis ruled out the hypothesis that the loss of berberine capacity to activate AhR in H4IIE.luc cells is due to metabolic inactivation of the alkaloid. We demonstrate that berberine is a potent inhibitor (IC50=2.5 microM) of CYP1A1 catalytic activity (EROD) in HepG2 cell culture and in recombinant CYP1A1 protein. Collectively, our results imply that while berberine activates the Ah receptor, it is accompanied by inactivation of the catalytic activity of CYP1A1 and occurs at concentrations that exceed those predicted to occur in vivo. Given these data, it appears that activation of the AhR pathway by berberine has a low toxicological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vrzal
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Martin RE, Henry RI, Abbey JL, Clements JD, Kirk K. The 'permeome' of the malaria parasite: an overview of the membrane transport proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R26. [PMID: 15774027 PMCID: PMC1088945 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-r26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatic and expression analyses attribute putative functions to transporters and channels encoded by the Plasmodium falciparum genome. The malaria parasite has substantially more membrane transport proteins than previously thought. Background The uptake of nutrients, expulsion of metabolic wastes and maintenance of ion homeostasis by the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite is mediated by membrane transport proteins. Proteins of this type are also implicated in the phenomenon of antimalarial drug resistance. However, the initial annotation of the genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum identified only a limited number of transporters, and no channels. In this study we have used a combination of bioinformatic approaches to identify and attribute putative functions to transporters and channels encoded by the malaria parasite, as well as comparing expression patterns for a subset of these. Results A computer program that searches a genome database on the basis of the hydropathy plots of the corresponding proteins was used to identify more than 100 transport proteins encoded by P. falciparum. These include all the transporters previously annotated as such, as well as a similar number of candidate transport proteins that had escaped detection. Detailed sequence analysis enabled the assignment of putative substrate specificities and/or transport mechanisms to all those putative transport proteins previously without. The newly-identified transport proteins include candidate transporters for a range of organic and inorganic nutrients (including sugars, amino acids, nucleosides and vitamins), and several putative ion channels. The stage-dependent expression of RNAs for 34 candidate transport proteins of particular interest are compared. Conclusion The malaria parasite possesses substantially more membrane transport proteins than was originally thought, and the analyses presented here provide a range of novel insights into the physiology of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena E Martin
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Roselani I Henry
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Janice L Abbey
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - John D Clements
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Division of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Figueiredo LM, Rocha EPC, Mancio-Silva L, Prevost C, Hernandez-Verdun D, Scherf A. The unusually large Plasmodium telomerase reverse-transcriptase localizes in a discrete compartment associated with the nucleolus. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:1111-22. [PMID: 15722485 PMCID: PMC549419 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase replicates chromosome ends, a function necessary for maintaining genome integrity. We have identified the gene that encodes the catalytic reverse transcriptase (RT) component of this enzyme in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfTERT) as well as the orthologous genes from two rodent and one simian malaria species. PfTERT is predicted to encode a basic protein that contains the major sequence motifs previously identified in known telomerase RTs (TERTs). At ∼2500 amino acids, PfTERT is three times larger than other characterized TERTs. We observed remarkable sequence diversity between TERT proteins of different Plasmodial species, with conserved domains alternating with hypervariable regions. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PfTERT is expressed in asexual blood stage parasites that have begun DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, rather than at telomere clusters, PfTERT typically localizes into a discrete nuclear compartment. We further demonstrate that this compartment is associated with the nucleolus, hereby defined for the first time in P.falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M. Figueiredo
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Host Parasite Interaction Unit–CNRS URA258125 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P. C. Rocha
- Unité GGBURA CNRS 2171Institut Pasteur28 rue Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- Atelier de BioInformatique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie12 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Host Parasite Interaction Unit–CNRS URA258125 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christine Prevost
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | | | - Artur Scherf
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Host Parasite Interaction Unit–CNRS URA258125 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33 1 4568 8616; Fax: +33 1 4568 8348;
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Bourdy G, Oporto P, Gimenez A, Deharo E. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part VI. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by Isoceño-Guaraní Indians. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 93:269-77. [PMID: 15234764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-seven plant extracts (corresponding to 62 different species) traditionally used by the Isoceño-Guaraní, a native community living in the Bolivian Chaco, were screened for antimalarial activity in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive strain (F32), and on ferriprotoporphyrin (FP) IX biocrystallisation inhibition test (FBIT). Among these extracts, seven displayed strong in vitro antimalarial activity, and 25 were active in the FBIT test. Positive results on both tests were recorded for six extracts: Argemone subfusiformis aerial part, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco bark, Castela coccinea leaves and bark, Solanum argentinum leaves and Vallesia glabra bark. Results are discussed in relation with Isoceño-Guaraní traditional medicine. Further studies to be undertaken in relation with these results are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bourdy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement BP 165, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane, France.
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Kumar GS, Das S, Bhadra K, Maiti M. Protonated forms of poly[d(G-C)] and poly(dG).poly(dC) and their interaction with berberine. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:4861-70. [PMID: 14604647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pH -induced structural changes on the conformation of homo- and hetero-polymers of guanosine-citydine (G.C) sequences were investigated using spectrophotometric and circular dichroic techniques. At pH 3.40, 10 mM [Na(+)] and 10 degrees C both polynucleotides adopted a unique and stable structural conformation different from their respective B-form structures. The protonated hetero-polymer is established as left-handed structure with Hoogsteen base pairing (H(L)-form) while the homo-polymer favored Watson-Crick base pairing with different stacking arrangements from that of B-form structure as evident from thermal melting and circular dichroic studies. The interaction of berberine, a naturally occurring protoberberine group of plant alkaloid, with the protonated structures was studied using various biophysical techniques. Binding of berberine to the H(L)-form structure resulted in intrinsic circular dichroic changes and generation of extrinsic circular dichroic bands with opposite sign and magnitude compared to its B-form structure while with the homo-polymer of G.C no such reversal of extrinsic circular dichroic bands was seen indicating different stacking arrangement of berberine at the interaction site. Scatchard analysis of the binding data, however, indicated non-cooperative binding to both the protonated forms similar to that of their respective B-form structure. Fluorescence spectral studies, on the other hand, showed remarkable increase in the intrinsic fluorescence of the alkaloid in presence of the protonated forms compared to their respective B-form structure. These results suggest that berberine could be used as a probe to detect the alteration of structural handedness due to protonation and may potentiate its use in regulatory roles for biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, 700 032, Kolkata, India
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Rubiano CC, Wasserman M. Detection of telomerase activity in Plasmodium falciparum using a nonradioactive method. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:693-5. [PMID: 12973539 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, quick and sensitive method was used to detect telomerase activity in Plasmodium falciparum. The telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP assay) was modified using electrophoresis and staining with SYBR-green I to detect telomerase activity in a range of 10 to 10(7) parasites. This might be a useful way to ascertain telomerase activity in different types of nontumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Rubiano
- Laboratorio Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
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Das S, Kumar GS, Ray A, Maiti M. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies on the binding of sanguinarine and berberine to triple and double helical DNA and RNA structures. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 20:703-14. [PMID: 12643773 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2003.10506887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the interaction of sanguinarine and berberine with DNA and RNA triplexes and their parent duplexes was performed, by using a combination of spectrophotometric, UV thermal melting, circular dichroic and thermodynamic techniques. Formation of the DNA and RNA triplexes was confirmed from UV-melting and circular dichroic measurements. The interaction process was characterized by increase of thermal melting temperature, perturbation in circular dichroic spectrum and the typical hypochromic and bathochromic effects in the absorption spectrum. Scatchard analysis indicated that both the alkaloids bound to the triplex and duplex structures in a non-cooperative manner and the binding was stronger to triplexes than to parent duplexes. Thermal melting studies further indicated that sanguinarine stabilized the Hoogsteen base paired third strand of both DNA and RNA triplexes more tightly compared to their Watson-Crick strands, while berberine stabilized the third strand only without affecting the Watson-Crick strand. However, sanguinarine stabilized the parent duplexes while no stabilization was observed with berberine under identical conditions. Circular dichroic studies were also consistent with the observation that perturbations of DNA and RNA triplexes were more compared to their parent duplexes in presence of the alkaloids. Thermodynamic data revealed that binding of sanguinarine and berberine to triplexes (T.AxT and U.AxU) and duplexes (A.T and A.U) showed negative enthalpy changes and positive entropy changes but that of sanguinarine to C.GxC(+) triplex and G.C duplex exhibited negative enthalpy and negative entropy changes. Taken together, these results suggest that both sanguinarine and berberine can bind and stabilize the DNA and RNA triplexes more strongly than their respective parent duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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