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Percot A, Maurel MC, Lambert JF, Zins EL. New insights into the surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) response of adenine using chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124177. [PMID: 38554690 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The SERS response of adenine is one of the most studied, due to its outstanding exaltation. However, the spectra obtained strongly differ according to the experimental conditions and still remain not well understood. To be able to search for the presence of this molecule in complex environments, it is essential to better understand the SERS response of adenine alone. After a brief presentation of the literature on the subject, we present results suggesting that the experimental spectra would result from the overlap of different spectroscopic signatures, that may probably be due to different non-covalent interactions or different electromagnetic fields experienced by adenine molecules. An independent component analysis is reported. Our results underline the difficulty to precisely analyze the experimental data, the need to continue this research and to constitute data banks that would allow comparing the spectra obtained in different laboratories according to the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Percot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MONARIS, UMR8233, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - M C Maurel
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS,MNHN, UMR7205, ISYEB, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J F Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LAMS, UMR8220, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E L Zins
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MONARIS, UMR8233, F-75005 Paris, France
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2
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Percot A, Mahieddine F, Yano H, Hasegawa S, Tabata M, Yamagishi A, Mita H, Paredes-Arriaga A, Maurel MC, Lambert JF, Baklouti D, Zins EL. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Identifying Traces of Adenine in Organic-Bearing Extraterrestrial Dust Analogs Captured in the Tanpopo Aerogel after Hypervelocity Impacts. Gels 2024; 10:249. [PMID: 38667668 PMCID: PMC11049422 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique for characterizing organic and inorganic materials with spatial resolution in the micrometer range. This makes it a method of choice for space-mission sample characterization, whether on return or in situ. To enhance its sensitivity, we use signal amplification via interaction with plasmonic silver-based colloids, which corresponds to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this study, we focus on the analysis of biomolecules of prebiotic interest on extraterrestrial dust trapped in silica aerogel, jointly with the Japanese Tanpopo mission. The aim is twofold: to prepare samples as close as possible to the real ones, and to optimize analysis by SERS for this specific context. Serpentinite was chosen as the inorganic matrix and adenine as the target biomolecule. The dust was projected at high velocity into the trapping aerogel and then mechanically extracted. A quantitative study shows effective detection even for adenine doping from a 5·10-9mol/L solution. After the dust has been expelled from the aerogel using a solvent, SERS mapping enables unambiguous adenine detection over the entire dust surface. This study shows the potential of SERS as a key technique not only for return samples, but also for upcoming new explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Percot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS MONARIS UMR8233, 75005 Paris, France; (F.M.); (E.-L.Z.)
| | - Farah Mahieddine
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS MONARIS UMR8233, 75005 Paris, France; (F.M.); (E.-L.Z.)
| | - Hajime Yano
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Sunao Hasegawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Makoto Tabata
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Akihiko Yamagishi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachiojishi 192-0392, Japan;
| | - Hajime Mita
- Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Wajiro-higashi, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan;
| | - Alejandro Paredes-Arriaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Evolución Química, Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Marie-Christine Maurel
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité( ISYEB), Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Jean-François Lambert
- Laboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8220, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Donia Baklouti
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Emilie-Laure Zins
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS MONARIS UMR8233, 75005 Paris, France; (F.M.); (E.-L.Z.)
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Nsiah F, McDermott MT. Nanoparticle-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging of biological arrays. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1657-1670. [PMID: 36648408 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces serve as the communication link between the adsorbate and the substrate. Hence, a thorough understanding of the surface chemistries directly interfacing with biological molecules and other adsorbates would provide insight into the fabrication approach as well as the adsorption characteristics of biomolecules adsorbed on the surface. This paper presents a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for high-sensitivity detection and reading of protein microarrays based on gold nanoparticle labels. The reagent employed was 30 nm gold nanoparticles modified with a bifunctional Raman reporter molecule, 5,5'-dithiobis(succinimidyl-2-nitrobenzoate) (DSNB), to integrate anti-bovine IgG for an antigen response in the immunoassay and generate an intense SERS signal. The signal from the DSNB reporter molecule, particularly the strong symmetric nitro stretch was used for the detection of antigen-antibody interactions. Issues related to the sensitivity and selectivity of the assay were also addressed. This work provides useful insights into SERS-based immunoassays and serves as the basis for an eventful adventure into interfacial biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Nsiah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Mark T McDermott
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Wu Z, Zhao D, Han X, Liu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Duan Y. Deposition of hydrophilic Ti 3C 2T x on a superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array for improved surface-enhanced raman scattering performance. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:17. [PMID: 36647107 PMCID: PMC9843901 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superhydrophobic substrate modifications are an effective way to improve SERS sensitivity by concentrating analyte molecules into a small surface area. However, it is difficult to manipulate low-volume liquid droplets on superhydrophobic substrates. RESULTS To overcome this limitation, we deposited a hydrophilic Ti3C2Tx film on a superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array to create a SERS substrate with improved analyte affinity. Combined with its interfacial charge transfer properties, this enabled a rhodamine 6G detection limit of 10-11 M to be achieved. In addition, the new SERS substrate showed potential for detection of biological macromolecules, such as microRNA. CONCLUSION Combined with its facile preparation, the SERS activity of ZnO/Ti3C2Tx suggests it may provide an ultrasensitive environmental pollutant-monitoring and effective substrate for biological analyte detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - De Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xin Han
- grid.28056.390000 0001 2163 4895State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jichang Liu
- grid.28056.390000 0001 2163 4895State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Ying Sun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yaogang Li
- grid.255169.c0000 0000 9141 4786State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Yourong Duan
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Mathioudakis GN, Soto Beobide A, Anastasiadis SH, Voyiatzis GA. Surface enhanced Raman scattering of brilliant green: Packing density and stabilizing effect of the cationic surfactant CTAB on the “hotspot” spacing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tzeng Y, Lin BY. Silver-Based SERS Pico-Molar Adenine Sensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10090122. [PMID: 32932787 PMCID: PMC7559806 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenine is an important molecule for biomedical and agricultural research and applications. The detection of low concentration adenine molecules is thus desirable. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising label-free detection and fingerprinting technique for molecules of significance. A novel SERS sensor made of clusters of silver nanostructures deposited on copper bumps in valleys of an etched silicon substrate was previously reported to exhibit a low and reproducible detection limit for a 10−11 M neutral adenine aqueous solution. Reflection of laser illumination from the silicon surface surrounding a valley provides additional directions of laser excitation to adenine molecules adsorbing on a silver surface for the generation of enhanced SERS signal strength leading to a low detection limit. This paper further reports a concentration dependent shift of the ring-breathing mode SERS adenine peak towards 760 cm−1 with decreasing concentration and its pH-dependent SERS signal strength. For applications, where the pH value can vary, reproducible detection of 10−12 M adenine in a pH 9 aqueous solution is feasible, making the novel SERS structure a desirable pico-molar adenine sensor.
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Adarakatti PS, Mahanthappa M, H E, Siddaramanna A. Fe2
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O13
Nanoparticles Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Guanine and Adenine at Nanomolar Concentration. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Shivappa Adarakatti
- Department of Chemistry; Central College, Bangalore University; Bengaluru- 560001 India
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru- 560012 India
| | | | - Eranjaneya H
- Department of Chemistry; Central College, Bangalore University; Bengaluru- 560001 India
| | - Ashoka Siddaramanna
- School of Engineering; Dayananda Sagar University; Kudlu Gate Bengaluru- 560068 India
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8
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Harroun SG. The Controversial Orientation of Adenine on Gold and Silver. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1003-1015. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Harroun
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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9
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Tian F, Jiang X, Dou X, Wu Q, Wang J, Song Y. Design and synthesis of novel adenine fluorescence probe based on Eu(III) complexes with dtpa-bis(guanine) ligand. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 179:194-200. [PMID: 28242449 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel adenine (Ad) fluorescence probe (EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine)) was designed and synthesized by improving experimental method based on the Eu(III) complex and dtpa-bis(guanine) ligand. The dtpa-bis(guanine) ligand was first synthesized by the acylation action between dtpaa and guanine (Gu), and the corresponding Eu(III) complex was successfully prepared through heat-refluxing method with dtpa-bis(guanine) ligand. As a novel fluorescence probe, the EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine) complex can detect adenine (Ad) with characteristics of strong targeting, high specificity and high recognition ability. The detection mechanism of the adenine (Ad) using this probe in buffer solution was studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy. When the EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine) was introduced to the adenine (Ad) solution, the fluorescence emission intensity was significantly enhanced. However, adding other bases such as guanine (Gu), xanthine (Xa), hypoxanthine (Hy) and uric acid (Ur) with similar composition and structure to that of adenine (Ad) to the EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine) solution, the fluorescence emission intensities are nearly invariable. Meanwhile, the interference of guanine (Gu), xanthine (Xa), hypoxanthine (Hy) and uric acid (Ur) on the detection of the adenine using EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine) probe was also studied. It was found that presence of these bases does not affect the detection of adenine (Ad). A linear response of fluorescence emission intensities of EuIII-dtpa-bis(guanine) at 570nm as a function of adenine (Ad) concentration in the range of 0.00-5.00×10-5molL-1 was observed. The detection limit is about 4.70×10-7molL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Tian
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Xuekai Dou
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
| | - Youtao Song
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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10
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Song H, Huo S, Dong J, Xu J. An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in Mesoporous MFI Zeolite for Determination of Purine Bases in DNA. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Song
- NEST lab, Department of Chemistry; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Shijie Huo
- NEST lab, Department of Chemistry; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Junping Dong
- NEST lab, Department of Chemistry; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST lab, Department of Chemistry; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
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11
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Yang L, Yin D, Shen Y, Yang M, Li X, Han X, Jiang X, Zhao B. Highly-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles with abundant active sites induced by surfactants as a prominent substrate for SERS: charge transfer contribution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22302-22308. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly-dispersed TiO2 with abundant surface oxygen vacancies was presented as an effective substrate for charge-transfer-induced SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Yang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Di Yin
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
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12
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Brohi ROZZ, Khuhawar MY, Khuhawar TMJ. GC-FID determination of nucleobases guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine from DNA by precolumn derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. J Anal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-016-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Ayazlı SK, Zabcı Ekinci B, Ekinci E. DNA base sensor characteristics of polymeric-nanocomposite electrode. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1074909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Ibrahim H, Temerk Y, Farhan N. Electrochemical sensor for individual and simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in biological fluids and in DNA based on a nano-In–ceria modified glassy carbon paste electrode. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13704k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, simple and sensitive electrochemical method for individual and simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine was developed using an In doped ceria nanoparticle modified glassy carbon paste electrode (In–CeO2/GCPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossieny Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Assiut University
- Assiut
- Egypt
| | - Yassien Temerk
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Assiut University
- Assiut
- Egypt
| | - Nasser Farhan
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Assiut University
- Assiut
- Egypt
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15
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Rezaei B, Khosropour H, Ensafi AA, Dinari M, Nabiyan A. A new electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine: using a NiAl-layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide-multi wall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor was developed for guanine and adenine detection using multiwall carbon nanotubes with the hybrid NiAl-layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide (NiAl-LDH/GO) on a glassy carbon electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Khosropour
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Afshin Nabiyan
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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16
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Electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine based on dopamine-melanin colloidal nanospheres–graphene composites. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Kaur B, Srivastava R. Ionic liquids coated Fe3O4 based inorganic-organic hybrid materials and their application in the simultaneous determination of DNA bases. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 118:179-87. [PMID: 24703634 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) coated Fe3O4 based inorganic-organic hybrid materials (represented as Fe3O4/ILs) were synthesized. ILs such as methylimidazolium chloride ([Hmim][Cl]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) were investigated. For comparative study, quaternary ammonium salts such as choline chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [C16H33N(CH3)3][Br], and trimethylstearylammonium chloride [C18H37N(CH3)3][Cl] were also investigated. Materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, Fourier transform infrared and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical sensors based on Fe3O4/ILs modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated for the simultaneous determination of all four DNA bases. The electrochemical behavior of DNA bases was investigated in detail. Various reaction parameters such as effect of scan rate, number of electrons involved in the rate determining step, electron transfer coefficient, surface adsorbed concentration, and the electrode reaction standard rate constant were investigated. Catalytic activity obtained at various Fe3O4/ILs modified electrodes was explained using DFT calculation. The analytical performance of the sensor was demonstrated in the simultaneous determination of guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine in calf thymus DNA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Rajendra Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India.
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18
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Arvand M, Motaghed Mazhabi R, Niazi A. Simultaneous determination of guanine, adenine and thymine using a modified carbon paste electrode by TiO2 nanoparticles-magnesium(II) doped natrolite zeolite. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Ba X, Luo L, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Chu Y, Wang B, Ouyang X. Poly(alizarin red)/Graphene modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous determination of purine and pyrimidine. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 752:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Electrochemical behaviors and simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine based on graphene–ionic liquid–chitosan composite film modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Arvand M, Niazi A, Mazhabi RM, Biparva P. Direct electrochemistry of adenine on multiwalled carbon nanotube–ionic liquid composite film modified carbon paste electrode and its determination in DNA. J Mol Liq 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Saladino R, Botta G, Pino S, Costanzo G, Di Mauro E. Genetics first or metabolism first? The formamide clue. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5526-65. [PMID: 22684046 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Life is made of the intimate interaction of metabolism and genetics, both built around the chemistry of the most common elements of the Universe (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon). The transmissible interaction of metabolic and genetic cycles results in the hypercycles of organization and de-organization of chemical information, of living and non-living. The origin-of-life quest has long been split into several attitudes exemplified by the aphorisms "genetics-first" or "metabolism-first". Recently, the opposition between these approaches has been solved by more unitary theoretical and experimental frames taking into account energetic, evolutionary, proto-metabolic and environmental aspects. Nevertheless, a unitary and simple chemical frame is still needed that could afford both the precursors of the synthetic pathways eventually leading to RNA and to the key components of the central metabolic cycles, possibly connected with the synthesis of fatty acids. In order to approach the problem of the origin of life it is therefore reasonable to start from the assumption that both metabolism and genetics had a common origin, shared a common chemical frame, and were embedded under physical-chemical conditions favourable for the onset of both. The singleness of such a prebiotically productive chemical process would partake of Darwinian advantages over more complex fragmentary chemical systems. The prebiotic chemistry of formamide affords in a single and simple physical-chemical frame nucleic bases, acyclonucleosides, nucleotides, biogenic carboxylic acids, sugars, amino sugars, amino acids and condensing agents. Thus, we suggest the possibility that formamide could have jointly provided the main components for the onset of both (pre)genetic and (pre)metabolic processes. As a note of caution, we discuss the fact that these observations only indicate possible solutions at the level of organic substrates, not at the systemic chemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia ed Agrochimica, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Primera-Pedrozo OM, Rodríguez GDM, Castellanos J, Felix-Rivera H, Resto O, Hernández-Rivera SP. Increasing surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy effect of RNA and DNA components by changing the pH of silver colloidal suspensions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 87:77-85. [PMID: 22169024 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work focused on establishing the parameters for enhancing the Raman signals of DNA and RNA constituents: nitrogenous bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, using metallic nanoparticles as surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates. Silver nanospheres were synthesized using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent and sodium citrate as a capping agent. The prepared nanoparticles had a surface plasmon band at ∼384nm and an average size of 12±3nm. The nanoparticles' surface charge was manipulated by changing the pH of the Ag colloidal suspensions in the range of 1-13. Low concentrations as 0.7μM were detected under the experimental conditions. The optimum pH values were: 7 for adenine, 9 for AMP, 5 for adenosine, 7 for dAMP and 11 for deoxyadenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliva M Primera-Pedrozo
- Center for Sensor Development/Chemical Imaging Center/ALERT DHS-COE, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, P.O. Box 9019, Mayaguez, PR 00681, Puerto Rico.
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Feng LJ, Zhang XH, Liu P, Xiong HY, Wang SF. An electrochemical sensor based on single-stranded DNA-poly(sulfosalicylic acid) composite film for simultaneous determination of adenine, guanine, and thymine. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:71-5. [PMID: 21888889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(sulfosalicylic acid) and single-stranded DNA composite (PSSA-ssDNA)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared by electropolymerization and then successfully used to simultaneously determine adenine (A), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The characterization of electrochemically synthesized PSSA-ssDNA film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic behavior and good stability for the simultaneous determination of A, G, and T in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0). Well-separated voltammetric peaks were obtained among A, G, and T presented in the analyte mixture. Under the optimal conditions, the peak currents for A, G, and T increased linearly with the increase of analyte mixture concentration in the ranges of 6.5×10(-8) to 1.1×10(-6), 6.5×10(-8) to 1.1×10(-6), and 4.1×10(-6) to 2.7×10(-5)M, respectively. The detection limits (signal/noise=3) for A, G, and T were 2.2×10(-8), 2.2×10(-8), and 1.4×10(-6)M, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Feng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
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Khajehsharifi H, Eskandari Z. Potentiality of partial least-squares multivariate calibration in the spectrophotometric analysis of binary mixtures of purine bases. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meerabai Devi L, Negi DPS. Sensitive and selective detection of adenine using fluorescent ZnS nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:245502. [PMID: 21508450 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/24/245502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have used fluorescent ZnS nanoparticles as a probe for the determination of adenine. A typical 2 × 10(-7) M concentration of adenine quenches 39.3% of the ZnS fluorescence. The decrease in ZnS fluorescence as a function of adenine concentration was found to be linear in the concentration range 5 × 10(-9)-2 × 10(-7) M. The limit of detection (LOD) of adenine by this method is 3 nM. Among the DNA bases, only adenine quenched the fluorescence of ZnS nanoparticles in the submicromolar concentration range, thus adding selectivity to the method. The amino group of adenine was important in determining the quenching efficiency. Steady-state fluorescence experiments suggest that one molecule of adenine is sufficient to quench the emission arising from a cluster of ZnS consisting of about 20 molecules. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements indicate that the adenine molecules block the sites on the surface of ZnS responsible for emission with the longest lifetime component. This method may be applied for the determination of adenine in biological samples since the measurements have been carried out at pH 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meerabai Devi
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Permanent Campus, Shillong, India
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Zou L, Li Y, Ye B. Voltammetric sensing of guanine and adenine using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a tetraoxocalix[2]arene[2]triazine Langmuir-Blodgett film. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Huang KJ, Niu DJ, Sun JY, Han CH, Wu ZW, Li YL, Xiong XQ. Novel electrochemical sensor based on functionalized graphene for simultaneous determination of adenine and guanine in DNA. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 82:543-9. [PMID: 21050729 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A nano-material carboxylic acid functionalized graphene (graphene-COOH) was prepared and used to construct a novel biosensor for the simultaneous detection of adenine and guanine. The direct electrooxidation behaviors of adenine and guanine on the graphene-COOH modified glassy carbon electrode (graphene-COOH/GCE) were carefully investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The results indicated that both adenine and guanine showed the increase of the oxidation peak currents with the negative shift of the oxidation peak potentials in contrast to that on the bare glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical parameters of adenine and guanine on the graphene-COOH/GCE were calculated and a simple and reliable electroanalytical method was developed for the detection of adenine and guanine, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited good behaviors in the simultaneous detection of adenine and guanine with the peak separation as 0.334V. The detection limit for individual determination of guanine and adenine was 5.0×10(-8)M and 2.5×10(-8)M (S/N=3), respectively. Furthermore, the measurements of thermally denatured single-stranded DNA were carried out and the value of (G+C)/(A+T) of single-stranded DNA was calculated as 0.80. The biosensor exhibited some advantages, such as simplicity, rapidity, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
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Shen Y, Kim H, Tong M, Li Q. Influence of solution chemistry on the deposition and detachment kinetics of RNA on silica surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 82:443-9. [PMID: 21030219 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The deposition kinetics of RNA extracted from both virus and bacteria on silica surfaces were examined in both monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl(2)) solutions under a wide range of environmentally relevant ionic strength and pH conditions by utilizing a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). To better understand the RNA deposition mechanisms, QCM-D data were complemented by diffusion coefficients and zeta potentials of RNA as a function of examined solution chemistry conditions. Favorable deposition of RNA on poly-l-lysine-coated (positively charged) silica surfaces was governed by the convective-diffusive transport of RNA to the surfaces. The deposition kinetics of RNA on bare silica surfaces were controlled by classic Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interactions. The presence of divalent cations (Ca(2+)) in solutions greatly enhanced the deposition kinetics of RNA on silica surfaces. Solution pH also affected the deposition behavior of RNA on silica surfaces. Release experiments showed that detachment of RNA from silica surfaces was significant in NaCl solutions, whereas, the deposited RNA on silica surfaces in CaCl(2) solutions was more likely to be irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Yi He Yuan Road #5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Sensitive determination of adenine on poly(amidosulfonic acid)-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Characterization of hydrophobic ionic liquid-carbon nanotubes–gold nanoparticles composite film coated electrode and the simultaneous voltammetric determination of guanine and adenine. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kinnan MK, Kumbhar A, Chumanov G. Plasma reduction of silver compounds for fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:721-726. [PMID: 18935819 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784909463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several silver compounds were reduced by low-pressure air plasma to produce porous nanostructured surfaces as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. This method is advantageous because substrates are easy to prepare and the silver metal surface is inherently clean without spectroscopic background. Silver compounds were melted into 1-2 mm slugs on quartz slides and plasma treated for different lengths of time. Silver chloride was found to be the best compound to make reproducible and stable SERS substrates. SERS activity of the substrates was tested using L-tryptophan, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, and adenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Kinnan
- Clemson University, 235 H.L. Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Erbao L, Bingchun X. Flow injection determination of adenine at trace level based on luminol–K2Cr2O7 chemiluminescence in a micellar medium. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:649-53. [PMID: 16413727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) analysis method for the determination of adenine in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant micelles is described. This method is based on the luminescent properties of the luminol-K2Cr2O7-adenine in alkaline medium sensitized by SDBS. The optimized experimental conditions were evaluated and the possible mechanism was discussed by examining CL emission spectrum and the effect of various free radical scavengers on CL emission intensity. The CL increase is linearly related to the concentration of adenine in the range of 2.92x10(-6) to 4.38x10(-10) mol l-1 with a detection limit of 2.46x10(-10) mol l-1 (S/N=3). The relative standard deviation for 2.92x10(-7) mol l-1 samples was 1.67% (n=12). The proposed method has been applied to the determination of adenine in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Erbao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, PR China.
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Grajcar L, El Amri C, Ghomi M, Fermandjian S, Huteau V, Mandel R, Lecomte S, Baron MH. Assessment of adenyl residue reactivity within model nucleic acids by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2006; 82:6-28. [PMID: 16425174 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We rank the reactivity of the adenyl residues (A) of model DNA and RNA molecules with electropositive subnano size [Ag]n+ sites as a function of nucleic acid primary sequences and secondary structures and in the presence of biological amounts of Cl- and Na+ or Mg2+ ions. In these conditions A is markedly more reactive than any other nucleic acid bases. A reactivity is higher in ribo (r) than in deoxyribo (d) species [pA>pdA and (pA)n>>(pdA)n]. Base pairing decreases A reactivity in corresponding duplexes but much less in r than in d. In linear single and paired dCAG or dGAC loci, base stacking inhibits A reactivity even if A is bulged or mispaired (A.A). dA tracts are highly reactive only when dilution prevents self-association and duplex structures. In d hairpins the solvent-exposed A residues are reactive in CAG and GAC triloops and even more in ATC loops. Among the eight rG1N2R3A4 loops, those bearing a single A (A4) are the least reactive. The solvent-exposed A2 is reactive, but synergistic structural transitions make the initially stacked A residues of any rGNAA loop much more reactive. Mg2+ cross-bridging single strands via phosphates may screen A reactivity. In contrast d duplexes cross-bridging enables "A flipping" much more in rA.U pairs than in dA.T. Mg2+ promotes A reactivity in unpaired strands. For hairpins Mg2+ binding stabilizes the stems, but according to A position in the loops, A reactivity may be abolished, reduced, or enhanced. It is emphasized that not only accessibility but also local flexibility, concerted docking, and cation and anion binding control A reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Grajcar
- Laboratoire de Dynamique Interactions et Réactivité, UMR 7075, Université Paris 6 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320, Thiais, France
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El Amri C, Maurel MC, Sagon G, Baron MH. The micro-distribution of carbonaceous matter in the Murchison meteorite as investigated by Raman imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:2049-56. [PMID: 15911391 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbonaceous Murchison chondrite is one of the most studied meteorites. It is considered to be an astrobiology standard for detection of extraterrestrial organic matter. Considerable work has been done to resolve the elemental composition of this meteorite. Raman spectroscopy is a very suitable technique for non-destructive rapid in situ analyses to establish the spatial distribution of carbonaceous matter. This report demonstrates that Raman cartography at a resolution of 1 microm2 can be performed. Two-dimensional distribution of graphitised carbon, amorphous carbonaceous matter and minerals were obtained on 100 microm2 maps. Maps of the surface of native stones and of a powdered sample are compared. Graphitic and amorphous carbonaceous domains are found to be highly overlapping in all tested areas at the surface of the meteorite and in its interior as well. Pyroxene, olivine and iron oxide grains are embedded into this mixed carbonaceous material. The results show that every mineral grain with a size of less than a few microm2 is encased in a thin carbonaceous matrix, which accounts for only 2.5 wt.%. This interstitial matter sticks together isolated mineral crystallites or concretions, including only very few individualized graphitised grains. Grinding separates the mineral particles but most of them retain their carbonaceous coating. This Raman study complements recent findings deduced from other spatial analyses performed by microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionisation mass spectrometry (microL2MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade El Amri
- Laboratoire de Bioactivation des Peptides, Institut Jacques-Monod, Université Paris VI, tour 43, 2, place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75251, France
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Saladino R, Crestini C, Ciambecchini U, Ciciriello F, Costanzo G, Di Mauro E. Synthesis and degradation of nucleobases and nucleic acids by formamide in the presence of montmorillonites. Chembiochem 2005; 5:1558-66. [PMID: 15481029 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe the role of formamide, a product of the hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide, as precursor of several components of nucleic acids under prebiotic conditions. When formamide is heated in the presence of montmorillonites, the efficient one-pot synthesis of purine, adenine, cytosine, and uracil is obtained. Along with these nucleobases, several components of the inosine pathway are obtained: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide and hypoxanthine. This almost complete catalogue of nucleic acid precursors is accompanied by N(9)-formylpurine, which, containing a masked glycosidic bond in its formyl moiety, is a plausible precursor of purine acyclonucleosides. In addition, montmorillonites differentially affect the rate of degradation of nucleobases when embedded in 2'-deoxyoligonucleotides; namely, montmorillonites protect adenine and guanine from the degradative action of formamide, while thymine degradation is enhanced. The oligonucleotide backbone reactivity to formamide is also affected; this shows that the interaction with montmorillonites modifies the rate of abstraction of the Halpha and Hbeta protons on the sugar moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento A.B.A.C., Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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