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Kar SK, Sabat J, Ho LM, Arora R, Dwibedi B. High Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Primitive Tribes of Eastern India and Associated Sociobehavioral Risks for Transmission: A Retrospective Analysis. Health Equity 2019; 3:567-572. [PMID: 31701081 PMCID: PMC6830531 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2019.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The primitive tribal groups (PTGs) need special attention because of their low population growth: declining population size with high mortality rates. Scanty reports are available on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in primitive tribes of the country emphasizing their cultural and social practices associated with transmission of the disease. Methods: The study was conducted on 1765 tribal individuals covering 5 PTGs, namely Lodha, Saora, Khadia, Juanga, and Mankidia, from 6 districts of Odisha. Serum samples were tested for the anti-HCV antibody using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. HCV RNA was detected based on the 5′ NCR region and genotyping was done by direct sequencing of the core region. Potential risk factors for HCV transmission were collected using a questionnaire and subjected to regression analysis through SPSS, version 17.0. Results: Antibody to HCV was detected in 0%, 3.3%, 5.7%, 8.5%, and 13.4% in Saora, Lodha, Khadia, Juanga, and Mankidia tribes, respectively. HCV RNA was detected in 8.6% (11/127) of the samples tested. Genotyping of HCV isolates in all HCV RNA-positive samples revealed genotype 1b. Sharing of razors and shaving by the village barber were found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with HCV transmission in males, whereas tattooing and multiple injections were found to be significant risk factors for females. Conclusion: This study indicated a high prevalence of HCV infection in Mankidia and Juanga tribes in comparison with the national scenario, which needs public health attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Kar
- Directorate of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, S "O" A University, BBSR, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jyotsnamayee Sabat
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lal M Ho
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rasmi Arora
- Division of Enteric and Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Panyala BR, Mukherjee RM, Devarakonda H, Tadivaka S, Padaki NR, Sharma M, Duvvuru NR. Genotype distribution in relation to viral load in a large cohort of Indian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A retrospective analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38:110-116. [PMID: 30903612 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-019-00934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) displays high genetic diversity, characterized by regional variations in the prevalence of genotype posing challenges to the development of vaccines and definitive treatment. Very few reports exist on the distribution and frequency change of HCV genotypes in India. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to understand the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes and viral load among HCV-infected patients attending the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India, a tertiary care hospital. METHODS Patients referred to the Hepatology Department from January 2009 to December 2015 were screened for this study. Eight hundred and sixty-two chronic HCV patients were included in this study. Genotyping was performed using type-specific probe-based hybridization assay and viral load was estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Out of 862 patients, genotype 1 was detected predominantly in 392 (45.5%), followed by genotype 3 in 344 (39.9%) patients; genotypes 4, 6, and 2 were detected in 115 (13.3%), 8 (0.9%), and 3 (0.3%) patients, respectively. The number of patients having genotype 1 increased in frequency while genotype 3 became less from the year 2009 to 2015. Patients having genotype 1 had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher viral load compared with the patients infected with other genotypes. CONCLUSION Our study results demonstrate a change in HCV genotypic distribution pattern from genotypes 3 to 1 during the span of 7 years in patients referred to our hospital. In the light of the reported difference in the pathogenic potential of various HCV genotypes, detection of HCV genotype appears to be still essential for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mithun Sharma
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
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3
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Xiang Y, Lai XF, Chen P, Yang Y. The correlation of HCV RNA and HCV core antigen in different genotypes of HCV. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22632. [PMID: 30069909 PMCID: PMC6430366 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To analyze the correlation of HCV RNA and HCV core antigen (HCV cAg) in different genotypes of HCV. Methods One hundred and six patients who were diagnosed with HCV infection by HCV RNA test were included in the study. HCV genotypes were detected by PCR fluorescent probe. Detected HCV cAg's expression in serum quantitatively and qualitatively with chemiluminescent micro‐particle immuno assay (CMIA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively, and compared positive rates. Analyzed the correlation of HCV RNA and HCV cAg in different genotypes. Results Distribution of HCV genotypes in 106 HCV infected patients were as follows: 1b genotype 46 (43.4%); 2a genotype 7 (6.6%); 3a genotype 18 (17.0%); 3b genotype 3 (2.8%); 6a genotype 9 (8.5%); 1b/3b mixed type 13 (12.3%); and unidentified type 10 (9.4%). Positive rates of HCV cAg detected by CMIA and ELISA were 100% and 56%, respectively, with statistical significance (χ2 = 60.38, P = 0.000). HCV cAg in 1b genotype group was higher than that in 3b and 1b/3b genotype groups, with statistical significance (U = 3.0, P = 0.006, U = 165, P = 0.014). HCV RNA and HCV cAg in genotype 1b demonstrated a positive correlation (r = 0.894, P = 0.04). Conclusion Major genetic subtype of HCV genotype was 1b. Compared with ELISA, detection of HCV cAg by CMIA increased the positive rate and facilitated early diagnosis and treatment of HCV‐infected patients. With the increase in HCV RNA load and the expression of HCV cAg, HCV cAg could be an early indicator for the diagnosis of HCV infection in 1b genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Mehta R, Kabrawala M, Nandwani S, Tekriwal R, Nandania P. Early Experience of Sofosbuvir based Combination Therapy in "Real-Life" Cohort with Chronic Hepatitis-C Infection. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:OC05-OC08. [PMID: 28511425 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23184.9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is scarcity of data in literature regarding the treatment response with Sofosbuvir (SOF) based therapy in Indian patients with chronic Hepatitis-C Virus (HCV) infection. AIM This study was designed to observe initial treatment response to SOF based therapy in a "real-life" cohort of Indian patients with HCV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective, observational and single center study. A total of 107 patients who were diagnosed with chronic HCV infection and received SOF based treatment between March 2015 and December 2015 were included. The patients were treated with either triple drug regimen [SOF, Ribavirin (RBV) and Pegylated Interferon-α (Peg IFN-α)] or dual drug regimen (SOF and RBV) for either 12 or 24 weeks. The virological responses were obtained at baseline and thereafter weekly (up to four weeks) till viral load became undetected during treatment. RESULTS A total of 107 patients who received SOF based therapy for chronic HCV infection were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 48.7±10.7 years. Among included patients, 24 (22.4%) patients were treatment-experienced. Majority of the patients (n=69; 64.5%) were infected with HCV genotype-3. Except one patient, all the included patients achieved virological response up to week-4 of the treatment. There was statistically insignificant association between virological response (up to four week of the treatment) and severity of the disease (cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis) or treatment status (treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced), or HCV genotype (genotype-1 and 3). CONCLUSION The results of this observational study demonstrated rapid initial virological response of SOF based therapy in "real-life" cohort of Indian patients with chronic HCV infection. However, long-term follow-up data are needed to ensure the sustained antiviral efficacy of SOF based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Mehta
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences (SIDS), Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayank Kabrawala
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences (SIDS), Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Subhash Nandwani
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences (SIDS), Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Rini Tekriwal
- Research Scholar, Department of Physiology, Government College, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Payal Nandania
- Research Scholar, Department of Physiology, Government College, Surat, Gujarat, India
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Dhiman RK, Satsangi S, Grover GS, Puri P. Tackling the Hepatitis C Disease Burden in Punjab, India. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2016; 6:224-232. [PMID: 27746619 PMCID: PMC5052426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent pathogen and is a major cause of healthcare burden in India. HCV poses a significant problem in the state of Punjab, India owing to the higher prevalence of risk factors like unsafe medical practices (including unsafe injections and dental procedures) and intravenous drug use. The reported prevalence of HCV in this part of the country was 5.2% in 2012, while a recent study has shown the prevalence to be 3.2% in 2016. Similar to the other geographic belts in India, genotype 3 predominates in the state of Punjab. Control of HCV infection in Punjab requires focusing on several strategies. There is a need to formulate a health educational curriculum targeting not only the high-risk population but also the general population regarding the transmission of HCV. Training of family physicians who form the first link to patients in the community is imperative in the success of healthcare programmes. Adopting the dual approach of treating the old cases (decreasing the reservoir pool of HCV) and decreasing the incidence of new ones would help curtail the disease and decrease liver related mortality. A commendable initiative has been launched by the Punjab state government to eliminate HCV from Punjab. However, besides the initiative by the government, a concerted effort by all other stakeholders in managing the HCV burden in India, namely the doctors, the drug companies and the non-government organizations is required for control of HCV.
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Key Words
- BPL, below poverty line
- DNDi, drugs for neglected diseases initiative
- ECHO, Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HCW, health care worker
- HD, hemodialysis
- INASL, Indian National Association for study of the Liver
- IVDU, intravenous drug user
- MMPHCRF, Mukh Mantri Punjab Hepatitis-C Relief Fund
- NAT, nucleic acid testing
- NGO, non-government organization
- PSACS, Punjab State AIDS Control Society
- Punjab
- control
- hepatitis C
- prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha K. Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India,Address for correspondence: Radha K. Dhiman, Professor, Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.Professor, Department of Hepatology, PGIMERChandigarh160012India
| | - Sandeep Satsangi
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | | | - Pankaj Puri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
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6
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Daniel HDJ, David J, Raghuraman S, Gnanamony M, Chandy GM, Sridharan G, Abraham P. Comparison of Three Different Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping Methods: 5'NCR PCR-RFLP, Core Type-Specific PCR, and NS5b Sequencing in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27580956 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on genetic heterogeneity, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is classified into seven major genotypes and 64 subtypes. In spite of the sequence heterogeneity, all genotypes share an identical complement of colinear genes within the large open reading frame. The genetic interrelationships between these genes are consistent among genotypes. Due to this property, complete sequencing of the HCV genome is not required. HCV genotypes along with subtypes are critical for planning antiviral therapy. Certain genotypes are also associated with higher progression to liver cirrhosis. METHODS In this study, 100 blood samples were collected from individuals who came for routine HCV genotype identification. These samples were used for the comparison of two different genotyping methods (5'NCR PCR-RFLP and HCV core type-specific PCR) with NS5b sequencing. RESULTS Of the 100 samples genotyped using 5'NCR PCR-RFLP and HCV core type-specific PCR, 90% (κ = 0.913, P < 0.00) and 96% (κ = 0.794, P < 0.00) correlated with NS5b sequencing, respectively. Sixty percent and 75% of discordant samples by 5'NCR PCR-RFLP and HCV core type-specific PCR, respectively, belonged to genotype 6. All the HCV genotype 1 subtypes were classified accurately by both the methods. CONCLUSION This study shows that the 5'NCR-based PCR-RFLP and the HCV core type-specific PCR-based assays correctly identified HCV genotypes except genotype 6 from this region. Direct sequencing of the HCV core region was able to identify all the genotype 6 from this region and serves as an alternative to NS5b sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert D-J Daniel
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Joel David
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sukanya Raghuraman
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Manu Gnanamony
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George M Chandy
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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7
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Ranjan P, Fletcher GJ, Radhakrishnan M, Sivakumar J, Premkumar PS, Goel A, Zachariah UG, Abraham P. Association of interleukin-28B rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms with sustained viral response in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 3 infected patients from the Indian subcontinent. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:335-41. [PMID: 27514956 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.188329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of the IL28B gene (rs12979860 and rs8099917) have been shown to impact treatment responses in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients. The association of these polymorphisms with sustained viral response (SVR) has been studied in HCV genotype 3 infected patients in India, but not in genotype 1. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the association of IL28B gene polymorphisms and other host and viral factors with treatment response in patients with HCV genotype 1 and 3 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA from 42 HCV-infected patients on antiviral therapy was analysed for the IL28B polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Bidirectional sequencing was performed on a subset of samples for verification of PCR-RFLP results. Information on age, weight, height, diabetic status, pre-treatment viral load and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was obtained from clinical records. The IL28B genotypes and the other factors were analysed for their association with SVR. RESULTS The frequency distribution of rs12979860 CC/CT/TT genotypes was found to be 66.7%, 26.2% and 7.1%, respectively. For rs8099917 genotype, the TT/GT/GG distribution was 73.8%, 21.4% and 4.8%, respectively. SVR was seen in 61.9% of cases (55.6% in genotype 1 and 62.5% in genotype 3). CC genotype at rs12979860 and TT genotype at rs8099917 were significantly higher in responders (P = 0.013 and 0.042, respectively). Lower baseline ALT and rapid viral response were also found to be associated with SVR. On logistic regression analysis, CC genotype at rs12979860 emerged as the most powerful predictor of treatment response. CONCLUSION IL28B polymorphisms are strong predictors of SVR in patients from the Indian subcontinent infected with HCV genotype 3 and genotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ranjan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G J Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Radhakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Sivakumar
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P S Premkumar
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - U G Zachariah
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Ho SH, Ng KP, Kaur H, Goh KL. Genotype 3 is the predominant hepatitis C genotype in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Malaysia. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:281-6. [PMID: 26063029 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are distributed differently across the world. There is a paucity of such data in a multi-ethnic Asian population like Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes between major ethnic groups and to ascertain their association with basic demographic variables like age and gender. METHODS This was a cross-sectional prospective study conducted from September 2007 to September 2013. Consecutive patients who were detected to have anti-HCV antibodies in the University of Malaya Medical Centre were included and tested for the presence of HCV RNA using Roche Cobas Amplicor Analyzer and HCV genotype using Roche single Linear Array HCV Genotyping strip. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety-six subjects were found to have positive anti-HCV antibodies during this period of time. However, only 396 (66.4%) were HCV RNA positive and included in the final analysis. Our results showed that HCV genotype 3 was the predominant genotype with overall frequency of 61.9% followed by genotypes 1 (35.9%), 2 (1.8%) and 6 (0.5%). There was a slightly higher prevalence of HCV genotype 3 among the Malays when compared to the Chinese (P=0.043). No other statistical significant differences were observed in the distribution of HCV genotypes among the major ethnic groups. There was also no association between the predominant genotypes and basic demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS In a multi-ethnic Asian society in Malaysia, genotype 3 is the predominant genotype among all the major ethnic groups with genotype 1 as the second commonest genotype. Both genotypes 2 and 6 are uncommon. Neither genotype 4 nor 5 was detected. There is no identification of HCV genotype according to ethnic origin, age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiaw-Hooi Ho
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Christdas J, Sivakumar J, David J, Daniel HDJ, Raghuraman S, Abraham P. Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in the Indian sub-continent: a decade-long experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 31:349-53. [PMID: 24064640 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) that can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genotypes of HCV can vary in pathogenicity and can impact on treatment outcome. OBJECTIVES To study the different genotypes among patients with HCV related CLD attending a tertiary care hospital in south India during 2002-2012. STUDY DESIGN Study subjects were those referred to clinical virology from the liver clinic. Genotyping was performed using the genotype specific core primers in nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5' non-coding regions based PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism and NS5B sequencing methods. With the latter method, obtained sequences were compared with published GenBank sequences to determine the genotype. RESULTS Of the 451 samples tested, HCV genotype 3 was found to be the most predominant (63.85%). Other genotypes detected were genotype 1 (25.72%), genotype 2 (0.002%), genotype 4 (7.5%) and genotype 6 (2.7%). Genotype 3 was the common genotype in patients from Eastern India while genotype 1 and 4 were mainly seen in South Indian patients. Genotype 6 was seen exclusively in patients from North-Eastern India. Two other patients were infected with recombinants of genotype 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS In this study spanning a decade, HCV genotype 3 and genotype 1 were found to be the predominant genotypes in the Indian sub-continent. Genotype 4 and genotype 6 appeared to show some geographic restriction. A continued monitoring of HCV genotypes is essential for the optimum management of these chronically infected patients. In addition, knowledge of circulating genotypes could impact on future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christdas
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Omata M, Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Crawford D, Al-Mahtab M, Wei L, Ibrahim A, Lau GKK, Sharma BC, Hamid SS, Chuang WL, Dokmeci AK. Features of hepatitis C virus infection, current therapies and ongoing clinical trials in ten Asian Pacific countries. Hepatol Int 2015; 9:486-507. [PMID: 25941137 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estimated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rates in the general populations were 1.3, 0.9, 0.4-1.0, 14.7, 0.1-0.3, 0.9-1.9, 1.0-2.0, 5, 4.4-8.6 and 0.5-1.3 % in Australia, Bangladesh, Mainland China, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Pakistan, Taiwan and Turkey, respectively. The main HCV genotypes (Gs) are G1, G3, G1b, G4, G1b, G3, G1b, G3, G1b and G2, and G1 in Australia, Bangladesh, Mainland China, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Pakistan, Taiwan and Turkey, respectively. Of IL28B genotypes, favorable alleles are ~50 % in Australia and Turkey, but 60-70 % in most of the other Asian countries. Peginterferon plus ribavirin is available in all ten Asian Pasific countries. In addition, HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors with peginterferon plus ribavirin are currently available in several countries. Clinical trials of interferon-free regimens for HCV are ongoing in most of the ten Asian Pacific countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Omata
- Yamanashi Hospitals (Central and Kita) Organization, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan. .,University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Darrell Crawford
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Mamun Al-Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Alaaeldin Ibrahim
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Benha, Benha, Egypt.
| | - George K K Lau
- Humanity and Health Medical Centre, Hong Kong SAR China Institute of Translational Hepatology and Centre of Liver Fibrosis Diagnosis and Treatment Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Barjesh C Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Saeed S Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Puri P, Anand AC, Saraswat VA, Acharya SK, Dhiman RK, Aggarwal R, Singh SP, Amarapurkar D, Arora A, Chhabra M, Chetri K, Choudhuri G, Dixit VK, Duseja A, Jain AK, Kapoorz D, Kar P, Koshy A, Kumar A, Madan K, Misra SP, Prasad MV, Nagral A, Puri AS, Jeyamani R, Saigal S, Sarin SK, Shah S, Sharma P, Sood A, Thareja S, Wadhawan M. Consensus Statement of HCV Task Force of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). Part I: Status Report of HCV Infection in India. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:106-16. [PMID: 25755548 PMCID: PMC4116733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, around 150 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). India contributes a large proportion of this HCV burden. The prevalence of HCV infection in India is estimated at between 0.5% and 1.5%. It is higher in the northeastern part, tribal populations and Punjab, areas which may represent HCV hotspots, and is lower in western and eastern parts of the country. The predominant modes of HCV transmission in India are blood transfusion and unsafe therapeutic injections. There is a need for large field studies to better understand HCV epidemiology and identify high-prevalence areas, and to identify and spread awareness about the modes of transmission of this infection in an attempt to prevent disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Puri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Army Hospital (R & R), New Delhi 110010, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi 110076, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 221016, India
| | - Subrat K. Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Radha K. Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 221016, India
| | | | | | - Anil Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Mohinish Chhabra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab 160047, India
| | - Kamal Chetri
- Department of Gastroenterology, International Hospital, Guwahati, Assam 781005, India
| | - Gourdas Choudhuri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fortis Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Vinod K. Dixit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ajay K. Jain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chaithram Hospital, Indore, MP 452014, India
| | - Dharmesh Kapoorz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Global Hospital, Hyderabad, AP 500004, India
| | - Premashis Kar
- Department of Gastroenterology, LNJP Hospital and Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Abraham Koshy
- Department of Hepatology, Lakeshore Hospital, Cochin, Kerala 682304, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Sri P. Misra
- Department of Gastroenterology, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Mohan V.G. Prasad
- Department of Gastroenterology, VGM Hospital, Coimbatore 641005, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai 400026, India
| | - Amarendra S. Puri
- Department of Gastroenterology, GP Pant Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - R. Jeyamani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Chennai 632004, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Samir Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology, Global Hospital, Mumbai 400078, India
| | - P.K. Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Command Hospital (SC), Pune 411040, India
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001, India
| | - Sandeep Thareja
- Department of Gastroenterology, Army Hospital R&R, New Delhi 110010, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indraprashtha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi 110044, India
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Dixit VK, Ghosh JK, Lamtha SC, Kaushik P, Goyal SK, Behera MK, Singh N, Jain AK. Clinical Profile and Response to Treatment with Pegylated Interferon α 2b and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C-A Reappraisal from a Tertiary Care Center in Northern India. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:101-5. [PMID: 25755547 PMCID: PMC4116705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the clinical profile of 80 chronic hepatitis C patients in a tertiary health care center in Northern India and also to study the efficacy and tolerability of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) α 2b and ribavirin therapy in a cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients. METHODS Thirty subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) with genotypes 2 and 3 received Peg-IFN α 2b 1.5 μg/kg subcutaneously weekly plus daily ribavirin 800 mg for 24 weeks .Subjects with genotype 1 infection received therapy for 48 weeks with ribavirin 1000 mg/day and Peg-IFN α 2b dose remained the same. The primary end point was the sustained viral response (SVR). Drug dosage was modified or temporarily discontinued if anemia or bone marrow suppression developed. RESULTS The clinical profile of chronic hepatitis C infected patients showed decompensated cirrhosis in the more elderly patients. Genotype 3 was the commonest genotype and was seen in 21 (70%) patients. The mean baseline HCV RNA was high. SVR was achieved less commonly with genotype 1 than with genotype 2/3. Patients who became negative for HCV RNA at 4-weeks (rapid virological response or RVR) and 12 weeks (early virological response or EVR) of treatment showed significantly higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates. Similarly, patients who showed normalization of ALT level at 4-weeks and 12-weeks of treatment showed significant high rate of SVR. Overall treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION In our region, CHC subjects have high viral load and genotype 3 being the most common. Treatment with Peg-IFN α 2b and ribavirin is effective and well tolerated. Genotype 1 was more resistant to the treatment. Patients who achieved RVR and EVR are more likely to achieve SVR. Although the numbers of patients in this study was small, considering the paucity of data of treatment from India, the data is relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K. Dixit
- Address for correspondence: Vinod K. Dixit, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India. Tel.: +91 9415202449 (mobile).
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14
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Gouthamchandra K, Kumar A, Shwetha S, Mukherjee A, Chandra M, Ravishankar B, Khaja MN, Sadhukhan PC, Das S. Serum proteomics of hepatitis C virus infection reveals retinol-binding protein 4 as a novel regulator. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1654-1667. [PMID: 24784414 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are currently diagnosed by invasive liver biopsy. Approximately 15-20 % of cases of chronic liver diseases in India are caused by HCV infection. In North India, genotype 3 is predominant, whereas genotype 1 is predominant in southern parts of India. The aim of this study was to identify differentially regulated serum proteins in HCV-infected Indian patients (genotypes 1 and 3) using a two-dimensional electrophoresis approach. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins by MS. Expression levels of one of the highly upregulated proteins, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), was validated by ELISA and Western blotting in two independent cohorts. We also confirmed our observation in the JFH1 infectious cell culture system. Interestingly, the HCV core protein enhanced RBP4 levels and partial knockdown of RBP4 had a positive impact on HCV replication, suggesting a possible role for this cellular protein in regulating HCV infection. Analysis of RBP4-interacting partners using a bioinformatic approach revealed novel insights into the possible involvement of RBP4 in HCV-induced pathogenesis. Taken together, this study provided information on the proteome profile of the HCV-infected Indian population, and revealed a link between HCV infection, RBP4 and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gouthamchandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Shivaprasad Shwetha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anirban Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Madhavi Chandra
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | | | - M N Khaja
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Provash Chandra Sadhukhan
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Shyamala V. Transfusion transmitted infections in thalassaemics: need for reappraisal of blood screening strategy in India. Transfus Med 2014; 24:79-88. [PMID: 24605952 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the blood safety in India through prevalence in thalassaemic population. Safety of the blood supply is a subject of great concern for all recipients. This review attempts to assess the relevance and format of tests for viruses in the context of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) prevalence in India. Serological marker testing for human immunodeficiency virus-1/2 (HIV-1/2), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mandatory in India. Numerous TTI incidents in the repeat recipients supported by results from nucleic acid technology (NAT) testing indicate the deficiencies in blood safety. The β-thalassaemic population (3-17%) in India has been used to reflect on blood safety. The prevalence of HIV-1/2, HCV and HBV in the Indian donor population, the limitations in accessing safe donors, quality of serological tests and the impact on repeat recipients is evaluated. The reports point to prevalence of ˜2% of viral diseases in the blood donor population, and the insufficiency of serology testing resulting in up to 45% TTIs in thalassaemics. The revelation by individual donation (ID) NAT testing, of 1 per 310 units being serology negative-NAT reactive is alarming. Extrapolating the serology negative NAT reactive yields, for an annual blood supply of 7.9 million units, 23,700 units or nearly 100,000 blood components are likely to be infectious. Though the cost for ID-NAT testing is considered unaffordable for a medium development country such as India, the enormity of TTIs will place an unmanageable cost burden on the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shyamala
- Research Diagnostics, Inc., Bengaluru, India
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Ghane M, Eghbali M, Nejad HR, Saeb K, Farahani M. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes amongst the beta-thalassemia patients in North of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 15:748-53. [PMID: 24171261 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.748.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia patients have high prevalence for HCV infection. In developing countries, HCV antibody is reported to be high in this group of patients. This study carried out to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes amongst the beta-thalassemia patients in North of Iran. The present study has been carried out between February and March 2010 amongst a group of 245 beta-thalassemia patients (125 male and 120 female) referred to the hospitals Mazandaran and Guilan provinces for a blood transfusion. Qualitative analysis of these samples using ELISA and PCR. The PCR positive samples were subjected to genotyping by RFLP method. Of total 245 beta-thalassemia patients who were the subjects of this study, 28 of these patients were diagnosed through PCR test to have RNA virus. For this reason, the prevalence of this illness in this study group was estimated as 11.42%. By using the RFLP technique, the above genotyping were identified and the prevalence of three genotypes, including 3a, 1a and 1b were proved. The genotype 3a was most prevalent. Out of 28 positive samples, 18 (64.3%) samples had this genotype. After that, genotype 1a with 9 positive occurrences (32.1%) and genotype 1b with only 1 positive occurrence (3.6%) were most prevalent. This study demonstrated that the main reason the beta-thalassemia patients became infected with the genotype of the virus was due to receiving infected blood that entered into Iran during the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Ghane
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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17
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Nguyen LH, Nguyen MH. Systematic review: Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:921-36. [PMID: 23557103 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a risk factor for both the development of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Globally, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the majority of these individuals come from the western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions (94.6 million persons combined). CHC is an understudied and underappreciated health problem in many Asian countries and in the US, where Asians represent one of the fastest growing groups of new Americans. AIM To perform a systematic review of the current literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis and screening, clinical characteristics and response to anti-viral therapy of Asians with CHC. METHODS Using a PubMed search of 'hepatitis C' and 'Asia,' 341 original manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals were identified, and 99 were selected based on their relevance. RESULTS Many Asian CHC patients do not have easily identifiable risk factors and may be underdiagnosed. Rates of HCV infection in Asians on community screening in the US are unexpectedly high, and there is a high prevalence of HCV genotype 6 in Southeast Asia and Southern China. HCV-infected Asians tend to present at older age and may have higher risk of HCC; however, they respond better to anti-viral therapy than non-Asians across all HCV genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Given the high HCV endemicity in Asia, lack of identifiable risk factors and favourable treatment response rates in Asians, we advocate the screening for HCV infection of all Asians who come from areas where HCV prevalence is ≥2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Nguyen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Optimization and application of subtype specific polymerase chain reaction for detection and identification of mixed subtypes of hepatitis C virus in patients with renal disease. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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New insights into hepatitis C virus infection in the tribal-dominant part of Northeast India. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2083-93. [PMID: 22791109 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Northeast India is known for the demographic heterogeneity of its tribal population, but there is no information about hepatitis C virus infection and associated risk factors. Anti-HCV was measured, HCV-RNA was detected based on the 5' UTR-core region, and genotyping was done by direct sequencing of the NS5b region. Antibodies to HCV were found in 13.7 % of the samples tested (96 out of 700), while HCV-RNA was positive in 73 % of the samples (70 out of 96) and in 5 out of 385 cases of occult HCV infection. Genotypes 1 to 4 were found respectively in 14.6, 7.3, 20, 30.8 %, and genotype 6 in 13.6 %, of the 75 HCV isolates. In acute viral hepatitis (AVH), the most prevalent genotype was 2a (28.6 %), while it was 4a (28 %) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 29.4 % in cirrhosis. Males were more prone than females to HCV infection, and the highest numbers of cases of HCV infection were recorded in the age group of 40-49 years. The major risk factors were intravenous drug abuse (IVDU) (34.6 %), multiple sexual partners (20 %) and contact with professional barbers (38.6 %). The seroprevalence of HCV in Northeast India is higher than in the rest of India. This study highlights the fact that geographical variations occur with respect to HCV genotypes, which could influence the course and progress of different type of liver diseases seen in India.
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Cho EJ, Jeong SH, Han BH, Lee SU, Yun BC, Park ET. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and the influence of HCV subtype 1b on the progression of chronic hepatitis C in Korea: a single center experience. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18:219-24. [PMID: 22893873 PMCID: PMC3415883 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims There is some controversy regarding whether or not hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtype 1b is more influential than non-1b subtypes on the progression of chronic hepatitis (CH) C to liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 823 patients with chronic HCV infection, including 443 CH patients, 264 LC patients, and 116 HCC patients, who were HCV RNA positive and HBsAg negative. These patients had not received any prior treatment with either interferon alone or a combination of interferon and ribavirin. Results HCV subtypes 1b (51.6%) and 2a/2c (39.5%) were the two most common genotypes. The proportions of genotypes 2 (2a/2c, 2b, and 2) and 3 were 45.8% and 1.1%, respectively. One case of genotype 4 was found. HCV subtype 1b (47.3%) was less common than the non-1b subtypes (52.7%) in non-LC patients, but its proportion (56.9%) was higher than that of non-1b subtypes (43.1%) in LC patients (P=0.006). The proportions of patients with HCV subtype 1b did not differ significantly between the LC (55.3%) and HCC (60.3%) groups. Older age, male gender, and the relative progression of liver damage (non-LC vs. compensated LC vs. decompensated LC) were significant risk factors for HCC, with odds ratios of 1.081 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.056-1.106), 5.749 (95% CI, 3.329-9.930), and 2.895 (95% CI, 2.183-3.840), respectively. HCV subtype 1b was not a significant risk factor for HCC (odds ratio, 1.423; 95% CI, 0.895-2.262). Conclusions HCV subtypes 1b and 2a/2c were the two most common HCV genotypes. HCV subtype 1b seemed to be more influential than non-1b subtypes on the progression of CH to LC, but not on the development of HCC from LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Paraboni MLR, Sbeghen MD, Wolff FH, Moreira LB. Risk factors for infection with different hepatitis C virus genotypes in southern Brazil. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:946954. [PMID: 22666173 PMCID: PMC3366236 DOI: 10.1100/2012/946954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate the proportion of different genotypes in countryside microregions in southern Brazil, and their association with risk factors. Methods. Cross-sectional study including a convenience sample of patients who tested positive for HCV-RNA and were referred to a regional health center for genotyping, from December 2003 to January 2008. Data were obtained through the National Disease Surveillance Data System, from laboratory registers and from patient charts. Identification of genotypes was carried out using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism “in house” technique. Independent associations with genotypes were evaluated in multinomial logistic regression and prevalence rates of genotypes were estimated with modified Poisson regression. Results. The sample consisted of 441 individuals, 41.1 ± 12.0 years old, 56.5% men. Genotype 1 was observed in 41.5% (95% CI 37.9–48.1) of patients, genotype 2 in 19.3% (95% CI 15.0–23.6), and genotype 3 in 39.2% (95% CI 35.6–43.0). HCV genotype was significantly associated with gender and age. Dental procedures were associated with higher proportion of genotype 2 independently of age, education, and patient treatment center. Conclusions. The hepatitis C virus genotype 1 was the most frequent. Genotype 2 was associated with female gender, age, and dental procedure exposition.
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Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis due to Hepatitis C Virus (CH-C) in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Daily Interferon-alfa-2b and Ribavirin with Daily Interferon-alfa-2b and Glycyrrhizin-A Multicenter Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:10-8. [PMID: 25755401 PMCID: PMC3940339 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(12)60079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pegylated-interferon-alfa (PEG-IFN-α) with ribavirin is an established treatment in chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (CH-C). Such treatment is expensive and in resource-poor countries such as India, alternative less expensive therapy is needed. METHODS Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing two treatment regimens (interferon-alfa-2b [IFN-α-2b] 3 million unit/day [MU/day] and ribavirin 1000 mg/day [I+R] vs IFN-α-2b 3 MU/day and glycyrrhizin 250 mg [I+G]) in CH-C. Viral, host characteristics and therapeutic responses were assessed (ICMR-6 months trial for chronic hepatitis-CTRI/2008/091/000105). RESULTS One hundred and thirty-one patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomized to I + G (n=64) or I+R (n=67) during the period February 2002 to May 2005. About 85% (I+G=53, I+R=58) completed 6 months of treatment and 89% of them (I+G=46, I+R=53) completed 6 months of follow-up after completion of treatment. Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 was the major type detected (71% patients). The mean log10 viral load (copies/mL), histological activity index, and fibrosis stage for all patients were 5.1 ± 0.98, 5 ± 2, and 2± 1.5, respectively. Sustained viral response (SVR) was significantly higher in I + R group than in I + G group (65.7% vs 46.9%, OR=2.2, P = 0.03). Treatment with I + G was associated with significantly lower frequencies of leukopenia (2% vs 17%, P <0.01) and anemia (8% vs 40%, P <0.001) as compared to treatment with I + R. CONCLUSION Genotype 3 HCV infection with low viral load is prevalent in India. Daily IFN with ribavirin showed significantly better responses. Leukopenia and anemia were significantly more in ribavirin group. Responses observed with IFN + ribavirin were similar to the reported response rates with PEG-IFN suggesting that this modality may be considered as a cheaper alternative of treatment for chronic hepatitis C.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- CHC, chronic hepatitis C
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ETVR, end of treatment viral response
- Glycyrrhizin
- HAI, histological activity index
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HR, histological response
- PEG-IFN, pegylated-interferon
- RVR, rapid viral response
- SVR, sustained viral response
- hepatitis C virus
- interferon alfa-2b
- ribavirin
- treatment
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Sievert W, Altraif I, Razavi HA, Abdo A, Ahmed EA, Alomair A, Amarapurkar D, Chen CH, Dou X, El Khayat H, Elshazly M, Esmat G, Guan R, Han KH, Koike K, Largen A, McCaughan G, Mogawer S, Monis A, Nawaz A, Piratvisuth T, Sanai FM, Sharara AI, Sibbel S, Sood A, Suh DJ, Wallace C, Young K, Negro F. A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt. Liver Int 2011; 31 Suppl 2:61-80. [PMID: 21651703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis C pandemic has been systematically studied and characterized in North America and Europe, but this important public health problem has not received equivalent attention in other regions. AIM The objective of this systematic review was to characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in selected countries of Asia, Australia and Egypt, i.e. in a geographical area inhabited by over 40% of the global population. METHODOLOGY Data references were identified through indexed journals and non-indexed sources. In this work, 7770 articles were reviewed and 690 were selected based on their relevance. RESULTS We estimated that 49.3-64.0 million adults in Asia, Australia and Egypt are anti-HCV positive. China alone has more HCV infections than all of Europe or the Americas. While most countries had prevalence rates from 1 to 2% we documented several with relatively high prevalence rates, including Egypt (15%), Pakistan (4.7%) and Taiwan (4.4%). Nosocomial infection, blood transfusion (before screening) and injection drug use were identified as common risk factors in the region. Genotype 1 was common in Australia, China, Taiwan and other countries in North Asia, while genotype 6 was found in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. In India and Pakistan genotype 3 was predominant, while genotype 4 was found in Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Syria. CONCLUSION We recommend implementation of surveillance systems to guide effective public health policy that may lead to the eventual curtailment of the spread of this pandemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sievert
- Monash Medical Centre and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Rehan HS, Manak S, Yadav M, Deepinder, Chopra D, Wardhan N. Diversity of genotype and mode of spread of Hepatitis C virus in Northern India. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:241-4. [PMID: 21727729 PMCID: PMC3133980 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.82576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatitis C is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is classified into 6 genotypes. It leads to chronic hepatitis in 80% of the cases. Genotype of the virus helps in predicting response to antiviral therapy and also the duration of treatment. Therefore, it is important to know the prevalence of each genotype. Knowledge regarding the route of entry of HCV in the blood is also necessary to formulate a strategy to prevent its spread. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and two newly diagnosed patients with chronic hepatitis C, having anti-HCV antibody-positive were included in the study. Their HCV RNA viral load and genotype were determined by Reverse Transcriptase PCR assay on Roche Cobas Ampliprep analyzer. RESULTS Genotype 3 was commonly detected in 58.8% patients followed by genotype 1 in 20.6%. Twelve patients had genotype 4 (11.8%) and 9 had mixed infection with genotypes 3 and 4. Among these patients, 43.1% of patients had a history of multiple injection exposure. Blood transfusion received by 6.9% and 2.9% had donated blood. Only 1 patient had a history of drug abuse. CONCLUSION The distribution of genotypes varies in different regions and therefore its knowledge is important, as it determines the response of the patient to the treatment. The use of autodisabled syringes, their proper disposal, following biomedical waste management guidelines, and organizing continued medical education and workshops will help in preventing the spread of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet S. Rehan
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Harmeet Singh Rehan, Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi -110 001, India. E-mail:
| | - Seema Manak
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhur Yadav
- Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Wardhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Amarapurkar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
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Abraham R, Ramakrishna B, Balekuduru A, Daniel HDJ, Abraham P, Eapen CE, Kurian G. Clinicopathological features and genotype distribution in patients with hepatitis C virus chronic liver disease. Indian J Gastroenterol 2010; 28:53-8. [PMID: 19696989 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-009-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype influences the severity of disease and response to therapy. This retrospective study examined the clinical and histological features and the genotype distribution in biopsied patients with HCV related chronic liver disease. METHODS Of 105 biopsies from patients with HCV infection, 96 from patients with chronic liver disease were reviewed. The Ishak scoring system was used for histological analysis. RESULTS Genotype 3 was most common accounting for 77.1%, and genotype 1 for 9.4% of cases. There was no significant association of transaminase levels, viral load or necro-inflammatory activity score with genotype. A severe degree of fibrosis was seen in 77.8% cases of genotype 1 and in 63.5% of genotype 3 (p=0.76). Variable degrees of steatosis were noted in 68.8% of cases. However, severe steatosis was noted only in genotype 3 (7 cases). Serum transaminase levels did not correlate with either histological activity (p=0.43) or degree of fibrosis (p=0.72). Severe fibrosis / cirrhosis was seen in 74.24% of patients above 40 years of age as compared to 33.3% of patients below 40 years (p=0.001). The frequency of Mallory hyaline was significantly different between genotypes 1 and 3 infection (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the preponderance of genotype 3 in Indian patients with HCV related chronic liver disease. Severe steatosis was seen only in genotype 3 and Mallory hyaline was very common in genotype 1. The small numbers of patients in non genotype 3 could be a reason for the apparent lack of histological differences between different HCV genotypes. Severe fibrosis seen in older age groups confirms that HCV infection is progressive and major acceleration of the disease process occurs after 40 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Holiday haemodialysis and imported hepatitis C virus infection: A series of sixteen cases in two large haemodialysis units. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:296-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Parthiban R, Shanmugam S, Velu V, Nandakumar S, Dhevahi E, Thangaraj K, Nayak HK, Gupte MD, Thyagarajan SP. Transmission of hepatitis C virus infection from asymptomatic mother to child in southern India. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13:e394-400. [PMID: 19376736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on the mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in India, and no interventions to decrease transmission rates have been identified. Hence, we performed a long-term prospective study in infants born to HCV-positive mothers, with the aim of evaluating vertical transmission of HCV and correlated risks factors. METHODS Three thousand one hundred and fifteen healthy asymptomatic pregnant women were included in the study. We used third-generation (Murex anti-HCV) ELISA and HCV RNA reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for screening, and the commercial line probe assay (Inno-LiPA) and direct sequencing HCV genotyping assays were performed to confirm the transmitted HCV genotypes. RESULTS Of the total 3115 healthy asymptomatic pregnant women, 18 (0.6%) were positive for anti-HCV. Of the 18 anti-HCV-positive women, eight (44.4%) were positive for HCV RNA RT-PCR. HCV transmission was observed in two of the eight babies born to eight HCV RNA-positive mothers who were followed up for 12 months. HCV genotyping of the mother/child pairs revealed the persistent presence of mixed genotypes 1a and 4 throughout the follow-up period. None of the non-viremic (HCV RNA-negative) mothers transmitted HCV infection to their baby. In our study approximately 25% of vertical/perinatal transmission of HCV was observed among HCV RNA-positive antenatal women. CONCLUSIONS This study is of importance as it is the first report from India of a successful attempt to analyze the rate of vertical/perinatal transmission of HCV from infected mothers to their children by a prospective longitudinal follow-up study, and to characterize the pattern of genotype(s) of HCV present in the infected mother/baby pairs, so as to confirm the source of HCV acquired by the newborn babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrapathy Parthiban
- Department of Microbiology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Mukhopadhyaya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India.
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Moorthy M, Daniel HD, Kurian G, Abraham P. AN EVALUATION OF SALIVA AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PLASMA FOR THE DETECTION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS ANTIBODIES. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)01808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saravanan S, Velu V, Kumarasamy N, Shankar EM, Nandakumar S, Murugavel KG, Balakrishnan P, Solomon SS, Solomon S, Thyagarajan SP. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection among patients with chronic liver disease in South India. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12:513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Verma V, Chakravarti A, Kar P. Genotypic characterization of hepatitis C virus and its significance in patients with chronic liver disease from Northern India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Comparison of 5' noncoding-core with 5' noncoding regions of HCV by RT-PCR: importance and clinical implications. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:206-11. [PMID: 18612686 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular detection of HCV RNA by using primers from the 5' noncoding region (5'NCR) is universally accepted and preferred for diagnosis; however, insufficient sequence variation limits its usefulness for differentiating various subtypes-such as 1a/1b and newer subtypes, such as 1c-which cannot be distinguished by analysis of this region alone. Determination of genotypes and subtypes has important implications in the clinical management and epidemiologic investigations. The present study was designed to develop a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using degenerate primers from the 5' noncoding-core region (5'NCR-core region) for detecting as well as subtyping HCV isolates. 5'NCR-core region and 5'NCR were amplified by nested PCR. Genotyping of HCV isolates was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay from the 5'NCR-core region using restriction enzymes AccI, MboI, and BstNI. The accuracy of the RFLP method was also evaluated using direct sequencing.
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Chandra M, Thippavuzzula R, Ramachandra Rao VV, Habib AM, Habibullah CM, Narasu L, Prameela Y, Khaja MN. Genotyping of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients from South India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 7:724-30. [PMID: 17540621 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus shows substantial nucleotide sequence diversity distributed throughout the viral genome. In the present study genotyping for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients was based on RFLP analysis of 5' UTR and using type specific primers of NS5B regions. It was observed that 60% of the patients (30 patients with chronic hepatitis) were infected with variants of genotype 1 and 40% of the patients (4 chronic hepatitis patients, 12 patients with chronic renal failure and 4 cirrhosis) were infected with variants of type 3 of HCV. None of the cirrhotic patients and patients with chronic renal failure, in the present study, were infected with type 1 of HCV. While PCR-RFLP, typing was rapid in conjunction with the primers used for RT-PCR, NS5 typing was helpful in determining the subtype. There was good correlation between the two typing methods and this method can be used as a cost-effective method for studying large number of samples. The study shows that predominant genotypes of HCV in South India include type 1 and 3. Type 3 seems to be transmitted nosocomially as suggested by the results in patients with chronic renal failure, as these patients are exposed to multiple medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Chandra
- Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 58, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hejazi MS, Ghotaslou R, Hagh MF, Sadigh YM. Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus in Northwest of Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2007.302.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Lwin AA, Shinji T, Khin M, Win N, Obika M, Okada S, Koide N. Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Myanmar: Predominance of genotype 6 and existence of new genotype 6 subtype. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:337-45. [PMID: 17441806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was performed to determine the prevalence and distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Myanmar. METHODS A total of 1333 peripheral blood samples were collected from four different border cities of Myanmar. The anti-HCV antibody-positive serum samples were identified. HCV was genotyped by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, direct DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis on the partial core genome. RESULTS The overall prevalence of HCV infection was 11.6% (154/1333). Regionally, it was 13.5% (47/349) in the north-eastern city, 12.8% (64/501) in the north-western city, 4.2% (16/380) in the southern city and 26.2% (27/103) in the western city. HCV was genotyped in 145/154 (94.2%) samples. Genotype 6 was the most prevalent genotype in this study (71/145, 49%), followed by genotype 3 (57/145, 39.3%), genotype 1 (16/145, 11%), and genotype 2 (1/145, 0.7%). Genotype 6 was mostly found in the northern cities and genotype 3 in the southern and western cities of Myanmar. Multiple HCV genotypes/subtypes were successfully characterized as 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6m, 6n, and a new 6 subtype. Among them, subtype 6n was the most predominant subtype (38.6%), followed by subtype 3b (29.7%), 3a (9.6%), 6m (9%), 1b (6.9%), 1a (4.1%), new 6 subtype (1.4%) and 2a (0.7%). Subtype 6n was more widely distributed in the northern cities whereas subtype 3b was more common in the western city. The newly discovered genotype 6 subtype was from the northern cities. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate there are regional differences of HCV genotype distribution in Myanmar. There is a distinct geographic variation from other South-East Asian countries in terms of the existence of the new genotype 6 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Lwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan, and Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Yangon, Myanmar
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Daniel HDJ, Vivekanandan P, Raghuraman S, Sridharan G, Chandy GM, Abraham P. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) CORE ANTIGEN AS AN ALTERNATIVE PLASMA MARKER OF ACTIVE HCV INFECTION. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hissar SS, Goyal A, Kumar M, Pandey C, Suneetha PV, Sood A, Midha V, Sakhuja P, Malhotra V, Sarin SK. Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 predominates in North and Central India and is associated with significant histopathologic liver disease. J Med Virol 2006; 78:452-8. [PMID: 16482560 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes help to tailor the treatment response, but their influence on the disease severity and association with hepatic steatosis is not well understood. The prevalence of HCV genotypes and their correlation with the histopathological severity of liver disease and steatosis in Indian patients were studied. HCV-RNA and genotyping was carried out in 398 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver biopsy was available in 292 (73.4%) patients. The severity of liver disease was graded on the basis of the histological activity index and the stage of hepatic fibrosis. The patients were categorized as having mild (histological activity index < or =5 and/or fibrosis < or =2) or severe (histological activity index > or =6 and/or fibrosis > or =3) liver disease. Steatosis was graded in 106 patients as 0 (no steatosis), 1 (<33% of hepatocytes affected), 2 (33%-66% of hepatocytes affected), or 3 (>66% of hepatocytes affected). HCV genotype 3 was detected in 80.2% patients (3a:24.4%, 3b:3.3%, 3c:0.5%, 3a/3b:36.7%, and un-subtypable 3:15.3%), genotype 1 in 13.1% (1a:3%, 1b:5.5%, 1a/1b:0.3%, and un-subtypable 1:4.3%), genotype 4 in 3% patients (4a:1.5%, 4b:0.3%, 4a/4c:0.5%, and un-subtypable 4:0.8%), 2 in 2.5% and mixed genotypes (more than one genotype) in 1.3% of patients. The median histological activity index and fibrosis scores were: 5 and 2 in genotype 1; 4 and 2 in genotype 2; 5 and 2 in genotype 3; 7 and 3 in genotype 4; and 5 and 2 in mixed genotypes, respectively. Severe liver disease was present in 17 of 38 (45%) with genotype 1; in 1 of 3 (33%) with genotype 2; in 128 of 236 (54%) with genotype 3; 7 of 10 (70%) with genotype 4; and in 1 of 4 (25%) with mixed genotype. Hepatic steatosis grade > or =2 was found in 28.1% of genotype 3; 23.5% of genotype 1; 20% of genotype 4; and in none of genotype 2 and mixed genotypes. In conclusion, genotype 3 is the most prevalent genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C in North and Central India and this is associated with significant hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Hissar
- Department of Gastroenterology & Advanced Center for Liver Diseases, GB Pant Hospital, Affiliated to the University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Payan C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Marcellin P, Bled N, Duverlie G, Fouchard-Hubert I, Trimoulet P, Couzigou P, Cointe D, Chaput C, Henquell C, Abergel A, Pawlotsky JM, Hezode C, Coudé M, Blanchi A, Alain S, Loustaud-Ratti V, Chevallier P, Trepo C, Gerolami V, Portal I, Halfon P, Bourlière M, Bogard M, Plouvier E, Laffont C, Agius G, Silvain C, Brodard V, Thiefin G, Buffet-Janvresse C, Riachi G, Grattard F, Bourlet T, Stoll-Keller F, Doffoel M, Izopet J, Barange K, Martinot-Peignoux M, Branger M, Rosenberg A, Sogni P, Chaix ML, Pol S, Thibault V, Opolon P, Charrois A, Serfaty L, Fouqueray B, Grange JD, Lefrère JJ, Lunel-Fabiani F. Changing of hepatitis C virus genotype patterns in France at the beginning of the third millenium: The GEMHEP GenoCII Study. J Viral Hepat 2005; 12:405-13. [PMID: 15985012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate, during a short period between 2000 and 2001, in a large population of patients with chronic hepatitis C, the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in France. Data from 26 referral centres, corresponding to 1769 patients with chronic hepatitis C were collected consecutively during a 6-month period. HCV genotyping in the 5'-non-coding region (NCR) was performed in each center using the line probe assay (LiPA, in 63% of cases), sequencing (25%) or primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (12%). HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5, non-subtyped 1 and mixed infection were found in 18, 27, 9, 21, 9, 3, 11 and 1% of our population, respectively. HCV genotype distribution was associated with gender, age, source and duration of infection, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, cirrhosis, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. In multivariate analysis, only the source of infection was the independent factor significantly associated with genotype (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, this study shows a changing pattern of HCV genotypes in France, with i.v. drug abuse as the major risk factor, an increase of genotype 4, and to a lesser extent 1a and 5, and a decrease of genotypes 1b and 2. The modification of the HCV genotype pattern in France in the next 10 years may require new therapeutic strategies, and further survey studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Payan
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France.
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Daniel HDJ, Abraham P, Raghuraman S, Vivekanandan P, Subramaniam T, Sridharan G. Evaluation of a rapid assay as an alternative to conventional enzyme immunoassays for detection of hepatitis C virus-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1977-8. [PMID: 15815036 PMCID: PMC1081346 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1977-1978.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid membrane flow-through immunoassay to detect antibodies to hepatitis C virus was compared with a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) using 2,590 serum samples. Sensitivity and specificity of the "rapid assay" in comparison to the EIA/MEIA were 99.3 and 99.0%; the correlation coefficient being 0.91. This assay is suitable where infrastructure and laboratory expertise are limited.
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Kumar R, Kumar S, Sharma BC, Singh J, Sarin SK. Antiviral therapy in advanced chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus infection: pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:527-35. [PMID: 15836700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiviral therapy has not been adequately evaluated in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related advanced liver disease due to apprehensions of adverse events and intolerance. The titrable dose of interferon (IFN)-alpha and ribavirin was evaluated in a flexible regimen in a pilot study. METHODS Twenty-five patients with HCV-related advanced chronic liver disease received IFN-alpha 1-3 MIU daily with ribavirin 200-600 mg daily for 9 months-3 years. Careful assessment of safety, tolerability and efficacy was made. RESULTS Improvement in Child-Pugh score (8.4 +/- 1.2 to 7.4 +/- 2.0; P = 0.010) and serum albumin (3.0 +/- 0.5 g/dL to 3.6 +/- 0.5 g/dL; P = 0.007) occurred at follow up after antiviral therapy (median dose and duration: IFN-alpha 1.5 MIU/day for 12 months and ribavirin 400 mg/day for 7.5 months) as compared to baseline. Ascites regressed in 53% of patients (11/21). Thirteen patients (52%) lost HCV-RNA on therapy and eight (32%) achieved sustained virological response (SVR). Death occurred in three patients (12%) while on therapy, in two due to infection. No patient died in the responder group compared to five deaths (29%) in the non-responder group. However, there was no difference in the cumulative probability of survival in the sustained virological responder versus non-responder (P = 0.09). Adverse events were common (92%), but permanent withdrawal was required in only five patients (20%). CONCLUSIONS Low and titrable dose IFN-alpha and ribavirin therapy in patients with HCV-related advanced chronic liver disease achieves improvement in hepatic synthetic function, Child-Pugh score and ascites. However, close monitoring for serious adverse events is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterolgy, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Chaudhuri S, Das S, Chowdhury A, Santra A, Bhattacharya SK, Naik TN. Molecular epidemiology of HCV infection among acute and chronic liver disease patients in Kolkata, India. J Clin Virol 2005; 32:38-46. [PMID: 15572005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is gaining importance in Asian countries. Recent studies conducted in different parts of the world revealed that there is a genotypic correlation of disease severity and treatment outcome. OBJECTIVES A detailed study was carried out to delineate the genotypic distribution of HCV among acute and chronic liver disease patients in Kolkata, a city in eastern India. STUDY DESIGN Acute and chronic liver disease was diagnosed among patients attending hepatitis clinics in the city. Anti-HCV ELISA was performed on the blood samples of the cases and positive samples were tested for presence of HCV-RNA and genotyping of the samples were carried out by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. RESULTS Seroprevalence of HCV infection among acute (11.0%) and chronic (25.3%) hepatitis patients were high and among them 97 (75.8%) and 323 (86.1%) were HCV-RNA positive for acute and chronic hepatitis patients, respectively. Genotyping by PCR showed that the predominant genotype was 3b (42.3%) followed by 3a (28.9%) among acute hepatitis group whereas among chronic hepatitis group, the most prevalent genotypes were 3a (34.7%) and 3b (47.7%). Sequence analysis of the untypeable isolates revealed the presence of a rare subtype 6b. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed very high prevalence of HCV among acute and chronic hepatitis patients with predominance of genotype 3. Subtype 6b was commonly found in Thailand but not in India. The detection of this rare strain of Thai origin reveals the spread of HCV infection from Thailand to other parts of Asia. This observation necessitates further intensive surveillance of HCV infection in India to unravel the distribution of genotypes in the country and to correlate disease severity and treatment outcome to the genotype prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhuri
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata (Calcutta)--700010, West Bengal, India
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Raghuraman S, Abraham P, Sridharan G, Daniel HD, Ramakrishna BS, Shaji RV. HCV genotype 4--an emerging threat as a cause of chronic liver disease in Indian (south) patients. J Clin Virol 2005; 31:253-8. [PMID: 15494265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is relevant for the delivery of effective antiviral therapy. HCV genotypes are geographically restricted with genotype 4, which is resistant to therapy, traditionally considered to be confined to the Middle East and Africa. We report here on the occurrence of HCV genotype 4 in Indian (South) patients. OBJECTIVES 1) To highlight the occurrence of HCV genotype 4 in the patient population attending a tertiary care hospital in south India. 2) To ascertain the difference in HCV viral loads and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values between patients infected with HCV genotype 4 and those infected with the other two most commonly detected genotypes in this patient population viz., HCV genotypes 1 and 3. 3) To assess the genetic relatedness of the Indian strains to Genbank sequences, which we report for the first time. STUDY DESIGN The study group consisted of 125 HCV infected, untreated patients who had been genotyped using type specific primers. Eight of the nine samples classified as HCV genotype 4 by this technique were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Viral load estimations were carried out. Information on possible risk factors and ALT values were obtained from hospital records. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare viral loads and ALT values across genotypes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and the genetic relatedness of the strains was assessed through sequence analysis. RESULTS HCV genotype 4 was detected in nine of 125 (7.2%) patients. Eight of the nine were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and all strains were confirmed as HCV genotype 4. Six of the eight strains were closely related, with two strains being phylogenetically diverse. CONCLUSIONS HCV genotype 4 is detected in a significant minority of HCV infected patients in India. This finding should be considered in designing strategies prior to initiation of therapy in Indian patients infected with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Raghuraman
- Departments of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hazari S, Panda SK, Gupta SD, Batra Y, Singh R, Acharya SK. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in patients of northern India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:1058-65. [PMID: 15304125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic response of north Indian patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) to two different treatment regimens of interferon and ribavirin. METHODS Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of CH-C attending the Liver Clinic at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi between April 1999 and April 2002 were included in the study. A competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method developed in the authors' laboratory was used for quantification of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA. Genotyping of HCV was also determined. The clinical, biochemical, virological and histological parameters were used to assess the therapeutic response among a clinical cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C. They were treated with two different protocols (interferon [IFN]-alpha-2b, 3 million units daily and ribavirin 10.6 mg/kg daily in two divided doses for 6 months or IFN-alpha-2b, 3 million units thrice weekly and ribavirin 10.6 mg/kg daily for 6 months). RESULTS Sixty-five patients with CH-C were included in the study. Blood transfusion (n = 28, 43%) and community-acquired (n = 23, 35%) HCV infections were the commonest. The mean HCV load was high (24.14 +/- 12.5 x 10(8) copies/mL). Genotype 2 and 3 were prevalent in 80% (41/51) of the patients. Forty-five patients received 3 million units of IFN thrice weekly and 20 received the same dose daily. All received the same dose of ribavirin. A sustained virological response (SVR) of 95% (19/20) was achieved among patients receiving daily IFN, whereas 64.4% (29/45) of those who received IFN thrice weekly had SVR. The virological relapse was significantly lower among patients who received daily IFN than in those treated with thrice weekly IFN (n = 1/20, 5% vs 10/39, 25.6%; P = 0.015). The proportion of patients receiving daily IFN among those achieving SVR (19/48, 40%) was significantly higher than the proportion of patients receiving similar therapy among patients without SVR (1/17, 6%; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Transfusion and community-acquired HCV infection were the major causes of CH-C. Genotype 2 and 3 HCV were most prevalent among these patients. Despite high viral load, these patients responded well to a combination of daily IFN-alpha-2b and ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Hazari
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Chen HM, Wan H, Yu M, Tian XL, Wei L, Xu XY. Relationship between HCV RNA quantities and HCV genotypes and the outcome of patients with posttransfusion hepatitis C virus infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1299-1302. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i6.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between HCV RNA quantities and HCV genotypes and the outcome of patients with posttransfusion HCV infection in China.
METHODS: A total of 314 cases infected with HCV in Hebei province were enrolled. Their clinical manifestations were recorded and sera detected for liver enzymes, as well as virus markers. The B-type ultrasound was performed for examination of liver, spleen and gall bladder. In virus markers, HCV RNA was detected with fluorescence-quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction, HCV genotypes were determined by RFLP method.
RESULTS: After HCV infection, 132 (57.6%) of the 229 cases that were detected for HCV RNA still had detectable HCV RNA in their blood and the infection had cleared spontaneously in 97 cases (42.4%). None of 314 cases complained of any sign at present, and abnormal ALT was observed in 40.2%. Positive relation was observed between HCV RNA load and ALT (r = 0.346, P < 0.001). The serum HCV RNA load and ALT in patients with HCV-Ⅱ infection was significantly higher than that in patients with HCV-Ⅲ infection (P < 0.001). Male gender had higher chronic infection rate than female (infection rate at present, 66.7% vs 50.4%).
CONCLUSION: Higher spontaneous HCV clear rate after infection is observed. The clinical course of chronic HCV infection seems obscure and is often accompanied with mild to moderate elevated ALT/AST. The serum HCV RNA load and ALT in patients with HCV-Ⅱ infection is significantly higher than that in patients with HCV-Ⅲ infection. Male gender may have worse clinical outcomes.
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